Narrative

Nonfiction

SAVE THIS SPACE! BY MARIA GILL

IA G I LL
BY M A R

PAIRED
The Journey of Lewis and Clark
READ
 STRATEGIES & SKILLS
Comprehension ELL Vocabulary
Strategy: Ask and Answer developed, encourage
Questions
Skill: Cause and Effect Content Standards
Social Studies
Vocabulary History
debris, emphasis, encounter,
generations, indicated,
naturalist, sheer, spectacular

Word Count: 1,714**

Photography Credit: Cover Ben Meyer/Cultura/Getty Images, (bkgd) Siede Preis/Photodisc/Getty Images
**The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in
captions, labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included.

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9 10 11 12 13 DOC 22 21 20 19 18 F
 Genre Narrative Nonfiction

Essential Question
How can experiencing nature change the way
you think about it?
Table of Contents

r ia G i ll
by M a

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1
Verplanck Colvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2
Aldo Leopold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Respond to Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PAIRED
The Journey of Lewis and Clark . . . . . . 19
READ
Siede Preis/Photodisc/Getty Images

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Focus on Social Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Introduction

The Grand Canyon is a spectacular place. What would

it be like if the Grand Canyon were covered with signs?
What if there were towns in the valleys of the Grand
Canyon and if the Colorado River were filled with trash?
What if the animals in the Grand Canyon were extinct,
or had died out?

(t bkgd) Siede Preis/Photodisc/Getty Images, (b) Medioimages/Photodisc/Getty Images

Aldo Leopold was a naturalist. He thought the Grand
Canyon was a special place. He preserved the Grand
Canyon and its wildlife for future generations. Verplanck
Colvin thought the Adirondack Mountains in New York
State were a special place. As Leopold preserved the
Grand Canyon, he preserved the Adirondack Mountains
and its wildlife.

This is the Grand Canyon.

It is 18 miles wide at the
widest point.

cliff

2
 forest

logged area

The trees on this land have been cut

down by people logging the forests.

Colvin and Leopold realized that human activities such

as logging destroyed wilderness areas . They informed
people about what would happen if they didn’t protect
these areas.

Colvin protected the lakes and waters in the forests.

Colvin made maps of the Adirondack Mountains and
explored the source, or the origin, of the Hudson River .
Leopold taught people to take care of the wildlife and
the environment.
Digital Vision/Getty Images

3
 Chapter 1

Verplanck

(tl) Courtesy of The Adirondack Research Library of Union College, and Protect! the Adirondacks, (t bkgd) Siede Preis/Photodisc/Getty Images, (b) Digital Vision/PunchStock
Colvin

Verplanck Colvin was born in 1847 in Albany, New

York. He became interested in nature when he was a boy.
He loved to hike in the hills near his home.

When Colvin was 18, he read a book about the

Adirondack Mountains. He was very excited to read about
the lakes, rivers, and forests. So he decided to explore
the Adirondacks.

Colvin took many trips to the Adirondacks. In 1870,

he climbed Mount Seward, one of the highest mountains
in the Adirondacks. He wrote about his experience:

“[There was] ... wilderness everywhere; lake on lake,

river on river, mountain on mountain ...”

mountains

river

Many people enjoy hiking, fishing, and

camping in the Adirondack Mountains.

4
 THE Adirondack Mountains

r
rive
son
r

Hud
Mt. Seward

rive
Mt. Marcy
N E W YO R K s tat e
THE ADIRONDACKS son
key Adirondacks

lakes
Hud

Rivers

During his trips, Colvin saw the debris from logging,

such as broken branches and rotting tree stumps. He
realized that logging would cause terrible damage.

The sources of the Hudson River and other waterways

in New York are in the Adirondack Mountains. In the
spring, the snow in the mountain forests melts and enters
the rivers and streams. This is called runoff.

The forests keep the snow from melting too fast

because trees shade the snow. Colvin saw that too much
logging could destroy the source of the water for the
rivers and streams.

Language And is a conjunction. What is

Detective a conjunction?

5
 cabin

Many loggers lived in

the Adirondacks while
they worked.

Colvin knew that people depended on rivers and

streams for water and transportation. He thought the
government should protect these places.

In February 1885, Colvin took ice from the Hudson

River to a meeting in New York City. He made sure the
ice was put into all the drinking glasses. He used the ice
for emphasis. He wanted to show that everyone needed
clean water. He said:

“The ice ... and the pure water ... are both fresh
from ... the Hudson. We must guard our water supply ...
and maintain the forests which protect the springs at the
river sources ...”
Corbis/Corbis Historical/Getty Images

6
 At this time, there were no good maps of the
Adirondack region. Colvin believed accurate maps would
make it easier to protect the region from development.
In 1872, the government agreed to let Colvin survey and
map the Adirondack region.

Colvin and a team of surveyors hiked across

rough land, kayaked on rivers, and climbed over sheer
mountains. There were dangerous wild animals. Once,
Courtesy of The Adirondack Research Library of Union College, and Protect! the Adirondacks

Colvin wrestled with a 7-foot-tall black bear.

To create a map, a surveyor

measures and draws the surface of
the land. This is called surveying.

surveyor

7
 lake
“But how wild and
desolate this spot!
... First seen as we
then saw it, dark
and dripping with
the moisture of the
heavens ...”
This drawing by

(tl) Don Hammond/Design Pics, (tr) Courtesy of The Adirondack Research Library of Union College,
Verplanck Colvin Colvin shows Lake
Tear of the Clouds.
rock

Colvin surveyed and mapped the Adirondacks for

nearly 30 years. He wrote and sketched in his journal
about every lake, river, and forest he visited.

Colvin named many lakes in the Adirondacks. He

followed the Hudson River and found the source, Lake

and Protect! the Adirondacks

Tear of the Clouds.

How to Measure a Mountain

Colvin used a method of surveying called triangulation.
He and his team measured a line (from point A to point
B). They used a 66-foot-long chain as a measuring tape.

Then they went to the top of the mountain (point C)

and used a telescope to figure out the angles between
the points. Then Colvin used those angles to figure out
the distances between the three points and the height of
the mountain.

8
 Colvin also lobbied to protect the Adirondacks. He
asked the government to protect the land. He wrote
editorials in newspapers to explain why it was important
to protect the land. Finally in 1892, the Adirondacks
became a state park. Then in 1894, the state passed a
law that required the park to be “forever kept as wild.”
It meant the Adirondacks could not be developed.

Colvin died in 1920, but thanks to his work, people

Michael Melford/The Image Bank/Getty Images

enjoy the wilderness of Adirondack Park today.

STOP AND CHECK

Why did Colvin want to

protect the Adirondacks?

A B

9
 Chapter 2

Aldo
Leopold

(t bkgd) Siede Preis/Photodisc/Getty Images, (br) Robert Shantz/Alamy Stock Photo

(tl) Courtesy of the Aldo Leopold Foundation, www.aldoleopold.org,
Like Colvin, Aldo Leopold loved the outdoors. Leopold
was born in 1887 in Burlington, Iowa. When he was a
boy, he loved to explore the woods near his home with
his dog. He also liked to go hunting with his father.

In college Leopold
cloud
studied forestry. After
he graduated in 1909,
he worked as a forest
assistant in the Apache
National Forest in Arizona.
He enjoyed living in the
mountains. In his spare
time, he liked hunting
game, such as deer and
ducks. He mapped the
area around Springerville,
where he worked.
stream

This stream is in the

Apache National Forest.

10
 Leopold wanted to protect game animals. He believed
that the forests needed to be preserved because the game
animals live in forests.

Leopold also thought that people should keep track

of the animal population. Then, they would not hunt
animals that have a low population.

At that time, many people believed that game

animals needed to be protected from predators, such
as wolves, coyotes, foxes, and bears. Leopold believed
Raven Regan/Design Pics

that people should hunt predators to protect the

game animals.

In Other Words count.

En español, keep track of
quiere decir vigilar.

Leopold hunted
predators such as whiskers
mountain lions.
Later he worked
to protect them. paw

11
 fur

teeth

As an older man, Leopold

wanted to save predators
such as wolves.

Later in his life, Leopold changed his ideas about

predators. In the 1930s, he went on a hunting trip
to Mexico. The forest in Mexico was an “unspoiled
wilderness.” It had been left unchanged. The predators
were part of the forest ecosystem. The ecosystem
provided a balance in the environment. As a result, the
forest was healthy. Leopold realized that predators are
necessary to protect the balance of the ecosystem.
Nature Picture Library/Alamy

12
 Leopold had seen the effects of an unbalanced
ecosystem in the forests of Wisconsin. Deer and other
game animals had been protected, but predators such as
wolves had been hunted. With few predators, the deer
population grew very quickly. In 1942, Leopold showed
people the damage deer had done to the forests. Deer
had destroyed the plant life by eating all the plants
within their reach. This indicated that there were too
many deer in the forest.

Leopold asked the state of Wisconsin to encourage

people to hunt deer. The deer population decreased.
(bl) Ilene MacDonald/Alamy, (br) Don Hammond/Design Pics

He also asked people to stop hunting wolves. The wolf

population increased. People realized that Leopold’s plan
created a balanced ecosystem.

“You cannot love

game and hate
deer predators …
The land is one
organism.”

Aldo Leopold

Deer can do a lot of damage

to a forest if the population
is not controlled.

13
 In addition to protecting wildlife, Leopold also
worked to protect the landscape. In 1915, Leopold went
to the Grand Canyon, and he was shocked by the state
of it. There were new roads, hotels, and stores. He
saw trash on the trails, and sewage ran into the river.
Leopold knew these things were bad for the wildlife.

Leopold created a plan to protect the wildlife and

the landscape of the Grand Canyon. In 1919, the Grand
Canyon was made a national park.

Language And is a conjunction. Find another

Detective conjunction on page 13.

David Forman/Image Source

canyon

Millions of tourists visit the Grand Canyon

each year. So, there are laws to protect
the park from pollution and damage.

14
 Leopold also worked to
preserve 750,000 acres in
the Gila National Forest
in New Mexico. In 1924,
the forest became the first
protected wilderness area
in the world. This means
that people cannot change
The Gila National Forest
the area in any way. For
has spectacular scenery.
example, people cannot
build roads in the forest.

Leopold died in 1948. Sixteen years

later, in 1964, the federal government
passed the Wilderness Act. The new
law included many of Leopold’s ideas.
(tl) Raymond Gehman/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images, (br) Courtesy of the Aldo Leopold Foundation, www.aldoleopold.org

It established the National Wilderness

Preservation System. This system
protects more than 700 wilderness areas
in 44 states. The United States still has
places that are “natural, wild, and free”
because of Aldo Leopold’s work.
Aldo Leopold walks
with his dog.

STOP AND CHECK

Why did Leopold want to

protect predators?
15
Conclusion

People enjoy wilderness areas today because of the work

of people such as Verplanck Colvin and Aldo Leopold.

Colvin wanted to protect forests so that there would

be clean drinking water. He located the sources of
rivers, created maps, and surveyed the mountains in

(tl) Siede Preis/Photodisc/Getty Images, (bl, cr) Image courtesy National Gallery of Art, (br) Paul Fearn/Alamy Stock Photo
the Adirondacks.

EXTINCT Birds
These birds have all become
extinct in North America since
the 1850s.

Carolina parakeet

passenger pigeon
Labrador duck
16
 Aldo Leopold taught people to take care of the
environment. We can help by:

• using fewer natural resources so there is less waste;

• growing plants at home;

• growing plants or trees that attract birds;

• learning about nature and recording what we find out

in a journal.

We should enjoy nature, but when we take a walk in

a park or forest, we should be careful to preserve it.

These hikers are

enjoying the view.
backpack
Ben Meyer/Cultura/Getty Images

hiker

17
 Respond to
Reading
Summarize Cause Effect
Use important details from Save This
Space! to summarize the text. Your
graphic organizer may help you.

Text Evidence
1. What text features help you identify this text as an
example of narrative nonfiction? GENRE

2. Reread page 5. What caused Colvin to realize that

the wilderness areas had to be protected?
CAUSE AND EFFECT

3. Find the word state on page 13. What is the

meaning of the word? Use context clues to help
you. What is the meaning of the word state on
page 14? HOMOGRAPHS

4. In Chapter 2, Leopold changes his mind about

hunting predators. Write about what caused him to
change his mind. WRITE ABOUT READING

18
 Genre Expository Text

Compare Texts
Read about how the Lewis and Clark expedition
changed the way people thought about nature.

Paired Read: The Journey of Lewis and Clark

The Journey
of
Lewis
(l) Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-20214], (r) Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-10609], (bkgd) Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy

Lewis
and Clark Clark

In 1804, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark set out

on an expedition to what would later become the
northwestern United States. President Thomas Jefferson
instructed them to look for a water route from Ohio
to the Pacific Ocean.

Lewis and Clark saw many amazing sights. They saw

plants and animals that they had never seen before. They
drew maps of their journey and recorded their experiences
in journals. On May 5, 1805, Lewis wrote about two
species of wolves that are now extinct. One species was
small and lived in burrows on the plains. The other
species was bigger. It lived in the woods and on the
plains, but it did not dig burrows.

In Other Words went. En español,

set out quiere decir salir.

19
 Wild Adventures
Native Americans told them about bears. The Native

(br) Fototeca Storica Nazionale/Photodisc/Getty Images, (bkgd) Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy

Americans said the bears were very big and hard to kill.
The first bears that Lewis and Clark saw were small.
Lewis wrote about bears:
“[They] … are [not] as formidable or dangerous as
they have been represented.” April 29, 1805
Lewis soon changed his mind. On June 14, 1805, he
was walking alone along the Missouri River. He was
carrying a spear. Suddenly he saw a grizzly bear. It was
coming toward Lewis. He described what happened next
in his journal.
“I ran about 80 yards and found he gained
on me fast ...”
Lewis ran into the river
and aimed the spear at the
bear. The bear turned around
and went off in the other
direction. After this encounter,
Lewis told everyone not to
travel alone.

Grizzly bears, like the

one that charged at
Lewis, can weigh more
than 800 pounds.

20
 Magnificent Landscapes
(l) Florilegius/Alamy Stock Photo, (bkgd) Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy

As they traveled, Lewis and Clark observed spectacular

scenes. In this journal entry, Lewis describes the
Multnomah Falls in Oregon.
“We passed several beautiful cascades which fell from
a great height over the stupendous rocks, and the most
remarkable of these cascades falls about 300 feet …
several small streams fall from a much greater height,
and in their descent become a perfect mist …”
April 9, 1806
By the end of their expedition, Lewis
and Clark had collected many specimens
of animals and unusual plants. Scientists
studied their journals and specimens for
many years.

Lewis collected this specimen of a plant.

The name of the plant is ragged robin, or
Clarkia pulchella.

Make Connections
How did Lewis and Clark change the way people
thought about nature? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do the early explorers in this book help you to
understand why it’s important to value and conserve
the wilderness? TEXT TO TEXT
21
 Glossary
ecosystem all the living things, such as plants and
animals, and nonliving things, such as soil, water, and
sunlight, that exist in one place or environment and
how these things interact (page 12)

expedition journey or trip taken for a specific purpose

(page 19)

extinct died out or no longer in existence (page 2)

game wild animals or birds that people hunt for sport

or for food (page 10)

lobbied tried to influence public officials (page 9)

logging cutting down trees to use the wood for

buildings or other products (page 3)

natural resources materials such as coal, trees, minerals,

and water that are found in nature and can be used
by people (page 17)

predators animals that hunt and eat other animals

(page 11)

source where a river begins (page 3)

specimens plants or animals collected as an example of

that species (page 21)

survey find out the size, shape, and position of an area

of land (page 7)

triangulation a method used to find heights or distances

by using known lengths and the angles of triangles
(page 8)

22
Index
Adirondack Mountains, 2–9, 16
Apache National Forest, 10
Clark, William, 19–21
Colvin, Verplanck, 2–10, 16
Gila National Forest, 15
Grand Canyon, 2, 14
Hudson River, 3, 5, 6, 8
Lake Tear of the Clouds, 8
Leopold, Aldo, 2, 3, 10–17
Lewis, Meriwether, 19–21
Mount Seward, 4, 5
National Wilderness Preservation System, 15
Wilderness Act of 1964, 15

23
 Focus on
Social Studies
Purpose To understand the importance of the wilderness

What to Do
Step 1 Work with a partner or in a group. Find out what
kind of wilderness existed in your area 150 years ago.
Use information from the local city or town offices,
museum, or historical society.

Step 2 Create a map or drawing that shows what the area

was like 150 years ago. For example, make a map
showing forests that existed in the area or drawings
of animals or plants that lived in the area.

Step 3 Identify the things on the map or drawing that have

changed in the last 150 years. For example, show an
area of forest that has changed into a neighborhood
or a species of animal that no longer lives in the area.

Step 4 Select one item from your map or drawing and write
sentences to describe the change.

24
 Literature Circles
Nonfiction

Thinkmark
Literature Circles Nonfiction Thinkmark

The Topic
What is Save This Space! mostly about?

Text Structure
How does the author organize information
in this text?

Conclusions
What is the most important thing you learned
in this text?

Author’s Purpose
What is the author’s purpose for writing
this text?

Make Connections
Think of a natural place you’ve visited.
How are the places in Save This Space! similar
to or different from the place you’ve visited?
Seeing for Yourself Social Studies

GR R • Benchmark 40 • Lexile 730

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