√
π 1 π 1 π 3
sin = , sin = √ , sin =
6 2 4 2 3 2
2 2
sin x + cos x = 1, sin(−x) = − sin x, cos(−x) = cos x
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y, cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
2 cos2 x = 1 + cos(2x), 2 sin2 x = 1 − cos(2x)
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1, sinh(−x) = − sinh x, cosh(−x) = cosh x
sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y, cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
2 cosh2 x = 1 + cosh(2x), sinh(2x) = 2 sinh x cosh x
d f (x + h) − f (x)
f (x) = f ′ (x) = lim
dx h→0 h
Z b n
X b−a
f (x)dx = lim f (xi )∆x, where ∆x = and xi = a + i∆x
a n→∞
i=1
n
Z Z Z Z Z
cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx (f (x) + g(x)) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx
xr+1
Z Z
r 1
x dx = + C if r ̸= −1, dx = ln |x| + C
r+1 x
bx
Z Z
x x x
e dx = e + C, b dx = +C
ln b
Z Z
2
sec x dx = tan x + C, csc2 x dx = − cot x + C
Z Z
tan x sec x dx = sec x + C, cot x csc x dx = − csc x + C
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = arcsin x + C, dx = arctan x + C
1 − x2 1 + x2
Z Z
2
sech x dx = tanh x + C, csch2 x dx = − coth x + C
Z Z
tanh x sech x dx = − sech x + C, coth x csch x dx = − csch x + C
Z Z Z
1 1 1
√ dx = arcsinh x+C, √ dx = arccosh x+C, dx = arctanh x+C
x2 + 1 x2 − 1 1 − x2
n n n 2 n
1 − xn+1
X n(n + 1) X
2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) X
3 n(n + 1) X
i= , i = , i = , xi =
i=1
2 i=1
6 i=1
2 i=1
1−x
