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project documents

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Avni Porwal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Python Programming Language

Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language. It was


initially designed by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and developed by Python Software
Foundation. It was mainly developed to emphasize code readability, and its syntax allows
programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code.

Python is one of the most popular programming languages today, known for its
simplicity and ease of use. Its clean and straightforward syntax makes it beginner-
friendly, while its powerful libraries and frameworks are perfect for advanced projects.

Python is used in various fields like web development, data science, artificial
intelligence, and automation, making it a versatile tool for professionals and learners
alike.
Python is a high-level programming language with many features, including:

 Easy to use: Python is designed to be easy to read, write, and interpret. It uses
significant whitespace to make code more readable.

 Object-oriented: Python uses an object-oriented approach to organize software


design around data and objects.

 Portable: Python is highly portable.

 Open source: Python is free and open source software.

 Extensive libraries: Python has a large selection of libraries.

 Supports other languages: Python supports other languages.

 Community support: Python has a supportive community.

 Multipurpose: Python is a general-purpose programming language.

 Machine learning: Python supports machine learning.

 Third-party modules: Python has third-party modules.

 User-friendly data structures: Python has user-friendly data structures.

Python is often used for developing software and websites, data analysis, data
visualization, and task automation. It's also relatively easy to learn, so non-programmers
like scientists and accountants use it for everyday tasks like organizing finances.
About My Sql Database
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is a standardized programming language
used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It enables users to perform a
variety of tasks such as querying data, creating and modifying database structures, and
managing access permissions. SQL is widely used across various relational database
management systems such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and SQL Server.

Components of a SQL System


A SQL system consists of several key components that work together to enable efficient
data storage, retrieval, and manipulation. Understanding these components is crucial for
mastering SQL and its role in relational database systems. Some of the Key components
of a SQL System are:
 Databases: Databases are structured collections of data organized into tables, rows,
and columns. Databases serve as repositories for storing information efficiently and
provide a way to manage and access data.
 Tables: Tables are the fundamental building blocks of a database, consisting of rows
(records) and columns (attributes or fields). Tables ensure data integrity and
consistency by defining the structure and relationships of the stored information.
 Queries: Queries are SQL commands used to interact with databases. They enable
users to retrieve, update, insert, or delete data from tables, allowing for efficient data
manipulation and retrieval.
 Constraints: Constraints are rules applied to tables to maintain data
integrity. Constraints define conditions that data must meet to be stored in the
database, ensuring accuracy and consistency.
 Stored Procedures: Stored procedures are pre-compiled SQL statements stored in
the database. Stored procedures can accept parameters, execute complex operations,
and return results, enhancing efficiency, reusability, and security in database
management.
 Transactions: Transactions are groups of SQL statements that are executed as a
single unit of work. Transactions ensure data consistency and integrity by allowing
for the rollback of changes if any part of the transaction fails.
Characteristics of SQL
 User-Friendly and Accessible: SQL is designed for a broad range of users, including
those with minimal programming experience, making it approachable for non-
technical individuals.
 Declarative Language: As a non-procedural language, SQL allows users to specify
what data is needed rather than how to retrieve it, focusing on the desired results
rather than the retrieval process.
 Efficient Database Management: SQL enables the creation, modification, and
management of databases efficiently, saving time and simplifying complex database
operations.
 Standardized Language: Based on ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards, SQL ensures
consistency and stability across various database management systems (DBMS).
 Command Structure: SQL does not require a continuation character for multi-line
queries, allowing flexibility in writing commands across one or multiple lines.
 Execution Mechanism: Queries are executed using a termination character (e.g., a
semicolon ;), enabling immediate and accurate command processing.
 Built-in Functionality: SQL includes a rich set of built-in functions for data
manipulation, aggregation, and formatting, empowering users to handle diverse data-
processing needs effectively.
SQL Commands
Structured Query Language (SQL) commands are standardized instructions used by
developers to interact with data stored in relational databases. These commands allow
for the creation, manipulation, retrieval, and control of data, as well as database
structures. SQL commands are categorized based on their specific functionalities:
1. Data Definition Language
SQL commands used to create the database structure are known as data definition
language (DDL). Based on the needs of the business, database engineers create and
modify database objects using DDL. DDL commands are : Create , Drop and Alter
2. Data Manipulation Language
A relational database can be updated with new data using data manipulation language
(DML) statements. DML commands are : insert into, update and delete .
3. Transaction Control Language
TCL commands manage transactions in relational databases, ensuring data integrity and
consistency. These commands are used to commit changes or roll back operations in case
of errors. TCL commands are : commit , rollback and savepoint

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