FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION OF PURE NAPHTHALENELAB 3 BY EMILY

LAGO, ABIGAIL LAROSA, EMMANUEL SEGOVIA-RAMIREZ PURPOSE

The purpose of this experiment determine the freezing point of pure
naphthalene and its K{ f }. Calculate the molar mass of an unknown by
measuring the freezing-point depression in naphthalene solutions of
the unknown.

Introduction
When the liquid cools its temperature decreases steadily until freezing
point is reached.

Naphthalene which is an organic compound. formula C10H8

MSDS
BUPHENYL
NAPTHALENE

CAUTION
Wear departmentally approved safety goggles while doing this
experiment.

Use a gentle twisting motion to insert the thermometer through the

cork, following the directions of your laboratory instructor. Avoid
inhaling any fumes of naphthalene.

Use acetone inside a fume hood.

Avoid inhaling acetone fumes. Prevent skin con-tact. Wash your skin
immediately with soap and water if contact is made.

Avoid touching the hot test tube with your fingers

PROCEDURES
Heat the beaker and constant with a burner flame until naphthalene
has completely melted between 85-90c

Remove the heat source and let the beakers cool down

Stir as it cools down read temperature to the nearest 0.1c

Record the time on the data sheet

Write down the temperature which the first crystal appear, and the
max temperature reaches after the crystallization begins.

Heat the beaker constant again to melt the naphthalene remove

thermometer and stir from the liquid, allowing it to drip back into the
test tube

Way to dry test tube from part one to the nearest 0.01 g record this
mass on data sheet too and transfer 0.9 g of biphenyl to test tube and
wait the test tube again

Remove the heat source from the beaker and stainless solution
constantly when the solution temperature reaches 85 Celsius begin
recording temperature time and recording

Also note the temperature of which the Crystal first appears and
maximum temperature reached continue the temperature readings
and recordings until the temperature begins to the decrease again.

Heat beaker and constant again to melt the solid solution move the
thermometer and stir from the molten solution, aligned the solution to
drip down into the test tube

With the test tube holder, pick up the test tube inside of flame hood

Clean the test tube of the solid from the test tube thermometer and stir
with acetone

Obtain approximately 1 g sample of an unknown from the laboratory

instructor and record and data sheet three prepare the solution with
the unknown and naphthalene measure the mass of the clean and dry
test tube using the experimental to the nearest 0.01 g add five through
6 g of naphthalene to test tube record and transfer 0.9-0.3 g of the
unknown compound to the test tube and weight the test to again

PRELAB QUESTIONS
What precaution should you take with naphthalene? Avoid
inhalation, wear protective equipment, and handle with care.

If you could only record a single temperature reading in a

freezing point determination experiment, which temperature
should you record? (This is the point that you should observe
most carefully when carrying out the experiment.) It would be the
lowest temperature reading , therefore the most critical temperature
reading for accurately determining the freezing point of the solvent.

Briefly explain why it is important for the beaker of water to cool

slowly and for you to stir the naphthalene liquid as it cools. It
ensures accurate temperature measurement, prevents supercooling.

Data and Observations

all data from experiment

In the first experiment, scientists are recording the freezing point of
pure Naphthalene, which will be our freezing point solvent. In this
graph, the freezing point is approximately 78 degrees Celsius
Pure Naphthalene Cooling Curve
In the second experiment, scientists are finding the freezing point of a
solution containing nNaphthanlene and bBiphenyl, which is
approximately 70 degrees Celsius. Subtracting the freezing point of
the pure solvent by the freezing point of the solution will give you your
molal freezing point depression constant times the molality. You can
isolate the molal freezing point to use for the next experiment.

Naphthalene-Biphenyl Cooling Curve

In the third experiment, scientists are using freezing point depression
to identity the molar mass of an unknown substance using the molal
freezing point depression constant and the freezing point depression
of a pure solvent.

Naphthalene-Unknown Cooling Curve

CALCULATIONS
The first step in determining the molar mass of the unknown is to
determine the freezing point depression or ∆Tf. Freezing point
depression is a colligative property of solutions that describes the drop
of maximum temperature when mixing a mixing a solvent with a non-
volatile substance, and should be lower than the freezing point of the
pure solvent. One can relate ∆Tf to molality (m) using this equation,
where Kf also represents the molal freezing depression constant.
Molality is defined as the moles (mol) of solute over kilograms (kg) of
solvent, and represents concentration in a volume of solution.
After measuring the different in solute freezing points, this equation
can be rearranged to solve for Kf and m seperately. A mass of the
unknown and a measured mass of the naphthalene are found. Then,
using the molality of the solution, one can use experimental data to
calculate the Kf of the solvent, on this case, naphthalene. A solution
with the known masses is also to be prepared, and it's freezing point
determined. Using this data, one can find then finally find the molar
mass of the unknown substance.

process of getting the molar mass of unknown C

Discussion
This experiment is a problem solving excerise to find the unknown
molar mass of a substance using concepts such as freezing point
depression, molality, and algebraic manipulation.
Experiment one set the freezing point of the solvent: Naphthalene.
Based off the graph that was made off 45-second intervals, the
freezing point of Naphthalene was 78 degrees Celsius. These
numbers from experiment one build the next two. Experiment two
involved a known solute, known as Biphenyl. The freezing point of the
solution was 70 degrees Celsius. Subtracting the two values give the
difference of 8 degrees Celsius. This result was expected as it should
have lowered the freezing point (the entire purpose of the experiment).
Once deriving the Kf value, dividing the changle in freezing points by
the Kf value will give molality of an unknown substance-- useful for
experiment three. Experiment three provides us the grams of the
unknwon solute. The result from the graph is expected as there should
have been a depression in the freezing point, in which there was.
Ultimately the result is a molar mass of 149.163 g/mol, which seems
accurate.
There are a plethora of errors that could go wrong with this
experiment. Messing up experiment one or two immediately mess up
the data for experiment three. Not understanding the math of molal
freezing point can also create infactual data. It is important to
understand basic stoichiometry for this experiment. Within the
experiment, it is IMPERATIVE to let the solution(s) cool slowly, this
enables scientists to visualize the crystals to form and to plug in data
more accurately. If the mass of the naphthalene or unknown are
tampered with, data is immediately effected. Not removing excess of
the naphthalene during experiment 1 while removing the thermometer
creates a loss in mass for the naphthelene added, which messes up
the data.

If the experiment could be redone, team members would

communicate more during the experiment. For example, each team
member should be able to record data, inputing data, and interpret
data as the experiment goes along (it is a long experiment). Being
aware of the time can help scientists to be mindful. Doing the
calculations fresh instead when the experiment is completely done is
also an action that could have been done to save time.

Good work. This lab report is a big improvement on the last one. You
are missing your intro. Your graphs and data are laid out very well and
your calculations are correct. You lost points for:

Discussion: 5 points. You need to really think deeper about the impact
of potential errors.

Calculations/Results: 6 points. You did not compare your result with

the true value and so you don’t know how accurate your results are.
Legibility: 2 points. Lots of the language is not scientific.

Total:87.