Chapter 3 Connecting to the Network
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Objectives
Explain the concept of networking and the benefits of networks. Explain the concept of communication protocols. Explain how communication occurs across a local Ethernet network. Describe Access layer devices and communication methods on a local Ethernet network. Describe Distribution layer devices and communication methods across networks. Plan, implement, and verify a local network.
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What is a Network?
Networks provide the ability to connect people and equipment no matter where they are in the world.
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What is a Network?
Converged networks
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Benefits of Networking
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Benefits of Networking
Here are other uses of a network and the Internet: Sharing music and video files Research and on-line learning Chatting with friends Planning vacations Purchasing gifts and supplies
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Basic Network Components Peripherals
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Basic Network Components Hosts
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Basic Network Components Network Devices
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Basic Network Components Network Media
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Computer Roles in a Network
Servers are hosts that have software installed that enable them to provide information, like email or web pages, to other hosts on the network. Clients are computer hosts that have software installed that enable them to request and display the information obtained from the server.
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Computer Roles in a Network
A computer with server software can provide services simultaneously to one or many clients.
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Peer-to-Peer Networks
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Network Topologies
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Network Topologies
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Source, Channel, and Destination
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Source, Channel, and Destination
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Rules of Communication
Among the protocols for successful human communication are: Identification of sender and receiver Agreed-upon medium or channel (face-to-face, telephone, letter, photograph) Appropriate communication mode (spoken, written, illustrated, interactive or one-way) Common language Grammar and sentence structure Speed and timing of delivery
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Rules of Communication - Protocols
Protocols define the details of how the message is transmitted, and delivered
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Message Encoding
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Message Encoding
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Message Formatting
In many cultures, a personal letter contains the following elements:
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Message Formatting
When a message is sent from source to destination, it must use a specific format or structure. Message formats depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the message.
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Message Size
These sentences are limited in size to what the receiving person can process at one time.
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Message Size
When a long message is sent from one host to another over a network, it is necessary to break the message into smaller pieces.
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Message Timing
People use timing to determine when to speak, how fast or slow to talk, and how long to wait for a response. These are the rules of engagement. Access Method Flow Control Response Timeout
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Message Patterns
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Message Patterns
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Message Patterns
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Protocol Use in Communication
All communication, both human and computer, is governed by preestablished rules, or protocols. Based on the source, channel and destination, the protocols define the details for the issues of message format, message size, timing, encapsulation, encoding and standard message pattern.
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Importance of Protocols
Computers, just like humans, use rules, or protocols, in order to communicate.
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Standardization of Protocols
As networks became more widespread, standards were developed that defined rules by which network equipment from different vendors operated. Standards are beneficial to networking in many ways: Facilitate design Simplify product development Promote competition Provide consistent interconnections Facilitate training Provide more vendor choices for customers
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Standardization of Protocols
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Physical Addressing
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Ethernet Communication
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Ethernet Communication
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Ethernet Communication
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Ethernet Communication
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Hierarchical Design of Ethernet Networks
Access Layer - to provide connections to hosts in a local Ethernet network. Distribution Layer - to interconnect the smaller local networks. Core Layer - a high-speed connection between distribution layer devices.
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Logical Addressing
The IP address is known as a logical address because it is assigned logically based on where the host is located. IP addresses contain two parts. One part identifies the local network. The second part of the IP address identifies the individual host.
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Access Layers
The Access Layer is the most basic level of the network. It is the part of the network in which people gain access to other hosts and to shared files and printers. There are several types of networking devices that can be used to connect hosts at the Access Layer, including Ethernet hubs and switches.
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Function of Hubs
Hubs contain multiple ports that are used to connect hosts to the network. Hubs cannot determine which host should get any particular message. A hub simply accepts electronic signals from one port and regenerates (or repeats) the same message out all of the other ports. A hub is referred to as a shared-bandwidth device.
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Function of Hubs
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Function of Switches
Like a hub, a switch connects multiple hosts to the network. Unlike a hub, a switch can forward a message to a specific host. A table on the switch, called a MAC address table, contains a list of all of the active ports and the host MAC addresses that are attached to them. Switch allows many conversations to take place at the same time, without collisions occurring.
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Function of Switches
How does the MAC address of a new host get into the MAC address table? Refer: 3.4.3.2
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Function of Switches
When a hub is connected to a switch port, the switch associates the MAC addresses of all hosts connected to that hub with the single port on the switch.
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Broadcast Messaging
Broadcasts are useful when a host needs to find information without knowing exactly what other host can supply it or when a host wants to provide information to all other hosts in the same network in a timely manner. The broadcast MAC address in hexadecimal notation is FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.
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Broadcast Messaging
A local network is also referred to as a broadcast domain.
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MAC and IP
Address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to discover the MAC address of any host on the same local network.
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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
ARP uses a three step process to discover and store the MAC address of a host on the local network when only the IP address of the host is known. Refer 3.4.7.1
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Distribution Layer
The Distribution Layer connects the independent local networks and controls the traffic flowing between them. The Access Layer devices are connected to each other via the Distribution Layer device, such as routers.
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Function of Routers
A router is a networking device that connects a local network to other local networks. At the Distribution Layer of the network, routers direct traffic and perform other functions critical to efficient network operation. Refer 3.5.2.1
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Function of Routers
Each port, or interface, on a router connects to a different local network. The routing table contain information about the routes, or paths, that the router uses to reach other remote networks that are not locally attached. Local network broadcasts are not sent across routers to other local networks. Refer 3.5.2.3
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Default Gateway
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Tables Mantained by routers
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Tables Mantained by routers
Refer 3.5.4.2
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Tables Mantained by routers
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Tables Mantained by routers
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Tables Mantained by routers
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Tables Mantained by routers
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Local Are Network (LAN)
The term Local Area Network (LAN) refers to a local network, or a group of interconnected local networks that are under the same administrative control.
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Local Are Network (LAN)
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Addressing Hosts to Local and Remote Networks
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Addressing Hosts to Local and Remote Networks
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Learn to Use Packet Tracer
Refer: 3.5.7.1
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Plan and Document an Ethernet Network
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Plan and Document an Ethernet Network
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Plan and Document an Ethernet Network
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Prototypes
Once the network requirements are documented, and the physical and logical topology maps created, the next step in the implementation process is to test the network design. One of the ways to test a network design is to create a working model, or prototype, of the network. Refer: 3.6.2.2
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Multi-function Device
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Connecting the Linksys Router
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Sharing Resources
It is important to consider security issues, and to assign specific permissions to shared resources. Simple File Sharing can be disabled so that more specific security access levels can be assigned. When this is done, the following permissions are available to assign to resources: Full Control Modify Read & Execute List Folder Contents Read Write Refer: 3.6.5.2
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Summary
Information networks carry data using hosts as clients, servers, or both. All computer communication involves a source, destination, and channel. Rules called protocols govern computer communications. Larger networks are divided into smaller, more manageable ones using a layered hierarchical design. Each network host needs both a physical MAC address and a logical IP address. Good network design requires a network plan.
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