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NSE 11. Thermodynamics

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18 views8 pages

NSE 11. Thermodynamics

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Thermodynamics

Important formulas and concepts directly from the NCERT -

➢ “Thermodynamics” is the branch of physics that deals with the concepts of heat and
temp. and the interconversion of heat and other forms of energy.
➢ Thermodynamics is a microscopic science and it deals with bulk systems.

❖ Thermal Equilibrium-
➢ Thermodynamic equilibrium- a state with fixed values of pressure , volume ,
temperature , mass and composition that do not changes with time.
➢ A system is in the state of equilibrium or not depends on the surroundings and the
nature of wall that separates the system from the surroundings.
➢ In thermal equilibrium, Temperature of two systems are Equal.

❖ Zeroth Law Of Thermodynamics-


➢ Acc. to this law, “two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately
are in thermal equilibrium with each other”.

❖ Heat , Internal energy and Work-


➢ Internal energy is simply the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of the
molecules.
➢ Kinetic energy of the system as a whole is not relevant .
➢ Thus, Internal energy is the energy associated with the random motion of molecules of
system.
➢ Internal energy depends only on the state of the system , not on how the state was
achieved.it is a ‘state variable’.
➢ Pressure, Volume, Temperature and Internal energy are thermodynamic state variables
of the system.
➢ Heat and work are two different modes of altering the state of a thermodynamic
system and changing its internal energy.

❖ First Law Of Thermodynamics-


➢ Based on the principle of “conservation of energy”
➢ Acc. to this law,
If ΔQ = heat supplied
ΔW = work done
ΔU = change in internal energy
Then, ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
➢ ΔU depends only on the initial and final states and not on the path taken.
➢ ΔQ and ΔW depend on the path taken .
➢ The combination (ΔQ – ΔW) is path independent.
➢ Work done against a constant pressure P ,
W = PΔV
First Law,
ΔQ = ΔU + PΔV

❖ Specific Heat Capacity-


➢ Heat required to increase temp. of unit mass by unit.
S = ΔQ / mΔT
➢ Constant characteristic of the substance.
➢ Independent of amount of substance
➢ Depends on the nature of the substance and its temperature.
➢ J/kg K
➢ Molar specific heat capacity – heat capacity per mole.
C = ΔQ / mΔT
• Independent of amount of substance.
• Depends on nature , temp. and conditions under which heat is supplied.
• Unit – J/mol k

➢ An oscillator in one dimension has average energy of KBT.


➢ In three dimensions, the average energy is 3KBT.
➢ For a mole of solid , the total energy is
U = 3KBT × NA = 3RT
➢ For a solid, ΔV is negligible
Therefore, from First Law,
ΔQ = ΔU
Heat capacity,
H = ΔQ / ΔT = ΔU / ΔT = 3R
Predicted value 3R at ordinary temp. ( carbon is an exception )

o Specific Heat Capacity of Water-


▪ one calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise temp of 1gm of water
by 1 oC.
▪ specific heat of water varies slightly with temp.
▪ in SI units, the specific heat capacity of water is 4186 J / kg K.
▪ Mechanical Equivalent of Heat -amount of work needed to produce 1 cal of heat
▪ Specific heat capacity depends on the process or the conditions under which capacity
transfer takes place.
▪ Relation b/w specific heat capacity at constant volume and specific heat capacity
at constant pressure.
CP – CV = R

❖ Thermodynamic state variables and equation of state-


➢ A gas allowed to expand freely against vaccum is not an equilibrium state.
➢ Thermodynamic state variables are of two type –
1) Extensive -indicate ‘size’ of the system.
e.g. internal energy, volume and mass
2) Intensive -do not depend on size or quantity.
e.g. pressure , temperature and density
➢ ΔQ is not a state variable however it is proportional to the mass, and hence is
extensive.
➢ The product of an intensive variable like P and extensive like ΔV is ‘extensive’.

❖ Thermodynamic processes –

1)Quasistatic process -such a process is infinitely slow, nearly static.


It remains in thermal and mechanical equilibrium with its surroundings throughout.
In this process, at every stage,the difference in pressure of system and external pressure
is infinitesimally small.
2)Isothermal process- Temp.(T) = fixed
So by ideal gas equation, PV = constant
• Work done, W = nRTln(V2/V1)
• For an ideal gas , internal energy depends only on temp, thus there is no change
in the internal energy of an ideal gas in an Isothermal Process.
• The first law implies that,
ΔQ = ΔW

3)Adiabatic process- heat absorbed or released is zero (ΔQ = 0)


• work done by gas results in decrease in its internal energy (hence its temp.)
• PVγ = constant
Here, γ = ratio of specific heats
γ = Cp / Cʋ
• Work done, W = nR(T2-T1) / γ-1
• Work done by the gas ,W>0 then, T2<T1
Work done on the gas, W<0 then, T2>T1

4) Isochoric process - V = constant


• No work done on or by the gas.
• Heat absorbed by gas goes entirely to change its internal energy and its
temperature.

5) Isobaric process - P = constant


• Work done, W = P(V 2-V1 ) = nR(T2-T1)
• The heat absorbed goes partly to increase internal energy and partly to do work.

6) Cyclic process -
• If system returns to its initial state .
• Internal energy, a state variable ΔU = 0 for a cyclic process.
• Total heat absorbed equal the work done by the system .

❖ Second law of Thermodynamics-


➢ This law disallows some processes consistent with the first law of thermodynamics.
✓ Kelvin Plank statement –
“no process is possible whole sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir
and the complete conversion of the heat into work”.

✓ Clausias statement-
“no process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder
object to a hotter body”.
❖ Reversible and Irreversible Processes-

➢ A process is reversible if it can be reversed such that both system and surroundings
return to their original states.
➢ Spontaneous processes of nature are ‘irreversible’.
➢ The idealised reversible process is a quasi static process with no dissipative factors
such as friction , viscosity , etc.

❖ Carnot Engine-

➢ It is the only reversible engine possible that works b/w two reservoirs at diff
temperatures ( T1 is the temp. of source and T 2 is the temp. of sink )
➢ Efficiency of Carnot Engine ,
η = 1 – (T2/T1 )
➢ No engine operating b/w two temperatures can have efficiency greater than that of
carnot engine.
➢ In a carnot cycle,
Q1/Q2 = T1/T2
It is a universal relation independent of the nature of system.
Importants from NCERT summary and Points to Ponder -

➢ If work is done by the system, W>0


If work is done on the system, W<0

➢ Temp of a body is related to its average internal energy ,not to kinetic energy of
motion of COM. A bullet fired from a gun is not at a higher temp. because of its
high speed.

➢ In a state of thermodynamic equilibrium , the microscopic constituents of a


system are not in equilibrium.

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