Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________

Student Exploration: Phase Changes

Vocabulary: altitude, boil, boiling point, freeze, freezing point, gas, liquid, melt, melting point,
phase, solid

Prior Knowledge Question (Do this BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

Marla wants a hard-boiled egg for breakfast. The recipe says boil water, then lower the heat so
the water is simmering. But Marla is in a rush, so she keeps the heat on high as the egg cooks.

Do you think the egg will be done faster if the heat is kept on high as the water boils? Yes

Explain your answer.

Yes, because the egg is being heated with it as the water boils this makes it cook faster.

Gizmo Warm-up
In the Phase Changes Gizmo, select Micro view. Notice
the nitrogen ( ), oxygen ( ), and water ( ) molecules.

To start, create ice. Set Add/remove heat energy to -200

J/s, click Play ( ), and then click Pause ( ) when the
container is about half ice, half water. Set Add/remove
heat energy back to 0 J/s, and then click Play.

1. Observe water molecules in the solid (ice), liquid

(water), and gas (air) phases.

A. In which phase(s) do molecules move freely? Gas, liquid

B. In which phase(s) are molecules held together? Solid

C. What do you notice about the positions of the ice molecules? Fixed positions

When frozen, water molecules form a hexagon (six-sided shape) pattern.

2. Click Reset ( ), and select Macro view. Set the Ice volume to 25 cm3.

A. In which phase(s) is water held in a defined shape? Solid/liquid

B. In which phase(s) does the water take the shape of the container? Liquid

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 Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity A:
 Click Reset. Check that Macro view is selected.
Phase changes  Set the Water temperature to 20 °C.
 Set the Ice volume to 0 cm3.

Question: How is temperature related to phase changes?

1. Predict: Based on your prior knowledge, predict the following:

A. At what temperature will water change from a liquid to a solid (freeze)? At neg temp

B. At what temperature will water change from a solid to a liquid (melt)? 90 degrees

C. At what temperature will water change from a liquid to a gas (boil)? 70 degrees

2. Investigate: Use the Gizmo to explore phase changes. Use the Add/remove heat energy
slider to control the water temperature. Record your observations in your notes, then answer
the questions below:

A. At what temperature does water freeze? 0 This is the freezing point.

B. At what temperature does ice melt? 5 This is the melting point.

C. At what temperature does water boil? 100 This is the boiling point.

3. Observe: Set up the Gizmo to observe freezing. What do you notice about the temperature

while the water is in the process of freezing? temo is -5 C

4. Explore: Use the Gizmo to investigate melting and boiling. Does the temperature change

while either of these phase changes is occurring? it is 5 instead of neg

5. Interpret: Select the GRAPH tab to see a graph of temperature vs. time. Click the “–” button
until the whole graph is visible. What does the graph look like during a phase change?

It's horizontal going up.

6. Extend your thinking: Why do you think the temperature does not change much during a
phase change? If possible, discuss your answer with your classmates and teacher.

It is being used to change the matter.

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 Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity B:
 Click Reset, and select the Micro view.
Temperature and
 Set Ice volume to 0 cm3.
molecular motion
 Set Add/remove heat energy to 0 J/s.

Question: Why do phase changes occur?

1. Compare: Set the Water temperature to 10 °C and click Play. Observe the water
molecules. Click Reset, set the Water temperature to 100 °C, and click Play again.

What do you notice? I notice that when the temp is at 10 the molecules move at 577 m/s and
when at 100 it moves faster at 662 m/s the hotter the water the faster the molecules move.

2. Observe: Click Reset. The average molecular speed of the water molecules is displayed
below the container. Set the Water temperature to 0 °C and Add/remove heat energy to
500 J/s. Click Play.

A. How does the average speed of the water molecules change as they are heated?
The more the water is heated the faster the molecules move.

B. Does the average molecular speed change as much as the temperature as the

water heats up? Explain. Yes, the molecules speed changes as much as the temperature
as the water heats up when observing the gizmo the red particles speed up the more you
increase the temperature the faster the particles speed up the more you increaser the
temperature the faster the particles move.

3. Explain: How is temperature related to the motions of molecules?

The temperature relates to the motion because the temperature could change the state of the water
from liquid to get making this change in the molecules.

4. Observe: Click Reset. Set the Water temperature to -10 °C and Add/remove heat energy
to 100 J/s. Click Play. As the ice melts, how do the molecules in the liquid interact with the
molecules in the solid?

As the ice melts from bottom to top the molecules start to slowly move section by section.

(Activity B continued on next page)

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Activity B (continued from previous page)

5. Observe: Click Reset. Set the Water temperature to 100 °C and Add/remove heat energy
to 500 J/s. Click Play. How does this situation compare to the previous one?

In the previous situation the water does not boil, it just melts and then evaporates. In this situation
the water boils instantly.

6. Propose a theory: Based on what you have observed, explain why you think phase changes
occur. If possible, discuss your theory with your classmates and teacher.
Phase changes happen due to changes in energy. For instance, when water is heated, its molecules
move faster and spread out, leading to a transformation from liquid to gas. Conversely, cooling
water slows down the molecules, causing them to move closer together and form a solid. This
change in energy alters the state of matter.

7. Apply: Use your theory to explain what happens at the molecular level in each of the
following situations. Also, list the temperature at which each transition occurs.

A. Ice is warmed to the melting point. Atoms are fast enough to break bonds and turn into
a liquid.
Temperature: 0 C

B. Water is warmed to the boiling point. Water is warmed to the boiling point. The atoms
go fast enough and are hot enough to become vapor.
Temperature: 100 C

C. Water is cooled to the freezing point. Water is cool to the freezing point. The atoms slow
down until they are stable enough to start forming bonds.
Temperature: 0 C

8. Extend your thinking: Click Reset. Set the Water temperature to 20 °C and Add/remove
heat energy to -500 J/s. Click Play and wait until all of the water freezes.

A. What volume of ice is created from 100 cm3 of water? 100 cm^3

B. Why might it be a bad idea to put a glass container full of liquid in the freezer?

As liquid freezes and expands it can break the glass container because glass is not flexible
enough to handle the pressure from the expansion.

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 Activity C: Get the Gizmo ready:
Altitude and  Click Reset. Check the Ice volume is 0 cm3.
phase changes  Set the Altitude to 5,000 meters (16,404 feet).

Introduction: Boxes of pasta have special instructions for people who live in the mountains.
They are told to cook the pasta in boiling water a few minutes longer than normal.

Question: The altitude of a location is its vertical distance above sea level. How does
altitude affect phase changes?

1. Form a hypothesis: As altitude increases, the air pressure decreases. How do you think the
lower pressure will affect the following? (Circle your answers.)
A. Freezing point: Increase Stay the same Decrease
B. Melting point: Increase Stay the same Decrease
C. Boiling point: Increase Stay the same Decrease

2. Experiment: Use the Gizmo to find the freezing, melting, and boiling points of water at 5,000
meters (16,404 feet). Write these values below.

Freezing point: 0 Melting point: 0 Boiling point: 0

3. Analyze: How did increasing altitude affect the freezing, melting, and boiling points of water?

Freezing and melting stayed the same but the boiling point decreased.

4. Challenge: Try to explain these results based on the fact that air pressure decreases with
altitude. If possible, discuss your ideas with your classmates and teacher.

With less air pressure it requires less kinetic energy to break the bonds as less pressure is on it.

5. Apply: Why does pasta take longer to cook in the mountains? The water can't reach as high as a
temperature so the pasta cooks slower.

6. Apply: A pressure cooker heats liquids at high pressure. Why do you think this is useful?

Higher pressure makes it reach a higher temperature so it cooks faster.

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