@ Sri Chaitanya ir Academy.,Indi © APO TSO KARNATAKA © TAMILNADU © MAHARASTRA © DELHI © RANCHI i right Choicg for the Real Aspirant ICON Central Office - Madhapur - Hyderabad SHORT FORMULA ATOMIC STRUCTURE Estimation of closest distance of approach (derivation) of a-partick R= a ‘The radius of a nucleus : R=R,(A)!em Pines Quantum Theor : Energy oferty =e Photek ct: meme tm Bohr's Model for Hydrogen like atoms : h 4. myr= n >-(Quantization of angular momentum) « 2 A EL aeanmaxio* stom = 186 Zev Fi 7 Sn tate Aven 7 2 oR sen? 2 x108 x 8 0.520%n? 2 mre? _ 248x108 x2 De-Broglie wavelength; hon 1h ge p (or photon) Wavelength of emitted photon 1 qavee 1 Noe hotobs ane byaaample fH som ‘An(An+1) aa ‘SRI CHAITANYA IIT ACADEMY@ Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. ‘Short Formula (Chemistry) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle: A axave to axap> ho maxave * on axave Zt Quantum Numbers Principal quantum number (0) = 1,2, 3,4 10, * rita anguar momentum of electron in any orbit + Azimutnat quantum number (9 = 0,1, 10 (9=1) * Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2¢+ 1 * Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2 x (2+ 1) h b + oftital angular momentum L= 3= JAH =n {AED aa STOICHIOMETRY + Relative stomic mass (R.A. M) = Mass of one atom of an element _ rota Number of nucleons xmass of one carbonatom 2 > ¥map Taba ay Noumea 5 YI y a set vt |= moto Tat | eat Density : _ density of the substance Specific gravity = “Gencity of water at 4°C For gases: Molar massof the gas PM Molar volume ofthe gas Rr Som PMs _ Moe Vapourdensty vo Go = pace = ye = ME M,, = 2 VD. Absolute density (mass/volume)® Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. ‘Short Formula (Chemistry) Mole-mole analysis - hea (iy =A 55) [Meno] —e [5] Ctequaton| yc ys ! azn we [Mass Concentration terms : Motarity (M): . 1000 Molarity (M) = (Mol wt of solute)» Vins Motality (mn): number of moles of solute Molality = “Tass of solvent in gram * 1000 = 1000w, /| Mole fraction (x) ‘Mole fraction of solution (x,) aN “Mole fraction of solvent (x)= xtxel aN % Calculation : mass of solute in gm 100 ‘mass of solution ingm 0 %wiw= mass of solute in gm ‘mass of solution in mi (eww Volume of solution in ml (i) %viv= —Tolame of solution * 700 Derive the following conversion : x4p%1000 1 Mole fraction of solute into molarity of solution M ae aM + Max MM, x 1000 2. Molar into mol fraction x,= 005 My x_% 1000 3. Mole tration into motalty m= ~p mM, 4. Molly into mote fraction x,= 3999 5 ni, mp1000 5. Molality into molarity 1000 + mM,& Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. Short Formula (Chemistry) M1000 8. Molar into Molaity m= 790 5— any M, and M, are molar masses of solvent and solute. pis density of solution (gmn/ml) M= Molerity (mole/it.), m = Molality (mole/ka). x, = Mole fraction of solvent, x,= Mole fraction of solute ‘Average/Mean atomic mass A +A Ht AK 100 Mean molar mass or molecular mass : A, PMY + GM ae lM TM Fay Calculation of individual oxidation number : Formula : Oxidation Number = number of electrons in the valence shell - number of electrons left after bonding Concept of Equivalent weight/Mass : ‘Atomic_weight For elements, equivalent weight (E) = Vatoncy-Tactor M For acidibase, — Basicty Acidity Where M = Molar mass M For O.AiRA, e-—___M____ ‘no. of moles of e~ gained/Iost ‘Atomic or moleculear weight Equivalent weight (E) = “= Wwe Concept of number of equivalents ML wi = Min No. of equivalents of solute = No. of moles of solute x vt wt No. of equivalents of solute = yi. Normality (N} Number of equivalents of solute ‘Volume of solution (in itres) Normality = Molarity x vf. Normality (N) = Calculation of valency Factor: n-factor of acid = basicity = no. of H* ion(s) furnished per molecule of the acid I-factor of base = acidity = no, of OH" jon(s) fumnised by the base per molecule ‘At equivalence point : NY,=NV, MV, = MV ‘SRI CHAITANYA IIT ACADEMYgs Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. TF] st red (Chenin Volume strength of H.0,, 20V H,0, means one litre of this sample of H,0, on decomposition gives 20 It. of ©, gas at $.T.P. Normality of HO, (N) = Value senathofH0s Motaty oro, = Youn stanatnot iO, Measurement of Hardness : mass 360, Total mass of water *' Calculation of available chlorine from a sample of bleaching powder: 3,65xxx V(mL) Hardness in ppm = 08 Sot Cl,= ~~“Yyiqy_ Where x= molanty of hypo solution and v = mL. of hypo solution used in tration. ‘Temperature Scale Boyle's law and measurement of pressure: 1 At constant temperature, Vas PV, = PM, caves iw wa Atconsan pessue, Va of Moe Gay-ussac’s law: Atconstant volume, PaT P, Pe J, > tempon absolute scale Ideal gas Equation : PV=nRT pve “Rrorp= * RTorPm=oRT m m Daltons law of partial pressure : ART. Total pressure = P, +P, +P, +. P, Pp BRT p, - RRT ana so on. v vg Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. ‘Short Formula (Chemistry) Partial pressure = mole fraction X Total pressure. ‘Amagat’s law of partial volume : VEV AV tM ‘Average molecular mass of gaseous mixture : Total mass of mature __ mM + gM, +gMy Mae Talal no. of moles in moture ny Fn +My, Graham's Law : 1 Rate of diffusion rex d= density of gas Kinetic Theory of Gases evs ! aN UF nt equaionot ane tmit) 3 a Average KE. forone mote Wy, (3m } kyr = 2 Rr = Rootmean sugare speed aT Set molar mass must be in kg/mole. Average speed UL =U, 4U,# Us osu Uy RT [aK U,* Fan = bem K Is Boltzmman constant > Most robable speed . PRT. fae Yves = M ™m ‘vanderweditegyiation an® pat) cae ( Som eon ~ ileal conte: V.=3b, ‘SRI CHAITANYA IIT ACADEMY® Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. 7 | Short Formula (Chemistry) Vander walll equation in virial form : Thermodynamic processes : 4. tsothermal process : 2. Isochoric process : 3. Isobaric process: 4. Adiabatic proces: cor heat exchange with the surrounding = O(zero) IUPAC Sign convention about Heat and Work : ‘Work done on the system = Positive Work done by the system = Negative 1" Law of Thermodynamics AU=(U,-U)=a+w Law of equipartion of energy : us LnRT (only forideat gas) { aE = 5 aR GT legrees of freedom for that gas. (Translational + Rotational) 3 formonoatomic {or diatomic or linear polyatmic {for non - linear polyatmic Calculation of heat (q) : Total heat capacity aq a ¢,& Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. ‘Short Formula (Chemistry) Molar heat capacity ‘Specific heat capacity (s) : dq___da S* aro par 7 oar Ko WORK DONE (w) : Isothermal Reversible expansion/compression of an ideal gas: W==nRT In (V/V) Reversible and irreversible isochoric processes. Since dV= So dW=-P, ag AV =O, Reversi isobaric process : W=P\V,-V) ‘Adiabatic reversible expansion : wn = ty, Reversible Work : PaMe=PV; _ aR (Ty rt wt reversible Work : ™) PM NG, (T,-T,)=—Py(Vy=V) and use “7, * Free expansion ~ Always going to be irrerversible and since P.,, so. dW=-P,,.dV=0 Ino. heat is supplied q = 0 thensE=0 so AT ‘Application of Ist Law : AU= AQ + AW > aW=-P AV AU = AQ -PAV Constant volume process Heat given at constant volum od ‘change in internal energy (30), aT& Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. ‘Short Formula (Chemistry) Constant pressure process : H = Enthalpy (state function and extensive property) H=U+PV => C,=C, = R (only for ideal gas) Second Law Of Thermodynamics : BS ineoe ® AS sary + OS > 0 foraspontaneous process. Entropy (S): yuan | Entropy calculation for an ideal aas undergoin a process : States nt sate B PuVyT, P.M, T, h Ve AS yarn NG, IN 7+ AR IN (only foran ideal gas) Third Law Of Thermodynamics : ‘The entropy of perfect crystals of all pure elements & compounds is zero at the absolute zero of temperature. Gibb’s free energy (G) : (State function and an extensive property) Gorton ™ H oten TS, ten en Criteria of spontaneity : (IAG yun 15(-¥E)<0=9 proces is spontaneous, Gig is> 0 > processis non spontaneous Gi ifaGyn, =O = systemis at equilibrium. Physical interpretation of AG : > The maximum amount of non-expansional (compression) work which can be performed. AG = OW.9 = H- TAS, ‘Standard Free Energy Change (AG") : 1, AG*= -2.303 RT log, K 2. Atequilbaum AG =o. 3. The decrease in free energy (-AG) is given as Ve TAG = Wa = 2.208 RT 096 4.46) for elemental st ° 5.AG} = Ghats Ghesctants& Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. 10 | Short Formula (Chemistry) ‘Thermochemistry : Change in standard enthalpy AH tna — Hi = heat added at constant pressure. = C,AT. roo, treace ” Hace + Reaction should be endothermic as we have to give extra heat to reactants to get these converted into products andif Hyon 0 reaction will shift in the forward direction ‘An < 0 reaction will shift in the backward direction ‘An= 0 reaction will not shift, Effect of pressure: * If pressure is increased at equilibrium then reaction will ty to decrease the pressure, hence it wll shift in the direction in which less no. of moles of gases are formed, Effect of inert gas addition : © Constant pressure Inert gas is added then to maintain the pressure constant, volume is increased. Hence equilibrium will shift in the direction in which larger no. of moles of gas is formed ‘An > 0 reaction will shift in the forward direction ‘4n-<0 reaction will shiftin the backward direction n= 0 reaction will not shift, (Constant volume Inert gas addition has no effect at constant volume. Effect of Temperature Eauilibrium constant is only dependent upon the temperature. 2H and intercept = 4S For endothermic (aH > 0) reaction value of the equltrum constant inteases withthe sein temperature + For exothermic (AH + 0) reaction, value of the equlbslm constant decreases wth increase in temperature For AH> 0, reatonshiftsin the foward arecton wth nrease in ternperatutre + ForaH< 0, reaction shits inthe backward drecton wth increases in temperature. Ifthe concentration of reactant is increased at equilibrium then reaction shift in the forward direction * Ifthe concentration of product is increased then equilibrium shifts in the backward direction If plot of enk vs * fs plotted then ts a straight ine wth slope Vapour Pressure of Liquid Partalpressure of HO vapours Relative Humidity = —Patilpressure ofF,0 vapours _ aay ame Vapour pressure of H,0at thal temp.& Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. 48 | Short Formula (Chemistry) Thermodynamics of Equilibrium : AG = AG°+ 2.303 RT log,,@ Ki Vant Hoff equation- tog| IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 4. OSTWALD DILUTIONLAW: HUA"]_[CallCa]_ Ca? Dissociation constant of weak acid (K) . —K, rorsee eras (& Similarly for a weak base , © Acidity and pH scale : pH=—log a» (where ,. isthe activity of H' ions = molar concentration for dilute solution). Wace, then 1-0 Higher the value of K,/K, , strong is the acid / base [Note: pH can also be negative or > 14] BH = ~ log [H"] ; [Hr] =10" log [OH]; [OH]= 10°" 10% log Kb ; ome PROPERTIES OF WATER : 4. In pure water[H']=[OH] soit is Neutral. 2. Moler concentration / Molarity of water = $5.56 M. 3. Ionic product of water (K,) K,=[H'J[0H] = 10 at 25° (experimentally) pH =7=pOH = neutral pH<7 orpOH>7 => acidic pH>7orpOoH<7 > Basic. 4. Degree of dissociation of water: no. ofmolesdissociated 497 i otal No.ofmolesinitiallytaken ~ 355g ~ 16x10 or 1.8x10°"% 5. Absolute dissociation constant of water: THHOH] _ 107x107 =1.8x10"% {H,0] 55.55@ Sri Chaitanya 17 Academy. India. 44 | Short Formula (Chemisty) pK, = pK, = —log (1.8 x 10) = 16 log 1.8= 15.74 KxK,= DHT [OH]=K, = Note: fora conjugate acid- base pairs pK, + pi, = pK, = 14 at 28°C. pK, of H,0" jons= 1.74 pK, of OH jons=-1.74, ° _pH Calculations of Different Types of Solutions : (a) Strong acid solution : @ _Ifconcentration is greater than 10M. In this case H' ions coming from water can be neglected, (If concentration is tess than 10° M. Inthis case H* ions coming from water cannot be neglected (b) Strong base solution : Using similar method as in part (a) calculate first [OH] and then use [H'] x [OH"]= 10-"" (€)_ pHof mixture of two strong aci ‘Number of H' ions from I-solutio ‘Number of H* ions from Il-solutios NV + NQW We Ny (@) —_pHof mixture of two strong bases : NM +NeVe TOWIENE Ve () _ pHof mixture of a strong acid and a strong base NiVi-NoVo HIN, > N,V. then solution wil be acidic in nature and (H] = N= ye NV) -NiV, VaVe IIN,Y,> N,V, then solution will be basic in nature and [OH }= () —_ pHof aweak acid{monoprotic) solution : _HIIOH] _ ca? SoH On increasing the dilution > cl sat and [H"] | = pHT (8) pHofa solution of a polyprotic weak acid : #1, 20}gs Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. 18 | Short Formula (Chemistry) RELATIVE STRENGTH OF TWOACIDS : IH" furnished by 1 acid 4 H'] furnished by Hl acid ¢30, (h) pH of a mixture of two weak acid(both monoprotic) solution: (a, <<1) and (a,<< 1) = 1, + C.0,% JC Ky + CK yp “* If water is again considered third weak acid in solution of two weak acid then 1s KaC, Ka +k, C)Kyy, = 10-42 K,, Pisces eka WH (OKC, Ky 10 o PH of a mixture of weak acid{monoprotic) and a strong acid solution : ¥ [SAJ=C, and [WAJ=C,, then {H'] from SA =, and H'] from WA=C, Let HA is a weak acid nya Ctieheaaee tays Severe aC ** Ifa strong acid of low conc is added in water then [H'] of solution can be calculated as wpe CANCE AK mys SN Q SALT HYDROLYSIS : Salt of Type of hydrolysis. =k, h pH kw kw (a) weak acid & strong base anionic Lc fie ke ke . k Ke (b) strong acid & weak base cationic Kae [hw Ky ige (c) weak acid & weak base {d) Strong acid & strong base Hydrolysis of ployvatent anions or cations For [Na,PO,]=C. Kye KK,® Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.,India. THE] short Forma (Chemisty) KKK, Kye Kak, Generally pH is calculated only using the fist step Hydrolysis a Ks OH] = ch= \Kyxe 9 (H Kwx Kus € So pHs HIpKy+pK ys +log¢) Hydrolysis of Amphiprotic Anion. (Cation is not Hydrolysed NaHCO,, NaHS, et.) 0 fo) = [| © Similarly for H,PO- and HPO, amphiprotic anions, PKay + Pe. PK ae + PKa; pon") at Poy | ° HPO, Sy HPO” Kn, HPO, Ko, PO, ionisation. 1 The pHof HPO, = 3 (pK,,—log.C) K,.2? Ky 2? Ky PHOINaH,PO,= 3 (0K, + BK.) siete elon pHa Na,PO,= 3 (kw + pKa, +109) -. Sechydalyss can negiect BUFFER SOLUTION : (@) Acidic Buffer €.9. CH, COOH and CH,COONa, (weak acid and salt of its conjugate base). {sat . pH pK, #09 fear {Henderson's equation} (©) Basic Buffer: e.g. NH,OH + NH,ClI. (weak base and salt ofits conjugate acid). ont pel oy oat POH= PK, + 109 Base] Buffer capacity (index) : Total no. of molesof acid /alkali added perlite Butercapec sc al alli bute capacy= 8 =2an9!@2200-817 | Short Formula (Chemistry) INDICATOR : Hin => H+ In jt] oI Ky Ea rita [lonised form) PH= PK #109 tiny = PHE PK, +109 iUnionised for SIGNIFICANCE OF INDICATORS Extent of reaction of different bases with acid (HCI) using two indicators Phenolphthalein Methyl Orange NaOH 100% reaction is indicated 100% reaction is indicated NaOH +HCI—> NaCl +H,0 NaOH +HCI > Nacl+H,0 Na,co, ‘50% reaction uplo NaHCO, 100% reaction is indicated stage Is indicated Na,CO, + HCI—> NaHCO, + NaC! Na,CO, + 2HC!—> 2NaCl+H,0+CO, NaHico, 'No reaction is indicated 100% reaction is indicated NaHCO, + HCI —> NaCl + H,0 + CO,, © ISOELECTRIC POINT: I= Rake = PKar't a eee: 2 SOLUBILITY PRODUCT : K = sh (ys =xtyHis CONDITION FOR PRECIPITATION : If ionic product Kp > Ksp precipitation occurs, IfKip= Kgp Saturated solution (precipitation just begins or is just prevented) For any electrode —+ oxidiation potent E.,,= RP of cathode -R.P of anode E.,, = RP. of cathode + OP of anode E.,, 8 always a +ve quantity & Anode willbe electrode of low R.P = SRP of cathode - SRP of anode. Reduction potential an © Greater the SRP value greater will be oxidising power.18 | Short Formula (Chemistry) AG? = ~nFE®,,, NERNST EQUATION : (Effect of concentration and temp of an emt of cel = AG=AG*+RT“n@ (where Gis raection quotient) AG*=-RT nk, . RT Ean ea ap (0 = 23088 ga Ean? Eye Hog TAL208K) ‘At chemical equilibrium a= NE ° '00 Ka * Q.0587 0.0591 ap 09 Kg Foran electrode M(s)/Mm en, 20887 45 1 vee 8] CONCENTRATION CELL: Allin which both the electrods are made up of same material. Forall concentration cell E°,,, {) Electrolyte Concentration Cell : a.0se | Ce 0g. 214s) /2n* (6) ||2n(6) 2s) B= 205 fog Ct (&) Electrode Concentration Cell : Y e 9. PLHP, atm)/Ht (IM) /H, (P, atm) /Pt E = A og (@) DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRODES: 0.0591 4. Melabetalion Electrode M(syM™. M+ ne= —> Ms) eer + 25% ogi 2. GasionElectede——_PLIM,(Palm) iH" (XM) 4 Put sSareducionsectode Hage —+ 3H(Pam)_E= E*- 0.0561 og19 | Short Formula (Chemistry) 3. Oxidation-reduetion Electrode Pt/ Fe, Fe fFe**} asa reduction elecrode Fe + e° —> Fe E = E*~ 0.0801 log jy 4. MelalMetalinsolublesaltElectrode eg. A/AQCI,C- asareduction electrode AgC\(s) +e —+ Ag(s) + Cr" Eee raging * Er pgcrray ~ 0.0881 log [CH]. (CALCULATION OF DIFFERENT THERMODYNAMICS FUNCTION OF CELL REACTION QO aG=-nFe,, ac ° rl, (at costa ress, [xacy o as =-[S .0)} % [F< tomperaure concen ote.m ote ct E=aepTecr+ ° aneor| (S| -¢] —_Aep of cell reaction dH p= oT a acpe gy (aH) © ELECTROLYSIS : @ kK, Ca, Nat, Mg. Al, Zn”, Fe", HY, Cur Agt, Au”. ir, Increasing order of deposition. © Similarly the anion which is strogner reducing agent(low value of SRP) is liberated first al the anode. SOF .NOj.OF7, OF. BI Ire sngordra prion20 | Short Formula (Chemistry) FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS : Fit: wim wed Zlatan cue ene second La: Wy _ We wat veonsant we. actual mass deposited/produced telus mass deposed produced (CURRENT EFFICIENCY = Theoriical mass deposited/produced <'°° ° 7 mt POSITION OF Cu & Fe AT CATH o.0se1, 4 ose 4 Fea jog Ot Bt pe Ot ea see F109 Gyze = Ere ire —g 109 Bae Condition for the simultaneous deposition of Cu & Fe on cathode. CONDUCTANCE | jesistance © Specific conductance or conductivity : = Conductance = 1 (Reciprocal of specific resistance) ke5 * Equivalent conductance : Kx1000 © * Normality Unit: -ohm~* em? eq? * Molar conductance : Kx1000 den unit : -ohm-* cm? mole Molarity specific conductance = conductance x KOHLRAUSCH’S LAW: Variation of 2,,/2,, of a solution @ — Strongetectrolyte Ie= Ria ~ De (i) Weakelectrolytes: 4 = 9, 2°,# where iis the molar conductivity 18, = Noof cations obtained after dissociation per formula unit, ‘a= No of anions obtained after dissociation per formula unit concentration :21 | Short Formula (Chemistry) ‘APPLICATION OF KOHLRAUSCH LAW: 1. Calculation of 29, of weak electrolytes : My eco = Buerycoomy * Mien Magnes 2. Tocaloulate degree of diossociation of a week electrolyte in co? % Kee Goa) 3. Solubility (S) of sparingly soluble salt & their k,, +1000 EEN FO Solubaty K,=S? © IONIC MOBILITY :Itis the distance travelled by the ion per second under the potential gradient of 1 volts per cm. it's units em?s*v" Absolute ionic mobility : =u, + ken 22 = Fy? 28 =F x ud, onic Mobility - Y_—— speed (WF —potentialgradient [atte] Where t, = Transport Number of cation & t,= Transport Number of anion ‘Transport Number: SOLUTION & COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES 4. @sMoTic PRESSUR 0 = poh Where, density oso, f= equilibrium height w@ Vont - Hoff Formula (For calculation of O.P.) z=CST m= CRT= © RT (ust like ideal gas equation) v 2 ©= total conc. of all types of particles. + Cy + Cyt (ayn tng + 7 Vv Note: IfV, mL of C, cone. + V, mL of C; cone. are mixed. ‘Type of solutions : {a) Isotonic solution — Two solutions having same OP. ‘R=; (al same temp.)‘Short Formula (Chemistry) (b) Hyper tonic- If x,> 2. > I*'solution is hypertonic solution w.rt 2% solution. (€) Hypotonic - 1!" solution is hypotonic wr. solution. Abnormal Colligative Properties : (In case of association or dissociation) \VANT HOFF CORRECTION FACTOR (i exp/observed/actual/abnormal value of colligative property Theortical value of colligative property exp./observed no. of particles / conc. _ observed molality ‘Theoritical no. of particles *_—Theortical molality theoretical molar mass formula mass) ‘experimental observed molar mass apparent molar mass) R= (YC, + 12Cy + 14C,.....) RT Relation between i & « (degree of dissociation) : i=14(n-1)a Where, , Relation b/w degree of (th 2. _ RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE (RLVP) : ‘Vapour pressure Pon "Pax, ea Q Ostwald-Walker Method : Experimental or lab determination of po RS loss in wt.of solvent loss in wi.of solution loss in wt.of solvent P * gainin wt.of dehydrating agent 3 4. DEPRESSION INFREEZING POINT : LAT, =ixK.m. RT? RT?M , = mole depression constant = 65951... * 7O0D% SHyae RAQULT’S LAW FOR BINARY (IDEAL) MIXTURE OF VOLATILE LIQUIDS. PL =X,Pe 2 PBSXPy if Pye Xe : _Aismore volatile than B 2» BP.ofA P,*) Ideal solutions (mixtures ): Mixtures which follow Raou'ts law at all temperature “Aa An B, B B BH = 0 BV pq = 0 AS,,,= + ve aS for processto proceed :AG,,=-ve eg. (1) Benzene + Toluene. (2) Hexane + heptani @)CHer+c, Non - Ideal solutions : Which do not obey Raoult’ law. (a) Positive deviation : ~ Pree? KPI HPQ) pra—B L Weaker force of attraction (i) aH, =#ve energy absorbed (wavi.=4ve (1L+1L>2L) (a8,,=4ve (a6, =—ve H,0+CHOH. H,0+C,H,0H C.H,OH + hexane C,H,OH + cyclohexane. CHCI,+ CCl, + dipole dipole interaction becomes weak. wpe PPA> PB‘Short Formula (Chemistry) {b) Negative deviation © Prexp PrA> PB ASO Immiscible Liquids : Pew ™ Pat Py WPL=PLX, Gi) Phe PEK EPS PR WaMa Pras Pot Pe? (9B MW pee a PS BP. of solution is less than the individual B.P.’s of both the liquids.26 | Short Formula (Chemistry) Henry Law: This law deals with dissolution of gasin liquid i.e. mass of any gas dissolved in any solvent per unit volume is proportional to pressure of gas in equilibrium with liquid map m=kp weight of gas ™ Volume of liquid SOLID STATE © Classification of Crystal into Seven System Crystal System Unit Cell Dimensions Bravais Example and Angles Lattices cubic aebecja=pey= 90 sc, acc, Foc Nact onhorhombic arbro;a=py= 90° SC, BCC, end centred & FCC & Tetragonal a=bec;a=B=y= 90" Sc, BCC Sn.Zn0, Monoclinic azbeora= 7290 sh 86, end centred Sy Rhombonedral = 290° sc Quartz Trictnie aebaciaepeye90 se HB0, Hexagonal a=bec; a= B= 90%y= 120° sc Graphite © ANALYSIS OF cuBICAL sysTEM Property sc gcc Fee a ea 4 © — atomicraausey 5 2B edge length (No.of atoms per unit cll 2), 1 2 4 i) GNo. 6 8 2 (v)— Packingefficiency 2% 68% 74% (0 No. voids (@octahedral(Z) = 4 (0) Tetrahderal (22) - f © _ NEIGHBOUR HOOD OF A PARTICLE: (Simple Cubic (SC) Structu Type of neighbour Distance no.of neighbours nearest a 6 (shared by 4 cubes) (next a2 12 (shared by 2 cubes) (nexty? avs 8 (unshared)‘Short Formuta (Chemistry) (W) Body Centered Cubic (BCC) Structure: Type of neighbour Distance no.of neighbours nearest area 8 (nex =a 6 (nex? R 2 fit (vex? a 2m (next)! = a3 8 (lll) Face Centered Cubic (FCC) Structure = Type of neighbour Distance _no. of neighbours. a r (%3") nearest # w2=(%3 (3x8 ) (roxy! a (Z| fe (next als a (next az 2 . 5 (next als eo 2 (M) © DENSITY OF LATTICE MATTER (@)= iy | 33 | where _N,= Avogadro's No. M= atomic mass or molecular mass. © toniccrystats No, Limiting racius ratio ( 3 0.155 — 0.225 (Triangular) 4 0,225 0.414 (Tetrahedral) 8 0.414 —0.732 (Octahedral) 8 0,732 -0.999 (Cubic), © EXAMPLES OF AIONIC CRYSTAL (a) Rock Salt (NaCl) Coordination number (6 : 6) (b) CsCl C.No. (8: 8) 2 Edge length of unit coll :- Ren (c) Zinc Blende (2n$) C.No. (4: 4)‘Short Formula (Chemistry) Be tow the) (d) Fluorite structure (CaF,) €.No. (8:4) a plone) © Crystal Defects (Imperfections) Crystal Detects (Point Defects Stoichiometric, Non-Stotchiometric Schottky Frenkel Metal excess Non-Metal excess (lon pairs missing) (Aslocation of ons) | electron in place extra cationin —Yacant site —_extra anion in of anion the interstitial in place of cation interstitial (not found) CHEMICAL KINETICS & REDIOACTIVITY RATE/VELOCITY OF CHEMICAL REACTION : Rate = ae, ae it~ time? 1 deny time" (eo a cme = Mall time-* = mol dm time Types of Rates of chemical reactios Fora reaction R —> P Total change in concentration Average rate Total time taken Rl _ ah dt dt RATE LAW (DEPENDENCE OF RATE ON CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS): Rate=K(conc,o™ — ~ differential rate equation or rate expression Where K = Rale constant = specific reaction rate = rate of reaction when concentration is unity unit of K = (cone) % time"? Order of reaction : mA+m,B > products, R= {A} [BF Where p may or may not be equal to m, & similarly q may or may not be equal tom, is order of reaction with respect to reactant A and q is order of reaction with respect to reactant B and (p + q) is overall order of the reaction.29 | Short Formula (Chemistry) INTEGRATED RATELAWS: C,0r ‘ais initial concentration and C, or a~xis concentration at time t? {a) zero order reactions Rate = k [oonc.° So- Cy constant Rate or =0,-Kt Sy Unit of K = mollit* see, Time for completion = 52 So So Gs. at, Geiss > tye 5 ity (b) First Order Reactions : @ Leta 1* order reaction is, A ——» Products t= 2208 gg 8 k= 2308 gg So oe ax te Graphical Representation : 2.303 2303 = lo c,+ == loa c, ’ “ano 2.309 6 F ‘ ° Tea cio, or log alax log C, (6) Second order reaction 2orderResctions Two types. A +R —> products A +B —> products aa ab ° @-0 @-» a-x b-x oe ee a TK ex F Tk @-¥) (0-0) 14 2308 | max) Fao a tab) 19 ao-x) (a) Psuedo first order reaction ; + ForA+B—» Products [Rate = K [A)'[B1']‘Short Formula (Chemistry) 2303 bla-x) iam aero Now if ‘Bis taken in large excess b > > a. 2.303 |, _a ° bt 9 ax ‘very large can be taken as constant seb 2233 a 5 2303) a EAP tog a9: K'is psuedo frst order rate constant METHODS TO DETERMINE ORDER OF AREACTION {a) initia rate method T=kIAPIBPICK =f {8} = constant [C1 constant then for two different initial concentrations of Awe have fo, E KIA fp =KIAL oh te (it) {b) Using integrated rate law : tis method of trial and error. {¢) Method of half lives : 1 forrmorderreaction ty, = ART (d) Ostwald Isolation Method : rate = k (AP 8) (C= ky (Al? METHODS TO MONITOR THE PROGRESS OF THE REACTION: @ Progress of gaseous reaction can be monitored by measuring total pressure ata fixed volume & temperature or by measuring total volume of mixture under constant pressure and temperature. ke log 2a fait Fu 9 eomunisnl gpctbe wenn = 1, te vets of neanbe fete! aso} 6) \Bytratinimethod: ama iy any axe, in 2808 fg He 2 Study of acid hydrolysis of an easter. 2.203 Va-Vo k= ST boo oy (©) By measuring optical rotation produced by the reaction mixture : 2.303 k t‘34 | Short Formula (Chemistry) EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF REACTION. K,+10 ik, ~209 (formost ofthe reactions) Arhenius theroy of reaction rate, t Enmaloy on “rau wnmany SH: Surman of nthapes of reaants Teter Si = Summation af nhalpies ef recente Dif= Gray urge data be reeson ray of lvton fhe oar eoction eray of acivan cf the bacvard eacbon on rope cesar eran cone) —> E,>E, => endothermic E, exothermic H=(E,-E, AH=E,-E,, E, Ahonius equation eae tT =k [conc por ink 1 «(- |Log took (-zanre}r Ir, and kbe the rate constant of areaton at wo diferent temperature T, and T, respectively, henwe have wtertea(t-t) Ina = Ea slope > 2 ink=na~ ee E,20 Tae. KoA Ink wT REVERSIBLE REACTIONS ea, ofa! =A, ofan H(A) ears Ke Kp” (Ab‘Short Formula (Chemistry) ‘endothermic 4/T ‘exothermic VT Blk Eas +Easke () " K, = ky +e (i) REVERSIBLE 1*" ORDER REACATION ( both forward and backward ) (iii) SEQUENTIAL 1°" ORDER REACTION w= tale“ ‘SRI CHAITANYA ITT ACABEMY