YEMEN Rehabilitation & Construction Guidelines- Permanent Shelters

*Photo Curtesy: UNHABITAT Yemen

This document outlines a summary of ongoing deliberations within the Shelter Implementing Partners in Yemen to
support conflict-affected families, preserve life, health, safety and well-being, and to live in dignity. It has been produced
with significant input from Shelter Technical Working Group.

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 Overview

Shelter is a basic human need and a critical determinant for survival and coping in most crises. It is enshrined in human rig hts law under the right
to adequate housing, which includes sufficient space and protection as well as appropriate siting of settlements and availability of services. In
most cases, people consider shelter their most important asset or their highest living cost, meaning that shelter is also essential in promoting
economic well-being and securing livelihoods. It is also important to note that in many contexts, the majority of shelter solutions are undertaken
by affected households themselves.

Shelter and the larger concept of settlement are inextricably linked and should be addressed as a whole rather than separately. Safe and secure
settlements are needed to provide crisis-affected communities with protected and healthy living spaces and environments, while ensuring
sufficient privacy and dignity to the groups, families, and individuals within them.

The central importance of shelter and settlements in protection, health and livelihoods, as well as the growing and complex needs, can mean
that humanitarian responses are often too limited. To ensure the greatest impact of these funds and to help meet the growing needs, the
following guidelines set out best practice, seek to advance consolidated approaches across the sector. In a context of increasing needs, and very
limited funding opportunities for follow-up, promoting effective practice is crucial.

Due to the onset of any man made or natural disasters, damage to people’s houses has been noticed in the past years. The dama ge is either
caused by internal conflict, airstrikes or flood emergency affecting the people’s shelter for living. Humanitarian agencies are required to go
through a rapid assessment and find out the main areas of concerns caused by the disaster. In case it is found that there is a significant damage
to people’s houses in a particular area necessitates conducting a detail technical assessment to find out the extent of damages to individual
houses as well as the cost estimation.

Usually, the construction of damaged houses (reconstruction) comes during the recovery stage when the conflict or the natural disaster is
certainly over, and the likelihood of the returnees’ getting back to their houses is high.

In this guideline we shall emphasize the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of permanent Shelters. Partners engaging in house repairs and/or
reconstruction of houses should follow the below guide which are essential to ensure the humanitarian imperative and protection principle of
“do no harm” are achieved.

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 Table of Contents
Overview .......................................................................................................................................................................................................2
REHABILITATION OF DAMAGED HOUSES ..........................................................................................................................................................4
The process ................................................................................................................................................................................................4
On HLP issues .............................................................................................................................................................................................4
On the categorization of the war-damaged shelter (Annex 1) ........................................................................................................................5
On the minimum scope of war damaged shelter repairs (Annex 3) .................................................................................................................5
IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIES...................................................................................................................................................................6
Further technical advices .............................................................................................................................................................................6
Annex 1- Categories of War Damaged Buildings in Yemen .................................................................................................................................7
Annex – 2 Recommended value of repair assistance for the WDS .................................................................................................................... 11
Annex 3 – Structural Integrity ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Minimum scope for emergency shelter repairs ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Technical requirements - Minimum standards for repair of Category I (minor), II (major) & III (severe) .............................................................. 12
CONSTRUCTION OF PERMANENT SHELTERS ................................................................................................................................................... 16
Target Group: ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Methods of implementation ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
DESIGN ASPECTS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Shelter types:............................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
HLP (Housing Land and Property) ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
Implementation Modality .......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Construction kits (Returnee Kits) ................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Cost of the construction: ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18

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 REHABILITATION OF DAMAGED HOUSES
The process
Partners engaging in shelter repairs should follow the below minimum steps which are essential to ensure the humanitarian imperative and
protection principle of “do no harm” are achieved:

1. Identification of beneficiaries, based solely upon humanitarian need (principle of impartiality) and through clearly established
vulnerability criteria
2. Communication with communities for awareness raising on the selection criteria of beneficiaries
3. Verification of ownership to ensure House, Land and Property (HLP) rights do not complicate ownership
4. The Owner(s) knowledge about and willingness in applying for a compensation claim
5. Categorization of the WDS, using the Categories of War Damaged Buildings in Yemen, conducted by a qualified engineer (see Annex 1)
6. Preparation of a Bill of Quantity by qualified engineers, taking into consideration the minimum scope of repairs (see Annex 3)
7. Communication with, and consent from, beneficiaries on the scope and timing of repairs prior to execution
8. Communication with, and consent from, beneficiaries on the collection of the geographical coordinates of their house for reporting
purposes (Consent of the authority is must otherwise this point is disregarded).
9. Implementation of emergency shelter repairs according to the minimum scope of repairs (see Annex 3)
10. Monitoring during and after execution of works, and evaluation upon expiration of the liability period, run by technical experts only (i.e.
Civil engineers).

On HLP issues
In order to maximize impact and avoid community tensions, beneficiaries of emergency repairs must prove ownership of the house, show
intention to reside there and not have any other place where to live. Verification of proof of ownership is an essential action required before
starting a technical assessment. The verification process should be considered as a preventive measure against falsified/fraudulent documents,
potential illegal occupation and secondary occupations or forced eviction. If the verification is not completed, shelter acto rs should refer the
case to HLP specialists and put on hold the implementing of shelter activities, as they may result to HLP violations. At the same time, as many
families lack such official documentation, alternative solutions should be sought for those who are unable to prove property ownership
(combined with letter from the local authorities/Tribal elders/Sheiks). More guidance is provided in the HLP Rights in Shelter Due Diligence
Guideline to be prepared by the HLP Sub-cluster. HLP issue should be done in close collaboration with the local authority.

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 On the categorization of the war-damaged shelter (Annex 1)
o Annex 1 provides the criteria that should be used to categories war damaged houses. This assessment and categorization should be
undertaken only by qualified expert engineers. Failing to use qualified personnel may result in either; underestimating the damage level and
putting beneficiaries at risk of undetected structural issues, or an overestimation of the damages and an exclusion of others houses from
repair.
o It is possible for the same housing unit to fall under two or more categories i.e. one side of the house may be structurally damaged (thus falling
under the cat. III), whilst another side could be structurally sound with minimum damages (thus falling under the cat. I). In such case partners
should report the highest category level, while targeting the least damaged side of the house for the repair works.
o The recommended financial value of repairs indicated in Annex 1 is an indicative average across Yemen. Thus, prices may vary but justification
should be provided in cases of significant increase. In order to meet the needs of as many highly vulnerable families as possible, humanitarian
actors bear the responsibility for ensuring each emergency repair is not above minimum standard and that materials and labor are cost
effective.

On the minimum scope of war damaged shelter repairs (Annex 3)

o Only residential housing units, damaged by the consequences of the war, should be repaired using humanitarian funding. Public, commercial
or other type of buildings that do not serve as a dwelling, and residential buildings not damaged by the war, are excluded from the scope of
humanitarian shelter interventions.
o It is recommended that as many vulnerable families as possible are reached meaning the value of the repair needs to be considered when
selecting the beneficiaries. War damaged shelter falling in the category II is recommended as optimal by the Shelter Cluster in Yemen. Other
categories are less relevant for humanitarian interventions – although the severity of the vulnerability of the beneficiaries would drive the
decision:
✓ WDS in cat. I may already meet minimum level of quality living standard and can likely be repaired in time
✓ WDS in cat. III that would require a limited budget may be considered, choosing the side of the house that has been least aff ected
and ensuring that the structurally damaged part of the building will not pose safety risks to people.
✓ WDS in cat. IV would require a significant budget that would fall beyond the scope of the humanitarian shelter interventions.
Alternative low-cost solutions such as transitional shelter should be considered for highly vulnerable families.
✓ For more guidance on the shelter cluster partners beneficiary targeting and prioritization can be found herein.

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 o The minimum recommended standard is 5.5 m2 of covered space per person including circulation, kitchen,
bathroom and toilet facilities. That results in a target of a minimum of 38.5 m2 per family of 7. Thus, after categorizing the WDS, the main
and only focus should be on determining minimum repairs for the portion of the housing unit that can be rehabilitated with least effort
both in terms of budget, timeframe, type of works and specialized labor required.
o Building within the existing foundations is highly recommended to ensure compliance with existing urban plans and simplify works. This implies
that the recommended minimum space of 5.5 m2/person may be exceeded or diminished, based on the technical engineering evaluation, but
preferably not below 3.5 m2/person. Taken into consideration the pre-conflict space per person in very dense urban areas regardless of the
standard.

IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIES
Contractor driven approach is the preferred modality over the beneficiary driven approach, due to limited availability of skill workers in the IDP
settlements, also the experience shown that the IDPs are not much engaged or willing in the participatory approach. therefore, it is observed
that the quality of the contractor driven approach was much better and timely. However, depends on the context cash modality can be used
when the markets are accessible and extensive community mobilizations is done. E.g UNHABITAT is training the beneficiaries through a local
Implementing partner and later engaging them the construction works with incentives. The approach was successful and created job for the
vulnerable people.

The coping mechanisms of potential beneficiaries should be taken into consideration when targeting beneficiaries and planning for repairs. Only
those families which are unable of meeting their own minimum shelter needs should be prioritized for assistance. Carrying out repairs could be
done through different modalities but should preferably contribute to local economies by engaging in local capacities, skilled workers or cash-
for-work.

Further technical advices

o WARNING: Any structure, irrespective of war damage category, where there is presence of Explosive Remnants of War (ERW), or where
there is an imminent threat of collapse from a neighboring building should not be considered safe for habitation.
o Clearance of ERW, dead body handling and rubble removal are outside the scope of the humanitarian shelter activities and minimum standard
repairs. These issues should be addressed by the relevant entities before commencing assessment or shelter repair.
o Local building codes and regulations must be strictly respected.
o Coordination at field level may be challenging due to the extent of damage, the numbers of actors involved, stage of project or modality. To
avoid duplication of activities, the Shelter Cluster highly recommends partners to closely coordinate with the shelter cluster and report their
area of intervention (Governorate, District, Sub-District, Village/Neighborhood).

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 o Buildings with cultural and historical value: buildings affected by the effects of the war that have historical
and cultural value must be restored in their original layout, preserving specific historical characteristics, using specific materials and specialized
craftsmanship. Partners that do not have necessary competencies are strongly advised not to engage in shelter repairs in such areas, while
referring cases to the expertise of UNESCO.
o In assessing burnt shelters: shelters affected by fire must be assessed by an expert technical engineer looking into the causes, consequences
and spatial variability of burn severity to determine the safety of the structure.

Annex 1- Categories of War Damaged Buildings in Yemen

Indicative description to support the technical assessments to be conducted by qualified engineers only.

CATERGORY Level /type Structural elements Windows and doors Internal elements Structure
of damage Walls and Roof slab and roof External doors and Walls, floor finishes, WC/shower, safe for
loadbearing covering windows including water and electrical connections habitation1
elements glazing and
ironmongery
0 No Damage/ No damage caused by Slight Broken glass on None, OR Slight internal damage YES
Negligible war activities OR war cosmetic/external windows or damage to due to overuse/overcrowding or
Damage traces to roof war traces to roof or window frames or limited damage to internal floor and
windows or doors parapets (bullet doors. wall finishes. No fire damage
holes, superficial
shell damage).
I MINOR Slight/superficial Limited mortar and Minor damage to Slight internal damage due to YES
Houses with cracking with no shell perforations to windows and frames. overuse/overcrowding or limited
limited observable roof or parapets. External doors war damage to internal floors and
damage to deformation of missing, or damaged. walls.
walls, doors, structural elements Light fire damage evident affecting
windows OR Limited mortar finishes, limited to parts of the
and shell perforations building (soot and smoke deposits,
to walls color changes, peeling, minor
spalling).

1
Refers only to the physical stability of the building not to the adequacy of the living spaces.

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 II MAJOR Extensive shell Can be patched Damage to window Internal spaces damaged by shells Partially2
Houses with perforation or without structural frames, external doors (internal walls, floors) or fragments,
extensive damage to non- repairs. E.g: Minor missing or damaged. damaged/degraded building
damage, but bearing walls, damage by shells materials. Damage across multiple
no structural partially inhabitable penetrate roof, but floors.
damage unit. roof structure is
otherwise intact, not Houses with tunnels that need to be
No damage OR light buckling. covered/filled, no damage to
damage to structural foundation.
elements (columns,
slabs, loadbearing Fire damage can be repaired, and/or
walls). E.g. localized limited to some areas of the house.
damage over a small (e.g. spalling, exposed
area of columns or reinforcement).
beams (concrete
spalling or loss of
material due to
impact)

No observable
deformation of
structural elements.
Few or repairable
cracks.

2
The building may have extensive non-structural damage, but it is possible to safely inhabit it while the repairs take place.

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 III SEVERE Structural damage Damage by large Damage irrelevant if Houses with tunnels that caused NO (until
Houses that involving several shells penetrating structure is damage to foundation. retrofit)
have loadbearing roof. Engineering compromised.
sustained members solutions required Severe fire damage that can be
significant (foundation, to conduct repaired but so widespread that
structural loadbearing walls, structural repairs of renders the house inhabitable.
damage and columns and slabs) roof.
require e.g. significant
extensive cracking with Buckled or broken
repairs observable reinforcement.
permanent
deformations of the Roof partially
structural elements, collapsed, but
crushing of concrete, repairable.
deterioration of bond
between steel and Damage across
concrete, fracture or multiple floors.
buckling of
reinforcement, or
rupture of ties and
stirrups, however it
could be repaired.

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 IV DESTROYED Totally in rubble Partial or complete Damage irrelevant if NO
Structural (only foundation or collapse of roof, structure is
damages so debris remains) or at combined with compromised. Non-repairable fire damage,
important least 60% of the partial or complete affecting structural members
that structure of the collapse of other
rehabilitation house is destroyed. structural members
is not feasible Excessively
Complete failure of deflected roof,
two or more major weakened structure
structural at risk of collapse.
components - e.g.
collapse of columns,
load-bearing walls,
foundation.

Imminent threat of
collapse due to
damage or confirmed
imminent danger -
e.g. impending
collapse of
neighboring building,
extensive damage to
ground around the
house compromising
foundation.

Extensive cracking or
loss of material with
gross local or overall
deformations.

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 Annex – 2 Recommended value of repair assistance for the WDS
Category Damage Level %age of Damage value for average house of Recommended value of repair assistance to minimum standards (*)
Damage 200m2

0 No / Negligible 25% < <1,000 0 - 500$

Damage
I MINOR 25% 1-5,000 500$ - 1,500$
II MAJOR 50% 5-10,000 1,500$ - 5,000$
III SEVERE 75% 10-20,000 5,001$ - 15,000$
IV DESTROYED 100% >50,000 N/A
(*) These are average values per family of 7 members, thus corresponding to the repair of 38.5 m2/family. Regional variation should be considered because of
different market prices. The 200 m2 is only indicative of average damage value for houses.

Annex 3 – Structural Integrity

Minimum scope for emergency shelter repairs
Repair interventions will ensure the structural integrity of the building is secured and provide minimum adequate living space for all residents.

Step 1: Ensure structural integrity of the building.

Red line: Inspect and stabilize any damaged structural elements, and ensure slabs are properly
supported shoring as required.

Blue line: Where deemed necessary remove, replace or repair damaged materials/elements.

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 Step 2: Provide adequate covered living space

Blue line: Sealing the covered living space (based on minimum 5.5 m2/person) to improve
protection from harsh weather, security, privacy, and access to kitchen and sanitation facilities are
the primary concerns of cluster interventions.

Red line: As necessary seal-off non-repaired areas to ensure safety of residents.

The remaining area will be repaired by beneficiaries themselves over time, according to their
capacity.

Technical requirements - Minimum standards for repair of Category I (minor), II (major) & III
(severe)
In addition to the items described below, Category III buildings will require major structural repairs. The required works will be determined by a
structural inspection and must be designed by a qualified engineer. Works may include; underpinning foundations, cement of chemical filling of
cracks, wall stitching, jacketing columns and beams, applying shear collars, removal and replacement of crushed concrete, replacement/splicing
of damaged reinforcement, pouring new or repairing floor/roof labs, etc.

S. N ITEM MINIMUM TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS REMARKS

1 Structural Structural cracks, spalling, loss of material, and /or holes are The load carrying capacity and stiffness of structural elements must
safety repaired as needed in columns, beams, lintels, loadbearing walls, be restored in order to reduce the risk of structural failure due to
and slabs to protect structural integrity of the entire building. deterioration. This should be completed at the discretion of the lead
engineer.

2 Covered Minimum 5.5 m2 of covered space per person including Calculation must include all persons living in the housing unit,
living space circulation, kitchen, bathroom and toilet facilities. To calculate, including hosts, IDPs, and /or returnees. Most housing units will be
add the complete covered floor area of the housing unit and larger than the required standard. In this case only the required
divide by the number of people in the household. E.g. floor area covered area will be repaired. Smaller housing units will also be
required for a 7-person household is 38.5m2. repaired and if possible, additional covered space created (e.g.
extensions, covered patio, etc.).

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 3 Fire damage All evidence of fire damage is removed (soot, smoke deposits,
peeling, minor spalling) from required covered living space.
4 Boundary Where security and privacy are a concern and where there is no
walls capacity for beneficiaries to do this themselves, repair damaged
boundary walls and repair/provide a solid lockable entry gate.
5 External All external walls of the required covered space are free from Plastering or painting is outside the scope of repairs. Use concrete
Walls cracks or holes. block, or bricks to fill larger holes. Small holes may be repaired with
Note: non-structural plaster cracking is acceptable. expanding foam.
6 Roof Roof and ceilings are free from cracks and holes, and there are no Where necessary apply waterproof silicon compound to fix leaks,
leaks, or stagnant water. and/or a layer of asphalt over concrete roof.
7 Floor slab Cleanable, level floor in the required covered space (e.g. smooth Tiling of floors is outside the scope of repairs.
concrete screed), sealed around the edges to prevent insects and
rodents. If damaged evident, repair to smooth surface.
Note: non-structural plaster cracking is acceptable
8 Stair shafts, balconies, and/or roof connected to stairs have a Cement block wall preferred, but other materials may be acceptable
Stairs, stable parapet to prevent children and adults from falling if they are stable and well secured (e.g. metal or wooden guard).
balconies (including common stairs in multi-unit buildings). Required
and roof parapet height min 1 - 1.2m, however where parapets already
terraces exist lower than 1m, and are considered stable and safe they do
not need to be replaced.
9 All external doors into the housing unit (including roof access Metal, wood, or UPVC insulated doors may be used as per the
External and door) are solid, lockable, and securely fixed to frame. previous design of the building.
10 internal Solid lockable doors into toilet/shower.
11 doors At least one room/bedroom with solid lockable door per Particularly important to ensure privacy where there are
household. sharing/hosting arrangements.
12 Natural light opening area per habitable room is minimum 10% To calculate natural light, add the area of windows and any internal
of floor area. wall openings to bring light from one room to another. For
ventilation add all openings (closable or permanent) directly into
external air including openable windows, ventilation grills or louvers,
air bricks, or any external door. Divide this by the area of the room.
Ventilation / E.g. 1m2 of natural light / 10m2 room = 10%, 0.5m2 of ventilation /
Windows 10m2 room = 5%. Mechanical ventilation may be an option where
other openings are not feasible.

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 13
Ventilation openings per habitable room of a minimum 5% of Optional: Where feasible fly mesh may be applied to openable
floor area. windows
14 All window units in the required covered area are sealed from Existing/damaged windows can be reused if the frame and pane are
rain, water, and wind, and have solid panels (glass, polycarbonate repaired to ensure no gaps or leakage.
sheet or equivalent) securely fixed to frame. Optional: Where security is a concern and where there is no capacity
for beneficiaries to do this themselves, protection bars may be
installed on the ground floor of the required covered area.
15 Internal Interior walls in habitable spaces are free from holes. No signs of Plastering or painting of internal walls is outside the scope of repairs,
walls structural problems. Note: non-structural hairline cracking is except in wash facilities (see below).
acceptable.
16 Internal Where privacy is a concern, provide minimum 1 internal partition Use concrete block, gypsum, plywood, metal, or plastic materials.
partitions separating sleeping and living spaces.
17 The housing unit is connected to municipal water network where Optional: Where feasible provide 3 water sources per housing unit (1
it is available, and there is a minimum of 1 functioning water tap in kitchen sink, 1 hand wash basin in toilet, and 1 shower tap). All
Water per plot. must have sewage network connection and be functioning and free
supply from leaks.
18 1 functioning 1,000 liters water tank is required if there is no Calculated for a family of 7, assuming 50-60 liters/person/day,
municipal water connection available. storage capacity for 2-3 days.
19 Kitchen Housing unit has 1 adequate space for sanitary food storage, Recommended minimum space for kitchen of 3sqm, based on
preparation, and cooking separated from toilet facility by solid counter length of 2m, depth of 60cm, and 90cm space in front of
wall. counter for safety.
20 Minimum 1 toilet and shower/bathing space per housing unit of Shower and toilet space may be combined. Recommended minimum
with lockable door and means of ventilation. area of 3.5 to 4m2. Toilet type (squatting/sitting) according to
beneficiary preferences
21 Toilets and Toilet with no marks of leakage, trapped and vented to the
showers outside, and connected to public sewage system, or to private
sewage disposal system (e.g. cesspit, septic tank).
22 Toilet/shower floors are smooth and cleanable, shower walls are Tiling is outside the scope of repairs.
plastered up to 1.5m.

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 23 Damaged/burnt electrical wiring, distribution boxes and circuit
breakers are removed from the housing unit or disconnected to
prevent fire hazards.
24 Housing unit is connected to the electricity network where itis
Electrical available according to applicable regulations.
25 connection Electrical panel, outlets, switches and fixtures are in good
and lighting working condition without risks of electrical fires, and wherever
system possible wiring is concealed in electrical conduits.
26 In the required covered areas, minimum 1 outlet and 1 light per Outlets in kitchen, or shower room are covered (waterproof) to
room. prevent electrical fires. Light in shower must be waterproof.
27 Accessibility If there are persons with disabilities, they have safe access to the For further general accessibility guidance refer to the annexed
housing unit facilities (toilet/shower, kitchen) and can safely exit guideline herein.
the housing unit.

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 CONSTRUCTION OF PERMANENT SHELTERS

As more land becomes available and there is potential for settlements to be decongested and the likelihood of the returnees’ getting back to
their houses is high, Shelter and NFI Sector will be moving into phase 3 of the shelter interventions. During this phase the more durable shelters
are to be implemented. The development of the durable shelters aims at achieving SPHERE standards (i.e. 5.5 Sqm per person), which will
contribute to decreasing protection risks associated with overcrowding and improving living conditions, ensuring minimum standards of covered
living space per person are respected. It is strongly encouraged to be implemented with community involvement to ensure that needs of
individual HH are met and that traditional building techniques and local materials are used.

The permanent shelter involves fixing and maintaining existing emergency shelters. For example, the rehabilitating and reconstructing of
destroyed houses in Yemen where most are built of mud and some of stones.

Target Group:
The main target groups for the durable shelters are

a) IDPs who have proper land donated by the authority/government

b) Affected Host Community
c) Returnees

Methods of implementation
The Government has established a fund to reconstruct the destroyed houses in the country. Engineers make visits to the conflict affected areas
in order to prepare estimates for repairs. Financial assistance to cover the cost of house repairs will be provided in installments.

DESIGN ASPECTS
Structures design:
The engineers have the responsibility of designing the structures for partially or totally affected houses.

Shelter types:
- Mud and timber roofs: most of the materials needed are traditional and locally available.
- Houses of stones will have concrete to reinforce the roofs.
- Brick wall and iron sheet roof
- Cement Block walls and metal roof

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 Privacy for Durable Shelters – Partitioning inside the Shelter should be considered, to separate adult and
children.

Lockable doors/Windows – The durable shelter door should have lockable from inside and outside; Windows should have locks from inside.

Plot Size for T-Shelters – For the durable shelters there must be space for cooking, eating and toilet. Minimum 5.5 m2 covered living space per
person in cold climates, including kitchen facilities as more time will be spent inside the
shelter (cooking, eating, and livelihoods).
Minimum Space for space should be 38.5 Sqm for a family of 7 members.

Ventilations– Adequate ventilation shall be provided within the shelter design to maintain a healthy internal environment and limit the risk
of transmission of diseases, such as tuberculosis, etc. Ventilation should be maximized in hot climates to reduce inside temperature and
minimized in cold climates to retain heat within the shelter. For better aeration the new T- Shelters should have minimum 2 windows with a
Size 60x60cm and not facing to each other in addition to the door.

Floor Material: Cement Screed floor

Air Circulation: Two opposite windows should be considered for the room in addition to the door, also permanent vents should be considered
above the windows and the door for better aeration of the room.

Alternative Energy: Solar panel system should be considered whenever it is possible for at least 3 lamps and a cooling fan.

HLP (Housing Land and Property)

Contractor driven approach is the preferred modality over the beneficiary driven approach, due to limited availability of skill workers in the IDP
settlements, also the experience shown that the IDPs are not much engaged or willing in the participatory approach. therefore, it is observed
that the quality of the contractor driven approach was much better and timely. However, depends on the context cash modality can be used
when the markets are accessible and extensive community mobilizations is done. E.g UNHABITAT is training the beneficiaries through a local
Implementing partner and later engaging them the construction works with incentives. The approach was successful and created job for the
vulnerable people.

Life span: Life span of the durable shelters are +15years with minor repairs.

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 Implementation Modality
Contractor driven approach is the preferred modality over the beneficiary driven approach, due to limited availability of skill workers in the IDP
settlements, also the experience shown that the IDPs are not much engaged or willing in the participatory approach. therefore, it is observed
that the quality of the contractor driven approach was much better and timely. However, depends on the context cash modality can be used
when the markets are accessible and extensive community mobilizations is done. E.g UNHABITAT is training the beneficiaries through a local
Implementing partner and later engaging them the construction works with incentives. The approach was successful and created job for the
vulnerable people.

Construction kits (Returnee Kits)

Distributing the construction kits that help people reconstruct their destroyed houses, these tools are:

Hand -held saw - Hammer - Plastering Trowel - Shovel (Mounted on the Handle) - Pick / Digger (Mounted on the Handle - Mason’s Bucket - Rope
(Sisal) - Rope (Nylon).

Cost of the construction:

- The cost ranges an average of 4,500 to 5,000 USD for construction of one room with veranda and latrine.

NFI Technical Guidance - December 2020 https://www.sheltercluster.org/response/yemen Twitter: @ShelterClustYE