Exterior lighting 8 Hours

Flood, street, aviation and transport lighting, utility area lighting, sports lighting, lighting for
displays and signaling – neon signs, LED-LCD displays beacons and lighting for surveillance.
Energy Conservation codes for lighting; lighting controls – daylight sensors and occupancy
sensors; controller design and Applicable standards.
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Flood Lighting:
Flood lighting is a type of artificial lighting that uses high-intensity, broad-beamed light sources
to illuminate large areas such as outdoor playing fields, stadiums, buildings, monuments,
landscapes, and other architectural features. Flood lighting can create dramatic effects, enhance
visibility, improve safety and security, and provide aesthetic appeal.
A flood light is defined as a luminaire that covers a wide surface area with a broad angle of
projection. It can produce a wide beam of light, usually up to 120 degrees, that can “flood” an area
with light. Flood lights are typically mounted on poles, walls, roofs, or other structures that allow
them to aim at the desired direction and angle.

Floodlights work by using powerful light sources such as LEDs, halogen lamps, metal halide
lamps, or high-pressure sodium lamps that are concentrated into narrow light beams using specific
reflectors or lenses. The reflectors or lenses can shape the light beam and control its spread and
intensity. Some flood lights also have adjustable features that allow them to change the beam angle
and direction.

Floodlights can also be classified based on their mounting options:

 Pole mounted: These flood lights are mounted on poles that can vary in height and position
depending on the application and design requirements.
 Wall mounted: These flood lights are mounted on walls or other vertical surfaces that can
provide support and stability for them.
 Roof mounted: These flood lights are mounted on roofs or other horizontal surfaces that
can provide elevation and coverage for them.
 Ground mounted: These flood lights are mounted on the ground or other low-level
surfaces that can provide access and flexibility for them.

Applications and Benefits of Flood Lighting

Flood lighting has various applications and benefits in different fields and sectors. Some of them
are:
  Sports lighting: Flood lighting is widely used to illuminate outdoor sports venues such as
stadiums, arenas, courts, fields, tracks, pools, etc. Flood lighting can provide adequate
illumination for players, spectators, officials, media personnel, etc., during low-light
conditions or night time events. Flood lighting can also enhance the visual appeal and
atmosphere of sports events by creating dynamic effects and colors.
 Architectural lighting: Flood lighting is also used to illuminate architectural features such
as buildings, monuments, bridges, fountains, sculptures, etc. Flood lighting can highlight
the shape, texture, color, and details of these features and create aesthetic effects and
impressions. Flood lighting can also create contrast and drama by playing with shadows
and silhouettes.
 Landscape lighting: Flood lighting is also used to illuminate landscape elements such as
gardens, parks, lawns, trees, plants, flowers, shrubs, rocks, etc. Flood lighting can create a
warm and inviting ambiance for outdoor living spaces and enhance the natural beauty and
colors of the landscape elements.
 Security lighting: Flood lighting is also used to provide security and deter intruders,
vandals, or trespassers from entering or damaging property. Flood lighting can illuminate
dark or hidden areas and increase the visibility of surveillance cameras or motion sensors.
Flood lighting can also be activated by timers, switches, or sensors to create a sense of
occupancy and alertness.
 Commercial lighting: Flood lighting is also used to illuminate commercial spaces such as
parking lots, garages, warehouses, factories, malls, offices, etc. Flood lighting can provide
adequate and uniform illumination for customers, employees, vehicles, equipment, etc.,
and improve safety and productivity. Flood lighting can also create a professional and
attractive appearance for the business and attract potential customers.

Some of the benefits of flood lighting are:

 Energy efficiency: Flood lighting can save energy and reduce electricity costs by using
LED lamps that consume less power and last longer than conventional lamps. LED lamps
also produce less heat and have a higher color rendering index (CRI) than other lamps,
which means they can produce more accurate and natural colors.
 Durability: Flood lighting can withstand harsh weather conditions such as rain, snow,
wind, dust, etc., and resist corrosion, rust, and impact. Flood lighting can also operate in a
wide range of temperatures and have a long lifespan of up to 50,000 hours or more.
 Flexibility: Floodlighting can be adjusted and customized to suit different applications and
preferences. Flood lighting can have different colors, brightness levels, beam angles,
mounting options, etc., that can be changed or controlled by remote devices or smart
systems.
 Aesthetics: Flood lighting can create stunning visual effects and enhance the appearance
and value of a property. Flood lighting can also create different moods and atmospheres
for different occasions and purposes.
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disadvantages

Street lighting
Street lighting design is the design of street lighting such that people can safely continue their
travels on the road. Street lighting schemes never brings the same appearance of daylight, but
provide sufficient light for people to see important objects required for traversing the road. Street
lighting plays an important role in:
 Reducing the risk of night-time accidents
 Assisting in the protection of buildings/property (discouraging vandalism)
 Discouraging crime
 Creating a secure environment for habitation.

The main objectives of street lighting design scheme are given below:
1. Perfect visual sensation for safety
2. Illuminated environment for quick movement of the vehicles
3. Clear view of objects for comfortable movement of the road users.

Which Lamps are used in Street Lighting?

Various types of lamps are used in street lighting luminaires. They are High pressure sodium lamp,
Metal Halide Lamps, Low pressure sodium lamps , LED, CFL (used in Lanes or streets only not
widely)

Principles of Street Lighting:

Two general principles are usually employed in the design of street lighting installations,
namely:

(i) The diffusion principle and

(ii) The specular reflection principle.

1. Diffusion Principle:

In this case the lamps fitted with suitable reflectors are used. The reflectors are so designed
that they may direct the light downwards and spread as uniformly as possible over the road
surface. In order to avoid glare the reflectors are made to have a cut-off of between 30° to 45°
so that the filament is not visible except from underneath it.

The diffusing nature of the road surface causes the reflection of a certain proportion of the
incident light in the direction of the observer, and therefore, the road surface appears bright
to the observer. The illumination at any point on the road surface is calculated by applying
point to point or inverse-square law method. Over certain proportions of the road the surface
is illuminated from two lamps and the resultant illumination is the sum of the illuminatio ns
due to each lamp.

2. Specular Reflection Principle:

In this case the reflectors are curved upwards so that the light is thrown on the road at a very
large angle of incidence. It is observed that a motorist requires to see objects about 30 metres
away. Thus in Fig. 7.51 the observer is shown about 30 metres from the object. Much of the
light from the lamp L3 is not reflected towards the observer, whereas most of the light from
lamps L1 and L2 is reflected towards him. Thus the object will appear silhouetted against the
bright road surface due to lamps at a longer distance.

The requirement of a pedestrian, who requires to see objects in his immediate neighbourhood,
is also fulfilled in this method as some light from the lamps falls directly downwards. This
method of street lighting is only suitable for straight sections of the road. This method is more
economical also as compared to the diffusion method of lighting but it suffers from the
disadvantage that it produces glare for the motorists.

Main Factors in the Street Lighting Design Scheme

1. Luminance Level Should be Proper Luminance always influences the contrast sensitivity
of the obstructions with respect to the back ground. If the street is brighter, then darker
surroundings makes the car driver adapted, unless the driver will be unable to perceive
the objects in the surroundings. As per CIE, 5m away from the road on both sides will be
lit by Illuminance level at least 50% of that on the road.

2. Luminance Uniformity must be achieved. To provide visual comfort to the viewer’s eyes,
enough luminous uniformity is needed. Luminous uniformity means the ratio between
minimum luminance level to average luminance level, i.e.
 It is termed as longitudinal uniformity ratio as it is measured along the line passing
through the viewers position in the middle of the traffic facing the traffic flow.
3. Degree of Glare Limitation is always taken into Design Scheme
Glare means visual discomfort due to high luminance. There are two types of glare created
by the street light luminaires, first type is disability glare and second type is discomfort
glare. Disability glare is not a strong factor, rather discomfort glare is a common factor due
to unplanned street lighting scheme.
4. Lamp Spectra for Visual Sharpness depends on the Proper Luminaries
It is very much essential to make an object as per its size and dimension.
5. Effectiveness of Visual Guidance is also an important factor
It helps a viewer to guess how far another object is from his position.

Benefits of street lighting:

 Street lighting helps to reduce night-time crashes by improving visibility.

 Can reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.
 Can help to aid navigation.
 Street lighting helps people to feel safe and can help to reduce crime.
 Route lighting can help to reduce glare from vehicle headlights.

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Aviation and transport lighting

Aviation and transport lighting are specialized lighting systems designed to ensure the safe and
efficient operation of airports, seaports, roadways, railways, and other transportation-related
infrastructure. These lighting systems serve various purposes, from guiding pilots and mariners to
assisting drivers and pedestrians. Here are some key points to consider regarding aviation and
transport lighting:

Aviation Lighting:
Runway Lighting:

Runway edge lights, threshold lights, and touchdown zone lights guide pilots during takeoff and
landing.

Precision approach path indicators (PAPI) and visual approach slope indicators (VASI) assist with
approach and landing guidance.
Taxiway Lighting:
Taxiway edge lights and centerline lights help aircraft navigate on the ground.
Blue taxiway lights distinguish them from runway lights.

Obstruction Lighting:
Tall structures near airports are equipped with obstruction lights to ensure aircraft can see and
avoid potential hazards.

Airport Beacon:
Rotating airport beacons are used to indicate the location of an airport to pilots from a distance.

Approach Lighting Systems (ALS):

ALS provide visual cues to pilots on the correct glide path during landing.

Helipad Lighting:
Lighting on helipads facilitates helicopter landings and takeoffs.

Transport Lighting (Roadways and Railways):

Traffic Signals:
Traffic lights control the flow of vehicles at intersections and pedestrian crossings.

Street and Highway Lighting:

Streetlights provide illumination for roadways, improving visibility and safety for drivers and
pedestrians.
Some lighting systems incorporate smart controls to adjust lighting levels based on traffic and
environmental conditions.

Railway Signaling:
Signal lights and crossing gates on railways ensure safe operations and prevent collisions.

Tunnel Lighting:
Lighting in tunnels enhances driver visibility and safety.

Marine Lighting:
Marine navigation lights, such as buoys and beacons, help guide ships and boats safely through
waterways.
Lighthouses provide critical navigation aids for mariners.
Ferry Terminal Lighting:
Lighting at ferry terminals assists with the safe loading and unloading of passengers and vehicles.

Railway Station Lighting:

Railway stations require proper lighting to ensure the safety and convenience of passengers.

Transport Control Systems:

Many modern transport lighting systems are integrated with control systems and sensors to
optimize energy use and adapt to changing conditions.

Lighting Standards and Regulations:

Aviation and transport lighting systems must comply with strict regulations and standards to ensure
safety and consistency.

Energy Efficiency:
Energy-efficient lighting sources, such as LED technology, are being adopted to reduce energy
consumption and maintenance costs in these applications.

Properly designed and maintained aviation and transport lighting systems are essential for safe and
efficient transportation operations. They play a crucial role in guiding and protecting travelers and
vehicles in diverse and challenging environments.

Sports lighting
Sports lighting is a specialized form of outdoor lighting designed to illuminate sports fields,
stadiums, and arenas. It plays a critical role in ensuring that athletes and spectators have optimal
visibility during various sporting events. Here are key points to consider when discussing sports
lighting:

Purpose:
Sports lighting is primarily designed to provide sufficient and uniform illumination for various
sports, including football, soccer, baseball, tennis, and track and field events.

The goal is to create an environment where athletes can perform at their best, spectators can enjoy
the game, and television broadcasts can capture clear footage.

Light Sources:
LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology has become the preferred choice for sports lighting due
to its energy efficiency, instant on/off capability, and superior control.
Uniformity:
Uniformity of light distribution across the playing field is crucial. Dark spots or areas with uneven
illumination can lead to safety hazards and hinder gameplay.

Color Rendering:
Accurate color rendering is important for sports lighting, as it ensures that players can distinguish
between objects, such as the ball and the playing surface.

Glare Control:
Anti-glare measures are essential to prevent discomfort and vision impairment for athletes and
spectators.
Shielding and proper fixture design can help reduce glare.

Lighting Levels:
Appropriate lighting levels are determined based on the type of sport, field size, and broadcasting
requirements. Guidelines for light levels are set by sports organizations.
Lighting Control:

Some sports lighting systems incorporate controls to adjust light levels and scheduling based on
the specific sporting event, saving energy when full lighting is not required.

Energy Efficiency:
LED sports lighting is energy-efficient, resulting in reduced operational costs and energy
consumption compared to traditional lighting sources.

Maintenance:
Regular maintenance, including cleaning and replacement of faulty bulbs, is crucial to ensure
optimal performance of sports lighting systems.

Flicker Control:
LED technology allows for better control of flicker, which is essential for high-speed sports events
to avoid motion blur in video footage.

Lighting for Spectators:

In addition to lighting the playing field, lighting for spectators, including walkways, seating areas,
and concessions, is important to provide a safe and enjoyable experience.
Adaptive Lighting:
Some advanced sports lighting systems can adapt to changing weather conditions and lighting
requirements, ensuring the best possible lighting quality.
Lighting for Displays and Signaling:
Neon signs, LED-LCD displays, and beacons are used for advertising, wayfinding, and
communication.
Neon signs create distinctive, colorful, and eye-catching lighting effects.
LED-LCD displays are versatile, energy-efficient, and programmable for dynamic content.
Beacons are used for warning and signaling, often in aviation, maritime, and industrial contexts.

Lighting for Surveillance:

Lighting for surveillance is essential for security cameras to capture clear images and videos.

Infrared (IR) and low-light cameras may require specialized lighting to function effectively in low-
light conditions.
Lighting placement and intensity should reduce shadows and overexposure.

Lighting Controls
Lighting controls are a range of smart lighting devices that can regulate the levels, quality and
characteristics of light in a defined space. These smart devices aid in reducing electricity wastage
while simultaneously encouraging energy efficiency.

For instance, the leading LED lighting manufacturers claim that using lighting control solutions
can reduce total energy consumption by almost 35%. Moreover, these devices aim to enhance user
comfort and aid in the development of a functional, energy-efficient and aesthetically pleasing
space.

Types of Lighting Controls

Here are some types of lighting controls that have gained popularity in recent times:

1. Occupancy Sensors
Occupancy sensors, also known as occupancy detectors, are capable of controlling lighting devices
by detecting the occupancy in a space. They switch on the lights automatically as they detect
motion and turn them off when the area is not occupied for a certain amount of time. For instance,
ESavvy is a range of smart PIR occupancy sensors by Wipro Lighting that uses advanced passive
infrared technology for detecting patterns and ranges. It encourages convenience and ensures
public (and employee) safety by automatically illuminating dark spaces like corridors, stairwells
and aisles.
2. Dimmers:
A dimmer allows the users to control and alter the “intensity of illumination” as per their
preferences. It encourages convenience as users can lighten or darken the room with simple
controls. Moreover, dimmers can be optimized for turning off the lights after a certain period of
time. This not only aids energy savings but also increases the life of the LED luminaries.

3. Integrated Lighting Controls

Integrated lighting controls permit the users to alter the lighting scenes in a defined space. They
allow the users to modify and set a lighting scene that comprehends their mood. Various LED
lighting manufacturers offer IoT-enabled control systems that allow users to control lighting with
mobile phones and other internet-enabled devices.

These systems are often centralized within a home/ business using a wired or wireless connection.
They can be unified with the likes of Amazon Alexa and Google Home to offer voice controlled
lighting, but can also be used to select pre-defined lighting scenes for complete ambiance
management.
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4.Day light Sensors:

A daylight sensor is a photo-cell detecting device that reads available light in a space and sends a
signal to the control system. In a process known as Daylight Harvesting, these sensors take
advantage of naturally available light and dim or completely switch off the electric lights in a well
day-lit space. Daylight sensors are typically used to save energy, provide automatic control, and
comply with building codes. Daylight sensors have also been shown to provide between 20% to
60% in lighting energy savings.

5. LIGHT SENSORS

 Also called daylight sensors, photocells or photosensors

 Measure light falling on a lens and produce a control signal to a controller, which switches or
dims the controlled lights in response to daylight availability

 Special models designed and rated for exterior use

 Placed with non-obstructed view of the sky in typical exterior applications to turn lighting ON
at dusk and OFF at dawn

 Can be used to reduce electric lighting in daylight zones adjacent to open perimeters of parking
garages as daylight contribution to light levels increases, saving energy
OCCUPANCY SENSORS

 Also called occupant sensors or motion sensors

 Special models designed and rated for exterior use

 Passive-infrared (PIR) sensors typical in exterior and parking structure applications, detecting
occupancy via heat differential.

 Ultrasonic, microwave, and video provide other detection options.

 Occupancy (or lack of occupancy) produces control signal to controller to turn OFF or
raise/lower the controlled lighting.  May be mounted within the luminaire or separately

6. Assisted lighting controls

Voice-controlled assistive technology such as Amazon Alexa and Google Home can be integrated
within your lighting scheme. This allows you to switch your lights on via a voice command,
enabling safer movement around your home during darker hours.

Once set up, you’re able to use commands such as “Okay Google, turn on the kitchen lights”. Or,
“Okay Google, dim the kitchen lights”. You can even be as specific as “Okay Google, set kitchen
lights to 50%”.

Energy conservation Codes for Exterior Lighting Control

a. Automatically turn OFF all lighting during daylight hours.

b. Automatically turn OFF all building facade and landscape lighting between midnight or
business closing (whichever is later) and 6:00 AM or business opening (whichever is earlier).

c. For all lighting that is not building facade or landscape lighting, reduce lighting power by at
least 30% either: 1) between midnight or within one hour of business closing (whichever is later)
and 6:00 AM or business opening (whichever is earlier), OR 2) after no activity has been detected
(e.g., using an occupancy sensor) for no longer than 15 minutes.
d. Ensure that all time switches are able to retain their time setting and programming during a
power loss of at least 10 hours.

e. Exemptions to all of the preceding requirements: emergency lighting, lighting required by health
or safety law or regulation, decorative gas lighting, and lighting where needed for eye adaptation,
safety or security at covered vehicle entrances and exits.

GUIDELINES FOR IDENTIFYING ENERGY SAVING OPPORTNITIES

• Use as much natural day light as possible by use of translucent roofing sheets.
• Use day lighting effectively by locating work stations requiring good illuminance near the
windows.
• Minimize illuminance in non- task areas by reducing the wattage of lamps or number of fittings
• Avoid use of incandescent/tungsten filament lamps. The power consumed by these lamps is 80%
more than the fluorescent lamps (discharge) for same lumen output.
• Use electronic ballasts in place of conventional ballast for fluorescent lamps.
• Task lighting saves energy, utilize it whenever possible.

• All surfaces absorb light to some degree and lower their reflectance. Light colored surfaces are
more efficient and need to be regularly painted or washed in order to ensure economical use of
light.

• Maintenance is very important factor. Evaluate present lighting maintenance program and revise
it as necessary to provide the most efficient use of lighting system.
• Clean luminaries, ceilings, walls, lamps etc. on a regular basis.
• Controls are very effective for reducing lighting cost. Provide separate controls for large ratings.

• Install switching or dimmer controls to provide flexibility when spaces are used for multiple
purpose and require different amounts of illumination for various activities.

• Switching arrangements should permit luminaries or rows of luminaires near natural light sources
like windows or roof lights to be controlled separately.
• Separate lighting feeder and maintain the feeder at permissible voltages by using transformers.
• Install occupancy sensors for indoor cabin light controls