C++ Programming: From Problem

Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Chapter 1: An Overview of
Computers and Programming
Languages

Updated by: Malak Abdullah

The Evolution of Programming Languages
(cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 2
Processing a C++ Program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 3
Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 4
Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 5
Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 6
Programming with the Problem Analysis–
Coding–Execution Cycle

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 7
The Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution
Cycle (cont’d.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 8
The Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution
Cycle (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 9
The Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution
Cycle (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 10
Example 1-1

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 11
Example 1-1 (cont'd.)
 Algorithm:
 Get length of the rectangle
 Get width of the rectangle
 Find the perimeter using the following equation:
perimeter = 2 * (length + width)

 Find the area using the following equation:

area = length * width

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 12
WAP a C++ Program
parameter = 2 * (length + width)
area = length * width
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int length, width, parameter, area; // variables
cout << "Enter length & Width: ";
cin >> length >> width;
parameter = 2 * (length + width);
area = length * width;
cout << "Parameter is :" << parameter << endl;
cout << "Area is :" << area << endl;
return 0;
}
Sample Run:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Updated by: Malak Abdullah 13
C++ Programming:
From Problem Analysis
to Program Design, Fourth Edition

Chapter 2: Basic Elements of C++

Objectives

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2

Objectives (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3

The Basics rule of a C++ Program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4

Comments

• Comments are for the reader, not the compiler

• Two types:
− Single line
// This is a C++ program. It prints the sentence:
// Welcome to C++ Programming.

− Multiple line
/*
You can include comments that can
occupy several lines.
*/

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5

Special Symbols

• Special symbols

+ ?
- ,
* <=
/ != not equal to
. == equal to
; >=

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 7
Identifiers

• Consist of letters, digits, and the underscore

character (_)
• Must begin with a letter or underscore
• C++ is case sensitive
− NUMBER is not the same as number
• Two predefined identifiers are cout and cin
• Unlike reserved words, predefined identifiers
may be redefined, but it is not a good idea

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8

Data Types

• Data type: set of values together with a set of

operations
• C++ data types fall into three categories:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9

Simple Data Types

• Three categories of simple data

− Integral: integers (numbers without a decimal)
− Floating-point: decimal numbers
− Enumeration type: user-defined data type

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10

Simple Data Types (continued)

• Integral data types are further classified into

nine categories:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 11

Simple Data Types (continued)

• 1 byte = 8 bits
• Bit = smallest unit of data 1 or 0
• Different compilers may allow different ranges
of values

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12

int Data Type

• Examples:
-6728
0
78
+763
• Positive integers do not need a + sign
• No commas are used within an integer
− Commas are used for separating items in a list

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 13

bool Data Type

• bool type
− Two values: true and false
− Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions
• true and false are called logical values
• bool, true, and false are reserved words

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14

 char Data Type

• The smallest integral data type

• Used for characters: letters, digits, and special
symbols
• Each character is enclosed in single quotes
− 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
• A blank space is a character and is written ' ',
with a space left between the single quotes

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15

Floating-Point Data Types

• C++ uses scientific notation to represent real

numbers (floating-point notation)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16

Floating-Point Data Types
(continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18
Type Conversion (Casting)

• Implicit type coercion: when value of one type

is automatically changed to another type
• Cast operator: provides explicit type
conversion
static_cast<dataTypeName>(expression)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19

Type Conversion (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 20

string Type
• Programmer-defined type supplied in
ANSI/ISO Standard C++ library
• Sequence of zero or more characters
• Enclosed in double quotation marks
• Null: a string with no characters
• Each character has relative position in string
− Position of first character is 0
• Length of a string is number of characters in it
− Example: length of "William Jacob" is 13
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21
Input

• Data must be loaded into main memory

before it can be manipulated
• Storing data in memory is a two-step process:
− Instruct computer to allocate memory
− Include statements to put data into memory

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22

Allocating Memory with Constants
and Variables
• Named constant: memory location whose
content can’t change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant is:

• In C++, const is a reserved word

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23

Allocating Memory with Constants
and Variables (continued)
• Variable: memory location whose content
may change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant is:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 24

Assignment Statement

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25

Assignment Statement (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26

Declaring & Initializing Variables

• Variables can be initialized when declared:

int first=13, second=10;
char ch=' ';
double x=12.6;
• All variables must be initialized before they
are used
− But not necessarily during declaration

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27

Input (Read) Statement

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 28

Variable Initialization

• There are two ways to initialize a variable:

int feet;
− By using the assignment statement
feet = 35;
− By using a read statement
cin >> feet;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29

Increment & Decrement Operators

x = 5; x = 5;
y = ++x; y = x++;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 30
Output

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 31

Output (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 32

Output (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 33

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 34
Preprocessor Directives
(continued)
• Syntax to include a header file:

• For example:

#include <iostream>

− Causes the preprocessor to include the

header file iostream in the program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 35

namespace and Using cin and
cout in a Program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 36

Using the string Data Type in a
Program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 37

Program Style and Form

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 38

Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and
Commas
• All C++ statements end with a semicolon
− Also called a statement terminator
• { and } are not C++ statements
• Commas separate items in a list

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 39

Prompt Lines

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 40

Documentation

• A well-documented program is easier to

understand and modify
• You use comments to document programs
• Comments should appear in a program to:
− Explain the purpose of the program
− Identify who wrote it
− Explain the purpose of particular statements

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 41

More on Assignment Statements

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 42

Summary ch-2
• C++ program: collection of functions where
each program has a function called main
• Identifier consists of letters, digits, and
underscores, and begins with letter or
underscore
• The arithmetic operators in C++ are
addition (+), subtraction (-),multiplication (*),
division (/), and modulus (%)
• Arithmetic expressions are evaluated using the
precedence associativity rules
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 43
Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 44

Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 45

C++ Programming:
From Problem Analysis
to Program Design, Fourth Edition

Chapter 3: Input/Output
Objectives

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2

Objectives (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3

I/O Streams and Standard I/O
Devices

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4

I/O Streams and Standard I/O
Devices (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5

I/O Streams and Standard I/O
Devices (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 7
cin and the Extraction Operator >>
(continued)

• Entering a char value into an int or double

variable causes serious errors, called input
failure

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8

cin and the Extraction Operator
>> (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10
Using Predefined Functions in a
Program (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 11

Using Predefined Functions in a
Program (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12

Using Predefined Functions in a
Program (continued)
Sample Run:
Line 1: 2 to the power of 6 = 64
Line 4: 12.5 to the power of 3 = 1953.13
Line 5: Square root of 24 = 4.89898
Line 7: u = 181.019
Line 9: Length of str = 20

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15
cin and the ignore Function

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16

putback and peek Functions

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17

putback and peek Functions
(continued)
• The syntax for putback:

− istreamVar: an input stream variable (cin)

− ch is a char variable
• The syntax for peek:

− istreamVar: an input stream variable (cin)

− ch is a char variable

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18

The Dot Notation Between I/O
Stream Variables and I/O Functions

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19

Input Failure

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 20

The clear Function

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21

Output and Formatting Output

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22

setprecision Manipulator

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23

fixed Manipulator

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 24

showpoint Manipulator

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25

setw

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26

Additional Output Formatting
Tools
• Additional formatting tools that give you more
control over your output:
− setfill manipulator
− left and right manipulators
− unsetf manipulator

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27

setfill Manipulator

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 28

left and right Manipulators

• left: left-justifies the output

• Disable left by using unsetf

• right: right-justifies the output

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29

Types of Manipulators

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 30

Input/Output and the string
Type
• An input stream variable (cin) and >>
operator can read a string into a variable of
the data type string
• Extraction operator
− Skips any leading whitespace characters and
reading stops at a whitespace character
• The function getline
− Reads until end of the current line

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 31

File Input/Output

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 32

Summary

• Stream: infinite sequence of characters from

a source to a destination
• Input stream: from a source to a computer
• Output stream: from a computer to a
destination
• cout: command output <<
• cin: command input. >>
• To use cin and cout, <#include iostream>
header
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 33
Summary (continued)

• get reads data character-by-character

• putback puts last character retrieved by get
back to the input stream
• ignore skips data in a line //
• peek returns next character from input
stream, but does not remove it.
• Attempting to read invalid data into a variable
causes the input stream to enter the fail state

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 34

Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 35

C++ Programming:
From Problem Analysis
to Program Design, Fourth Edition
Objectives

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2

Control Structures

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3

Control Structures (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4

Relational Operators

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5

Relational Operators (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6

Relational Operators and Simple
Data Types
• You can use the relational operators with all
three simple data types:
− 8 < 15 evaluates to true
− 6 != 6 evaluates to false
− 2.5 > 5.8 evaluates to false
− 5.9 <= 7.5 evaluates to true

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 7

Comparing Characters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8

Relational Operators and the
string Type
• Relational operators can be applied to strings
• Strings are compared character by character,
starting with the first character
• Comparison continues until either a mismatch
is found or all characters are found equal.
• If two strings of different lengths are compared
and the comparison is equal to the last
character of the shorter string
− The shorter string is less than the larger string
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9
Relational Operators and the
string Type (continued)
• Suppose we have the following declarations:
string str1 = "Hello";
string str2 = "Hi";
string str3 = "Air";
string str4 = "Bill";
string str5 = "Big";

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10

Logical (Boolean) Operators and
Logical Expressions
• Logical (Boolean) operators enable you to
combine logical expressions

unary. !, +, -
binary
binary

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 11

Logical (Boolean) Operators and
Logical Expressions (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12

Order of Precedence

• Relational and logical operators are

evaluated from left to right
• The associativity is left to right
• Parentheses can override precedence

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 13

Order of Precedence (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14

Order of Precedence (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15

Short-Circuit Evaluation

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16

int Data Type and Logical
(Boolean) Expressions
• Earlier versions of C++ did not provide built-in
data types that had Boolean values
• Logical expressions evaluate to either 1 or 0
− The value of a logical expression was stored
in a variable of the data type int
• You can use the int data type to manipulate
logical (Boolean) expressions

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17

The bool Data Type and Logical
(Boolean) Expressions

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18

Example
• #include <iostream>
• int main()
• {
• int num;
• std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
• std::cin>>num;
• if(0 <= num && num <= 10)
• {
• std::cout<< "Positive";
• }
• else
• {
• std::cout<<"Negetive";
• }
• return 0;
• }

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19

Selection: if and if...else

• One-Way Selection (if)

• Two-Way Selection (if … else)
• Compound (Block of) Statements
• Multiple Selections: Nested if
• Comparing if...else Statements with a
Series of if Statements

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 20

Selection: if and if...else
(continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22
One-Way Selection (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23

Two-Way Selection

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25

Two-Way Selection (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26

Example
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int hour, rate =5;
std::cout << "Enter a hour: ";
std::cin>>hour;
if(hour > 40 )
{
int wages = 40.0 *rate +1.5 * rate *(hour -40.0);
std::cout<< +wages;
}
else
{
int wages = hour * rate;
std::cout<< +wages;
}

return 0;
} C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27
Compound (Block of) Statement

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 28

Compound (Block of) Statement
(continued)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int age;
cout << "Enter a age: ";
cin>>age;
if(age > 18 )
{
cout << "Eligible to vote." << endl;
cout << "No longer a minor." << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Not eligible to vote." << endl;
cout << "Still a minor." << endl;
}
return 0;
}
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29
• Nesting: one control statement in another
control statement.
• An else is associated with the most recent
if that has not been paired with an else

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 30

 Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int score;
cout << "Enter the score: ";
cin>>score;
if(score >= 90 )
{
cout << "The grade is A." << endl;
}
else if (score >= 80)
{
cout << "The grade is B." << endl;
}
else if (score >= 70)
{
cout << "The grade is C." << endl;
}
else if (score >= 60)
{
cout << "The grade is D." << endl;
}
else
cout << "The grade is Failed." <<endl;
return 0;
}
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 31
Using Pseudocode to Develop,
Test, and Debug a Program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 32

Input Failure and the if Statement

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 33

Confusion Between == and =

• C++ allows you to use any expression that

can be evaluated to either true or false as
an expression in the if statement:
if (x = 5)
cout << "The value is five." << endl;
• The appearance of = in place of ==
resembles a silent killer
− It is not a syntax error
− It is a logical error

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 34

Conditional Operator (?:)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 35

Conditional operator example

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 36

 Start from here

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 37

switch Structures (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 39

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
char grade;
cout << "Enter an grade: ";
cin >> grade;

switch (grade) {
case 'A':
cout << "The grade is 4.0";
break;
case 'B':
cout << "The grade is 3.0";
break;
case 'C':
cout << "The grade is 2.0";
break;
case 'D':
cout << "The grade is 1.0";
break;
case 'F':
cout << "The grade is 0.0";
break;
default:
cout << "The grade is invalid";
break;
}
return 0;
}
WAP in C++ for calculator for 2 number:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
char oper;
float num1, num2;
cout << "Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ";
cin >> oper;
cout << "Enter two numbers: " << endl;
cin >> num1 >> num2;
switch (oper)
{
case '+':
cout << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << num1 + num2;
break;
case '-':
cout << num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << num1 - num2;
break;
case '*':
cout << num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << num1 * num2;
break;
case '/':
cout << num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << num1 / num2;
break;
default:
// operator is doesn't match any case constant (+, -, *, /)
cout << "Error! The operator is not correct";
break;
}
return 0;
}
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 41
Summary

• Control structures alter normal control flow

• Most common control structures are selection
and repetition
• Relational operators: ==, <, <=, >, >=, !=
• Logical expressions evaluate to 1 (true) or 0
(false)
• Logical operators: ! (not), && (and), || (or)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 42

Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 43

Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 44

C++ Programming:
From Problem Analysis
to Program Design, Fourth Edition
Objectives

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2

Why is Repetition Needed?

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3

while Looping (Repetition)
Structure

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4

while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5

• If you know exactly how many pieces of data
need to be read, the while loop becomes a
counter-controlled loop

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6

• Sentinel variable is tested in the condition
and loop ends when sentinel is encountered

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 7

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8
Number Guessing Game

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9

• Use an EOF (End Of File)-controlled while loop
• The logical value returned by cin can determine
if the program has ended input

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10

eof Function

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 11

for Looping (Repetition)
Structure

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12

for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 13

for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

Output:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Hello
*

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14

do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• General form of a do...while:

• The statement executes first, and then the

expression is evaluated
• To avoid an infinite loop, body must contain a
statement that makes the expression false.
• The statement can be simple or compound
• Loop always iterates at least once.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15
do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16

do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17

Choosing the Right Looping
Structure

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19

break and continue Statements

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 20

break & continue Statements
(continued)
• continue is used in while, for, and
do…while structures
• When executed in a loop
− It skips remaining statements and proceeds
with the next iteration of the loop

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21

Nested Control Structures

• To create the following pattern:

*
**
***
****
*****
• We can use the following code:
for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22

Nested Control Structures
(continued)
• What is the result if we replace the first for
statement with the following?
for (i = 5; i >= 1; i--){
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
{cout << "*";
cout << endl;}}
• Answer:
*****
****
***
**
*
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23
Summary

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 24

Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25

Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26

C++ Programming:
From Problem Analysis
to Program Design, Fourth Edition

Chapter 6: User-Defined Functions I

Objectives

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2

Introduction

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3

Introduction (continued)

• Functions
− Called modules
− Like miniature programs
− Can be put together to form a larger program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4

• In algebra, a function is defined as a rule or
correspondence between values, called the
function’s arguments, and the unique value of
the function associated with the arguments
− If f(x) = 2x + 5, then f(1) = 7,
f(2) = 9, and f(3) = 11
• 1, 2, and 3 are arguments
• 7, 9, and 11 are the corresponding values

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5

Predefined Functions (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6

Predefined Functions (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 7

Predefined Functions (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8

Predefined Functions (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9

Predefined Functions (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10

Predefined Functions (continued)

• Example 6-1 sample run:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 13
Value-Returning Functions

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14

Value-Returning Functions
(continued)
• Because the value returned by a value-
returning function is unique, we must:
− Save the value for further calculation
− Use the value in some calculation
− Print the value
• A value-returning function is used in an
assignment or in an output statement
• One more thing is associated with functions:
− The code required to accomplish the task

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15

Value-Returning Functions
(continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16

Value-Returning Functions
(continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17

Syntax: Value-Returning Function

• Syntax:

• functionType is also called the data type

or return type.

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18

Syntax: Formal Parameter List

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Function Call

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Syntax: Actual Parameter List

• The syntax of the actual parameter list is:

• Formal parameter list can be empty:

• A call to a value-returning function with an

empty formal parameter list is:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21

return Statement

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Syntax: return Statement

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Function Prototype

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25

Function Prototype (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 28
Palindrome Number (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29

Flow of Execution

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Flow of Execution (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 31

Summary

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Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 33

Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 34

C++ Programming:
From Problem Analysis
to Program Design, Fourth Edition

Chapter 7: User-Defined Functions II

Objectives

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2

Objectives (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3

Void Functions

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4

Void Functions (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5

Void Functions without Parameters

• Function definition syntax:

• void is a reserved word

• Function call syntax:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6

Void Functions with Parameters

• Function definition syntax:

• Formal parameter list syntax:

• Function call syntax:

• Actual parameter list syntax:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 7

Void Functions with Parameters
(continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8

Void Functions with Parameters
(continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9

Value Parameters

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C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 11
Reference Variables as Parameters
(continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15
Scope of an identifier/variable

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Scope of an Identifier (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17

Write a C++ program global variable & Local variable with
scope resolution operator ::

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Scope of an Identifier (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19

Global Variables, Named
Constants, and Side Effects

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Static and Automatic Variables

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21

Static and Automatic Variables
(continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23
Function Overloading (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 24

Function Overloading (continued)

• The following functions all have different

formal parameter lists:

• The following functions have the same formal

parameter list:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25

Function Overloading (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26

Write a c++ for method overloading.

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27

Function Overloading (continued)

• Correct function overloading:

• Syntax error:

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Functions with Default Parameters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29

Functions with Default Parameters
(continued)
• Consider the following prototype:

• Assume:
− a, b are int, ch is char, d is double
• Examples of legal calls:

• Examples of illegal calls:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 30

Summary

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Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 32

Summary (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 33