www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.

in

f=;fh 1

àJK‹ æ‹ðŠ ð´‹

ªñ£N
ªêŒ»œ Þ÷‰îI«ö CŸH ð£ô²ŠHóñEò‹
à¬óï¬ì îI›ªñ£NJ¡ ï¬ì ÜöAò™ F.². ïìó£ê¡ ïaš
ªêŒ»œ î¡«ù˜ Þô£î îI› 
(òôƒè£ó‹)
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ î‹H ªï™¬ôòŠð¼‚° ð£óFò£˜
1
Þô‚èí‹ îIö£Œ ⿶«õ£‹

n
l.i
e«ik ms¥ngh«

da
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ,yf;fpaj;ija[k; bkhHpiaa[k; xUnrug; ngRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;
m) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif M) jz]oay=;fhuk;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ed;D}y;
ka
[tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
2. ``kPz]Lke;jg; gHikeyk; g[Jf;F jw;F~~ ftp+u; Fwpg;gpLk; gHikeyk;/
vi
௧) ghz]oaupd; r=;fj;jpy; bfhYtpUe;jJ ௨) bghjpifapy; njhd;wpaJ
௩) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ
m) ௧ kl;Lk; rup M) ௧/ ௨ ,uz]Lk; rup
al

,) ௩ kl;Lk; rup <) ௧/ ௩ ,uz]Lk; rup [tpil: <) ௧/ ௩ ,uz]Lk; rup]

.k

3. ``kpd;ndu; jdpahHp bt=;fjpbuhd;W VidaJ

jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;-~~ ? ,t;tofspy; gapd;W te;Js;s bjhileak;
w

m) monkhid/ movJif M) rPu;nkhid/ rPu;vJif

,) movJif/ rPu;nkhid <) rPu;vJif/ monkhid
[tpil: ,) movJif/ rPu;nkhid]
w

4. fUj;J 1: ,ay;g[ tHf;fpy;/ bjhluikg;g[ vd;gJ vGtha;/ gadpiy vd;W tUtnj kug[.
w

fUj;J 2: bjhluikg;g[/ r=;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwH;e;J tUfpwJ.

m) fUj;J 1 rup M) fUj;J 2 rup
,) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup <) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW [tpil: ,) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup]
5. bghUj;Jf.
m) jkpH; mHfpay; ? 1. guyp R. bey;iyag;gu;
M) epyt[g;g{ ? 2. jp.R. eluhrd;
,) fpil ? 3. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
<) ca;a[k; tHp ? 4. fp. uh$ehuhazd;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3
,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1]

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

2 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

6. gpiHahd bjhliuf; fz]lwpf.
m) fhisfisg; g{l;o taiy cGjdu;.
M) kiykPJ Vwpf; fy;btl;Lfisf; fz]lwpe;jdu;.
,) fhisapy; g{j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ.
<) bew;gapu;fs; kiHePupy; @H;fpd.
[tpil: ,) fhisapy; g{j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ.]
1 7. ngr;Rj; jkpHpy; mike;j bjhliuj; nju;f.
m) mtUf;F ey;yJ bfl;lJ ey;yhj; bjupa[k;.
M) g[j;jff; fz]fhl;rp eilbgWfpwJ.
ïaš

,) twl;rp vy;yh ,l=;fisa[k; ghjpj;Js;sJ.

<) kapy;fs; tpwypaiug; nghy; MLfpd;wd.

n
[tpil: m) mtUf;F ey;yJ bfl;lJ ey;yhj; bjupa[k;.]

FWtpdh

l.i
1. eil mHfpay; gw;wpj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

da
¡ mHfpaiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jsk; mikj;Jj; jUtJ bjhy;fhg;gpak;.
¡ eilbgw;wpaYk;/ eiletpd;bwhGFk; vd;Wk; rpy brhw;bwhlu;fisj; bjhy;fhg;gpak;
ifahz]oUf;fpwJ. ka
¡ ftpijapd; ,a=;fhw;wy;jhd; eil vd;fpwJ bjhy;fhg;gpak;.

2. ``glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypirf;

flhm ahidf; fypkhd; ngf~~ ? ,r;r=;ff; ftpijapd; mofspy; Xir eakpf;f brhw;fisa[k;
vi
mtw;wpw;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[fisa[k; vLj;J vGJf.
Xir eakpf;fr; brhw;fs; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[fs;
al

glhmk; <j;j glhmk;/ bflhm/ flhm bra;a[spirasbgilfs;

bflhm ey;ypir <j;j bgabur;rk;
.k

flhmahid ey;ypir gz;g[j;bjhif

3. ftp+u; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl/ jkpHpd; Jiz ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu;>
w

¡ khiyapy; Nupad; kiyapy; kiwa[k;nghJ rpte;j thdj;jpd; mHifa[k;/

¡ thdk;nghy; rpte;j ciHg;ghsupd; iffspd; mHifa[k;/
w

¡ bjhHpyhsu;fspd; njhs; kPJ tPw;wpUf;Fk; tpau;it Kj;Jf;fspd; mHifa[k; tpae;J

ghl ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu;.
w

4. tpoay;/ tdg;g[ ? ,U brhw;fisa[k; xU=;fpizj;Jj; bjhlu; mikf;f.

g{j;Jf; FY=;Fk; g{f;fspd; kzj;jpYk; gwitfspd; xypfspYk; tpoaypd; btspr;rkhf
cjpf;Fk; fjputdpd; njhw;wk; ,aw;ifapd; tdg;ig vLj;Jiuf;Fk;.
5. Koe;jhy; juyhk;/ Koj;jhy; juyhk; ? ,t;tpU brhw;bwhlu;fs; czu;j;Jk; bghUis
mwpe;J bjhlu; mikf;ft[k;.
Koe;jhy; juyhk;: bfhLf;Fk; vz;zk;
ek;kplk; cs;s bghUisf; bfhz]L ViHfSf;F cjt Koe;jhy;
juyhk;.
Koj;jhy; juyhk;: bray; Koe;j gpd;
tpilj;jhs; vGjp Koj;jhy; juyhk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 3
6. jkpHpy; gpiHapd;wp vGJtjw;F nkw;bfhs;s ntz]oa Kaw;rpfs; ahit>
¡ vGj;jpidj; bjspthf cr;rupf;fg; gHf ntz]Lk;. xypg;g[ ntWghL bjupe;J xypf;f
ntz;Lk;.
¡ vGJk; nghJ bjhlf;fj;jpy; tha;tpl;nlh my;yJ kdj;Jf;Fs; cr;rupj;jgonah vGjg;
gHFtJ ey;yJ.
¡ ntfkhf vGj Kay;tJ gpiHf;F tHpnfhYk;/ epjhdkhf vGJtJ ey;yJ.
¡ bf/ nf/ bfh/ nfh nghd;w bfhk;g[ila Fwpy; beoy; ntWghl;oidg; g[upe;J vGj
ntz;Lk;.
rpWtpdh
1. r=;fg;ghly;fspy; xypf;nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz]ghFk; ? tpsf;Ff.

n
¡ xypf;nfhy=;fs; czu;r;rpfisf; fhl;Lk; tpjkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

l.i
¡ ve;jj; bjhd;ikahd bkhHpa[k; rkpf;i+apypUe;Jk;/ ,irapypUe;Jk; jhd;
njhd;WfpwJ.
¡ r=;fg;ghly;fspy; Xira[k; bghUSk; ,ize;J fiytotk; bfhs;fpd;wd.

da
¡ capu; xypfs; Fwpg;ghf beoy; xypfspd; tUifa[k;/ rpy xypfSk; rpy brhw;fSk;
jpUk;gtuy; nru;e;J epfH;j;jg;bgWk; brhy; tpisahl;LfSk; r=;fg;ghly;fspy;
xypf;nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz]ghf tps=;fpaij czu;j;Jk;.
rhd;W:
ka
`glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypir
vi
flhm ahidf; fypkhd;~
2. `brk;gupjp kiynkl;oy; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; bre;epwj;Jg; g{f;fhlhk; thd bky;yhk;~
al

bjhlu; btspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

¡ rpte;j fjpu;fisa[ila fjputd; nkw;F nehf;fp kiwtJ ,aw;if.
.k

¡ mf;fhl;rpiaf; ftp+u;/ ehbsy;yhk; cyFf;F xsp je;J ciHj;jjhy; kiynkl;oy;

jiy rha;f;fpwhd; vd;fpwhu;.
¡ fjputd; nkw;nf kiwa[k; ntis thdbky;yhk; brf;fr;rpte;J fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
w

¡ mf;fhl;rpia ftp+u; jd; fw;gidapy; thdk; g{f;fs; epiwe;J g{f;fhlha; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ

vd;fpwhu;.
w

3. `V=;bfhypePu; +hyj;J ,Usfw;Wk;~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.

w

,lk; : ,g;ghly;mofs; jz]oay=;fhu ciu nkw;nfhs; ghlyhf ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.

bghUs;; : jkpiHa[k; ? fjputida[k; xg;gpLjy;.
tpsf;fk; : kf;fshy; nghw;wg;gl;L/ cau;e;j kiyfSf;fpilna bghjpifapy;
gpwe;J/rhd;nwhuhy; bjhHg;gl;L/ kf;fspd; mwpahik vd;Dk; ,Uisg;
nghf;FtJ jkpH;.
mJnghy flyhy; NHg;gl;l ,e;epyt[yfpd; ,Uisg; nghf;FtJ fjputd;.
4. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fspd; fUj;JfspYs;s ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
giHad fHpjYk; g[jpad g[FjYk; kPz]Lke;jg; gHikeyk; g[Jf;F jw;F
tGty fhy tifap dhnd. bka;rpypu;f;fj; jkpH;f;Fapny- Ttp th/
? ed;D}y; th- ? rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

4 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

ed;D}y; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
giHa eilKiwfisg; gad;ghl;oy; kPz;Lk; me;j gHik bray;ghLfSf;F
,Ue;J ePf;fpa[k;/ g[jpadthfptpl;l rpy g[jpa totk; bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;.
eilKiwfis ,izj;Jf; bfhs;tJk;
Fw;wk; my;y.
fhyk; khWjYf;nfw;g khw;wpf;bfhs;tJ gHikbay;yhk; xJf;fptplf; TlhJ.
1 fl;lhakhFk;.
tsu;r;rpia nehf;fp giHikia tpl gHikiag; g[Jikahf;f ntz;Lk;.
ïaš

ntz;Lk;.
beLtpdh

n
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mHfpay; TWfis vLj;Jf;fhl;o tpsf;Ff.

l.i
Kd;Diu:
ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mHfpapay; TWfspy; xypf;nfhy=;fSk;/

da
brhw;fspd; g[yKk;/ bjhlupay; nghf;FfSk; Kf;fpakhdit. bkhHpapd; jdpr;rpwg;ghd
TWfSk;/ mtw;iwf; ifahSfpd;w tifikfSk; ftpijapd; ce;Jrf;jpahf cs;sJ.
bkhHpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xU typikkpf;f Mw;wy; ftpijf;fhf/ ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhfj; jd;id
btspg;gLj;jpf; bfhs;fpwJ.
ka
xypf;nfhy=;fs;:
bjhd;ikahd bkhHpfs; aht[k; rkpf;i+apypUe;Jk;/ ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd;
vi
bjhl=;FfpwJ. Xira[k; bghUSk; ,ize;J fiytotk; bfhs;fpd;wd. ,ijna/
xypg;gpd;;dy; vd;fpnwhk;.
rhd;W:
al

†fle;jL jhid @tpU=;To cld;wdpu; MapDk; gwk;g[ bfhsw;fupnj‡

.k

brhw;g[yk;:
brhy;tsk; vd;gJ xUbghUs; Fwpj;j gy brhy;/ gy bghUs; Fwpj;j xU brhy;/
gyJiw/ gyNHy;/ gy g[idt[fSf;Fk; cupajha; tUjYk;/ czu;t[k;/ bjspt[k;
w

bfhz;ljha; tUjYk; MFk;. brHpg;ghd jsj;jpy; brhw;fs; tpisr;ry; fz;oUg;gijf;

Fwpf;Fk;.
w

rhd;W:
Ky;iyf;fypapy; fhisfspy; gy ,d=;fs; cs;sd.
w

bjhifepiy:
r=;f ,yf;fpa bkhHpapd; milahskhf cs;s xU gz;g[ bjhifepiy vd;W
bjhy;fhg;gpa vr;rtpay; ngRfpwJ. bjhifbkhHp vd;gJ brwpthf;fg;gl;l xU
totikg;ghFk;.
rhd;W:
itFWtpoay;/ ftpDW tdg;g[/ jPePu; vd;gd.
bjhlupay; nghf;Ffs;:
xypf;nfhyKk;/ brhw;g[yKk; brhw;bwhlu; epiya[k; ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg;
gz;gLj;jpg; nghfpd;wd. ghj;jp fl;o tug;g[au;j;Jk; gzpfisj; bjhlupay; totk;
bra;fpd;wJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 5
ftpij kWjiyj;bjhlu;:
bjhluikg;g[ vd;gJ vGtha; + brag;gLbghUs;/ my;yJ gpwtw;Wld; Toa mikg;g[
+ gadpiy vd;W tUtJ kug[. ,J r=;fg;ghly;fspy; gytw;wpy; gpwH;e;J tUfpwJ.
rhd;W:
ngbuapd; KWtyhupd;/ ek;gp beL+;brHpaDila rht[r;rl=;F ghly;.
Kot[iu:
eil mHfpaiyf; fl;likg;gjw;Fr; r=;f ,yf;fpank Kjd;ik Mjhukhf cs;sJ.
Mfnt ftpijiaf; fl;likf;Fk; mHfpay; TWfs; r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fspy; gutpf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu thapyhf mwpayhk;.
2. ghujpapd; fojk; thapyhf eP=;fs; mwpe;Jbfhz]l bkhHpg;gw;W/ r@fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw

n
tptupf;f.

l.i
Kd;Diu:
,e;jpa kz;zpy; ntqd;wpa bts;isaiu jd; ghly; jpwj;jhy; ntu; mWf;fr; bra;jtu;

da
ghujp. jk;gp bey;iyag;gUf;F ghujp vGjpa fojj;jpd; thapyhf mwpag;gLk; bkhHpg;gw;W/
r@fg;gw;W gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
bkhHpg;gw;W: ka
ahkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH;bkhHp nghy ,dpjhd bkhHp vJt[kpy;iy vd;W Twpa
ghujp/ R.bey;iyag;gUf;F vGjpa fojj;jpy; bey;iyag;guplk; mtu; TWk; nghJ/
`eP gpwbkhHpfis mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;/ jkpiH tsu;g;gij flikahff; bfhs;s ntz]Lk;~
vi
vd;fpwhu;.
jkpH;ehl;oy; tPjpfs; njhWk; jkpH;g;gs;spf;Tl=;fs; bgUf ntz]Lk;. me;jg; gs;spfspy;
vy;yhk; g[jpa g[jpa fiyfs; gapw;rp bgw;W tsu ntz]Lk;. tlehl;L bkhHpfs; vy;yhk;
al

mile;Js;s tsu;r;rpiag; ghu;j;j gpd;ghtJ ehk; ek; jha;bkhHpahk; jkpH;bkhHpapd; kPJ

gw;Wf;bfhs;s Kay ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu; ghujp.
.k

r@fg;gw;W:
r@fj;jpd; mtykhf ,Uf;fpd;w Mz] bgz] ntWghL Kw;wpYkhf mHpa ntz]Lk;.
w

Mz] cau;e;jtd;/ bgz] jhH;e;jts; vd;w epiy khwp MQk; bgz]Qk; XUapupd; ,uz;L
jiyfs;" xd;wpbyhd;W jhH;tpy;iy vd;fpwhu;. bgz]iz tPl;ow;Fs; milj;jtd; jd;
w

fz;iz ,He;j FUld; nghyj; jtpg;ghd; vd;Wk; Twp/ MQk; bgz]Qk; rkk; vd;w r@f
ePjpia typa[Wj;Jfpd;whu;.
w

bjhHpy; bgUf ntz]Lk;/ tpahghuk; rpwf;f ntz]Lk;/ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; tsu

ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu;. r@f khw;wk; bgw r=;fPjk;/ rpw;gk;/ ,ae;jpuk;/ g{kp/ thdk;/ ,aw;if
rhu;e;j E}y;fs; Mapuk; Mapukhfj; jha;bkhHpapy; cUthfpl ntz]Lk;. jkpH;r;r@fk;
khw;wk; bgw midtUk; fw;f ntz]Lk;. mjw;Fupa rf;jpia midtUk; bgw;wpl
ntz;Lbkd;W ghujpahu; R. bey;iyag;gUf;F vGjpa fojk; @yk; jd; cs;sf; fUj;ij
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
Kot[iu:
ghujpapd; vz;z=;fs;; mtUila fojj;jpy; cs;sgo/ xt;bthUtUk; bkhHpg;gw;W/
r@fg;gw;W cilatuhf thHntz;Lk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

6 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

3. jkpHpd; rPupsikj; jpwk; tpae;J ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; TWtdtw;iwj; bjhFj;J
vGJf.
¡ md;id bkhHpia mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpiH ftp+u; rpw;gp jkpHpd; rPupsikj; jpwk; tpae;J
ghLk; jpwk;.
¡ khiyapy; Nupad;; kiyKfl;oy; kiwa[k; nghJ thdk; g{f;fhlha;f; fhl;rp jUfpwJ.
¡ ciHg;ghsu;fspd; iffs; rpte;J jpuz;l njhs;fspy; tpau;itj; Jspfs; Kj;JKj;jha;f;
1 fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
¡ ,f;fhl;rpbay;yhk; ehd; tpae;J ghl md;idj; jkpnH eP ,d;wp ntW Jiz
ïaš

vdf;fpy;iy.
¡ cUbtLf;Fk; ftpijfSf;F czu;thf ,Uf;Fk; jkpnH-
¡ eP- ghz;oadpd; jkpH;r; r=;fj;jpy; jtH;e;jpUe;jha;.

n
¡ ghup Kjyhd ts;sy;fs; vGtiu ,k;kz;Qf;Fj; je;jha;-

l.i
¡ cd; gHikahd eyd;fis vy;yhk; g[Jg;gpj;J/ rKjhaj;jpw;F tpHpg;g[zu;it
Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy jkpH;f;Fapny eP bka;rpypu;f;fg; gho th-

da
¡ Tz;oy; milgl;l rp=;fk; cilj;J btsptUtJ nghy jkpnH eP th-
¡ Fspu; bghjpifapy; njhd;wpa bjd; jkpnH rPwp th- vd ghLfpwhu;.

4. `brhy;nyhtpa=;fs;~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}y; c=;fs; gs;sp Mrpupauhy; vGjg;gl;L c=;fs;

ka
gs;spapy; btspaplg;gLfpwJ. mt;btspaPl;L tpHhtpw;fhd epfH;r;rp epuiy cUthf;fp/
ed;wpa[iu vGJf.
brhy;nyhtpa=;fs;
vi
ftpij E}y; btspaPl;L tpHh
,lk; : jpUts;Stu; nkdpiyg;gs;sp/ ghisa=;nfhl;il.
al

ehs; : 19.06.2022/ g[jd;fpHik.

neuk; : gpw;gfy; 3.00 kzp
.k

jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J : khztu;fs;

tuntw;g[iu : jpU. r. kjd;Fkhu;/ jiyikahrpupau;.
w

E}y; btspapl;L thH;j;Jiu : jp.,iwad;g[/ ,.M.g mtu;fs; (vGj;jhsu;).

Vw;g[iu : jpU. ftp+u;. rp. ghujp/ jkpHhrpupia mtu;fs;.
w

ed;wpa[iu : jpU. ,uh. nfrtd;/ cjtpj; jiyikahrpupau; mtu;fs;.

w

ed;wpa[iu
midtUf;Fk; md;ghd tzf;fk;.
,g;bghGJ ed;wp TWk; neuk;. ,e;E}y; btspaPl;L tpHhtpw;F tUif je;J thH;j;jpa
rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu; vGj;jhsu; ,iwad;g[ mtu;fSf;F gs;spapd; rhu;ghf ed;wp.
,e;E}iy vGjp Vw;g[iu tH=;fpa ftp+u; ghujp mtu;fSf;Fk; tpHh eilbgw
cWJizahf ,Ue;j jiyikahrpupau; kw;Wk; MrpupaUf;Fk; tpHh rpwg;ghf
eilbgWtjw;F xj;JiHg;g[ je;j md;g[ khztu;fSf;Fk; ed;wp-
ed;wp- tzf;fk;-

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 31

ªðŒªòùŠ ªðŒ»‹ ñ¬ö

ÞòŸ¬è, «õ÷£‡¬ñ, ²ŸÁ„Åö™
à¬óï¬ì ªð¼ñ¬ö‚è£ô‹
ªêŒ»œ Høªè£¼  «è£¬ì ÜŒòŠð ñ£îõ¡ ïaš
ªêŒ»œ
¶¬íŠð£ì‹
ªï´ï™õ£¬ì
ºî™è™
ï‚Wó˜
àˆîñ«ê£ö¡
2
Þô‚èí‹ ï£™õ¬èŠ ªð£¼ˆîƒèœ

n
l.i
e«ik ms¥ngh«

da
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUj;Jf.
m) Fu=;Ffs; ? 1. fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; ? 2.
ka
ku=;fspypUe;J tPH;e;jd
,) gwitfs; ? 3. Fspuhy; eL=;fpd
<) tpy=;Ffs; ? 4. nka;r;riy kwe;jd
vi
m) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4
,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4]
al

2. euk;g[fSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;of;bfhz]oUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ

m) Nupa xspf;fjpu; M) kiH nkf=;fs;
.k

,) kiHj;Jspfs; <) ePu;epiyfs; [tpil: ,) kiHj;Jspfs;]

3. bts;sr; rkbtspfs; mHpaf; fhuzk;
w

m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy;

,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;joePu; cwp+;rg;gLjy;
w

[tpil: M) kzy; ms;Sjy;]

4. bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd ? joj;j brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
w

m) tpidj;bjhif M) cupr;brhy; bjhlu;

,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlu; <) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
[tpil: <) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;]
5. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy nehf;fpr; brd;why; kl;Lnk g[tp btg;gkakhjiyf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j Koa[k; ? ,j;bjhlu; czu;j;JtJ
m) fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghnl njitahfpwJ
M) gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; mjpfkhfpwJ
,) fhyepiy khWgLfpwJ
<) g[tpapd; ,af;fk; ntWgLfpwJ
[tpil: m) fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghnl njitahfpwJ]

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

32 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

6. jkpHpy; jpizg;ghFghL ???????? mog;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) bghUl;Fwpg;g[ M) brhw;Fwpg;g[
,) bjhlu;f;Fwpg;g[ <) vGj;Jf;Fwpg;g[ [tpil: m) bghUl;Fwpg;g][
7. ``cau;jpiz vd;kdhu; kf;fl; Rl;nl
mBwpiz vd;kdhu; mtuy gpwnt~~ ? ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;bgw;w ,yf;fz E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) mfj;jpak;
2 ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; [tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
8. ahu;> vJ> Mfpa tpdhr;brhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J/ czu;j;Jk; jpizfs; Kiwna
ïaš

m) mBwpiz/ cau;jpiz M) cau;jpiz/ mBwpiz

,) tput[j;jpiz/ mBwpiz <) tput[j;jpiz/ cau;jpiz

n
[tpil: M) cau;jpiz/ mBwpiz]
9. bghUj;jp tpil nju;f.

l.i
m) mtd; mts; mtu; ? 1. csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
M) eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik

da
,) ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; bgau;fs;
<) eh=;fs;/ ehk; ? 4. gjpypL bgau;fs;
m) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 ka
,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3]

FWtpdh
vi
1. `MSf;bfhU kuk; tsu;g;nghk;~ vd;Dk; KHf;fj; bjhlu; thapyhf vtw;iw typa[Wj;Jtha;>
¡ kuk; kiHf;F Mjhuk;.
¡ kuk; kdpjDf;F tuk;.
al

¡ fuk; bfhz;L kuk; tsu;g;nghk;.

¡ kunk g[tp btg;gkiljiyj; jLf;Fk;.
.k

2. ,depiu ? gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp vGJf.

,depiu = ,dk; + epiu
w

`kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k; MFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J `,depiu~
vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
w

3. kdpjd; jd; nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fisf; fLikahfr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd;

w

tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf; bfhz]oUf;fpwhd; ? ,U bjhlu;fshf;Ff.

¡ kdpjd; jd; nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fisf; fLikahfr; nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
¡ kdpjd; ,aw;if ts=;fisr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwhd;.
4. `efuk; gl;il jPl;oa bts;is itukhfpwJ~ ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
¡ efuk; kiH nkfj;jhy; ,Us; NH;e;jJ.
¡ kiH bga;bad bga;jJ.
¡ jpObud Nupad; njhd;wpajhy; efuk; gpufhrkha;f; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
¡ kiHj;Jspfspd;kPJ gLfpd;w Nupaf; fjpu;fspd; gpujpgypg;ghy; efunk bts;is
itukhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 33
5. bkhHpapd; brhw;bwhlu; mikg;ig tps=;fpf; bfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjt[td
vit>
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz]/ ,lk;.
6. cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; bgau;fs;/ gd;ik tpFjp bgw;WtUkhW ,uz]L bjhlu;fis
vGJf.
¡ eP=;fs; v=;fs; tPl;ow;F thU=;fs;.
¡ mtu;fs; Myak; te;jhu;fs;.

rpWtpdh
1. `ePu;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J

n
cwp+;RfpwJ xspf;fjpu;fs;~~ ? ,f;ftpijapd; mo/
`J}=;Fk; gdpePiu th=;Fk; fjpnuhnd~ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypd; bjhlu;r;rpaha;

l.i
miktijg; gw;wp vGJf.
`J}=;Fk; gdpePiu th=;Fk; fjpnuhd;~

da
¡ ,ut[ KGtJk; @=;fpy; ,iyapy; J}=;fpa gdpePiu mjpfhiyapy; Nupad; th=;fpf;
bfhs;fpwhd;.
¡ Vw;wk; ,iwg;gtu;fs; mYg;g[j; bjupahky; ,Uf;f ghLk; ghly;fspy; ,Jt[k; xd;whFk;.
ka
¡ Nupadpd; xspf;fjpu;fs; me;j xUJsp ePiua[k; tpl;L itf;fhky; jhnd vLj;Jr;
bry;fpwhd;.
``ePu;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Fwpj;J
vi
cwp+;RfpwJ xspf;fjpu;fs;~~
¡ ePu; epiyfis te;jile;j kiH ePiur; Nupad; jd; xspf;fjpu;fs; vd;w cjLfshy;
al

cwp+;Rfpwhd;.
¡ thdpy; ,Ue;J tpGk; kiH ePiu kPz]Lk; thDf;nf vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;whd; Nupad;.
.k

,J ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghlypy; xU Jsp gdp ePiuf;Tl Nupad; tpLtjpy;iy" jd;

xspf;fjpu;fshy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwhd; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
`gpwbfhU ehs; nfhil~ ftpijapy; ftp+u; kiHahf te;J ePu;epiyfis epug;g[k; ePiuj;
w

¡
jd; fjpu;fshy; ,jH; Ftpj;J cwp+;RfpwJ Nupad; vd;fpwhu;.
w

`gdpj;Jspia th=;fpf; bfhz]lhd; fjputd;~ ? ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;.

`ePu;epiy kiHj;Jspfis cwp+;Rf; bfhz]lhd; fjputd;~ ? gpwF xU ehs; nfhil.
w

2. thilf; fhyj;jpy; nfhtyu;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; njodu;>

¡ thilf; fhyj;jpy; nkfk; kiHia tyg;gf;fkhfr; NH;e;J g{kp FspUk;go kiHg;
bga;jJ.
¡ jhH;thd gFjpapy; bts;sk; bgUfpwJ.
¡ nfhtyu;fs; jh=;fs; nkatpl;oUe;j vUik/ gR/ ML Mfpa epiufis nklhd
epy=;fSf;F khw;wpdu;.
¡ gHfpa epyj;ij tpl;Lg; g[J ,lj;ij mile;jjhy; tUe;jpdu;.
¡ jz]zPu; jhH;thd gFjpapy; epuk;gp tpLk; vd;gjhy; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf nklhd gFjpf;Fr;
brd;wdu;. ePu;j;Jspfs; nkny gLtjhYk;/ thilf;fhw;wpd; Fspu;r;rp kpFjpahYk;
clYf;Fr; Nnlw;w gyUld; nru;e;J bfhs;sp beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdu;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

34 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

3. kiHbts;sg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; Kd;bdr;rupf;if eltof;iffisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
¡ ePu;epiyfis Kiwahfg; guhkupj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
¡ tofhy; trjpia nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
¡ Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vup/ MW/ tofhy; tha;f;fhy;fs; Mfpatdtw;iw J}u;thu;jy; ntz;Lk;.
¡ rKff;fhLfs; tsu;g;g[j;jpl;l=;fis bray;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
2 ¡ bts;sg;bgUf;if vjpu;bfhs;Sk; tpHpg;g[zu;t[ Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
¡ Nwhtsp/ g[ay;/ bts;sk; Fwpj;j nghjpa tpHpg;g[zu;it midj;Jg; bghJkf;fSk;
ïaš

bgWk; tpjj;jpy; nguplu; nkyhz;ik Mizak; Kaw;rp nkw;bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.

4. nguplu; nkyhz;ik Mizak; ? tpsf;fk; jUf.

n
¡ nguplu; nkyhz;ik Mizak; eLtzurhy; 23.12.2005 ,y; bjhl=;fg;gl;lJ.
¡ g[ay;/ bts;sk;/ Rdhkp/ epyeLf;fk;/ jP tpgj;J/ gdpg;g[ay;/ ntW tpgj;Jfs; Kjyhd

l.i
nguplu;fs; epfGk; nghJ ,e;j mikg;g[fis xU=;fpizj;Jr; bray;gLj;j ,e;j
Mizak; cjt[fpwJ.

da
¡ ,f;FGf;fs; khepyk;/ khtl;lk;/ Cuhl;rp/ rpw;W}uhl;rp midj;J epiyfspYk; nguplu;f;
fhy=;fspy; ,t;thizak; bray;gl tHptif bra;Js;sJ.
beLtpdh
1.
ka
`befpHp jtpu;j;J epyj;ij epkpu;j;J~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;NHy; Mu;tyu;
gRikjhrdhUld; eP=;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J
vGJf.
vi
bgUkiHf;fhyk;
gRikjhru; : tzf;fk;- jk;gp.
al

gfytd; : Iah- befpHp befpHp vd;W brhy;fpwhu;fns- bfh+;rk; mijg;gw;wp TW=;fs;.

gRikjhru; : befpHp vd;why; gpsh!;of; vd;gu;. gpsh!;of; vd;w brhy;/ fpnuf;fr; brhy;ypy;
.k

,Ue;J cUthdJ.
gfytd; : befpHpia ehk; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; VnjDk; Mgj;J cs;sjh>
w

gRikjhru; : Mk;- Mgj;J cs;sJ. ehk; befpHpia vupf;Fk;nghJ ilahf;rp!; vd;w

er;Rtha[ njhd;wp kdpju;fSf;F g[w;Wnehia cz;lhf;FfpwJ. nkYk;
w

befpHpahdJ kz;zpy; kf;Ftjw;Fk; gy Mz;Lfs; MfpwJ.

gfytd;; : rup=;f Iah- befpHpia kWRHw;rp bra;a Koa[kh>
w

gRikjhru; : bra;ayhk;. Mdhy; kWRHw;rp bra;jhy; bjhw;Wneha;fs; Vw;gLk;.

gfytd;; : Iah ehk; ePz;l fhykhf befpHpiag; gad;gLj;jptpl;L/ ,g;bghGJ
epWj;JtJ vd;gJ Koa[kh>
gRikjhru; : Koa[k;. ek; jhj;jh/ ghl;o thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; befpHpiag; gad;gLj;j
tpy;iy.
gfytd;; : md;W tp+;+hdk; tsutpy;iyna Iah-
gRikjhru; : Mdhy; bka;+hdk; tsu;e;jpUe;jJ.
gfytd; : Iah- ntW VjhtJ khw;WtHp cz;lh>
gRikjhru; : cz;L jk;gp. fu;ehlf khepyj;ijr; rhu;e;j xUtu; Rw;Wr;NHYf;F nfL juhj
xd;iwf; fz;Lgpoj;Js;shu;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 35
gfytd;; : mg;ngh mijg; gw;wp brhy;Y=;fs; Iah-
gRikjhru; : brhy;fpnwd; jk;gp. cUis/ kuts;sp ,jpy; fpilf;Fk; kht[fspypUe;Jk;/
jhtu vz;bza; nghd;w fHpt[g; bghUs;fspypUe;Jk; ``vd;tpfpuPd; igfs;~~
vd;w xd;iwf; fz;Lgpoj;Js;shu;.
gfytd;; : ,J kl;fpLkh>
gRikjhru; : 180 ehl;fspy; kl;fptpLk;. ePupy; @H;fpdhYk; fiue;JtpLk;.
gfytd;; : ey;yJ Iah- mHfhff; TwpdPu;fs;. ed;wp Iah-
gRikjhru; : jk;gp/ ,e;j thrfj;ij ehKk; gpd;gw;wp gpwuplKk; bfhz;Lbry;nthk;.
2. beLey;thilapy; ef;fPuu; fhl;Lk; kiHf;fhy tUzidiar; brhy;ypy; tof;f.
¡ Ig;grp khjk; mil kiHf;fhyk; vd;ghu;fs;.

n
¡ gHe;jkpHu; Ig;grp/ fhu;j;jpif khj=;fis Tjpu;g;gUtk; vd;W miHj;jdu;.

l.i
¡ nkfk; jhd; j=;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;gf;fkhf NH;e;J vGe;jJ.
¡ cyfk; FspUk;goahf kiHg; bghHpe;jJ.

da
¡ bts;sk; jhH;thdg; gFjpia nehf;fpr; brd;wJ.
¡ bts;sj;ij btWj;j kf;fs;/ tise;j nfhiya[ila Mau;fs; jk; epiufis nklhd
gFjpapy; nkatpl;ldu;.
¡ kf;fs; jhk; gHfpa epyj;ijtpl;L ntW ,lk; brd;wjhy; tUj;jk; mile;jdu;.
¡ nfhtyu;fs; NoapUe;j fhe;js; khiy fr=;fpaJ.
ka
¡ Fspuhy; kf;fs; beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdu;/ gw;fs; eL=;fpaJ.
vi
¡ tpy=;Ffs; Fspu; kpFjpahy; nka;r;riy kwe;jd" Fu=;Ffs; eL=;fpd" gwitfs;
epyj;jpy; tpGe;jd" gRf;fs; ghYz;z te;j fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd.
¡ kiyiana Fspur; bra;tJ nghd;wpUe;J mf;Fspu;fhy es;sput[.
al

¡ kiHahYk;/ FspuhYk; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ij r=;f,yf;fpa E}yhd beLey;thilapy;

ef;fPuu; mHFgl tUzpf;fpwhu;.
.k

3. bghWg;g[zu;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; bghWg;g[zu;thy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;g[

eyj;ij tptupf;f.
w

Kd;Diu:
cyif thHitg;gJ kiH. me;j kiHia ehk; ghJfhf;fj; jtwp capu;fisa[k;/
w

gapu;fisa[k; ehrkhf;Ffpnwhk;. mijf; fz;L kdk; behe;J jdp kdpjdhf ,Ue;J jk;
Ciug; bghWg;g[zu;r;rpahy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;g[ eyd;fisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy;
w

fhz;nghk;.
kUjdpd; gz;g[ eyd;fs;:
tstdhw;iw xl;oa rpw;W}u;. mt;t{upy; thH;gtu;fSs; kUjDk; mtd; kidtp
my;ypa[k; Mtu;. mtd; epykw;w ViHj; bjhHpyhsp. mtd; ,y;yj;jpy; tWik. Mdhy;
cs;sj;jpy; ,y;iy. vz;zj;jhy; cau;e;jtd;.
kiHapd; rPw;wk;:
kzpf;F E}W fpnyhkPl;lu; ntfj;jpy; fhw;Wld; Toa kiH bga;fpwJ. ehw;W gpL=;fp
el;l gapu;fbsy;yhk; xU thu FHe;ijnghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. bjhlu;e;J kiH bga;jhy;
gapu;fs; @H;Fk; mghak;. ,nj epiy bjhlu;e;jhy;/ gapu;fs; mGfptpLk; vdj; Jd;gg;gl;lhd;
kUjd;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

36 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

cgup ePu; btspnaw;wk;:
fhw;iwa[k;/ kiHiaa[k; bghUl;gLj;jhky; fiu tHpna te;jhd;. kjifr; Rw;wp
kl;Lky;yhky; Ciur; Rw;wp v=;F ghu;j;jhYk; kz;of;fple;j bea;ntyp fhl;lhkzf;F
jz;zPiuj; jLj;J epWj;jpf; bfhz;oUe;jJ.
epiwntwhj vz;z=;fs;:
2 gapu;fs; jz;zPupy; @H;fhky; ,Uf;f fhw;iwa[k;/ kiHiaa[k; bghUl;gLj;jhky;
fhl;lhkzf;Fr; brofis mfw;w epidj;jhd;. cjtpf;F me;j tHpahf te;j khupKj;Jtplk;
ngrpdhd;. mtDk; xj;Jtutpy;iy. Cupd; kpuhR fhspag;gdplk; nfl;lhd;. mtUk;
ïaš

rhf;Fnghf;F Twpdhu;. mLj;J me;j Cupd; Kjy; gl;ljhup ehTu; gpr;ir vd;w gpnuk;Fkhuplk;
Twpdhu;. mtUk; murh=;fj;jplk; brhd;dhy; nghJk; vd;W brhy;yptpl;L brd;Wtpl;lhu;.

n
kUjdpd; Vf;fKk; Mf;fKk;:
jd; Ciuf; fhg;ghw;w ahUk; Jiz tutpy;iy vd;W tUe;jpdhd;. my;ypa[k;

l.i
tUe;jpdhs;. V=;f- ekf;Fj;jhd; epynk ,y;y" eP=;f Vd; ftiyg;gLwP=;f> kUjd;
rhg;gplhky; J}=;fr;brd;whd;. Mdhy; J}f;fk; tutpy;iy. vGe;J/ tstdhw;iw nehf;fp

da
ele;jhd;. jdpahsha; ePupy; ,w=;fp fhl;lhkzf;Fr; brofisg; gpL=;fp vwpe;jhd;. jd;
fztidf; fhzhj my;yp Joj;Jf;bfhz;L tstdhw;iw nehf;fp ele;jhs;. m=;F jd;
fztidf; fz;L/ Te;jiy ms;sp Koj;J/ Jzpia thup fl;of;bfhz;L/ mtSk;
ka
brofisg; gpL=;fpdhs;. me;j tHpahf tz;oapy; brd;w Cu; kpuhR fhspKj;J tz;oia
tpl;ow=;fp/ jhDk; brofisg; gpL=;fpdhu;. ,e;j bra;jp tz;of;fhud; @ykhf CUf;Fj;
bjupatu/ Cu; kf;fs; midtUk; te;J xd;Wnru;e;J ePu; bry;Yk; ghijiar; rupbra;jdu;.
vi
Kot[iu:
``mHptJ}ck; MtJ}ck; Mup tHpgaf;Fk;
al

CjpaKk; NH;e;J bray;~~

vd;gjw;F Vw;g thGk; CUf;F vt;tpjj;jpyhtJ ed;ik bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zp
.k

Muha;e;J bray;gl;L Ciuna bray;gl itj;j kUjdpd; gz;g[eyd; ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ.

ePjp: flikiar; bra;" gyid vjpu;ghuhnj-
w

4. g[ay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FoapUg;g[fSf;F mUfpy; mWe;Jfplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;g[fisr;

rupbra;af; nfhup c=;fs; Cu; kpd;thupag; bghwpahsu;fSf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
w

mDg;g[eu;
w

Cu;g; bghJkf;fs;/
rPu;fhHp/
ehfg;gl;odk;.
bgWeu;
cau;jpU kpd;thupag; bghwpahsu;/
kpd;thupa mYtyfk;/
ehfg;gl;odk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 37
Iah/
bghUs; : kpd; ,izg;g[fisr; rup bra;a ntz;LtJ bjhlu;ghf.
tzf;fk;.
v=;fs; fpuhkj;jpy; Rkhu; 3/000 ngu; trpf;fpd;wdu;. fle;j thuk; tPrpa tu;jh g[ayhy;
kpd;fk;g=;fs; tpGe;Jk;/ kpd;fk;gpfs; mWe;Jk; fplf;fpd;wd. Cnu ,Uspy; @H;fp
cs;sJ. kpd; trjp ,y;yhjjhy; btspapy; bry;tjw;Fk;/ FoePUf;Fk; kf;fs; kpft[k;
Jd;gg;gLfpd;wdu;. Mjyhy; jat[bra;J mWe;J fplf;Fk; kpd;fk;gpfisr; rupbra;J kpd;
,izg;g[j; jUkhW nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwhk;.
ed;wp/
,g;gof;F/
j=;fs; cz;ika[s;s/

n
Cu;g; bghJkf;fs;.

l.i
rPu;fhHp.
ciwnky; Kftup:
cau;jpU kpd;thupag; bghwpahsu;/

da
kpd;thupa mYtyfk;/
ehfg;gl;odk;. ka
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡ tis, ? brhy;ypir msbgil
¡ bgha;ah ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
vi
¡ g[Jg;bgay;/ bfhL=;nfhy; ? gz]g[j;bjhif
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
al

1. fy=;fp = fy=;F + ,
.k

fy=;F ? gFjp/ , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.

g[zu;r;rp tpjp
w

1. g[Jg;bgay; = g[Jik + bgay;

tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go `ik~ bfl;L/ g[J + bgay; vd;whdJ.
w

tpjp : `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/

`g;~ njhd;wp/ `g[Jg;bgay;~ vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
w

bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz]oy; bjd;dpe;jpag; gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l
kpff;bfhoa g+;rj;ijj; jhJ tUlg; g+;rk; (Great Famine 1876-1878)
vd;W/ ,d;Wk; epidt[ Tu;tu;. xU nfho kf;fs; g+;rj;jpd; gpoapy;
rpf;fp ,we;jpUf;fyhk; vdg; gjpt[fs; TWfpd;wd. ,ijf; fz]L kdk;
bghWf;fhj jkpHu; xUtu; kdKte;J jkJ brhj;Jf;fs; midj;ija[k;
bfhilaspj;jhu;. ,jidg; nghw;Wk; tpjkhff; nfhghyfpU&;z ghujpahu;/
`ePna g[U& nkU....~ vd;w ghliy ,aw;wp mtiug; bgUikg;gLj;jpdhu;. kha{uk; ntjehafk;
mtu;jhd;/ ePjpgjp kha{uk; ntjehafk;. ,tu;/ bkhHpbgau;g;ghsuhft[k; (1826 ? 1889

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 61

²Ÿøˆî£˜ 臫í à÷
ð‡ð£´
à¬óï¬ì îIö˜ °´‹ð º¬ø ð‚îõˆêô ð£óF
ªêŒ»œ M¼‰Fù˜ Þ™ô‹ üô£½ˆb¡ ÏI ïaš
ªêŒ»œ è‹ðó£ñ£òí‹ è‹ð˜
¶¬íŠð£ì‹
Þô‚èí‹
àK¬ñˆî£è‹
ªð£¼œ ñò‚è‹
ÌñE 3
ªêŒ»œ F¼‚°øœ F¼õœÀõ˜

n
l.i
e«ik ms¥ngh«

da
gyt[s; bjupf
1. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;yhj brhw;fs;/ r=;ffhyr; r@fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sd.
mit ????????.
m) mwnthu;/ Jwnthu; M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;
ka
,) kd;w=;fSk; mitfSk; <) epjpaKk; R=;fKk; [tpil: M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;]
vi
2. bghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
m) cupikj;jhfk; ? 1. ghurPff; ftp+u;
al

M) m+;+ho ? 2. g{kzp
,) $yhYj;jPd; qkp ? 3. gf;jtj;ry ghujp
<) jkpHu; FLk;g Kiw ? 4. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
.k

m) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: ,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3]
w

3. ,tw;iw thapYf;nf brd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuntw;ghahf vd;W $yhYj;jPd; qkp

w

Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) tf;fpuk; M) mtkhdk;
w

,) t+;rid <) ,it midj;Jk; [tpil: <) ,it midj;Jk;]

4. `cth cw te;J TLk;
cLgjp/ ,utp xj;jhu;~ ? ahu; ahu; >
m) rlha[/ ,uhkd; M) ,uhkd;/ Ffd;
,) ,uhkd;/ Rf;uPtd; <) ,uhkd;/ rtup [tpil: ,) ,uhkd;/ Rf;uPtd;]
5. ``v=;fs; je;ijau; ehbld;w ngr;rpdpny ? xU
rf;jp gpwf;FJ @r;rpdpny~~ ? vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; btspg;gLj;JtJ
m) jdpf; FLk;g Kiw M) tpupe;j FLk;g Kiw
,) jha;tHpr; r@f Kiw <) je;ijtHpr; r@f Kiw
[tpil: <) je;ijtHpr; r@f Kiw]

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

62 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

6. bghUs; FHg;gkpd;wp vGJtjw;Fupa fhuz=;fSs; bghUe;Jtijj; nju;f.
m) njitahd ,l=;fspy; ,ilbtsp tplhky; vGJjy;.
M) njitaw;w ,l=;fspy; ,ilbtsp tpl;L vGJjy;.
,) epWj;jw;Fwpfis cupa ,l=;fspy; ,l;L vGJjy;.
<) ty;ypd bka;fisj; njitahd ,l=;fspy; ,lhky; vGJjy;.
[tpil: ,) epWj;jw;Fwpfis cupa ,l=;fspy; ,l;L vGJjy;.]
3 7. ty;ypdk; kpFk;/ kpfhj; bjhlu;fspd; bghUswpe;J bghUj;Jf.
m) ghiy ghodhd; ? 1. njiu vd;Dk; capupdj;ijg; ghu;j;jhd;
ïaš

M) ghiyg; ghodhd; ? 2. njupidg; ghu;j;jhd;

,) njiu ghu;j;jhd; ? 3. ghypidg; ghodhd;

n
<) njiug; ghu;j;jhd; ? 4. ghiyj; jpiz ghodhd;
m) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 M) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4

l.i
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: ,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2]

FWtpdh

da
1. g[f;fpy;/ jd;kid ? rpW Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
g[f;fpy;: ka
`g[f;fpy;~ vd;gJ jw;fhypfkhfj; j=;Fk; ,lk; MFk;.
jd;kid:
jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; fztDk;/ kidtpa[k; nru;e;J thGk; ,lk; MFk;.
vi
2. epiyahik Fwpj;J/ rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ>
¡ epiyahik vd;gJ cyf thH;t[ epiy ,y;yhjJ vd;gjhFk;.
al

¡ ,uhkidf; fz;ljhy; ``vd; bgha;ahd cyfg;gw;W mHpe;jJ" vd; gpwtp xHpe;jJ" jtk;
gypj;jJ~~ vd;W rtup epiyahik Fwpj;Jf; TWfpwhs;.
.k

3. vjpu;ghuj epfH;t[fis $yhYj;jPd; qkp vt;thW cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;>

thH;f;ifapy; elf;Fk; vjpu;ghuhj epfH;t[fs; midj;ija[k; Mde;jk;/ kdr;nrhu;t[/
w

mw;gj;jdk;/ tpHpg;g[zu;t[ vd;W cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,itfis ekJ ,y;yj;jpw;F tUk;

vjpu;ghuhj tpUe;jhspfshf vz]z ntz]Lk;.
w

4. `Jd;g[ csJ vdpd; md;nwh Rfk; csJ~ vd;w ,uhkdpd; Tw;W gpd;tUk; ,U gHbkhHpfspy;
vjw;Fg; bghUe;Jk;>
w

m) epHypd; mUik btapypy; bjupa[k; M) rpW JUk;g[k; gy;Fj;j cjt[k;

epHypd; mUik btapypy; bjupa[k; vd;w gHbkhHpf;F ,g;ghlyofs; bghUe;Jk;.
tpsf;fk;:
Ffdpd; tUj;jj;ij czu;e;j ,uhkd; TwpaJ: `Jd;gk; vd;W xd;W ,Ue;jhy; ,d;gk;
vd;gJ g[yg;gLk;~ vd;gnj bghUj;jk;
5. r=;ffhyj;jpy; jha;tHpr; r@fKiwapy; bgz;fs; bgw;wpUe;j cupikfs; ahit>
¡ r=;ffhyr; r@fj;Jf;Fj; bgz;fns jiyik Vw;wpUe;jhu;fs;.
¡ jha;tHpf; FLk;g=;fspy; bgz]fns Fyj; bjhlu;r;rpahf ,Ue;jdu;.
¡ bgz]fSf;nf FLk;gj;jpd; brhj;Jk;/ ts=;fSk; ngha;r; nru;e;jd.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 63
6. ntbwhU bghUs; mika[khW brhw;fisr; nru;j;Jj; bjhluikf;f.
khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz]fhl;rpiaf; fz]ldu;.
mwptpay; khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;W fz]fhl;rpiaf; fz]ldu;.
7. fPH;f;fhQk; brhy;YUg[fisg; gpupj;Jk; nru;j;Jk; ,UntW bjhlu;fismikf;f.
v.fh:
mtd; Kd;te;J Twpdhd;.
Kd;
mtd;Kd; te;J Twpdhd;.
mtd;jhnd bra;jhd;.
jhnd
mtd; jhnd bra;jhd;.

n
fj;jpf; bfhz]L te;jhd;.
bfhz;L
fj;jpf;bfhz]L te;jhd;.

l.i
mz]zd; moj;J tpl;lhd;.
tpl;lhd;
mz]zd; moj;Jtpl;lhd;.

da
8. fhw;g[s;sp ,lhky; vGJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; bghUs; kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
vGJk;nghJ fhw;g[s;spaplhky; vGjpdhnyh ,lk;khw;wpf; fhw;g[s;sp ,l;lhnyh/ bjhlupy;
cs;s brhw;fs;/ mj;bjhlUf;Fupa KGikahd bghUisj; juhky; ntW bghUisj;
jUk;.
ka
rhd;W: mts;/ mf;fh tPl;ow;Fr; brd;whs;/ mts; mf;fhs;/ tPl;ow;Fr; brd;whs;.
vi
9. ry ry/ te;J te;J/ fy fy/ tpk;kp tpk;kp/ ,tw;wpy; ,ul;ilf;fpstpj; bjhlu;fis vGjp/
mtw;iw vGJk; Kiwiaf; TWf.
,ul;ilf;fpstpj; bjhlu;fs; ? ryry/ fyfy.
al

,ul;ilf;fpstpr; brhw;fisr; nru;j;J vGj ntz]Lk;.

ePu; ry rybtd XoaJ. (jtW) ? ePu; ryrybtd XoaJ. (rup)
.k

fy fybtd rpupj;jhs;. (jtW) ? fyfybtdr; rpupj;jhs;. (rup)

10. jpUtsu;r;bry;td;/ jpUtsu; bry;td; ? ,tw;wpy; rupahd bjhlu; vJ> mjw;fhd ,yf;fz
w

tpjp ahJ>
¡ `jpUtsu; bry;td;~ vd;gnj rupahd bjhluhFk;.
w

¡ jpUtsu; bry;td; vd;gJ tpidj;bjhif.

¡ tpidj;bjhiff;F brhy;Yf;fpilapy; ty;ypdk; kpff;TlhJ vd;w ,yf;fztpjpapd;
w

go jpUtsu; bry;td; vd;gnj rupahd bjhluhFk;.

rpWtpdh
1. gz]ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; bjhlu;r;rpna ,d;iwa Tl;Lf; FLk;gk; ? tpsf;fk; vGJf.
¡ r=;ffhyj;jpy; jdpf;FLk;g mikg;g[ tpupt[ bgw;W/ bgw;nwhu; cld; thGk; `tpupe;j
FLk;g~ Kiwa[k; fhzKofpwJ.
¡ fztd; kidtp kfndhL nru;e;J thGk; neu;tHp tpupe;j FLk;g Kiwia
xf;Tu;khrhj;jpahu; g[wehD}w;wpy; Twpa[s;shu;.
¡ ew;wha; xUg[wk; ,Ue;jhYk; brtpypa[k;/ mtsJ kfshfpa njhHpa[k; FLk;gj;jpy;
Kjd;ikg; bgw;wdu;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

64 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

¡ ,y;yw thH;tpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fnshL epiwe;J mwk; bra;J thH;e;jdu;.
Rw;wj;jhnuhL nru;e;J thH;jny jiytd; jiytpd; ,y;ywkhFk;.
¡ r=;fr; r@fk; FLk;gk; vd;w mikg;ig mog;gil myfhff; bfhz;L tps=;fpaJ.
¡ ,d;iwa r@fKk; Tl;Lf;FLk;gk;/ jdpf;FLk;gk; bfhz;ljhFk;.
¡ je;ijtHpf; FLk;g mikg;igf; bfhz;ljhft[k; mikfpwJ.
2. FfndhL Ituhfp/ tPlzndhL vGtuhd epfH;t[fisr; Rl;of; fhl;Lf.
3
Ffd; (Itu;):
Ffd; ,uhkidf; fhl;oy; fz;L tUe;jp cz;jw;F njDk; kPDk; je;jhd;. tpilbgWk;
ïaš

ntisapy; Ffd; tUj;jj;ij czu;e;j ,uhkd; eh=;fs; ehy;tu;" ck;nkhL nru;j;J Itu;
Mndhk; vd;whd;.

n
Rf;uPtd; (mWtu;):

l.i
Rf;uPtd; ,uhkd; kPJ bfhz]l mstw;w md;gpdhy; rPijiaj; njo ,y=;if brd;whd;.
,uhtzidf; bfhy;tjhff; Twpbrd;wtd; mtd; kzpKoiakl;Lk; bfhz]L te;jhd;.
,j;jifa md;g[ bfhz]l Rf;uPtid nehf;fp ,uhkd;: eP/ vd; ,dpa capu; ez]gd; vd;W

da
Twp/ eh=;fs; ehy;tu;/ FfndhL Itu;/ cd;ida[k; nru;j;J mWtu; Mndhk; vd;whd;.
tPlzd; (vGtu;): ka
rPijiaf; ftu;e;J te;j bray; jtW vd;W Twpa tPlzd; ,uhkdplk; milf;fyk;
ntz;odhd;. ,uhkd; mtid cld;gpwe;jtdhf Vw;W ,y=;if muir mtDf;F
cupikahf;fpdhd;. FfDld; Itu;/ Nupadpd; kfd; Rf;fpuPtd; cld; mWtu;/ cd;ida[k;
nru;j;J vGtu; Mndhk;.
vi
3. `tUgtu; vtuhapDk;
al

ed;wp brYj;J~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.

,lk; : $yhYj;jPd; qkpapd; `tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk;~ vd;Dk; ftpijapy;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
.k

bghUs; : ek;ikj; njotUk; ed;iknah/ jPiknah vJ te;jhYk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;s

ntz;Lk;.
w

tpsf;fk; : ek; ,y;yj;jpw;F tUk; tpUe;jpdu; ,d;gj;njhLk; Jd;gj;njhLk; tUtu;.

mtiu tuntw;f ntz;Lk;. mJnghy Mde;jk;/ kdr;nrhu;t[/ mw;gj;jdk;
w

jpdk; jpdk; tpUe;jpdu;nghy; tUk;/ nghFk;. mtw;iwa[k; ,d;Kfj;njhL

tuntw;why; ekf;F g[Jg;g[J mDgtk; jUk;. kfpH;r;rp tUk;nghJ kfpH;e;Jk;/
w

Jd;gk; tUk;nghJ Jilj;Jk; thHntz;Lk;.

4. jha[k; je;ija[k; gzpf;Fr; bry;Yk; ,d;iwa NHypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vd;w Kiwapy;
eP=;fs; FLk;gj;jpw;Fr; bra;a[k; cjtpfs; ahit>
¡ fhiyapy; 5 kzpf;F vGe;J gof;f ntz;oaijg; goj;J Koj;JtpLntd;.
¡ jha[ld; nru;e;J czt[ jahupf;Fk; gzpapy; <LgLntd;.
¡ jha;/ je;ij vdf;Fk; nru;j;J czt[ vLj;Jitg;ngd;.
¡ gs;spf;F kpjptz;oapy; bry;ntd;.
¡ tPl;ow;Fj; jpUk;gpat[ld; tPl;ilr; Rj;jk; bra;Jitg;ngd;.
¡ kWehSf;Fj; njitahd bghUs;fis filf;Fr; brd;W th=;fptUntd;.
¡ ,ut[ czit cz;lgpwF 10.00 kzp tiu goj;Jtpl;L cw=;Fntd;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 65
5. rlha[itj; je;ijahf Vw;W/ ,uhkd; Mw;wpa flikia vGJf.
¡ ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiwbaLj;jnghJ ,uhtzndhL rz]ilapl;Lj; jd; capiu
,He;jtd; rlha[.
¡ ,uhkd; rlha[it jd; je;ijahfnt fUjpdhd;.
¡ jd; je;ijf;F bra;a[k; ,Wjpr; rl=;Ffisnghy ,uhkd; ,Wjpr; rl=;Ffisr;
bra;jhd;.
¡ mfpy;/ re;jdf; fl;ilfisf; bfhz]L te;J njitahd jUg;igg; g[w;fis
mLf;fpdhd;.
¡ g{f;fisj; J}tp/ kzypdhy; nkil mikj;J/ ed;dPUk; bfhz]Lte;J itj;jhd;.
¡ ,Wjpr;rl=;F bra;ag;glf;Toa nkilf;Fj; jd; je;ijahff; fUjpa rlha[itj; jd;
bgupa iffspdhy; J}f;fpf; bfhz]L te;J jd; flikiar; bra;jhd;.

n
beLtpdh

l.i
1. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;nj kdpj r@fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;g[ fl;likf;fg;
gLfpwJ ? vt;thW> tpsf;Ff.

da
¡ kdpj r@f fl;likg;gpw;F mog;gil myfhf miktJ FLk;gnk.
¡ gy FLk;g=;fs; nru;e;J Cu;/ gy Cu;fs; ,ize;J fhzg;gLtJ r@fkhFk;.
¡ FLk;gk; vd;w brhy; bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpnyh/ r=;f,yf;fpaj;jpnyh ,lk;bgwtpy;iy.
ka
¡ ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fk; nghy FLk;gk;/ jpUkzk; ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;iwbahd;W
rhu;e;Js;sJ.
¡ FLk;gk; vd;w brhy; jpUf;Fwspy; kl;Lk; gapd;W tUfpd;wJ.
vi
¡ `FLk;gk;~ vDk; brhy; TothH;jy; vd;W bghUs;gLfpwJ.
¡ g[f;fpy; vd;gJ jw;fhypfj; j=;Fkplk; MFk;.
al

¡ jd;kid vd;gJ jpUkzk; Mdtu;fs; bgw;nwhiu tpl;L jdpj;J thGk; ,lk; MFk;.
¡ kze;jfk; vd;gJ kzk; g[upe;j fztd; kidtpa[k; nru;e;JthHj; bjhl=;fp Kjy;
.k

FHe;ij gpwf;Fk; tiu cs;s fhyf;fl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ MFk;.

¡ jha;tHpf; FLk;gk;/ je;ijtHpf; FLk;gk;/ jdpf; FLk;gk;/ tpupe;j FLk;gk; vd tsu;r;rp
w

mile;Js;sJ.
¡ jha;tHpf; FLk;gk; ? jpUkzk; Md fztd; kidtp/ kidtpapd; tPl;oy; nru;e;J
w

thH;jy;.
¡ jhna jiyik Vw;ghs;. r=;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; jha;tHp r@fk; epytpaJ.
w

¡ je;ijtHpf; FLk;gk; ? jpUkzk; Md fztd; kidtp/ fztdpd; je;ij tPl;oy;

thH ntz;Lk;.
¡ jdpf; FLk;gk; ? ,d;iwa bjhHpw;r@fj;jpy; bgUk;ghd;ikahf epyt[tJ.
¡ tpupe;j FLk;gk; ? fztd;/ kidtp/ FHe;ijfs; nru;e;J thGk; Tl;Lf; FLk;gk;
tpupe;j FLk;gk;.
¡ FLk;gk; jdpkdpjDf;fhft[k;/ rKjhaj;jpw;fhft[k; bgUk; g=;fhw;WfpwJ.
¡ rKjha thH;tpy; Mw;wntz;oa flikfs; gytiffspy; FLk;gkhdJ
FHe;ijfSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fpwJ.
¡ FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpy; ,Ue;nj kdpj r@fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;g[f;
fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

66 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

2. gz]gpd; gokkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;/ gpw capu;fSld; bfhz]oUe;j cwt[ epiyiag;
ghlg;gFjp tHp epWt[f.
Kd;Diu:
fk;guhkhazj;jpy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s xt;bthU fjhghj;jpu=;fSk; xt;bthU
gz;g[eyd;fis mog;gilahff; bfhz;Ls;sd. me;jtifapy; ,uhkd; gz;gpd; gokkhf
thH;e;j cau;e;j cwt[epiyiaf; fhz;nghk;.
3 (cwt[fs;: Ffd;/ rlha[/ rtup/ Rf;uPtd;/ tPlzd;)
Ffd;:
ïaš

jd;kPJ mstw;w md;g[ bfhz]l Ffd; jd;idg; gpupa tpUg;gkpd;ik vd;gij czu;e;J
`vd; capu; mizaha;~ vd;whd;. `eP vd; capu; nghd;wtd;~ vd;W TwpaJ kl;Lky;yhJ/ eP

n
brhy;Yk; ntiyfisr; bra;a[k; gzpahsdha; ,Uf;fpd;nwd;.

l.i
rlha[:
jdJ kidtp rPijia ,uhtzd; rpiwbaLj;jnghJ jLj;J/ rz]ilapl;Lf;
fhag;gl;L ,we;jhd; rlha[. jdf;fhf capiu tpl;l rlha[tpd; cliy ,Wjpr; rl=;if

da
je;ijf;F kfd; Mw;Wk; flikahff; fUJfpwhd;. rlha[tpd; jpahfj;jhy; `kfdha;~ fUJk;
cupikia ,uhkd; rlha[t[f;Ff; bfhLj;jhd;.
rtup:
ka
,uhkidf; fz]ljhy; jhd; gpwe;jjpd; gaid mile;jjhf czu;e;j rtup/ ,uhkd;/
,yf;FtDf;F tpUe;J mspj;J kfpH;e;jhd;. jdJ md;g[f;Fupatuhf tps=;fpa rtupaplk;
jhaplk; fhl;Lk; md;igf; fhl;odhd; ,uhkd;.
vi
Rf;uPtd;:
al

jdf;fhf ,y=;if brd;W fLk;nghu; g[upe;J ,uhtzdpd; kzpkFlj;ij vLj;J te;j

Rf;uPtid epidj;Jg; bgUikg;gl;lhd; ,uhkd;. eP ntW ehd; ntW my;y" cd; giftu;
vd; giftu;/ cd; cwtpdu;/ vd; cwtpdu;" vd; cwtpdu; cd; cwtpdu;/ `eP vd; ,dpa capu;
.k

ez]gd;~ vd;W Twpdhd; ,uhkd;.

tPlzd;:
w

jd; kidtpiaf; ftu;e;J brd;w ,uhtzdpd; braiyf; fz]of;Fk; ,uhtzpd;

jk;gpahfpa tPlzd; kPJ ,uhkd; kpFe;j md;g[ bfhs;fpwhd;. jd;dplk; milf;fyk;
w

mila[k; tPlzid cld;gpwe;jtdhf Vw;Wf; bfhs;fpd;whd;. jd;id ek;gpte;j

tPlzDf;F ,y=;ifiaf; bfhLf;fpd;whd;.
w

Kot[iu:
,t;thwhf/ ,uhkgpuhd; gzpahsdha;/ rnfhjudha;/ je;ijf;F cw;w kfdha;/ jha;f;F
cw;w kfdha;/ ez]gdha;/ cupikia tH=;Fk; rnfhjudha; gpw capu;fSld; gy cwt[
epiyfisf; bfhz]L ,uhkd; gz;gpd; gokkhf tps=;Ffpwhu;.
3. `cupikj;jhfk;~ fijapy; rnfhjuu;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; .............
fijiaj; bjhlu;e;J vGjp Kof;f.
Kd;Diu:
epyj;Jldhd cwt[ FLk;g cwita[k; tYg;gLj;Jk; vd;gij g{kzp cupikj;jhfk;
vDk; rpWfijapy; mz;zd; jk;gp cwit tYg;gLj;Jtija[k; nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhtpw;F

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 67
tYnru;f;Fk; tifapy; cwt[fs; gpupe;jpUe;jhy; vd;dthFk; vd;gijg; gw;wpa[k;
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
Kj;ijahtpd; FLk;gk;:
mz;zd; Kj;ijah/ jk;gp bts;isr;rhkp ,tu;fnshL mz;zpa[k; nru;e;J thGk;
tptrhaf; FLk;gk;. jd; fztdpd; jk;gpia FHe;ijahf epidj;J tsu;j;J te;jhs;.
jpUkzKk; bra;J itj;jhs;.
epy mlkhdk;:
Kj;ijahtpd; kidtp fztdplk; bts;isr;rhkp jpUkzk; MdgpwF Kw;wpYk;
khwptpl;lhd;. nkYk; bts;isr;rhkp epyj;ij ruptu gapu;bra;a nghjpa gzk; ,y;yhky;
epyj;ij g=;fhUrhkpaplk; 200 qgha;f;F mlkhdk; itj;jhd; vd;W Kj;ijahtpd;

n
kidtp Twpdhs;.

l.i
mz;zdpd; ghrk;:
mlkhdk; itj;j epyj;ij kPl;fKoahky; jk;gp jtpg;gij jd; kidtp @yk; mwpe;j
Kj;ijah g=;fhUrhkpaplk; brd;W 200 qgha; bfhLj;J jd; jk;gpapd; epyj;ijf; nfl;lhd;.

da
mg;nghJ g=;fhUrhkp 400 qgha; bfhLj;jhy;jhd; jUntd; vd;whd;. ,tUtUf;Fk;
tpthjk; ele;jd. kWehs; mz;zDk; jk;gpa[k; epyj;ij cGjdu;. g=;fhUrhkpf;F
bjupatu Kj;ijahtplk; nfl;Fk;nghJ mz;zDk; jk;gpa[k; nru;e;J g=;fhUrhkpia
tpul;oaoj;jdu;.
ka
,Jtiu g{kzpapd; fij ,jw;Fnky; ,UtUk; ,izahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;
vd;dthFk; vd;gij vd; fij @yk; ghu;f;fyhk;.
vi
mz;zd; jk;gp ,izahjpUj;jy;:
bts;isr;rhkp gzk; juhky; gapu;bra;jij mwpe;J/ g=;fhUrhkp ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr;
al

brd;whu;. bts;isr;rhkpkPJ tHf;Fj; bjhlug;gl;lJ. bts;isr;rhkp g=;fhUrhkpaplk;

,uz;L Kiw brd;W ehd; tptrhak; bra;J vg;goahtJ cd; flid milj;JtpLfpnwd;
.k

vd;W bf+;rpdhd;. mjw;F mtu; xj;Jtutpy;iy. kdKile;j bts;isr;rhkp tp&k;

rhg;gpl;L kaf;fk; mile;jhd;.
w

gae;Jnghd g=;fhUrhkp kaf;fkile;j bts;isr;rhkpia kUj;Jtkidf;F

miHj;Jr; brd;W rpfpr;ir mspj;J ehd; bfhLj;j 200 qgha; kl;Lk; bfhL. epyj;ij
w

bfhLj;J tpLfpnwd;" tHf;if thg!; bgWfpnwd; vd;whd;. xg;g[f;bfhz;l bts;isr;rhkp

tPL jpUk;gpdhd;.
w

Kot[iu:
epyk; rlg;bghUs; my;y. epyj;njhL ngrf;Toa kdpju;fs; ,d;Wk; fpuhk=;fspy;
thH;fpd;wdu; vd;gij ,f;fij @yk; mwpaKofpwJ.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡ csJ ? ,ilf;Fiw
¡ khjtk; ? cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
¡ jhH;fly; ? tpidj;bjhif
¡ brw;wtu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
¡ Ee;ij ? Ek; je;ij vd;gjd; kqc

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

68 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. je;jdd; = jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;
jh ? gFjp/ `j~ vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? re;jp/ `e;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ?
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ md; ? rhupia/ md; ? glu;f;if Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp.
3 2. bghype;jhd; = bghyp + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
bghyp ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ `e;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
Md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
ïaš

g[zu;r;rp tpjp

n
1. mU=;fhdk; = mUik + fhdk;
tpjp : <Wnghjy; vd;w tpjpg;go/ `ik~ bfl;L/ mU + fhdk; vd;whdJ.

l.i
tpjp : ,dkpfy; vd;w tpjpg;go/ `=;~ njhd;wp mU=;fhdk; vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
jpUf;Fws;

da
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. glj;Jf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpof;f. ka
m) md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ
vi
M) itaj;Js; thH;th=;F thH;gtd; thDiwa[k;
bja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;.
al

,) rpdk;vd;Dk; nru;e;jhiuf; bfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;

Vkg; g[iziar; RLk;.
[tpil: ,]
.k

2. flypd; bgupaJ
m) cw;w fhyj;jpy; bra;j cjtp
w

M) gad; Muhahky; xUtu; bra;j cjtp

,) jpidast[ bra;j cjtp [tpil: M)]
w

3. gpd;tUk; ehyoahu; ghlypd; bghUSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.

w

ey;yhu; eatu; ,Ug;g eak; ,yhf;

fy;yhu;f; bfhd;whfpa fhuzk; ? bjhy;iy
tpidg;gad; my;yJ nty;beL=; fz;zha;
epidg;g tUtbjhd; wpy;
m) ,UntW cyfj;J ,aw;if" jpUntW
bjs;spau; MjYk; ntW.
M) ey;yit vy;yhk; jPathk; jPat[k;
ey;ythk; bry;tk; braw;F.
,) CHpy; bgUtyp ahcs kw;Wxd;W
NHpDk; jhd;Ke;J cWk;. [tpil: M]

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 69
4. fPH;f;fhQk; g[Jf;ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwis vGJf.
cau; mYtyupd; tUif tpiufpwJ kdk;
mYtyfnk my;yhLk; gugug;g[k; kdtGj;jKkha;
mtUila rpdk; midtUk; mwpe;jnj tz;oia vLf;fpnwd;
nfhg;g[fis tpiue;J Kof;f fhiyf; fl;of; bfhs;fpwJ FHe;ij
xG=;F bra;a `ngh me;jg; gf;fk;~
neuj;jpy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; cjwpr; bry;fpnwd; FHe;ijia.
tpil:
bry;,lj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpdk;fhg;ghd; my;,lj;Jf;
fhf;fpd;vd; fhthf;fhy; vd;>

n
5. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.

l.i
md;g[k; mwKk; ? vz;Qk;ik
ed;fyk; ? gz;g[j;bjhif

da
kwj;jy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;
cyF ? ,lthFbgau;
6. bghUs; TWf. ka
btFsp ? nfhgk;
g[iz ? bjg;gk;
Vkk; ? ghJfhg;g[
vi
jpU ? bry;tk;
7. itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wyupJ ? vjw;F>
al

m) bra;ahky; bra;j cjtp M) gad; J}f;fhu; bra;j cjtp

,) jpidj;Jiz ed;wp <) fhyj;jpdhy; bra;j ed;wp
.k

[tpil: m) bra;ahky; bra;j cjtp]

8. gifa[k; csnth gpw> ? bghUs; TWf.
w

Kfkyu;r;rpiaa[k; mfkfpH;r;rpiaa[k; bfhy;Yfpd;w rpdj;ijtpl ntW gif ,y;iy.

9. bry;yplj;J ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
w

bry;yplj;J = bry; + ,lj;J

tpjp : `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
w

bry; + y; + ,lj;J vd;whfpaJ.

tpjp : `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;Wtnj ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
y; + , = yp = bry;yplj;J vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
10. bghUj;Jf.
m) itaj;Js; thH;th=;F thH;gtd; ? 1. nru;e;jhiuf; bfhy;yp
M) gad;J}f;fhu; bra;j cjtp ? 2. +hyj;jpd; khzg; bgupJ
,) rpdk; ? 3. bja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk;
<) fhyj;jpdhw; bra;j ed;wp ? 4. ed;ik flypd; bgupJ
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2]

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

70 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

FWtpdh
1. Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy vd ts;Stu; ahiur; Rl;Lfpwhu;>
mwj;jpd; tHpahf ,y;yw thH;f;if thH;gtu; Kay;tUs; vy;yhk; jiyahdtu;.
2. +hyj;jpd; bgupaJ vJ>
cupafhyj;jpy; bra;j cjtp rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mJ cyiftplg; bgupajhFk;.
3 3. kwf;ff; TlhjJ/ kwf;ff; ToaJ vtw;iw>
¡ xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j ed;ikia kwf;ff;TlhJ.
ïaš

¡ mtu; bra;j jPikia mg;bghGnj kwe;Jtpl ntz]Lk;.

4. bry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd tHpahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit>

n
jk;kplk; ,Uf;Fk; bry;tk; FiwahkypUf;f ntz]Lbkd;why;/ gpwu; bghUis tpUk;ghky;
,Uj;jy; ntz]Lk;.

l.i
5. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f ntz]Lk;>
rpdkhdJ jd;idf; bfhz]ltidna mHpj;JtpLk;. vdnt jd;idf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;s

da
tpUk;g[fpwtd; rpdj;ijf; fhf;f ntz]Lk;.
rpWtpdh ka
1. `md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
gz]g[k; gaDk; mJ~ ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzp epuy; epiw mzpahFk;.
vi
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
xU bra;a[spy; Kjypy; brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; tupirahf epWj;jp/ mt;tupirg;gona
al

bghUs; bfhs;Sk; Kiwna epuy; epiw mzpahFk;.

mzpg;bghUj;jk;:
.k

,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;g[/ mwd; vd;w brhw;fis Kjypy; xU tupirapy; epWj;jp/

mtw;nwhL bjhlu;g[ila gz]g[/ gad; vd;gtw;iw Kiwna mLj;j tupirapy; ,izj;J
w

bghUs; bfhs;SkhW miktJ `epuy; epiw mzpahFk;~.

2. ,y;thH;f;if rpwg;g[w mwbewpnahL thH;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ts;Stu; tHp epd;W
w

tpsf;Ff.
md;g[k; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;thH;f;if tps=;Fkhdhy;/ mJnt thH;f;ifapd;
w

gz;g[k; gaDk; MFk;.

,ay;gpdhd; ,y;thH;f;if thH;gtd; vd;ghd;
Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy
mwj;jpd; ,ay;nghL ,y;thH;f;if thH;gtu;/ Kaw;rp cilnahiutpl nkk;gl;ltu;
Mthu;. cyfj;jpy; thHntz;oa mwbewp jtwhky; thH;fpd;wtu;/ thDyfj;jpy; cs;s
bja;tj;Jf;F ,izahf kjpf;fg;gLthu;.
3. vtw;iwbay;yhk; tpl ed;wp cau;e;jJ> ? Fws; tHp tpsf;Ff.
¡ jhd; gpwUf;F ve;j cjtpa[k; bra;ahjpUe;Jk; gpwu; jdf;Fr; bra;j cjtpahdJ
kz;Qyifa[k; tpz;Qyifa[k; ifk;khwhff; bfhLj;jhYk; <lhfhJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 71
¡ cupa fhyj;jpy; xUtu; bra;j cjtp mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mJ cyfj;jpd;
msittpl kpfg; bgupajhFk;.
¡ kWgyid Muhahky; xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j cjtpia Muha;e;jhy;/ mJ fliytplg;
bgupjhFk;.
¡ xUtu; jpidasthfpa cjtpiar; bra;jnghjpYk; mjd; gad; bjupe;jtu;fs;/
mjidna gidasthff; bfhz;L nghw;Wtu;.
4. rpdj;jhy; tUk; nfl;oidf; TWf.
¡ xUtDf;Fj; jPikahd tpist[fs; rpdj;jhnyna Vw;gLk; vd;why; ahuplj;jpYk; rpdk;
bfhs;shky; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
¡ rpdk; vDk; gif/ Kfj;jpy; mHF Tl;Lfpd;w rpupg;iga[k;/ cs;sj;jpd; mUSf;F mHF

n
Tl;Lfpd;w kfpH;r;rpiaa[k; bfhy;Yk;.
¡ rpdkhdJ jd;idf; bfhz]ltidna mHpj;JtpLk;. vdnt/ jd;idf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;s

l.i
tpUk;g[fpwtd; rpdj;ijf; fhf;fntz]Lk;.
¡ rpdkhdJ/ jd;idr; nru;e;jtiua[k; mHpf;Fk; beUg;ghFk;. mBJ xUtDila Rw;wk;

da
vd;fpd;w ghJfhg;g[j; bjg;gj;ija[k; Rl;lHpj;JtpLk;.
5. fPH;f;fhQk; Fwspy; Vfnjr cUtf mzp vt;thW gapd;W tUfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
rpdk;vd;Dk; nru;e;jhiuf; bfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk; ka
Vkg; g[iziar; RLk;.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Vfnjr cUtf mzp gapd;W tUfpd;wJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
vi
ftp+u; bra;a[spy; ,UbghUs;fisf; Twp mjpy; xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jp
mjw;F Vw;g ,izahdbjhU bghUis cUtfk; bra;ahJ tpl;LtpLtJ Vfnjr cUtf
al

mzpahFk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk;:
.k

,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ,dk; vd;gijj; bjg;gkhf cUtfg;gLj;jpa[s;s ts;Stu; rpdj;ij

cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpl;Ls;shu;. vdnt/ ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Vfnjr cUtf mzp gapd;W
w

te;Js;sJ.
beLtpdh
w

1. bra;e;ed;wpawpjny mwk; vd;gij tha[iw thH;j;jpd; Jizbfhz]L epWt[f.

w

¡ ehk; gpwUf;F ve;j xU cjtpa[k; bra;ahkypUf;Fk; epiyapy; gpwu; ekf;Fr; bra;j

cjtpia epidj;Jg; ghu;j;jhy; tpz;Qyfj;ija[k; kz;Qyfj;ija[k; bfhLj;jhYk;
<lhfhJ.
¡ xUtu; ekf;F cupa fhyj;jpy; bra;j cjtpahdJ mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ
cyfj;jpd; msittplg; bgupajhFk;.
¡ ve;jg; gaida[k; vjpu;ghu;f;fhky; xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j cjtpapd; msit Muha;e;J
ghu;j;jhy;/ mjd; ed;ik fliytplg; bgupajhFk;.
¡ xUtu; jpidast[ cjtpiar; bra;jhYk; mjd; gaid mDgtpj;J mwpe;jtu;fs;
mt;t[jtpiag; gidasthff; bfhs;tu;.
¡ xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j ed;ikia xUehSk; kwf;ff;TlhJ. xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j
jPikia mg;bghGnj kwe;Jtpl ntz]Lk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

72 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

¡ ve;j mwj;ij mHpj;jhYk; jg;gpg; gpiHf;fyhk;. Mdhy;/ xUtu; bra;j cjtpia
kwe;jtu;f;Fj; jg;gpg; gpiHf;Fk; tHpna fpilahJ.
¡ vdnt/ bra;e;ed;wpawpjny rpwe;j mwk; vd;gjid ts;Stk; czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
2. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; thH;it nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; ? ,f;Tw;iw Kg;ghy; tHp tpupj;Jiuf;f.
¡ rpdj;ijf; fhj;jhy; thH;t[ nkd;ikaila[k; vd;gij ,t;tjpfhuk; @yk; fhzyhk;.
¡ jd; rpdk; bry;YgoahFk; jd;id tplt[k; bkypahuplj;jpy; rpdk; bfhs;shky;
3 rpdj;ijf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;gtnd cz]ikapy; rpdj;ijf; fhg;gtdhthd;.
¡ xUtDf;Fj; jPikahd tpist[fs; rpdj;jhnyna Vw;gLk; vd;gjhy; ahuplj;jpYk;
ïaš

rpdk; bfhs;shky; mjid kwe;JtpLtJ ed;ikahFk;.

¡ rpdk; vDk; gif/ Kfj;jpy; mHFTl;Lfpd;w rpupg;iga[k;/ cs;sj;jpd; mUSf;F mHF

n
Tl;Lfpd;w kfpH;r;rpiaa[k; bfhy;Yk;.
¡ rpdkhdJ jd;idf; bfhz]ltidna mHpj;JtpLk;. vdnt/ jd;idf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;s

l.i
tpUk;g[fpwtd; rpdj;ijf; fhf;fntz]Lk;.
¡ rpdkhdJ/ jd;idr; nru;e;jtiua[k; mHpf;Fk; beUg;ghFk;. mBJ xUtDila Rw;wk;

da
vd;fpd;w ghJfhg;g[j; bjg;gj;ija[k; Rl;lHpj;JtpLk;.
¡ rpdj;ijf; fhj;J/ vspatnuhL gif nkw;bfhs;sky; jd;idna fhj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;"
Rw;wj;ija[k; fhg;ghw;Wnthk;. ,jdhy; thH;t[ nkk;gLk;.
ka
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
¡ gz]g[k; gaDk; ? vz]Qk;ik
thH;gtd; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
vi
¡
¡ mupJ/ bgupJ ? xd;wd;ghy; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W
J}f;fpd; ? vjpu;fhy tpidbar;rk;
al

¡
¡ bfhs;tu;/ bjuptu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
¡ bfhd;w ? bgabur;rk;
.k

¡ gpwj;jy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
w

1. jpidj;Jiz = jpid + Jiz

w

tpjp : `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;wcapu;Kd; frjgkpFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/

jpidj;Jiz vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
w

2. ed;wy;yJ = ed;W + my;yJ

tpjp : `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go. ed;w; + my;yJ
vd;whdJ.
`cly;nky; cau;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ (w; + m = w)
`ed;wy;yJ~ vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
tFg;giwapy; ghlk; elj;jpf; bfhz;oUe;jhu; nguhrpupau;. ghlj;jpy; kdk; xl;lhJ
ftdkpd;wp ,Ue;j khztu; xUtuplk;/ ``ekJ brhw;bghHpitg; bghUl;gLj;j tpUk;ghj eP

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

104 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

ªê™õˆ¶œ â™ô£‹ î¬ô
è™M
à¬óï¬ì ð‡¬ìò è£ôˆ¶Š ðœO‚Ãìƒèœ à.«õ. ê£Iï£î˜
ªêŒ»œ ÞF™ ªõŸP ªðø ²óî£ ïaš
4 ªêŒ»œ Þ¬ìf´ C. ñE
ªêŒ»œ ¹øï£ÛÁ å÷¬õò£˜ 4
ïaš

¶¬íŠð£ì‹ ð£¶è£Šð£Œ å¼ ðòí‹

Þô‚èí‹ ð£ ÞòŸøŠ ðöèô£‹

n
e«ik ms¥ngh«

l.i
gyt[s; bjupf

da
1. ``fhtpbdk; fynd" RUf;fpbdk; fyg;ig~~ ? ,j;bjhlupy; `fyd;~ czu;j;Jk; bghUs;
m) nghu;f;fUtp M) jr;Rf;fUtp
,) ,irf;fUtp <) ntshz;fUtp [tpil: ,) ,irf;fUtp]
2. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jH;
ka
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fhtpak;
,) Cu;tyk; <) tpz]kPd; [tpil: M) fhtpak;]
vi
3. ``tpz]ntW" tpz]btspapy; ,a=;F fpd;w
al

btz]kjpa[k; br=;fjpUk; KfpYk; ntW~~ ? bjhlu; jUk; KGikahd bghUs;:

m) tpz]Qk; btz]kjpa[k; ntW ntW
M) tpz]btspa[k; br=;fjpUk; ntW ntW
.k

,) btz]kjpa[k; KfpYk; ntW ntW

<) tpz]/ tpz]btspapy; cs;s btz]kjp/ br=;fjpu;/ Kfpy; midj;Jk; ntW ntW
w

[tpil: <) tpz]/ tpz]btspapy; cs;s btz]kjp/ br=;fjpu;/ Kfpy; midj;Jk; ntW ntW]
4. RtonahL bghUe;jhj xd;iwj; nju;t[ bra;f.
w

m) trk;g[ M) kzj;jf;fhspapiyr; rhW

,) fLf;fha; <) khtpiyf;fup [tpil: ,) fLf;fha;]
w

5. `FHpkhw;W~ ve;jj; JiwnahL bjhlu;g[ila brhy;>

m) ,yf;fpak; M) fzpjk;
,) g[tpapay; <) ntshz]ik [tpil: M) fzpjk;]
6. btz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPu; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;> bghUj;jkhd rPupidf; bfhz;L
nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[=;fs;.
m) md;ng jfspaha; (Mu;tkha; ' jfspaha;)
M) thd;kiH J}wypy; (J}wypy; ' bghHpe;jpod;)
,) fz;zpuz;Lk; ,y;yhu; (,yhjhu; ' ,y;yhu;)
<) btz;zpyt[ fha;fpwJ (fha;fpwJ ' xspu;fpwJ)
c) bta;nahd; fha;e;jpl (fha;e;jpl ' xspu;e;jpl)

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 105
7. @d;whtJ rPu; mikj;J vGJf.
m) fy;tp fiuapy fw;gtu; <) mtkjpg;g[k; Md;w kjpg;g[k;
M) fy;yhnu MapDk; fw;whiu c) cz;zhJ nehw;ghu; bgupau;
,) ey;yit bra;apd; ,ay;ghFk;
8. bghUj;Jf.
m) khr;rPu; ? 1. fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk;
M) fha;r;rPu; ? 2. ehs;/ kyu;
,) tpsr;rPu; ? 3. njkh=;fha;/ g[spkh=;fha;
<) Xuirr;rPu; ? 4. njkh/ g[spkh
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2

n
,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2]

FWtpdh

l.i
1. `,ilaPL~ ? vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>

da
¡ ftp+upd; ftpij rhu;e;j vz]zk;/
¡ btspg;gLj;Jk; tz;zk;/
¡ vGjg;gl;l ftpijia cs;th=;Fk; thrfdpd; kdepiy ka
nghd;wtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
2. trdk;/ ftpij ntWghL jUf.
trdk;:
vi
vJif/ nkhid nru;f;fhky;/ mo vd;w mst[ ,y;yhky; vGJfpd;w totk; trdkhFk;.
ftpij:
al

vJif/ nkhid nru;f;f ntz]Lk;" mof;bfd;W vy;iy itj;J vGjg;gLtnj

ftpijahFk;.
.k

3. `vj;jpirapYk; nrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;~ ? ahu;f;F>

fiyj;bjhHpy; bra;nthu;f;F vj;jpirapy; brd;whYk; nrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;.
w

4. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; vit>

w

jkpHpy; : epfz]L/ ed;D}y;/ fhupif/ jz]oay=;fhuk;/ Mj;jpr;No/ bfhd;iwnte;jd;

fzpjj;jpy; : fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W Kjypa gytif tha;ghLfs;.
w

5. fPGs;s brhw;fis <w;Wr; rPuhff; bfhz;L Fws; btz;gh ' neupir btz;gh ' ,d;dpir
btz;gh vGj Kaw;rp bra;at[k;.
fly;/ ths;/ kiH/ njd;/ kuk;.
fly; : miybad vGe;J xyp baGg;gp
Mu;g;gupf;Fk; bgU=; fly;.
ths; : xsptPrpf; Tu;ikbahU vjpupia tPH;j;j
gspr;rpLk; nte;jd; ths;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

106 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

kiH : bey;Yf;F ,iuj;j ePu; tha;f;fhy; tHpnaho
g[y;Yf;Fk; M=;nf bghrpa[khk; ? bjhy;Yyfpy;
ey;yhu; xUtu; csnuy; mtu;bghUl;L
vy;yhu;f;Fk; bga;a[k; kiH.
njd; : kzk;jUk; g{tpy; RitjUk; ,dpa
4 mKj bkDk; njd;.
kuk; : ,aw;ifj; jha; cte;J mspj;j
kwf;f btz;zh kuk;.
ïaš

6. btz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; ahit>

,aw;rPu; btz;lis/ btz;rPu; btz;lis.

n
7. xU tpfw;gk;/ gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d>

l.i
¡ btz;ghtpy; ehd;fofSk; XbuJifa[k; bgw;W tUtJ xU tpfw;gk; MFk;.
¡ btz;ghtpy; Kjy; ,uz;lo XbuJifa[k;/ mLj;j ,uz;lo XbuJifa[k; bgw;W

da
tUtJ gy tpfw;gk; MFk;.
rpWtpdh
1. `@d;whd fhyk; nghy; xd;W~~ vit> Vd;> tpsf;Ff.
ka
@d;whd fhyk; nghy; xd;W vd;gJ vz]zk;/ btspaPL/ nfl;ly;.
vz;zk; : ek; kdjpy; cs;sitna vz;zk;.
vi
btspaPL : ek; kdjpy; vz;zpaij btspapLtJ btspaPL.
nfl;ly; : ehk; btspapl;lij nfl;gJ nfl;ly;.
¡ vz;zk; bkhHpahf btspg;gLj;jp nfl;fpwtu;fs; brhy;Yfpd;w fUj;Jfisg; g[upjy;.
al

¡ vg;go @d;W fhyKk; xnu neuj;jpy; Tw Koahnjh mg;gona ,e;j @d;Wk; xd;whf
tUtjpy;iy.
.k

2. eP=;fs; Mrpupauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; bewpg;gLj;JtPu;fs;>

ehd; Mrpupauhdhy;/
w

¡ khztupd; Kd;ndw;wk;/ nju;r;rp ,it ,uz;ila[k; vd;Dila brhe;j bghWg;gha;

Vw;ngd;.
w

¡ khztupd; kdepiy vJnth mijf; fz;lwpe;J bray;gLntd;.

¡ khzhf;fUf;F fy;tpjhd; Kf;fpak; vd;wpy;yhky;/ nrit kdg;ghd;ikia tsu;f;ff;
w

fw;Wf;bfhLg;ngd;.
¡ khztupd; RfJf;f=;is mwpe;J/ gog;gpy; ftdk; brYj;jr; bra;ntd;.
¡ ve;jbthU khztida[k;/ gpw khztndhL xg;gpl;L ngrkhl;nld;.
¡ jhaha;/ je;ijaha;/ ez;gdha;/ md;ghdtha;/ Mrpupadha; ,Ug;ngd;.

3. kzypy; vGjpaJKjy; jw;fhyk;tiu vGJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;w=;fisj;

bjhFj;Jiuf;f.
¡ Mrpupau; Kjypy; jiuapy; vGj mjd; nky; gps;isfs; vGjpdu;.
¡ vGj;Jfs; tupirahft[k; ed;whft[k; mike;jpUe;jd.
¡ vGJgLbghUl;fshfg; gH=;fhyj;jpy; fy;/ fspkz] gyif/ ,iy/ gidXiy/
kug;gyif/ njhy;/ @=;fpy; gj;ij nghd;wita[k; gad;gL;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 107
¡ ,iy/ fspkz] gyif nghd;wit tpiutpy; mHpaf;Toait.
¡ kug;gyif/ @=;fpy; gj;ij ,itfspd; bgupa E}y;fis vGjpf; ifahs;tJ fodkhf
,Ue;jd. fU=;fy;ypy; vGjpdhy; gpw ,l=;fSf;Ff; bfhz]L bry;tJ fodkhFk;.
¡ Xiyr;Rtofspy; vGj;jhzpfisf; bfhz]L vGjpdu;.
¡ fy;btl;Lfspy; fy;jr;ru;fshy; rpw;Wsp bfhz]L vGj;Jfs; bghwpf;fg;gl;ld.
¡ vGj;Jfspd; cUtk; gy fhykhf khwhky; ,Ue;jJ.
¡ fhyk; bry;yr; bry;y vGJnfhiyg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhfpjj;jpy; vGJk; Kiwiaf;
fw;Wf;bfhz]ldu;.
4. thapnyhna vdj; bjhl=;Fk; xsitahupd; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; ghlhz] jpizf;F
cupaJ vd;gij epWt[f.

n
jpiz tpsf;fk;:

l.i
ghL + Mz; + jpiz = ghlhz; jpiz
ghlhz] jpiz vd;gJ ghlg;gLk; Mz] kfdpd; g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ mUs;/ fy;tp/

da
xGf;fk; nghd;w ey;ypay;g[fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWtjhFk;.
rhd;W tpsf;fk;:
`thapnyhna~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; xsitahupd; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypy;/
ka
`guprpyu;f;F milah thapnyhna-~ vd;w tup ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUj;jk;:
jd;id eho tUnthu;f;F ,y;iy vd;W brhy;yhJ jdJ muz]kid thapiy
vi
thapw;fhtyidf; bfhz]L milf;fhky; guprpyu;f;F cupa guprpidg; bgw vg;nghJk;
jpwe;jpLk; thapiy cilaJ mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; muz]kid vd;W
al

TwpajpypUe;J mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; bfhilj;jd;ik btspg;gLtjhy;

,g;ghly; ghlhz]jpizf;F cupaJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
.k

beLtpdh
1. ftpij vGj mwpa ntz]Ltdthfr; Rujh TWtdtw;iw tptupf;f.
w

ftpij vGj vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/ re;jk; Kjypa ahg;gpyf;fz bewpfSf;F
cl;gl;L/ vGj ntz;Lk; vd;W ftp+u; Rujh Twpa[s;sijf; fhz;nghk;.
w

ftpij vGj mwpa ntz;Ltd:

w

¡ rpwe;jr; brhw;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; vJif nkhidnahL vGj ntz;Lk;. moast[

bjupe;J ftpij vGj ntz]Lk;.
¡ vGj;Jfisf; bfhz;L mirfshft[k;/ mirfisf; bfhz;L rPu;fs; cUthf;f
ntz;Lk;.
¡ ,uz;L rPu;fs; nru;j;J jisfs; cUthf;fp jisfis xd;whf;fp mofs; cUthf;f
ntz;Lk;.
¡ mofis xd;wd;fPH; xd;whf;fp bjhilfs; mikj;J ftpij vGj ntz;Lk;.

rpwe;j ftpij:
¡ ftpij vGJk; nghJ/ ftpijapd; cWg;ghfpa rPu;fspy; khr;rPu;/ tpsr;rPu; tUk;go vGj
ntz;Lk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

108 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

¡ broapy; g{j;jg; g{tpy; cs;s njidf; Fof;f tz]Lfs; njo tUtJ nghy/ rpwg;g[ld;
vGjpa ftpijfSf;F g[fH; njo tUk;.
¡ bjspt[w bjspe;J ahg;g[ fw;W ftpij vGj ntz;Lk;. midtUk; g[upa[k; tifapy;
mika ntz;Lk; vd Rujh TWfpwhu;.
2. gz]ilf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; khztu;fSf;fpilna epfH;e;j fw;wy;/ fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfisj; bjhFj;bjGJf.
4
Kd;Diu:
ïaš

gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; khztu;fSf;fpilna epfH;e;j fw;wy;

fw;gpj;jy; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
FUFyk;:

n
Mrpupaiu cghj;jpahau; vd;gu;. cghj;jpahaiuf; fzf;fhau; vd;gu;. cghj;jpahaUila

l.i
tPnl FUFyk;" mJnt gs;spf;Tlkhft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
kd;w=;fs;:

da
Cu;njhWk; bghJthd xU ,lj;jpy; bgupa kuj;jpd; moapy; mikf;fg;gl;oUg;gij
kd;wk; vd;Wk;/ mk;gyk; vd;Wk; TWtu;.
gs;spfs;:
ka
kuj;joapy; ,Ue;j gs;spf;Tl=;fs; Foirahf khwpaJ. gy ,l=;fspy; kl=;fspy;
gs;spf;Tl=;fs; cUthapd.
vi
tpj;jpahuk;gk;:
gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; Ie;J tajpy; gps;isia Mrpupauplk; milf;fyk; bfhLj;jdu;.
me;j ehs; tpnrl ehshff; fUjg;gl;lJ. me;ehspy; Vl;oy; k+;rs; g{rp thrpf;fr; bra;tu;.
al

,Jnt tpj;jpahuk;gk;.
.k

ikahly;:
Rtofspy; cs;s vGj;Jfs; bjspthfj; bjupa Rtoapy; trk;g[/ kzj;jf;fhspr;rhW/
k+;rs;/ khtpiyf;fup/ ju;igf;fup Kjypatw;iw miuj;J jltp thrpf;fr; bra;tu;. ,ij
w

ikahly; tpHh vd;gu;.

w

ifbaGj;J:
vGj;Jfs; xd;nwhblhd;W glhky;/ tupnfhzhky; vGjpg; gHfpdu;.
w

vGj;jpd; totk;:
vGj;Jfspd; cUt=;fs; gy fhykhf khwhky; ,Ue;jd. g[s;sp/ fhy;/ bfhk;g[/ tpy=;F
Kjypad vGj;jpd; cWg;g[fs;.
kddk;:
epfz;L/ ed;D}y;/ fhupif/ fPH;tha; ,yf;fk;/ nky;tha; ,yf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W
nghd;wtw;iw Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fSf;F kddg; gapw;rp mspj;jdu;.
rhe;Jida[k; fw;wy;:
gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; fw;wnjhL epy;yhky; thH;ehs; KGtJk; fw;wdu;. v=;bf=;F
Mrpupau;fs; ,Ue;jhu;fnsh m=;Fr; brd;W fw;W te;jdu;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 109
Xjw;gpupt[:
,y;ywk; elj;Jk; fhyj;jpy;Tl ntw;W ehl;ow;Fr; brd;W m=;nf fw;W thjk; g[upe;jdu;.
Kot[iu:
ghyu;fSf;Fupa gs;spf;Tl=;fs; Kjy; gGj;j fpHtu;fs; tiu Mrpupaiuj; njor;
brd;W fw;wdu;. MrpupaUk; jk;ik eho te;jtu; taJ ntWghL ghuhky; fw;gpj;j Kiwna
gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; mwpa KofpwJ.
3. `rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpH;ehL~ ? ,f;Tw;W edthf ehk; bra;a ntz]oad ahit>
Kd;Diu:
,e;jpahtpnyna kpFe;j rhiy tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepykhf jkpH;ehL tps=;FfpwJ.
vdnt/ rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpH;ehL cUthf;f ehk; xU=;fpize;J bray;gl

n
ntz;oaijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.

l.i
,Urf;fu thfd tpgj;jpidj; jtpu;f;f ntz]Lk;:
¡ gjpbdl;L taJ epiwe;jtu;fs; kl;Lnk Kiwahd gapw;rp/ Xl;Leu; cupkk; bgw;W

da
,Urf;fu Cu;jpia ,af;f ntz]Lk;.
¡ jiyf;ftrk; mzpe;nj bry;y ntz]Lk;.
¡ ,uz]L ngUf;F nky; ,Urf;fu thfdj;jpy; bry;yf; TlhJ.ka
¡ thfdj;jpy; bry;Yk;nghJ ifngrpia Kw;wpYkhfj; jtpu;f;f ntz]Lk;.
¡ rhiyapy; FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhf Xl;lf; TlhJ.

tpgj;Jfs; kpFjpahf eilbgWtjw;fhd fhuz=;fs;:

vi
¡ Kiwahd gapw;rpapy;yhky; thfdk; Xl;LtJ.
¡ ,ae;jpuf; nfhshW/ kpFjpahd Ml;fs; kw;Wk; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; bry;tJ.
al

¡ bjhlu; tz]o ,Ug;g[g;ghijfisf; ftdpf;fhky; flg;gJ.

¡ kJ mUe;jptpl;L Cu;jp Xl;Ltjhy; epiwant tpgj;Jfs; elf;fpd;wd.
.k

tpgj;Jfisj; jtpu;f;f:
¡ Kiwahd gapw;rp bgw;wpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
w

¡ Xl;Ldu; cupkk; ,y;yhky; thfdk; Xl;lf; TlhJ.

¡ gs;sp khztu;fsplk; rhiy tpjpfs; Fwpj;j tpHpg;g[zu;t[fisf; bfhLj;jy; ntz]Lk;.
w

¡ cj;jut[f; FwpaPLfs;/ vr;rupf;iff; FwpaPLfs;/ jfty; FwpaPLfs; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J

mjidg; gpd;gw;wpg; gazpj;jy; ntz]Lk;.
w

Kot[iu:
rhiy tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;wp/ tpgj;Jfisj; jtpu;j;J te;njhk; vd;why;/ jkpH;ehL
`rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj~ khepykhf cUthFk; vd;gJ cWjpahFk;.

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡ ta=;FbkhHp ? tpidj;bjhif
¡ milah ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
¡ mwpt[k; g[fGk; ? vz;Qk;ik
¡ rpwhmu; ? ,irepiw msbgil

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 141

ì¡ð ®¡ î¬ô

ï£èKè‹, ªî£N™, õEè‹
à¬óï¬ì ñîó£êŠð†®ù‹
ªêŒ»œ ªîŒõñEñ£¬ô Þó£ñLƒè Ü®è÷£˜
ªêŒ»œ «îõ£ó‹ F¼ë£ù ê‹ð‰î˜
ïaš
ªêŒ»œ Üèï£ÛÁ
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ î¬ô‚°÷‹
Þô‚èí‹ ð®ñ‹
Ü‹Íõù£˜
«î£ŠH™ ºèñ¶ eó£¡ 5
F¼‚°øœ F¼õœÀõ˜

n
l.i
e«ik ms¥ngh«
gyt[s; bjupf

da
1. brd;id btWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y. mJ ek;gpf;if ikak; ? fhuzk; ?
m) neuo/ kiwKf ntiytha;g;g[fspd; fsk;
M) bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs;/ thfd cw;gj;jpapy; g=;F
,) bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
ka
<) m/ M/ , ? midj;Jk; [tpil: <) m/ M/ , midj;Jk;]
vi
2. Tw;W : ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; berthsu;fs; brd;id nehf;fp te;jdu;.
fhuzk; : fpHf;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;/ Jzp rhu;e;jjhfnt ,Ue;jJ.
m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rup
al

,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; rup

[tpil: <) Tw;W rup fhuzk; rup]
.k

3. bghUj;Jf.
m) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW ? 1. khtypg[ur; bryt[
w

M) gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha; ? 2. fy; nfhlup

,) gy;yhtuk; ? 3. mU=;fhl;rpafk;
w

<) vGk;g{u; ? 4. Ttk;

m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
w

,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 [tpil: ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3]]

4. `cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bghd;W ngRthu;~ ? ,j;bjhlu; czu;j;Jk; gz;g[
m) neu;kiwg; gz;g[ M) vjpu;kiwg; gz;g[
,) Kuz;gz;g[ <) ,it midj;Jk; [tpil: ,) Kuz;gz;g][
5. `tpspawp +kyp~ ? ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpy=;F vJ>
m) vUJ M) Fjpiu
,) eha; <) ahHp [tpil: ,) eha;]
6. gokk; vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) brhy; M) bray;
,) fhl;rp <) xyp [tpil: ,) fhl;rp]]

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

142 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

7. `fhiy ,sk; btapy; ed;whf nka/ Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; g[Jbtapy;~ ,f;ftpijapy;
.............. gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
m) gad; gokk; M) tpidg;gokk;
,) bka;g;gokk; <) cUg;gokk; [tpil: M) tpidg;gokk;]
8. Tw;W : ctik cUtfk; nghyg; gokKk; tpid/ gad;/ bka;/ cU Mfpatw;wpd;
mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.
5 fhuzk; : vt;tifahd gokkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp tHpna fUj;jpid tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rup
ïaš

,) Tw;Wk; rup/ fhuzKk; rup <) Tw;Wk; jtW/ fhuzKk; jtW

[tpil: m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; jtW]

n
9. bka;g; gokj;Jf;Fupa ghliyj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) beU+;rpf; fl;fpd; g[Jkyu; Kl;gae; jh=;F ...

l.i
M) fl;oy; epzf;Fk; ,Hprpdd; ifaJ ...
,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk; rptg;g[f; nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk; ...

da
<) bte;jhW bghd;dpd; me;jp g{g;g ...
[tpil: ,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk; rptg;g[f; nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk;]

FWtpdh
ka
1. fyptpHh/ xyptpHh tpsf;fk; jUf.
¡ fyptpHh : jpUkapiyapy; bfhz;lhLk; vGr;rpkpf;f tpHh.
vi
¡ xyptpHh : fghyPr;ruk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpu Muthu tpHh.

2. fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vGJf.

al

¡ fhypd; bkf;fd;rpapd; bjhFg;g[fisf; bfhz;L 1869 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l E}yfk;.

¡ Xiyr;Rtofs;/ jhs;Rtofs;/ g[j;jf=;fs; vdg; bgUk; bjhFg;g[fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
.k

3. `jUkkpF brd;idapy; fe;j nfhl;lj;Js; tsu; jynkh=;F fe;jntns~ bjhlUf;Fg;

gjt[iu vGJf.
w

mwk; bra;thu; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; brd;idapd; fe;jf;nfhl;lj;Jf; jpUf;nfhtpypy; vGe;jUsp

,Uf;Fk; fe;jntns- vd;gJ gjt[iu MFk;.
w

4. `bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujtu;~ bjhlupy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

w

`bgU=;fly; rpWFog; gujtu;~ bgupa fly; vd;w brhy;Yf;F Kuzhfr; rpwpa Foir vd;w
brhy; vLj;jhsg;bgw;wJ.
5. ``khe;njhg;g[ tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ~~ ? ,jpy; vt;tifg; gokk;
btspg;gLfpwJ>
,g;ghlyofspy; bka; (totg;) gokk; btspg;gLfpwJ.
khe;njhg;g[ gUt fhyj;jpd; mHF gl;lhilahf kuj;ijg; nghu;j;jpapUg;gJ g{f;fSk;
jspu;fSk; gl;lhilia cLj;jpa bgz;zpd; njhw;wj;ij my;yJ g{j;jpUf;Fk; kuj;jpd;
njhw;wj;njhL xg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 143

rpWtpdh
1. brd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahs=;fspy; ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
¡ brd;id efupd; xt;bthU gFjpf;Fk; tuyhW cz;L.
¡ ,e;jpa rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy ghzpapy; fl;lg;gl;l fl;ll=;fs; ,d;W brd;idapd;
gHikiag; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.
¡ Mtz=;fis Kiwahff; ifahSk; Mtzf; fhg;gfk; rhurdpf; fl;ll Kiwapy;
mike;jJ.
¡ bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iw/ gz;ghl;il mwptjw;F vGk;g{u; mU=;fhl;rpafk;/ nfhl;il
mU=;fhl;rpafk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.
¡ ,e;jpahtpd; bghJE}yfkhd fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; etPdkhf tsu;e;J tUk; bgupa

n
E}yfk; MFk;.
¡ vGk;g{u; bjhlu;tz;o epiyak;/ bghJ m+;ry; epiyak;/ cau;ePjpkd;wk;/ brd;idg;

l.i
gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ upg;gd; fl;llk;/ tpf;nlhupah mu=;fk; nghd;wit.
2. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; fe;jntsplk; vj;jifnahu; cwt[ ntz;Lbkdf; nfl;fpwhu;>

da
¡ brd;id fe;jnfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;nfhtpypy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jntns-
¡ Fspu;e;j Kfj;ija[ila J}a;ikahd khzpf;f kzpna- irt kzpna-
¡ kyu; nghd;w jpUtofis epidf;fpd;w cj;jku;jk; cwt[ ntz;Lk;.
ka
¡ cs;bshd;Wk;/ g[wbkhd;Wk; ngRk; cwt[ vd;idg; gw;whjthW fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡ rpwe;j thH;tpay; bewpfis vdf;F mUs;g[upa ntz;Lk;.
¡ kjkhd nga; mQfhjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
vi
¡ bgz;zhiria Jwf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡ cd;id kwthjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
al

¡ fUizahfpa epjp/ nehaw;w thH;t[ ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W ntz;Lfpwhu;.

3. g=;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpHh eilbgw;w Kiwiaj; jpU+hd rk;ge;ju; vt;thW gjpt[

.k

bra;fpwhu;>
¡ nfhtpy; jpUtpHh kfpH;r;rpiag; gfpu;e;J bfhs;Sk; ehfupfj;jpd; btspg;ghL.
w

¡ Cupd; bgUikf;Fupa milahs=;fSs; xd;W.

¡ tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j Cu; jpUkapiy.
w

¡ ,sk; bgz;fs; Muthuj;njhL bfhz;lhLk; vGr;rpkpf;f tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpa[ila

Cu;.
w

¡ kapiy fghyPr;ruk; nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpu

Muthu tpHhtpidf; fz;L ,iwtd; mUs;bgw jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; gjpt[ bra;fpwhu;.
4. `bey;ypd; nenu btz;fy; cg;g[~ ? ,j;bjhlupd; tHp gz;lkhw;W tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
gz;lkhw;wk; vd;gJ xU bghUisf; bfhLj;J ntW bghUisg; bgwy;. ,J gH=;fhy
tzpfk;. cg;g[f;Fg; gjpyhf bey;iy tpw;wdu; vd;w gz;lkhw;W tzpfk; epfH;e;jJ
vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ.
`bey;ypd; nenu btz;fy; cg;bgdr;
nrup tpiykhW Twypd; kida~

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

144 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

ckzu; xUtupd; kfs; mHFk; ,sika[k; tha;e;jts;. jd; iffspy; mzpe;jpUe;j
tisay;fs; xypf;f tPjpf;Fr; brd;whs;. mg;nghJ me;j tPjp tHpahf te;j tzpfid
nehf;fp cg;g[f;F khw;whf/ bey;ypidj; je;J cg;gpidg; bgw;Wf;bfhs;s thuPnuh vd;W
TWfpwhu;.
beLtpdh
5 1. `xt;bthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; totHFk;~ ? eP=;fs; ghu;j;j my;yJ thH;e;j xU efuk;
Fwpj;J ,U gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
ïaš

Kd;Diu:
xt;bthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; totHFk; cz;L. me;j tifapy; ehk; thH;e;J
bfhz;oUf;Fk; brd;id efuj;ijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.

n
brd;id:

l.i
brd;id ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ik efu=;fSs; xd;W. bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; EiHt[ thapy;.
jkpHfj;jpd; jiyefuk;. brd;idia ikakpl;L bjhHpw;rhiyfSk;/ epWtd=;fSk;

da
Vw;gLj;jp neuo/ kiwKf tha;g;g[fs; cUthFfpd;wd. fzpdp bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs;/
thfd cw;gj;jpapy; ,d;W brd;id Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa mstpy; bkd;bghUs;
Vw;Wkjpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. kpd;dQg; bghUs;fs; cUthf;Fk; ikakhft[k;
ka
jpfH;fpwJ.
khDl vr;rk;:
TLth+;nrup/ gy;yhtuk;/ g[Hy; nghd;w gFjpfspy; ,d;W fpilf;Fk; bjhy; gH=;fhy
vi
khDl vr;r=;fs; ekJ gHikia czu;j;Jfpd;wd. gy;yhtuj;jpy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l
fy;nfhlup ,e;jpa mfH;tha;t[j;Jiw tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;g[Kidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. kapyhg;g{u;
al

2 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; `ky;ypau;gh~ vDk; JiwKfkhfr; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghly; bgw;w jyk;:
.k

jpUbthw;wpa{u;/ jpUthd;kpa{u;/ kapyhg;g{u; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s nfhapy;fs; ghly; bgw;w

jykhf cs;sd.
w

ePu;epiy ? tofhy;:
tlbrd;id ? bfhw;wiyahW/ kj;jpa brd;id ? Ttk;/ bjd; brd;id ? milahW/
w

ghyhW nkYk; gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha;/ fhl;ld; fhy;tha; Mfpadt[k;/ 18 bgupa XilfSk;/

540f;Fk; nkw;gl;l rpwpa XilfSk; ,Ue;jJ.
w

efuk; ? cUthf;fk;:
bts;is efuk; ? brapd;l; $hu;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns cs;s gFjp.
fUg;gu; efuk; ? nfhl;ilf;F btspna cs;s gFjp.
fpHf;fpe;jpa epWtdk; Jzp tzpfnk bgUk;ghYk; bra;jJ. ,jdhy; berthsu;fs;
brd;idia nehf;fp te;jdu;. mtu;fs; thH;e;j gFjpjhd; tz;zhug;ngl;il vd;Wk;
rpd;djwpg;ngl;il vd;gJ kUtp rpe;jhjupg;ngl;il vd;wdu;.
tlbrd;idia kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;Wk;/ bjd;brd;idia brd;idg;gl;odk;
vd;Wk; miHj;jdu;. M=;fpnyau; ,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J kjuh!; vd;W miHj;jdu;. mJ
,d;W brd;idahf cs;sJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 145
fy;Y}upfs; ? gs;spfs;:
1715 ,y; cUthd g[dpj nkup njthya ju;kg; gs;sp.
1812 ,y; cUthd brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}up.
1837 ,y; cUthd fpwp!;Jtf; fy;Y}up.
1840 ,y; gpurpbld;rp gs;sp (khepyf; fy;Y}up).
1857 ,y; brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;.
1914 ,y; cUthd ,uhzpnkupf; fy;Y}up.
gz;ghl;L milahs=;fs;:
,e;jpa rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fl;ll=;fshfj; jkpH;ehL
Mtzf; fhg;gfk;/ vGk;g{u; mU=;fhl;rpafk;/ nfhl;il mU=;fhl;rpafk;/ fd;dpkhuh E}

n
yfk; nghd;wit tps=;Ffpd;wd.

l.i
Kot[iu:
,j;jF bgUik bfhz;l brd;id efuk;/ ehd; ghu;j;J thH;e;j fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;

da
bgUikbfhz;l gHikiag; giwrhw;Wk; efukhf tps=;FfpwJ.
2. ``fpuhk=;fs; j=;fs; Kftupia ,He;J tUfpd;wd~~ ? ,J Fwpj;J c=;fs; fUj;ij tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu:
ka
kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fk;/ ehfuPf tsu;r;rp/ g[yk;bgau;t[/ jiyKiw khw;wk; ,jd;
tpisthf fpuhk=;fs; bky;y bky;y j=;fs; Kftupia ,Hf;fpd;wd.
vi
efuj;ij nehf;fpr; bry;y fhuzk; :
,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;j ek; jiyKiwapdu; gy;ntW fhuz=;fshYk;
al

fpuhkj;ijtpl;L efuj;ij nehf;fp efu;fpd;wdu;. fpuhkj;jpy; fodkhd ciHg;g[k;/

tptrhaKk; jtpu gpw bjhHpy; rhu;e;j tsu;r;rp fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. Kiwahd
bjhiyj;bjhlu;g[/ kUj;Jt trjp/ Rfhjhu mikg;g[ fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpy; 57
.k

kpy;ypad; FHe;ijfs; Cl;lr;rj;Jf; FiwghL cs;stu;fs; fpuhk=;fspy; trpg;gtnu. rpy

fpuhkf; nfhapypy; jPz;lhik/ rhjp mikg;g[/ kjf;fytuk; nghd;w r@f tpnuhjr; bray;fs;
w

eilbgWfpwJ.
efuj;jpnyh ve;jtpj ghFghLk; ,y;yhky; rkkha; thH;fpd;wdu;. jukhdf; fy;tpiaj;
w

njo efu thH;f;ifia nehf;fp ,lk; bgau;fpd;wdu;. kpd;rhuk;/ ngUe;J trjp/ bjhHpw;rhiy
nghd;w mog;gil trjpfs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; efu thH;f;ifia ehLfpd;wdu;. jukhd
w

fy;tpnahL bjhHpw;fy;tp/ nghl;oj;nju;it vjpu;bfhs;Sk; gapyfk;/ kpd;dQ nghd;w

epWtd=;fs; efu;g;g[wj;jpy; nknyh=;fp tUtjhy; fpuhk=;fis kf;fs; btWf;fpd;wdu;.
,d;W efuk; vd;gJ fpuhkj;ijtpl bgupa kdpj FoapUg;g[ cs;sjhf mikfpwJ.
kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fj;jhy; t=;fpfs;/ tzpf epWtd=;fs; nkYk; tsu;r;rpailfpwJ.
Kot[iu:
,j;jifa fhuz=;fshy; fpuhk=;fis tpl;L kf;fs; efu;g;g[wk; nehf;fpr; bry;fpd;wdu;.
,jdhy; fpuhk=;fs; j=;fs; milahs=;fis ,He;J Kftupaw;W fjpapd;wp mikfpwJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

146 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

3. brd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;g{u;/ fe;jf;nfhl;lg;gFjpfs; bra;a[spy; vt;tpjk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd>
Kd;Diu:
kfpH;r;rpiag; gfpu;e;Jbfhs;Sk; ehfupfj;j;pd; btspg;ghL nfhtpy; jpUtpHh. jpUtpHhf;fs;
epiwe;j Cu; kapyhg;g{u; fe;jf;nfhl;lk; gw;wp fhz;nghk;.
5 kapyhg;g{u;:
¡ ,sk;bgz;fs; Muthuj;njhL bfhz;lhLk; jpUtpHhf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfisa[ila
bgupa Cu; jpUkapiy.
ïaš

¡ m=;F vGr;rpkpf;f tpHhf;fs; epfGk; kapiy fghyPr;ruk; vd;Dk;; ,iwtDf;Fg;

g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpu Muthu tpHh rpwg;ghf eilbgWfpwJ.

n
¡ mt;tpHhtpidf; fz;Fspuf; fhz ntz;Lk;.

l.i
fe;jf;nfhl;lk;:
¡ Md;k nea xUikg;ghl;ila[k;/ rka xUikg;ghl;ila[k;/ xsp tHpghl;ila[k;
Kd;itj;J rPu;jpUj;jr; rpe;jid cUthd ,lk; brd;idapd; fe;jf;nfhl;lk;.

da
¡ mwk; bra;nthu;fs; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; brd;idapd; fe;jf;nfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;nfhtpypy;
vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jntns-
¡ Fspu;e;j Kfj;njhw;wj;ija[ila J}a khzpf;f kzpna- kzpfSs; mUs; epiwe;j
irtkzpna-
ka
¡ cs;bshd;Wk;/ g[wbkhd;Wk; ngRk; cwt[ vd;idg; gw;whjthW fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡ rpwe;j thH;tpay; bewpfisg; vdf;F mUs;g[upa ntz;Lk;.
vi
¡ kjkhd nga; mQfhjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡ bgz;zhiria Jwf;f ntz;Lk;.
al

¡ cd;id kwthjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.

¡ fUizahfpa epjp/ nehaw;w thH;t[ ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W ntz;Lfpwhu;.
.k

Kot[iu:
kf;fspd; kfpH;r;rpiaa[k; gz;ghl;ila[k; ngzp ghJfhf;Fk; tpjkhf brd;id
w

kapyhg;g{u; fe;jf;nfhl;lk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
w

¡ kyuo ? ctikj;bjhif
w

¡ tsu;jyk; ? tpidj;bjhif
¡ khkapiy ? cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
¡ bgU=;fly; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
¡ cHhmJ ? bra;a[spir msbgil
¡ btuP,a ? brhy;ypir msbgil
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. epidf;fpd;w = epid + f; + fpd;W + m
epid ? gFjp/ f; ? re;jp/ fpd;W ? epfH;fhy ,ilepiy/ m ? bgabur;r
tpFjp.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 175

CÁ¬è Ü÷£Mò Û
è¬ô, ÜöAò™, ¹¶¬ñèœ
à¬óï¬ì F¬óªñ£N
ªêŒ»œ èM¬îèœ ï°ô¡
ïaš
ªêŒ»œ CôŠðFè£ó‹ Þ÷ƒ«è£õ®èœ
ªêŒ»œ ªñŒŠð£†®ò™
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ ï®è˜ Fôè‹
ªî£™è£ŠHò˜
ð£ô„ê‰Fó¡ ²œO‚裴 6
Þô‚èí‹ è£ŠHò Þô‚èí‹
ªêŒ»œ F¼‚°øœ F¼õœÀõ˜

n
l.i
e«ik ms¥ngh«

da
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Mu;g;gupf;Fk; fly;
mjd; moj;jsk;
bksdk;" kfhbksdk; ? mofs; g[yg;gLj;JtJ
ka
m) ,iur;ry; M) FiwFlk; Tj;jhLk;
,) epiwFlk; ePu;j;jGk;gy; ,y; <) g[w mirt[fs; mfj;jpid mirf;f ,ayhJ
vi
[tpil: ,) epiwFlk; ePu;j;jGk;gy; ,y;]
2. VH; Mz]L ,aw;wp Xu; <uhW Mz]oy; NH;fHy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly; ..... bjhlu;fspy;
al

btspg;gLk; bra;jpfs;.
1. khjtp VG Mz]Lfs; tiu ehl;oak; gapd;whs;.
.k

2. <uhW tajpy; mu=;nfw;wk; bra;a tpUk;gpdhs;.

m) 1rup/ 2 jtW M) 1 jtW/ 2 rup
w

,) 1 jtW/ 2 jtW <) 1 rup/ 2 rup [tpil: <) 1 rup/ 2 rup]

3. bghUj;Jf.
w

m) Mke;jpupif ? 1. gl;lj;J ahid

M) muR cth ? 2. @=;fpy;
w

,) fH+;R ? 3. ,lf;if thj;jpak;

<) fiH ? 4. vil mst[
m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2]
4. ntWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ M) nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
,) eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ <) fhl;rp kiwt[ [tpil: <) fhl;rp kiwt[]
5. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; brhw;bwhliuj; jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;ltu;
m) rpt+hd Kdptu; M) kapiyehju;
,) MWKfehtyu; <) ,sk;g{uzu; [tpil: M) kapiyehju;]

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

176 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

6. Tw;W 1 : fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; brhy; fhg;g[ + ,ak; vdg; gpupe;J kuigf; fhg;gJ/ ,ak;g[tJ/
btspg;gLj;JtJ/ bkhHpiar; rpijahky; fhg;gJ vd;bwy;yhk; bghUs; jUfpwJ.
Tw;W 2 : Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSs; xd;W ePynfrp.
m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW M) Tw;W 2 rup/ Tw;W 1 jtW
,) ,uz]Lk; rup <) ,uz]Lk; jtW
[tpil: m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW]
6 7. rupahdtw;iwg; bghUj;jpj; nju;f:
m) fhij ? 1. fe;jg[uhzk;
ïaš

M) rUf;fk; ? 2. rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) ,yk;gfk; ? 3. Nshkzp
<) glyk; ? 4. rpyg;gjpfhuk;

n
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2

l.i
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
8. jtwhd ,iziaj; nju;f:

da
ghtif ,yf;fpak;
m) tpUj;jg;gh ? ehyoahu;
M) Mrpupag;gh ? mfehD}W
,) fypbtz]gh ? J}J
<) Fws;btz]gh ? jpUf;Fws;
ka [tpil: m) tpUj;jg;gh ? ehyoahu;]

FWtpdh
vi
1. vz]tif bka;g;ghLfs; ahit>
eif/ mGif/ ,sptuy;/ kUl;if/ mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif.
al

2. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;g[f;F vt;thW capql;Lk;> rhd;W jUf.

¡ jpiug;glj;jpd; czu;t[fis btspf;bfhzu cjt[tJ gpd;dzp ,irna.
.k

¡ gpd;dzp ,irr; nru;g;g[/ kt[dk; ,t;tpuz;Lk; rpy ntisfspy; jpiuapy; czu;t[fis

btspf;bfhzu cjt[fpd;wd.
w

3. xUKf vHpdp/ bghUKf vHpdp Fwpg;g[ vGJf.

xUKf vHpdp:
w

ehl;oa nkilapd; xU g[wj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU g[wj;jpw;Fr; bry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ

xU Kfj;jpiu.
w

bghUKf vHpdp:
nkilapd; ,Ug[wj;jpypUe;Jk; eLtpy; xd;nwhL xd;W bghUe;JkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
bghUKfj;jpiu.
4. `@r;R epd;Wtpl;lhy;
ngr;Rk;
ml=;Fk;~ ? ftpijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd gHbkhHp xd;iw vGJf.
¡ ``vuptij epWj;jpdhy; bfhjpg;gJ jhnd ml=;Fk;~~.
¡ ``g[aYf;F gpd; mikjp~~.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 177
5. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit >
¡ fhg;gpak; ,U tifg;gLk;. mit: Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak;/ I+;rpWfhg;gpak;.
¡ Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs;: rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ tisahgjp/ Fz]lynfrp/
rPtfrpe;jhkzp.
¡ I+;rpWfhg;gpa=;fs;: ePynfrp/ Nshkzp/ cjazFkhu fhtpak;/ anrhju fhtpak;/
ehfFkhu fhtpak;.
6. fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpw bgau;fs; ahit>
,jpfhrk;/ g[uhzk;/ ,yf;fpak;/ rupjk;/ fhtpak; Kjyhd bgau;fs; fhg;gpaj;jpd; ntW
bgau;fs;.
7. fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpw;WWg;g[fs; rpytw;iw vGJf.

n
fhij/ rUf;fk;/ ,yk;gfk;/ glyk; Kjyhdit fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpw;WWg;g[fs; MFk;.

l.i
8. ghtpfk; ? tpsf;Ff.
¡ fhg;gpaj;jpd; gz]ghfg; ghtpfk; vd;gijj; jz]oay=;fhuk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

da
¡ fhg;gpaf; ftp+d; typa[Wj;j tpUk;g[k; mog;gilf; fUj;ijg; ghtpfk; vd;gu;.
¡ v.fh: `gpwdpy; tpiHnthu; fpisbahL=; bfLg~ vd;gJ fk;guhkhazj;jpd; ghtfk;.

rpWtpdh ka
1. ehl;oa mu=;fpd; mikg;ig ,s=;nfhtofs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; gh=;F Fwpj;J c=;fs;
fUj;ij vGJf.
vi
rpyk;g[ fhl;Lk; ehl;oa Mly; mu=;fk;
¡ fw;Wzu;e;j rpw;g E}yhrpupauhy; ed;dpyj;ij Mly; mu=;fpw;fhfj; nju;e;bjLj;jdu;.
¡ bghjpifkiy nghd;w kiyfspny ePz]L tsu;e;j @=;fpy;fspy;/ xU rhz] mst[
al

fQf;fisf; bfhz]l @=;fpy;fisf; bfhz]L te;jdu;.

¡ ifg;bgUtpuypy; ,Ugj;J ehd;F mst[ bfhz]ljhf mk;@=;fpiy btl;odu;.
.k

¡ mjpy; VGnfhy; mfyKk; vl;Lnfhy; ePsKk;/ xUnfhy; cauKk; cilajhf ehl;oa

mu=;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
w

¡ mu=;fpd; cs;nd/ btspna bry;Yk; tHp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

¡ mu=;fpd; nky;epiy khlj;jpy; Ik;g{j=;fis ahtUk; g[fGk;go rpj;jupj;J itj;jdu;.
w

¡ J}z;fspd; epHy; mu=;fpy; tpHhjgo mHfhd tpsf;Ffis epWj;jpdu;.

¡ xUKfj;jpiu/ bghUKfj;jpiu mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
w

¡ Kj;Jf;fshy; Md khiy mu=;fpy; bjh=;ftplg;gl;lJ.

,itna ehl;oa mu=;fpd; fhl;rpahf ,s=;nfhtofs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; gh=;F MFk;.
2. VnjDk; ,uz]L bka;g;ghLfs; njhd;Wtjw;fhd NH;epiyiaf; fw;gidahfg; gilf;f.
tpag;g[:
ehd; rpWtajpypUe;nj gog;gpy; Rl;o. Mdhy; kw;wg; ghlj;jpy; vLf;Fk; kjpg;bgz;
nghy; jkpHpy; vLf;f vd;dhy; Koatpy;iy. jkpHpy; Kjy; kjpg;bgz; vLj;jhy; khepy
mstpy; muR bfsutpf;Fk; Kjy; khztdhf tu Mir. ePz;l nahridnahL xUehs;
jkpHhrpupaiu mQfp vdJ tpUg;gj;ijf; Twpndd;. mtu; vd;dplk; rpwpJ neuk; ngrptpl;L/
vd;idj; jpdKk; re;jpf;fr; brhd;dhu;. ehd; jpdKk; khiy gs;sp tpl;lJk; 5 kzp Kjy;
6 kzp tiu mtiur; re;jpj;njd;. rupahf 15 ehl;fs; fLikahd vGj;Jg; gapw;rp je;jhu;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

178 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

ehDk; vt;tst[ jtW bra;jhYk; mtu; bghUl;gLj;jhky; vd;id bkUnfw;wpdhu;.
nju;t[k; beU=;fpaJ. ey;y Kiwapy; nju;t[ vGjp jkpHpy; 99 kjpg;bgz;fs; vLj;J
khepyj;jpy; Kjy; khztd; vd;w bgau; bgw;wij vz;zp ehd; tpag;gpy; MH;e;njd;.
mr;rk;:
ehd; vg;nghJk; tFg;gpy; elj;Jk; ghl=;fis md;nw goj;J tpLntd;. Mrpupau; brhy;Yk;
ntiyfisa[k; Koj;J tpLntd;. nju;t[ beU=;fpaJ. Kjy; ehs; goj;Jf;bfhz;oUf;Fk;
6 nghJ vdf;F cly;epiy rw;W gytPdk; mile;jjhy; cw=;fptpl;nld;. kWehs; vdf;F
nju;t[ mr;rk; Vw;gl;lJ. vd;d bra;tJ vd;W g[upatpy;iy. nju;t[ vd;w mr;rk; Vw;gl;lhYk;
ïaš

jpdKk; goj;jjhy; nju;it ed;F vGjpndd;. mr;rk; jtpu;j;njd;.

3. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; g[yg;gLj;Jf.

n
¡ fhl;rp vd;gJ fij efu;t[f;F cjt[tJ.
¡ jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpfs; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jhy; trdj;jpw;F ,uz;lhk; ,lk;jhd;.

l.i
¡ jpiug;glj;jpy; trdk; ,d;wpf; fhl;rpfis mLj;jLj;J itg;gjd; @yk; fij
brhy;yg;gLk;.

da
¡ fhl;rpfs; khWtij czu;j;j xU fhl;rpiar; rpwpJ rpwpjhf k=;fyhf;fpf; fhl;o ,Us;
Mf;fpf; fhl;Ltu; `,ijf; fhl;rp~ kiwt[ vd;gu;.
¡ mLj;j fhl;rp bjhl=;Fk;nghJ ,Ul;lhf ,Ue;j gFjp rpwpJ rpwpjhf btspr;rkhf khwp
ka
KGf;fhl;rpa[k; bjupa[k; ,ijf; `fhl;rp cjak;~ vd;gu;.
¡ xU fhl;rp kiwa[k; nghJ mLj;jf; fhl;rp bjuptJ `fyit~ vd;gu;.
¡ giHaf; fhl;rpia mHpj;J mLj;jf; fhl;rp njhd;WtJ `mHpg;g[~ vd;gu;.
vi
¡ ,g;gog; gy;ntW cj;jpfs; fhl;rp efu;t[f;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

rhd;W:
al

¡ Kjy; fhl;rpapy; njhHp xUj;jp fjhehafpaplk; bjhlu;tz;og; gazr;rPl;ilf;

bfhLg;ghs;.
.k

¡ mLj;jf; fhl;rpapy; fjhehafp bjhlu;tz;oapy; ,Ug;ghs;.

¡ Kjy; fhl;rpapy; vz; 7/ tPiuah bjU... vd;W xUtu; Kftupiar; brhy;ypf;
w

bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghnj/ me;j Kftupapy; brd;W fhl;rp epw;Fk;.

¡ ,t;tpuz;L jut[fspYk; fhl;rp mikg;ng Mw;wy; cs;sjhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
w

4. ftpij vd;gJ fz;Kd; epfH;tija[k; kdjpy; epfH;tija[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;jpr; brhw;rpkpHpy;

milf;Fk; Kaw;rpna vd;gij eFyd; ftpijiaf; bfhz;L epWt[f.
w

¡ epue;jukhf ,Uf;f vz;zpndhk;.

epue;jukpy;yhky; brd;WtpLfpnwhk;.
¡ cau;e;j bfhs;iffSk; capu;nghdhy;
cjhrpdg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
¡ cz;ikfs; vy;yhk; rpy cz;ikfisj;
jpiukiwt[ bra;tjw;nf.
¡ Mu;g;gupg;gpy; ml=;fhj kdk;
mikjpapy; ml=;fptpLk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 179
¡ flypd; cs;epfH;nt fly; miyfs;
kdjpd; btspg;ghnl g[wr;bray;fs;
eFydpd; ftpijfns ,=;nf ngrg;gl;Ls;sd. eFydpd; ftpijapd; KH=;F bghUns
,it.
beLtpdh
1. jpiug;glj;Jiw vd;gJ Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; bjhHpyh> my;yJ fiyfspd;
r=;fkkh> c=;fs; ghu;itiaf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
vy;yhf; fiyfSk;/ fiy+u;fSk; eyptile;J tUk; epiyapy; jpiug;glj;Jiw
thH;thjhuj;ij tH=;fp fiyfspd; r=;fkhf tps=;FtJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

n
Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; bjhHpy;:

l.i
¡ jpiug;glj;Jiw Mapuk; ngiuay;y/ Mapuk; FLk;g=;fis thH itf;fpwJ.
¡ jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; fiy+u;fs;/ ,irf;fiy+u;fs;/ bjhHpy;El;g ty;Yeu;fs;/

da
xg;gidf;fhuu;fs;/ Mil my=;fhu ty;Yeu;fs;/ Mz; bgz; eldf; FGf;fs;/
rz;ilf; fhl;rpfspy; g=;FbgWk; eofu;fs; vd jk; FLk;g=;fspd; thH;thjhuj;ij
ek;gp cs;sdu;. ,j;Jiwapy; ,tu;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; tHptHpahf ,tu;fsJ FLk;gKk;
,j;bjhHpypy; <LgLfpwJ.
ka
¡ xU glk; btspapl;L jpiuau=;fpw;F tUfpd;wnghJ Rtbuhl;o Xl;Lgtu;. Projector
,af;Fgtu; of;bfl; tpw;gtu; vd vz;zw;w ngUf;F thH;thjhuk; mspf;fpwJ.
¡ jpiug;glj;Jiw xt;bthU epiyapYk; xt;bthU FLk;gj;ija[k; fhg;ghw;Wk;
vi
bjhHpyhf tps=;FfpwJ.
fiyfspd; r=;fkk;:
al

¡ `fiy fiyf;fhfnt~ vd;W TWk; mstpw;F jpiug;glj;Jiw mjpntf tsu;r;rpg;

bgw;Ws;sJ.
.k

¡ jdp kdpjid milahsg;gLj;JtJk;/ jdp kdpj thH;it bewpg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhft[k;

jpiug;glj;Jiw ,d;W tsu;e;Js;sJ.
w

¡ md;W Mz;ow;F xd;W/ ,uz;L vd;w khwp/ ,d;W g[w;wPry; nghy; jpiug;glk;
btspte;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. ,d;iwaj; jpiug;gl=;fs; rpy tzpf nehf;fpy;
w

cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
¡ fiyfisa[k;/ r@fj;ija[k; r=;fkpf;Fk; gl=;fs; Fiwt[.
w

¡ gy jpiug;gl=;fs; gl=;fshf kl;Lky;yhky;/ ghly;fshft[k;/ fhtpa=;fshft[k;/

fiyfspd; r=;fkkhft[k; jpfH;fpd;wd.
Kot[iu:
jpiug;glj;Jiw vd; ghu;itapy; Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; bjhHpy;jhd; vd;gjpy;
ve;jtpj re;njfKkpy;iy. kf;fspd; vz;z=;fis vGr;rp bgwr; bra;J fiyfspd;
r=;fkkhfj; jpfH;fpwJ vd;gjpy; kpf;f kfpH;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
2. kfheofiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdnthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vGJf.
Kd;Diu:
jkpH; jpiug;gl cyfpd; rf;futu;j;jp brthypau; vdg; nghw;wg;gLtu; jd; trdj;jpw;F
capu; bfhLj;J/ cly; mirthYk;/ cUl;L tpHpahYk; kf;fisf; ftu;e;jtu; rpth$p

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

180 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

fnzrd;. ,e;j kfh eofiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdnthl;lk; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy;
fhz;nghk;.
kdnthl;lk;:
Kg;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;; eofu; jpyfk; rpth$p fnzrd; eof;Fk; `j=;fg; gjf;fk;~
vd;w jpiug;glj;ij nfus tPjpapy; Ml;nlh upf;rhtpy; joj;jf; Fuypy; xypj;j ,is+u;
Rs;spf;fhL ghyr;re;jpud; 18 taJ epuk;gpatd;. xU ntis rhg;ghl;ow;fhft[k;/ Ie;J
6 qgha; Typf;fht[k; khiy tiu Ciur; Rw;wpatd; ,d;W mnj eofu; jpyfk; ,y;yj;jpy;
mtnuhL tpUe;J vd;why; epidj;Jf; Tlg; ghu;f;fKoahj kdnthl;lk;.
ïaš

fz;bfhs;shj fhl;rpfs;:
rpth$papd; miHg;ig Vw;W mtu; tPl;Lf;Fr; brd;nwhk;. v=;fis cs;ns tUkhW

n
brhd;dhu;. cs;ns bry;Yk; nghJ fz;bfhs;shf; fhl;rpfs; jpiuapy; fz;l fhl;rpfs;
midj;Jk; neupilf; fhl;rpfs;. vd;dbtd;W brhy;y ,ayhj Vf;fj;njhL cs;ns

l.i
EiHe;njhk; ehDk;/ uh$pt[k;.
cs;ns brd;w ehd; rpwpJ eL=;fpg; nghndd;. mJ tPly;y/ muz;kid" rpw;g

da
ntiyg;ghLfs; epuk;gpa fhl;rpfs;. xUg[wk; tPuj;ija[k;/ fk;gPuj;ija[k; giwrhw;Wk;
fl;lbghk;kd; g[ifg;glk;. mLj;J/ cilths; cUtpa rj;ugjp rpth$pahf/ ke;jfhr
g[d;difnahL ,uh$uh$dhf g[ifg;gl=;fs; fz;bfhs;shf;fhl;rpfs;. mija[k; jhz;o
ka
gpbu+;R muR ghuhl;oa brthypau; tpUJ bgw;w glk; midj;ija[k; ,urpj;jgona cs;ns
brd;W mku;e;njhk;.
fk;gPu eil:
vi
kfpH;r;rpahd neuj;jpy; khk;gHr;rhW Foj;J Kog;gjw;Fs; ,Ug[wk; ntiy Ml;fs;
NH fk;gPukha; rpth$p fnzrd; te;jhu;. xt;bthU eila[k; vLj;J itf;Fk;nghJ rp=;fk;
al

ele;J tUtJnghy ,Ue;jJ. eh=;fs; v=;fis mwpahky; vGe;J tz=;fpndhk;. mtUk;

tz=;fp v=;fis mkur; brd;dhu;. rpth$p uh$Pt;fhe;jpaplk; ahu; ,e;jg; igad; vd;W
.k

nfl;lhu;. mtu; ,td; xU kiyahsf; ftp+d; vd;whu;.

18 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; xU ntis rhg;ghl;Lf;fhft[k;/ Ie;J qgha; Typf;fhf
ciHj;j ehd; ,d;W ftp+d; vd;W TWk; nghJ vdf;Fs;ns xU kfpH;r;rp.
w

rpth$pnah ,uz;L iffshy; vd;id tz=;fpdhu;. vdf;fh tzf;fk;> ,y;iy/

,y;iy. vdf;fhd kupahij ,y;iy fhtpaf; fiyaplk; @j;j fiy+Df;F cs;s fdpt[.
w

kdjpy; eP=;fh epd;w trdk;:

w

rpth$p fnzrid nehf;fp/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; trdk; +hgfk; ,Uf;fpwjh>

vd;whu; uh$pt;. ehd; eL=;fp nghndd;. rpth$p rpwpJ neuk; fz;@o/ eP Vu; gpoj;jhah> fis
btl;odhah> vd;w trdj;ij bfh+;rKk; kwf;fhky; xnu @r;rpy; brhy;yp tpau;it toa
mku;e;jhu;.
Kot[iu:
ghyre;jpuDk;/ ez;gUk; rpth$p ,y;yj;jpy; ,Ue;J g[wg;gl;ldu;. Fuy; tpw;Wg; gpiHj;j
me;jg; igadpd; rj;jk; ,g;nghJ mtu; kdnthl;lj;jpy;.
`be+;rk; kwg;gjpy;iy
epidt[fs; eP=;Ftjpy;iy~
vd;W ghof;bfhz;nl efu;e;J ghyre;jpudpd; kdnthl;l=;fs; mike;Js;sJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 181
3. c=;fs; Cu;g; gFjpapy; thGk; fiy+u; xUtiu neupy; ghu;j;j mDgtj;ij tptupj;Jf;
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
v=;fs; Cupy; thH;e;Jbfhz;L v=;fSf;Fk; bgUikr; nru;j;J/ ,irf;Fk; bgUik
nru;j;j jpUitahWf;F mUnfa[s;s jpUtprey;Y}u; ehj!;tu tpj;thd; b$auhkidg; gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
thGk; fiy+u;:
,d;Wk; ,ir Kk;@u;j;jpfspd; xUtuhd jpahfuh$Uf;F ,ir tpHh j+;ir khtl;lk;
jpUitahw;wpy; epfH;e;J tUfpwJ. j+;ir/ Fk;gnfhzk;/ kapyhLJiwg; gFjpfspy;
,irapd; gw;gy Jiwfspy; fiy+u;fs; ,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. j+;ir khtl;lk; vd;whny

n
ed;bra; kl;Lky;y. ey;ypirapYk; fiy+u;fs; ,Ug;gJ rpwg;g[.

l.i
jpUtprey;Y}u; b$auhkd;:
Fk;gnfhzj;jpd; fpHf;nf 5 fp/kPl;lu; bjhiytpy; cs;s Cu; jpUtprey;Y}u;. mt;t{upy;
vy;yhuhYk; mwpag;gl;l jpU.b$auhkd;. ehj!;tuf; fiy+iug; ghu;f;fr; brd;nwd;. Xl;L

da
tPL/ tPl;od; Kw;gFjpapy; ,uz]L ehw;fhypfs;/ xU ePz]l nkir mt;tst[jhd;. tPl;od;
Kd;g[wr; Rtupy; fhUf;Fwpr;rp mUzhr;ryk;/ kJiu M.P.M. bghd;Dr;rhkp rnfhjuu;fs;/
uh$uj;jpdk; gps;is ,tu;fspd; g[ifg;gl=;fs;/ ghu;j;Jf; bfhz]oUf;Fk; nghnj tzf;fk;/
ka
th=;f jk;gp vd;w Fuy;. ehDk; vGe;J tz=;fp epd;nwd;. vGgJ tajpUf;Fk;. tWikapd;
rhay; bjupe;jJ. Iah/ c=;fisg; gw;wpr; brhy;Y=;fnsd; vd;nwd;. v=;fs; tPl;oy;
ehj!;tuk; thrpg;gJ bjhHpyhf ,Ue;jJ. vdJ jhj;jh fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;nj ehj!;tuj;ijf;
vi
ifapy; vLj;J tpl;nld;. vdf;F vd; je;ij @r;ir mlf;Fk; gapw;rpia ePUf;Fs; @H;fpf;
fw;Wf; bfhLj;jhu;. gY}d;fspy; fhw;iw xnu @r;rpy; Cjg; gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. ehj!;tuj;ijg;
gpof;Fk; Kiwiar; brhd;dhu;. kd xUikg;ghL gw;wpf; Twpdhu;. fPu;j;jd=;fspy; Vw;w
al

,wf;fk;/ xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp neuk; brhy;ypf; bfhLj;jhu;.

vdJ je;ij brhy;ypf;bfhLj;j mog;gilg; gapw;rpa[k;/ vdf;Fs; ,Ue;j ,ir
.k

mwpt[k;/ MtYk; vd;id kf;fSf;Fg; gupr;rak; Mf;fpd. tUkhdk; vd;gJ nghJkhdjhf

,Ue;jhYk; njitfis g{u;j;jp bra;a gw;whf;Fiwjhd;. ,g;bghGJ vdf;Fs;ns xnu xU
w

Vf;fk;jhd;. vd;dbtd;why;/ ehd; fw;w bfh+;rk; mjhtJ Fiwthd fiyia ahUf;fhtJ

brhy;ypf; bfhLf;fQk;. mJjhd; vd; $PtDila Mty; vd;whu;. jpy;yhdh nkhfdhk;ghs;
w

glj;jpd; eyk;jhdh thrpj;Jf;fhl;odhu;. mjprapj;J tpl;nlhk;. mg;gobahU thrpg;g[.

v=;fshyhd xU md;gspg;ig mtUf;F mspj;J tPL jpUk;gpndhk;. me;j ,irnkij ?
ehbky;yhk; gof;fhj xU nkij.
w

Kot[iu:
ek; jkpHu;fspd; gz;ghl;il ,d;W ngzpf; fhj;Jf;bfhz;oUf;fpd;w b$auhkid
tz=;fp eype;j fiy+iu ehk; vy;nyhUk; xd;WTo cau;j;Jnthk; vd;W Twp
tpilbgw;nwhk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡ bjhy;bewp ? gz;g[j;bjhif
¡ MlYk; ghlYk; ? vz;Qk;ik
¡ eif/ mGif/ ,dptuy;/ kUl;if/ mr;rk;/
bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif ? bjhHpw;bgau;fs;

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

182 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. bjhGjdu; = bjhG + j; + md; + mu;
bjhG ? gFjp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ md; ? rhupia/ mu; ? glu;f;ifg;
gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
2. eif = eF + I
6 eF ? gFjp/ `eif~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ I ? bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp.
3. kUl;if = kUs; + if
ïaš

kUs; ? gFjp/ `s;~ `l;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ if ? bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp.

4. btFsp = btFs; + ,

n
btFs; ? gFjp/ , ? bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp.

l.i
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
1. jiyf;nfhy; = jiy + nfhy;

da
tpjp : `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
jiyf;nfhy; vd;whdJ.
jpUf;Fws;
ka
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. glj;Jf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
vi
m) vz]zpa vz]zpah=;F va;Jg vz]zpahu;
jpz]zpau; Mfg; bgwpd;.
al

M) cUt[fz]L vs;shik ntz]Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;f;F

mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J.
.k

,) tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;

kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw. [tpil: M]
w

2. ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisf; fz]lwpf.

w

kdnkh khl;Ltz]o m) vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;njhL

ghijbahG=;fpy; nghf epidf;Fk; mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpt[.
w

khL M) brd;w ,lj;jhy; brytplh jPJxuP,

,g;go ,Ue;jhy; vg;go efUk; ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpt[.
thH;f;ifr; rf;fuk;
,) mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp brWthu;f;Fk;
Cu; nghFk; ghijapy;
cs;sHpf;fy; Mfh muz].
rf;fuk; cUz]lhy;
[tpil: M]
mJnt mwpt[" mJnt bjspt[.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 183
3. gpd;tUk; ehyoahu; ghlypd; bghUSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz]lwpf.
rPupahu; nfz]ik rpwe;j rpwg;gpw;wha; m) giHak; vdf;fUjpg; gz]g[ my;y bra;a[k;
khupnghy; khz]l gaj;jjhk; ? khup bfGjifik nfL jUk;.
twe;jf;fhy; nghYnk thyUtp ehl- M) vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy
rpwe;jf;fhy; rPupahu; el;g[. mjpu tUtnjhu; neha;.
,) ey;ypdj;jpd; C=;Fk; Jizapy;iy"
jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;.
[tpil: ,]

n
4. my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y; ? vtnuhL gHfpdhy;>
m) ths;nghy; giftu; M) bka;g;bghUs; fhz]gtu;

l.i
,) vz]zpah=;F va;Jgtu; <) jPapdj;jhu; [tpil: <) jPapdj;jhu;]
5. jpz]zpau; vd;gjd; bghUs;

da
m) mwpt[ilatu; M) kd cWjpa[ilatu;
,) jPf;fha;thu; <) mwptpdhu; [tpil: M) kd cWjpa[ilatu;]
6. Muha;e;J brhy;fpwtu;
m) muru;
ka
M) brhy;ypago bra;gtu;
,) J}Jtu; <) cwtpdu; [tpil: ,) J}Jtu;]
vi
7. bghUj;Jf.
m) ghk;nghL cld; ciwe;jw;W ? 1. jPf;fha;thu;
al

M) brj;jhu; ? 2. rPu; mHpf;Fk; NJ

,) tWik jUtJ ? 3. fs; cz]gtu;
<) ,fy;nte;ju; nru;e;J xGFthu; ? 4. cld;ghL ,y;yhjtu;
.k

m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]]
w

8. eL=;Fk;goahd Jd;gk; ,y;yhjtu;>

m) tug;nghtij Kd;dnu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;sf; Toatu;.
w

M) kdj;jpl;gk; cilatu;.
,) muriur; rhu;e;J thH;fpd;wtu;.
w

<) NjhLkplj;jpy; fhyk; fHpg;gtu;.

[tpil: m) tug;nghtij Kd;dnu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;sf; Toatu;]
9. vspaJ/ mupaJ vd;gd
m) jPapdj;jpd; Jiz ? ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiz
M) brhy;tJ ? brhy;ypago bra;tJ
,) rpWik gy bra;tJ ? giftu; bjhlu;g[
<) bka;g;bghUs; fhz]gJ ? cUt[fz]L vs;shjJ
[tpil: M) brhy;tJ ? brhy;ypago bra;tJ]

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

184 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

FWtpdh
1. kdj;ij mjd;nghf;fpy; bry;ytplf; TlhJ vd;W ts;Stk; TWtJ Vd;>
kdj;ij mJ nghFk; nghf;fpy; bry;ytplhky; ey;yit vJ> jPait vJ> vd;W Muha;e;J
ey;y tHpapy; brYj;JtJ mwpthFk;.
2. cUt[fz]L vs;shik ntz]Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;f;F
6 mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; bghUnshL bghUj;Jf.
ctik : xUtupd; vspa njhw;wj;ijf; fz]L ,fHf; TlhJ.
ïaš

ctnkak; : bgupa njUf;Fr; rpwpa mr;rhzp ,d;wpaikahjJ.

bghUj;jk; : rpwpa mr;rhzpjhd; bgupa njiu tpHhky; ghJfhf;Fk;. mJnghy xUtupd;
njhw;wj;ij itj;J vspikahf vz]zf;TlhJ.

n
3. kd cWjpapd; njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ TWfpwJ>

l.i
kd cWjpna ey;y bray;ghl;ow;F njit kw;wit vy;yhk; njitg;glhJ.
4. e+;Rz]gtu; vd ts;Stu; ahiu ,oj;Jiuf;fpwhu;>

da
fs; cz]gtnu e+;R cz]gtu; vd ts;Stu; fs;Sz]gtiu ,oj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
5. murnuhL el;g[g; ghuhl;odhYk; bra;aj;jfhjd ahit> ka
ehd; murUld; gHikahd el;g[ cilatd; vd;w vz]zj;Jld; jFjp ,y;yhj braiyr;
bra;jhy; mJ Jd;gj;ijj; jUk;.
6. giftuhYk; mHpf;f Koahj muz; vJ>
vi
mwpnt giftuhYk; mHpf;f Koahj muz; MFk;.
7. m+;rj; jFe;jd/ m+;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ>
al

m+;rj;jfhjd:
thisg; nghy btspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; bra;a[k; giftUf;F m+;rj; njitapy;iy.
.k

m+;rj;jFe;jd:
mwpt[ilahu; nghy; eoj;J cl;gif bfhz]ltupd; bjhlu;g[f;F m+;r ntz]Lk;.
w

8. tWika[k; rpWika[k; jUtJ vJ>

w

NJjhd; xUtDf;F g[fiHa[k; bfLf;fpd;w tWika[k; rpWika[k; MFk;.

9. eP=;fs; goj;jjpy; gpoj;j Fwis vGjp/ fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gplt[k;.
w

``fhyj;jp dhy;bra;j ed;wp rpwpJvdpDk;

+hyj;jpd; khzg; bgupJ~~
fhuzk;:
xUtu; ekf;F cupa fhyj;jpy; bra;j cjtp rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ cyfj;jpd; msit
tplg; bgupaJ vd;W ts;Stu; TWk; tupfs; mij tplg; bgupaJ.
10. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j Jizahft[k;/ gifahft[k; ts;Stu; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
¡ rpwe;j Jiz ? ey;y ,dk;.
¡ rpwe;j gif ? jPa ,dk;.
,it ,uz;Lk; cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j Jizahf/ gifahf tUtJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 185
11. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
¡ xuP, ? brhy;ypir msbgil
¡ gLg;gJ}ck; ? ,d;dpir msbgil
¡ brhy;Yjy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;
12. fPH;ePu;f; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W ? bghUs; TWf.
ePupy; @H;fpatidj; jPg;ge;jk; bfhz;L njLtJ nghd;wJ.
13. bgUe;nju; ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
bgUe;nju; = bgUik + nju;
tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ ik tpFjp bfl;L/ bgU + nju; vd;whdJ.

n
tpjp : `,dkpfy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ bgUe;nju; vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
rpWtpdh

l.i
1. mfyhJ mQfhJ jPf;fha;thu; nghy;f
,fy;nte;ju;r; nru;e;J xGFthu; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.

da
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp bjhHpy; ctik mzp MFk;.
mzp tpsf;fk;: ka
xU bghUspd; bjhHpy; my;yJ bray; fhuzkhf mika[k; ctik bjhHpy; ctik
vdg;gLk;.
ctik : jPapy; Fspu; fha;gtu; nghy.
vi
ctnkak; : ,fy;nte;ju;r; nru;e;J xGFthu;.
ctk cUg[ : nghy
al

mzpg;bghUj;jk;:
muridr; rhu;e;J ,Ug;gtu; jPapy; Fspu;fha;gtu;fisg; nghy mfyhJ mQfhJ ,Uj;jy;
.k

ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; mfYjy;/ mQFjy; nghd;w bjhHpy; xg;g[ik vjpu;kiwapy; te;Js;sjhy;

bjhHpy; ctik vdg;gLk;.
w

2. mwptpd; nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; tHp ePtpu; fUJtd ahit>

¡ mwpt[ xUtDf;F mHpt[ tuhky; fhf;Fk; fUtp. mJ giftuhy; mHpf;f Koahj
w

ghJfhg;g[ muQk; MFk;.

¡ kdj;jpid/ mJ nghFk; nghf;fpy; bry;y tplhky; jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;tHpapy;
w

brYj;JtJ mwpt[.
¡ xUtiug; gw;wp ahu; brhy;yf; nfl;lhYk; mtupd;; cz]ikj; jd;ikiaf; fz]lwptnj
mwpthFk;. ,itna mwptpd; nkd;ikfs; MFk;.
3. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia tpsf;fpf; fPH;f;fhQk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag; bghUj;jp
vGJf.
J+;rpdhu; brj;jhupd; ntWmy;yu; v+;+hd;Wk;
e+;Rcz]ghu; fs;cz] gtu;.
mzp tpsf;fk;:
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctk cUg[ kiwe;J tUtjhy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp vdg;gLk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

186 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

ctik : J+;rpdhu; brj;jhupd; ntW
ctnkak; : e+;Rcz]ghu; fs;cz] gtu;
ctk cUg[ : nghy (kiwe;Js;sJ)
bghUj;jk;:
cw=;fpatu;/ ,we;jtiutpl ntWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mJnghy fs; cz;gtUk; e+;R
6 cz;gtUf;Fr; rknk vd;gij tpsf;Ftjhy; ,g;ghly; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp
MFk;.
ïaš

4. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz]g[ vd;gijf; Fws;bewp epd;W tpsf;Ff.

¡ kdtypikna xUtDf;F rpwe;j typik MFk;. Vida typikfs; vy;yhk;
typikfs; my;y vd;fpwhu;.

n
¡ xU braiy ,t;thW bra;ayhk; vd;W brhy;tJ vspJ. Mdhy;/ brhy;ypagor; bra;J

l.i
Kog;gJ mupJ.
¡ xU braiy bra;gtd; jhk; vz]zpa braypy; typik cilatuhf ,Ue;jhy;/

da
vz;zpaij vz]zpagona bra;J Kog;gu;.
¡ xUtuJ cUtj;ijg; ghu;j;J ,fHf; TlhJ. XLk; bgupa njUf;Fr; rpwpa mr;rhzp
nghy ,d;wpaikahjtuhf mtu; ,Uf;fyhk;. ka
5. rpw;wpdk; nruhika[k;/ ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiza[khf ts;Stu; ciug;gd gw;wp ePtpu;
mwptdtw;iw vGJf.
¡ mwpt[ kf;fSf;F kdj;jpd; tHpahf cz]lhFk;.
vi
¡ ,td; ,g;gog;gl;ltd; vd;W mtd; rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; ,dj;ij itj;nj cyfk; brhy;Yk;.
¡ ey;ytu; el;g[ nghy rpwe;j Jiz ,y;iy.
al

¡ jPatu; el;g[ nghy; Jd;gk; jUtJk; ,y;iy.

6. thisa[k; ghk;iga[k; vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;whf ts;Stu; TWfpwhu;>

.k

ths;nghYk; ghk;g[ nghYk; gif:

thspidg; nghy; btspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; bra;a[k; giftuplk; m+;r ntz]oaJ
w

,y;iy. Mdhy; cwtpdu; nghyg; gHFk; giftUf;Fg; gag;gl ntz]Lk;.

7. NJk; fs;Sk; nfL jUk; ? jpUf;Fws; tHp tptupf;f.
w

¡ xUtDf;Fj; Jd;gk; cz;lhf;fp g[fiH bfLf;fpd;w Nijg;nghy tWik jUtJ

ntW xd;Wk; ,y;iy.
w

¡ NjhLkplj;jpy; xUtDila fhyk; fHpa[khdhy; mtdJ bry;tKk;/ gz;g[k; bfLk;.

¡ cw=;fpatu; ,we;jtiu tpl ntWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mJnghy vg;nghJk; fs; cz]gtu;
tp&k; cz]gtu; Mthu;.
¡ fs;Sz]L ka=;fpatid ey;yd brhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ/ ePupy; @H;fpa xUtidj;
jPg;ge;jk; bfhz]L njLtJ nghyhFk;.
beLtpdh
1. `mwpt[ilik thH;tpd; cau;t[f;Fj; Jiz epw;Fk;~ vd;gij ts;Stk; tHp epd;W epWt[f.
¡ mwpthdJ ekf;F mHpt[ tuhky; ghJfhf;Fk; fUtpahFk;. nkYk; mwpthdJ/
giftuhy; mHpf;f Koahj ghJfhg;g[ muQk; MFk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 187
¡ kdj;jpid/ mJ nghFk; nghf;fpy; nghftplhky; jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;y tHpapy;
brYj;Jtnj mwpthFk;.
¡ xUtiug; gw;wp ahu; brhy;yf; nfl;lhYk; mtupd;; cz]ikj; jd;ikiaf; fz]lwptnj
mwpthFk;.
¡ cyfk; vj;jifa cau;e;j bewpapy; bry;fpwnjh me;bewpapy; jhKk; cyfj;njhL
,ize;J bry;tnj mwpthFk;.
¡ gpd;dhy; tug;nghtij Kd;ng mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; ty;yik bfhz]l
mwpt[ilatu;f;F/ mtu; eL=;Fk;goahf tuf;Toa Jd;gk; xd;wpy;iy.
¡ mwpt[ ghJfhg;g[j; jUk; fUtp/ ey;tHpapy; brYj;jf;ToaJ mwpt[.
¡ cz]ikiaf; fz]lwpa cjt[k; mwpt[/ tUKd; fhg;gJ mwpt[.

n
¡ kdpj thH;tpd; xt;bthU epiyapYk; thH;f;ifapd; cau;t[f;Fj; Jizaha; epw;gJ
mwpnt vd;gij ts;Std; tHpapy; fz]nlhk;.

l.i
2. jpUf;Fws; xU thH;tpay; ,yf;fpak; ? epWt[f.
Kd;Diu:

da
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjDf;fhf kl;Lky;yhky; ,dp tUk;
jiyKiwapdu;f;Fk; tHpfhl;Lk; thH;tpyf;fpak; jpUf;FwshFk;. ,dk;/ bkhHp/ ehL; fle;J
kdpj thH;f;ifia nkk;gLj;JtJ jpUf;Fws;. mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; kdpj thH;f;iff;Fj;
ka
njitbad czu;e;J gFj;J nehf;fp gaDilajhf thH ts;Stk; tHpfhl;LfpwJ. kdpj
thH;tpy; gadw;W jLkhwr; bra;a[k; kJ mUe;Jjy;/ g[yhy; cz;Qjy; nghd;wtw;iw
jtW vdr; Rl;of;fhl;o kdpj kdj;jpid/ thH;tpd; gaDilajhf khw;Wk; ts;Stk;.
vi
tha;ik:
al

kdpjDf;F jiyaha mwk; tha;ik vd;fpwJ. md;g[/ gz;g[/ ,d;brhy;/ ed;wpawpjy;

nghd;wit kdpj r@fj;jpw;Fj; njit vd;fpwJ. ,ijg; gpd;gw;Wnthu; g[fiHa[k;/
jtwpnahu; gHpiaa[k; miltu; vd;fpwJ.
.k

mwk;:
w

kdpju;fspd; thH;f;iff;F cau;e;j bewpahf tps=;FtJ Md;kPf mwk;/ <jy; mwk;/

fhjy; mwk; Mfpad vd;fpwJ.
w

Md;kPf mwk;:
ts;Stk; fhl;Lk; flt[Sf;F nfhl;il/ nfhg[u=;fs;/ cUt=;fs; ,y;iy vd;fpwJ.
w

mJ nguwpt[/ J}a;ikahd mwpt[/ Fz=;fspd; jpUt[U/ ,d;gj;jpd; jpUt[U/ md;gpd;

jpUt[U/ mwj;jpd; milahsk; vd;fpwJ.
<jy; mwk;:
kdpjthH;tpd; cau;e;j gz;g[<if. <if ,irgl thH;jy; vd;fpwJ. bfhLj;Jg;
g[fHila[k; thH;f;ifna gaDilaJ vd;fpwJ.
fhjy; mwk;:
fhkj;Jg;ghy; tHpahf mwtHpg;gl;l fhjiy vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Mz;/ bgz; cwit
bewpg;gLj;JfpwJ. fsita[k;/ fw;iga[k; tifg;gLj;jp `kdpjk;~ mila[k; thH;f;ifia
bewpg;gLj;JfpwJ/

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

222 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

ܼ¬ñ à¬ìò ªêò™
, Üó², êÍè‹, G¼õ£è‹
à¬óï¬ì Þô‚AòˆF™ «ñô£‡¬ñ ªõ.Þ¬øò¡¹, Þ.Ý.ð
ªêŒ»œ ÜFêò ñô˜ îI›ïF ïaš
7 ªêŒ»œ «îJ¬ôˆ «î£†ìŠ 𣆴 ºè‹ñ¶ Þ󣾈î˜
ªêŒ»œ
¶¬íŠð£ì‹
¹øï£ÛÁ
êƒèè£ô‚ 虪õ†´‹ â¡
HC󣉬îò£˜
äó£õî‹ ñ裫îõ¡
7
ïaš

G¬ù¾èÀ‹
Þô‚èí‹ ªî£¡ñ‹

n
l.i
e«ik ms¥ngh«

da
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `gyu; J+;rt[k; jhk; J+;rhd;~ tpHpj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghoatUk;
m) nrhHd; beL=;fps;spia ? ghzu;
M) nrhHd; ey=;fps;spia ? nfht{u;fpHhu;
ka
,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;bghiwia ? fgpyu;
<) fupfhyid ? cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhu;
vi
[tpil: M) nrhHd; ey=;fps;spia ? nfht{u;fpHhu;]
2. mjpra kyupd; g[d;difiag; gpoj;jthW jkpH;ejp flf;fr; brhy;tJ
al

m) fle;jfhyj; Jau=;fis M) Ml;fsw;w bghGij

,) gr;irak; ,He;j epyj;ij <) midj;ija[k; [tpil: <) midj;ija[k]];
.k

3. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ

Tw;W 1: fij totpyhd totk; cilaJ.
w

Tw;W 2: bgupa vGj;Jg; g[j;jfk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLtJ.

m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW M) Tw;W 1/ 2 rup
w

,) Tw;W 1/ 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW/ Tw;W 2 rup

[tpil: M) Tw;W 1/ 2 rup]
w

4. cz;L gpwe;J tsu;e;j ,le;jdpy; ? ,j;bjhlupy; bgabur;rk;

m) cz;L M) gpwe;J
,) tsu;e;j <) ,le;jdpy; [tpil: ,) tsu;e;j]
5. ahid g[f;f g[yk;nghy ? ,t;t[tikf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd bjhlu;
m) jdf;Fg; gad;gLk;/ gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ.
M) jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ/ gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ.
,) gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLk;/ jdf;Fg; gad;glhJ.
<) jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;/ gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLk;.
[tpil: m) jdf;Fg; gad;gLk;/ gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ.]

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 223
6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; bjhd;kj;jpw;Fg; bghUe;jh xd;iwj; nju;f.
m) fu;zd; njhw;whd; ngh. M) tajpy; rpwpats;/ MdhYk; jiytp-
,) ,e;j ehujuplk; vr;rupf;ifahf ,U. <) ,e;jh nghwhd; jUkd;.
[tpil: M) tajpy; rpwpats;/ MdhYk; jiytp]
7. bjhd;kk; gw;wpa Tw;WfSs; jtwhd xd;iwj; nju;f.
m) cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wfptpl;l tot=;fs;.
M) gH=;fijiaf; bfhz;L fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ.
,) ek;g KoahjJ nghy; njhd;Wk; epfH;r;rpfs; bra;jpfs;.
<) tps=;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gHbkhHpapd; @yk; tpsf;FtJ.
[tpil: <) tps=;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gHbkhHpapd; @yk; tpsf;FtJ.]

n
8. `rhgtpnkhrdk;~/ `mfypif~ fijfspy; bjhd;k=;fisg; gad;gLj;jpatu;
m) F. mHfpuprhkp M) g[Jikg;gpj;jd;

l.i
,) b$ankhfd; <) v!;.,uhkfpU&;zd; [tpil: M) g[Jikg;gpj;jd;]
9. gz;g[f;FwpaPLfisf; fijkhe;ju;fnshL bghUj;Jf.

da
m) mwk; ? 1. fu;zd;
M) typik ? 2. kDePjpr;nrhHd;
,) ePjp ? 3. gPkd;
<) ts;sy; ? 4. jUkd;
ka
m) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
vi
FWtpdh
al

1. gUtj;nj gapu; bra; ? neu nkyhz;iknahL bghUj;jp vGJf.

¡ `gUtj;nj gapu; bra;~ vd;gJ mDgtr; brhy;.
.k

¡ Vw;wf; fhyj;ij mwpe;J Vw;w ,lj;ija[k; mwpe;J braiyr; bra;jy; nghy gUtk;
mwpe;J gapu; bra;jy;.
¡ gapu; bra;tjw;F kl;Lky;y kdpj thH;f;iff;Fk; bghUe;Jk;.
w

2. ve;jbthU bghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk;nghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpju;fspd;

w

ciHg;ig ehk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. xU njePiug; gUFk;nghJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpj

ciHg;igr; rpe;jpj;J c=;fs; fUj;ij vGJf.
¡ ehk; Fof;Fk; njePu; jhdhf fpilg;gjpy;iy gpwu; cz;lhf;fpj; jUtJ. mjw;F ePu;/
w

ru;f;fiu/ njapiy njit. mijr; rupahff; fye;JbfhLf;Fk; gf;Ftk; ntz;Lk;.

¡ ,j;jidg; bghUs;fisf; bfhLf;f ekf;F cjtpatu;fs; vj;jidngu;>
¡ rhjhuzkhf njePUf;fhf ,j;jid ngUila ciHg;g[ njitg;gLbkd;why; ek;
thH;tpw;F vj;jid ngUila ciHg;g[ njitg;gLk;. Mfnt ciHg;gtUila
ciHg;ig ehk; kjpf;ff; fw;Wf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
3. mwpt[il nte;jdpd; bewp Fwpj;J/ gprpuhe;ijahu; TWtd ahit>
¡ mwpt[il nte;jd; tupjpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J tup jpul;odhy;/ ehL bry;tk;
brHpg;gila[k;.
¡ mwptpy; Fiwe;J Kiw bjupahJ tup jpul;odhy; ahid g[Fe;j epyk; nghy; MfptpLk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

224 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

4. brtpawpt[W}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
murd; bra;a ntz;oa flikfis Kiw jtwhky; bra;a[khW mtd; nfl;FkhW
mwpt[Wj;jy; brtpawpt[W}c JiwahFk;.
5. bjhd;kk; tpsf;fk; jUf.
¡ rka ek;gpf;iffisa[k; rl=;Ffisa[k; btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
¡ ctikf; fijfshft[k;/ bka;apay; cUt=;fshft[k; epd;W rKjhaj;jpw;F
7 tHpfhl;Lfpd;wd.
¡ mwptpay; Kiwapy; Ma;t[ bra;anth g[upe;Jbfhs;snth KoahJ.
ïaš

¡ rKjhaj;jpd; MH;kdj;jpypUe;J btspg;gLtdthf mtw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk;

fl;likg;gpd; FwpaPLfshft[k; tps=;Ffpd;wd.

n
6. ngr;R tHf;fpy; bjhd;kk; btspg;gLk; ,U bjhlu;fis vGJf.
ek; md;whlg; ngr;rpy; kug[j;bjhlu;fshfj; bjhd;k=;fs; fye;Js;sd.

l.i
¡ ``fpHpj;j nfhl;ilj; jhz;lkhl;lhd;~~ ? vd;gJ ,uhkhazj;jpy; gu;zrhiyia tpl;L
rPij btspna te;jhy; jP=;F tUk; vd;gjw;fhf ,yf;Ftd; nfhL fpHpj;j epfH;tpypUe;J

da
cUthd kug[j;bjhlu;.
¡ `kDePjpr; nrhHd;~ ? jd; nju;r;rf;fuj;jpy; ,we;j fd;Wf;fhf jd; kfidj; nju; Vw;wpf;
bfhd;w nrhHd; ePjp jtwhj Ml;rp. ka
7. cd;kdk; xU ghw;fly;
mijf; file;jhy;
mKjk; kl;Lky;y
MyfhyKk; btspg;gLk; vd;gij
vi
eP mwptha; my;yth> ? ,f;ftpijapy; btspg;gLk; bjhd;kk; ahJ>
bjhd;kj;ijf; bfhz;L Kuz;ghl;il tpsf;fyhk;.
al

xd;W nru;;e;jpUf;fpw NHiy tpsf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

,g;ghlypy; ghw;fly;/ mKjk;/ Myfhyk; Mfpa bjhd;k=;fs; btspg;gLfpd;wd.
.k

rpWtpdh
1. ntshz; nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ePtpu; gupe;Jiug;gdtw;iw vGJf.
w

¡ ntshz;ikf;Fs;Sk; nkyhz;ikf; TWfs; cz;L.

¡ kdpjd; ,aw;ifnahL ,ize;J ntshz; bra;jhy; btw;wpf;F tha;g;g[ cz;L.
w

¡ rupahd gapu;/ cupa neuj;jpy; tpijj;jy;.

¡ ePu; nkyhz;ikia bewpg;gLj;jy;.
w

¡ mWtilf;Fg; gpd; ghJfhj;jy;.

¡ ey;y tpiy tUk; tiu ,Ug;g[ itj;jy;.
¡ tpHpg;nghLk;/ bghWg;nghLk; bray;gl;lhy; ntshz;ik brHpf;Fk;.

2. mjpra kyupd; g{r;bro vt;thW Kisj;jjhf/ jkpH;ejp TWfpwhu;>

¡ nghUf;Fg; gpd; Fz;L kiH bghHpe;J jiukl;lkhfpa ,lj;jpy;/ Ms; elkhl;lk;
,y;yhj neuj;jpy;/ cyhtpa ahidapd; vr;rj;jpypUe;J tsu;e;jpUf;fyhk; ,r;bro.
¡ vtnuh xUtUila fhy; rg;ghj;jpd; gpd;g[wk; tpij xl;of;bfhz]L ,=;F te;J capu;
bgw;wpUf;fyhk;.
¡ ePupy;yh bghl;ly; gFjpapy;; gpwe;j FHe;ij nghy bkhl;L mtpH;e;J kyu;e;J rpupf;fpwJ
mjpra kyu; vd;fpwhu; jkpH;ejp.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 225
3. `v=;fpUe;njh tUfpwJ
tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rpbahd;W
gwitfSk; tuf; TLk; ehis~ ? ,lk;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : jkpH;ejpapd; `mjpra kyu;~ ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy;; ,g;ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd.
bghUs; : kyiuj; njo tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rpa[k;/ gwita[k; tuf;TLk; vd;gJ bghUs;.
tpsf;fk; : kdpj elkhl;lk; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; cytpa ahidapd; vr;rj;jpnyh my;yJ
fhydpapd; gpd;g[wk; xl;of;fple;J Kisj;jJ mjpra kyu;. mg;g{r;broapd;
milahsj;ijf; fz;L v=;fpUe;njh tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rpa[k;/ gwita[k; ehis
tuf;TLk; vd;W jkpH;ejp TWfpwhu;.
4. ahid g[f;f g[yk;nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; bfLnk ? ctikiaa[k; bghUisa[k;

n
bghUj;jp tpsf;Ff.

l.i
ctik:
epyj;jpy; tpise;j bey;iy mWj;J czthf;fpf; ftskhff; bfhLj;jhy; ahidf;Fg; gy

da
ehl;fs; czthFk;. mt;thW ,y;yhky; ahidna g[Fe;J cz;Qkhapd; thapy; g[Fe;j
bey;iytplf; fhypy; kpjpg;gl;l bey;ny mjpfkhFk;.
bghUs;: ka
mwpt[ila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J tup jpul;odhy; ehL bry;tr; brHpg;gila[k;.
Kiw bjupahky; murd; tup jpul;odhy; ehL tpiutpy; mHpa[k;/ ahid g[Fe;j epyk; nghy
MfptpLk;. murd; jhDk; gad;glkhl;lhd;" ehl;L kf;fSk; Jd;g[Wtu;.
vi
beLtpdh
al

1. vspa kf;fspd; typfis ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa tot=;fns KGikahfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd

? epWt[f.
.k

Kd;Diu:
19 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Vw;gl;l g+;rk; bts;isau;fspd; t+;rj;jpdhy; g[yk; bgau;e;j
w

tpspk;g[ kf;fspd; Jauj;ij ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpak; KGikahf gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.

Jau=;fs;:
w

¡ ehfuPfj;jpYk; ,uh$uPfj;jpYk; rpwe;j jkpHu;fs; g+;rj;jpdhYk; bts;sj;jpdhYk;

ek;ik mw;gg; gpuhzpfisg;nghy; Mf;fpdu;.
w

¡ jhk; gpwe;J tsu;e;j ,l=;fspy; ngapDf;Fk;/ ehapDf;Fk; fPHhfj; Jd;gg;gl;L

Jaug;gl;L thH;e;jdu;.
¡ mt;thW mtu;fs; tpk;kp tpk;kp mGjf; Fuy; btFrd=;fspilna ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa
totpy; Fk;kpg;ghlyhf mtu;fspd; Jauk; nghf;fpd.
¡ ntiyf;F thU=;fs; vd;W md;g[ld; miHj;J Miyf; fUk;g[ nghy ek; ciHg;igg;
gpHpe;jdu;.
¡ Fu=;ifg; nghy; ek;ik Ml;og; gilj;Jk; xd;Wf;Fg; gj;jhfg; bgha; fzf;bfGjpdu;.
¡ rhFk; tiu jiyr;Rikahf khw;wpdhu;.
¡ jat[ VJkpy;yhky; Typj; bjhHpyhspfisf; fg;gypy; Vw;wp ,y=;if/ me;jkhd; jPt[f;Ff;
bfhz;L brd;wdu;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

226 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

vspa kf;fspd; typfs;:
¡ cz;z czt[f;Fk;/ ifg;gpor; bryt[f;Fk; Jd;gg;gl;L kz;Qspg; ghk;g[g; nghy
kidtp kf;fnshL thH;e;jdu;.
¡ kz;Qf;Fs;ns Kfj;ijg; gjpa itf;Fk; ghk;g[fs; vd kf;fs; j=;fis TWk; nghJ
,jaj;jpy; ,uj;jk; tofpwJ.
¡ ehk; Jd;gg;gLtjw;Ff; fy;tp/ xGf;fk;/ ehfupfk; ,y;yhj Fiwna.
7 ¡ ,d;nw czU=;fs;- ek; gps;isfSf;F ey;y fy;tpiaf; fw;Wf; bfhLj;J/
Fiwtpy;yhky; xw;Wikaha; Cupy; fl;Lg;ghl;nlhL thH;nthk;.
ïaš

Kot[iu:
kf;fs; j=;fs; thH;tpy; Vw;gLk; jhf;f=;fis/ typfisf; fijg;ghly;fs;

n
,yf;fpa totpy; bts;pg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. brt;tpay; brhy;yhj my;yJ g[wf;fzpj;j
fUj;ijbay;yhk; ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa=;fs; ghLbghUshapd.

l.i
2. r=;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jbfhs;s/ g[fSu;f; fy;btl;L vt;tifapy; Jizg[upfpwJ>
tpsf;Ff.

da
Kd;Diu:
,yf;fpa=;fs; mit cUthd fhyk; jhz;o epidf;Fk; tifapy; gjpt[ bra;git
fy;btl;Lfs;. me;j tifapy; ,g;gFjpapy; g[fAu; fy;btl;Lfs; @yk; r=;ffhy
ka
tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpf; fhz;nghk;.
`jkpH;~ gpuhkp:
r=;ffhy tuyhw;iw fy;btl;Lfs; @yk; mwpa KofpwJ. fy;btl;Lfs; r=;ffhyj;jpy;
vi
`jkpH;~ gpuhkp vGj;Jf;fshy; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
g[fAu; fy;btl;L:
al

r=;ffhyj;jpy; nruu;fspd; jiyefukhd fqupypUe;J 15 fpnyhkPl;lu; bjhiytpy;

cs;s MW ehl;lhd;Fd;wpd; kPJs;s Fiffspy; fhzKofpwJ.
.k

MWehl;lhd; Fd;W:
MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpd; kPJs;s Fif xd;wpy; gpuhkp vGj;J totk; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
w

mjpy; `nfh Mjd; bry;ypUk; bghiw kfd;~ vd;Dk; bgaupy; cs;s rpy bgau;g;gFjpfs;
`bry;tf; fL=;nfh thHp mjd;~ vd;Wk; 7Mk; gjpw;Wg;gj;Jj; jiytd; bgaupD}nl
w

bghjpe;J fpilg;gijf; fhzKofpwJ.

,tu; kfd; bgau; `bgU=;fL=;nfh~ ghiy. ghiy ghoa bgU=;fL=;nfhita[k;/
w

,td; kfd; `,s=;fL=;nfh~ vd;Dk; bgau; kUjk; ghoa ,s=;fL=;nfhita[k;

epidt{l;Lfpd;wd.
,s=;fL=;nfh rkzj;Jwtpf;F kiyf;Fifapy; gLf;if mikj;Jf; bfhLj;jhd;. mit
rpije;j epiyapy; cs;sJ. `gpl;ld;~ `bfhw;wd;~ vd;Dk; bgau;fs; gof;ff;Toa epiyapy;
bjspthf cs;sd.
fy;btl;L @yk; mwpa[k; bra;jp:
nrud; br=;Fl;Ltdpd; jikad; ehu;Kor; nruy; ghiy ghoa `bgU=;fL=;nfh~.
,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd; fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j gilj;jiytd; ed;dd;. ed;didg;
ghoa bghiwau; `ed;dd; ed;dhl;L vHpw;Fd;wk;~ (ew;wpiz. 391) nghd;wtu;fisg;
gw;wp mwpaKofpwJ. g[fAu;f; fy;btl;L @yk; gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; 6/ 7/ 8 MtJ ghl;Lilj;
jiytu;fis mwpa KofpwJ vd;W Iuhtjk; kfhnjtd; Ma;t[ @yk; mwpaKofpwJ.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 227
Kot[iu:
g[fAu;f; fy;btl;L @yk; nru kd;du;fspd; thH;f;if/ ghiy/ kUjk; ghoatu;fs;/
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; ghoa g[ytu;fspd; thH;f;if tuyhW Mfpait mwpa cjt[fpwJ.
3. epUthf nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J bt. ,iwad;g[ TWk; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
Kd;Diu:
xU ehl;od; tsu;r;rpf;F mog;gil Kd;ndw;wk; nkyhz; rpe;jid. nkyhz;ikj;
Jiwapy; kdpj ,dk;; gH=;fhye;bjhl;nl fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjd; mog;gilapy; ,iwad;g[
vGjpa epUthf nkyhz;ikg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
epUthf nkyhz;ik:
¡ cau; gjtpfspy; ,Ug;gtu;fs; vy;yhk; epg[zj;Jtk; bgw;wtu;fshf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

n
¡ ,r;braiyr; bra;J Kog;gjpy; vtu; jpwikrhypfs; vd;W mwpe;J KobtLg;gnj

l.i
rpwe;j epUthf nkyhz;ik MFk;.
¡ gof;fhjtuhf ,Ue;jhYk; goj;j rhd;nwhUld; nru;e;J gHfpdhy; ey;y gz;g[fs;
ehSk; tsUk;/ epUthfKk; rpwg;gila[k; vd;gij ehyoahu;/

da
``fy;yhnu ahapDk; fw;whiur; nru;e;bjhGfpd;
ey;ywpt[ ehSe; jiyg;gLtu;~ vd;W TWfpwJ.ka
epjp nkyhz;ik: (n&f;!;gpau;)
¡ epUthfj;jpy; tunt bryitj; jPu;khdpf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡ tuitj; jhz;o bryt[ bra;af;TlhJ. ,y;yhtpoy; mLj;jtuplk; ifnae;Jk; epiy
vi
vw;gLk;.
¡ n&f;!;gpaupd; ehlfj;jpy;/ ilkd; vd;gtd; Vnjd;!; efupy; ,Ue;jhd;. mtd; tuit
al

tpl bryt[ mjpfk; bra;jhd;.

¡ cjtpahsu; epjp epiyikiag; gw;wp TWk; nghJ nfl;f kWj;jhd;.
¡ fld; fGj;ij bewpj;jJ" mtd; tUe;jtpy;iy.
.k

¡ mtd; jhd; mspj;j czit cz;ltu; cjtp bra;thu;fs; vd;W jtwhd fzf;Fg;
nghl;lhd;. cjtpahsu;;/ ez;gu; vd vtUk; cjttpy;iy.
w

¡ ilkd; CUf;F xJf;Fg;g[wkhfr; bry;fpwhd;. kdpj ,dj;ijna btWf;fpwhd;.

epjp nkyhz;ik: (xsitahu;;)

w

¡ ciHj;Jr; nru;f;Fk; bghUspidtpl mjpfr; bryt[ bra;gtu;fs; j=;fs; khdk;/ mwpt[/

czt[ ,it @d;iwa[k; ,Hg;ghu;fs;.
w

¡ vt;tHp ele;jhYk; jpUlu;fs; nghy elj;jg;gLthu;fs;. vj;Jizg; gpwg;g[ gpwe;jhYk;

jPatu; nghynt elj;jg;gLtu;.
¡ ``Md Kjypy; mjpfk; brythdhy;
khdk; mHpe;J kjpbfl;Lg; ? nghdjpir ....
? vd;w ghly; @yk; xsitahu; epjp epUthf nkyhz;ikia tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
Kot[iu:
cyf ,yf;fpa=;fs; midj;jpYk; nkyhz;ikf; fUj;Jfs;; gutpf; fplf;fpd;wd. mit
gd;dPu; g[&;g=;fs; fhw;wpy; guttpLk; kdijg; nghy; trPfukhdit. mtw;iw mg;gona
Fg;gpapy; milf;fhky; mit TWk; ey;byhGf;f=;fisg; gpd;gw;Wnthk;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 251

â™ô£ àJ¼‹ ªî£¿‹

ñQî‹, ÝÀ¬ñ
à¬óï¬ì ïñ¶ ܬìò£÷ƒè¬÷ e†ìõ˜
ªêŒ»œ ºè‹ ²è‰F ²ŠHóñEò¡ ïaš
ªêŒ»œ CÁð£í£ŸÁŠð¬ì Þ¬ì‚èN´

ªêŒ»œ Þó†êEò ò£ˆFKè‹

ï™Ö˜ ïˆîˆîù£˜
â„.ã. A¼†®íù£˜ 8
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ «è£¬ì ñ¬ö ê£‰î£ îˆ
Þô‚èí‹ °Pf´

n
l.i
e«ik ms¥ngh«

da
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; ,d;iwa epyg;gFjp
m) cjfkz;lyk; M) tpGg;g[uk;
,) jpz;otdk; <) jUkg[up
ka
[tpil: ,) jpz;otdk;]
2. bghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.
vi
m) jdpj;jkpH;j; je;ij ? 1. K.tujuhrdhu;
M) Muha;r;rpg; nguwp+u; ? 2. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp
,) jkpH;j; bjd;wy; ? 3. jpU.tp.f.
al

<) bkhHp +hapW ? 4. njtneag; ghthzu;

[tpil: m) jdpj;jkpH;j; je;ij ? 1. K.tujuhrdhu;]
.k

3. r.j. rw;Fzupd; ciuiaf; nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;bgw;w kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp vGjpa E}y;
m) bgsj;jKk; jkpGk; M) ,RyhKk; jkpGk;
w

,) rkzKk; jkpGk; <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpGk; [tpil: <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpGk;]

4. ehd; btw;Wbtspapy; miye;Jbfhz;oUf;fpnwd; vdJ Kfj;ijj; njoago vd;W Rfe;jp
w

Rg;gpukzpad; njLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ

m) jkJ tPl;L Kftupia M) jkJ FLk;gj;ij
w

,) jkJ milahsj;ij <) jkJ gilg;g[fis [tpil: ,) jkJ milahsj;ij]

5. filbaG ts;sy;fspd; tupiriar; rhuhj kd;du;fs;
m) Ma; mz;ouDk; mjpfDk; M) ey;ypaf;nfhlDk; FkzDk;
,) es;spa[k; Xupa[k; <) ghupa[k; fhupa[k;
[tpil: M) ey;ypaf; nfhlDk; FkzDk;]
6. FwpaPLfisg; bghUj;Jf.
m) bgz; ? 1. rkhjhdk;
M) g[wh ? 2. tPuk;
,) juhR ? 3. tpsf;F
<) rp=;fk; ? 4. ePjp

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

252 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

m) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 M) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 [tpil: ,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2]]
7. Tw;W : 19 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; FwpaPl;oak; Xu; ,yf;fpaf; nfhl;ghlhf cUg;bgw;wJ.
fhuzk; : bghjnyu;/ iuk;ngh/ btu;nyd;/ ky;yhu;nk Kjyhdtu;fs; FwpaPl;oaj;ij
tsu;j;jtu;fs;.
m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; rup
8 ,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rup
[tpil: M) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; rup]
ïaš

8. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;/ mfj;jpiz khe;ju;fspd; cs;sj;J czu;t[fisf; Fwpg;ghf czu;j;Jk;

FwpaPLfs;

n
m) ctik M) ctnkak;
,) cj;jp <) cs;Siw ctik [tpil: <) cs;Siw ctik]

l.i
9. `jpl;lk;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; tu=;fs; rhg=;fs; MFbkd;why; ,=;nf jt=;fs; vjw;fhf>
vd;W vGjg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; `tuk;~ vjw;Ff; FwpaPlhfpwJ>

da
m) mKjRugp M) Mjpiug; gUf;if
,) jpl;lk; <) gadw;w tpist[ [tpil: ,) jpl;lk;]
10. kiwj;Jr; brhy;yt[k; kpFj;Jr; brhy;yt[k; mGj;jpr; brhy;yt[k; gad;gLk; ,yf;fpa cj;jp
vJ>
ka
m) FwpaPL M) gokk;
,) m=;fjk; <) bjhd;kk; [tpil: m) FwpaPL]
vi
FWtpdh
al

1. `jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf; fiyfs;~ E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

¡ E}y; Mrpupau; kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp.
.k

¡ jkpHpy; btspte;j mHFf; fiyfs; gw;wpa E}y;.

¡ jkpHf murpd; Kjw;gupirg; bgw;w E}y;.
w

2. `tpupbgU jkpHu; nkd;ik

X=;fplr; bra;t bjhd;nw
w

capu;g;gzpahff; bfhz;nlhd;~ ? ahu;/ ahiug; gw;wp/ vjw;fhff; TWfpwhu;>

¡ kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpiag; gw;wp ghnte;ju; ghujpjhrd; TWfpwhu;.
w

¡ jkpH; bfl neu;e;j nghJ jkpH;g;gzpia capu;g;gzpahff; bfhz;ljhy; ,t;thW

TWfpwhu;.
3. Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; nghdjw;F Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; TWk; fhuzj;ij vGJf.
jdf;Fs;ns jd;idj; bjhiyj;jgpd; vd; Kfk; Kftupaw;W nghdJ vd;fpwhu;.
4. ,iwkfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; g[yk;gpdu;>
,iwkfdhUf;F Vw;gl;l bfhLikfisf; fz;L kf;fs; g[yk;gpaJ:
,t;t[yfk; gpse;J btof;ftpy;iyna-
thdk; ,oe;J tpHtpy;iyna-
fly; ePu; tw;wtpy;iyna-
cyfk; mHpatpy;iyna vdg; g[yk;gpdu;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 253
5. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapy; xU g[Jf;ftpij vGJf.
vjpnu
jiykapu; jupj;J
bfhY tPw;wpUe;jhs;
cd; epHy; (gpukps;)
6. tpau;it ftpijapy; btspg;gLk; FwpaPLfisf; Fwpg;gPLf.
tpau;itf;F ? Mjpiug; gUf;if
brHpg;g[f;F ? mKj Rugp
7. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mog;gil ,yf;fz=;fis vGJf.
¡ Rl;oa bghUSf;Fk; FwpaPl;Lg; bghUSf;Fk; VnjDk; xU bjhlu;g[ ,Uj;jy;

n
ntz;Lk;.

l.i
¡ Rl;Lk; bghUs; vd;gJ vy;nyhUk; mwpe;j xd;whf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
¡ ,j;bjhlu;gpd; thapyhff; FwpaPl;Lg; bghUs; Ez;zpa Kiwapy; btspg;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;.

da
rpWtpdh
1. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp epidt[r; rpwg;gpjGf;Fr; bra;jpfs; cUthf;fpj; jUf.
ka
¡ kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpapd; jikadhupd; jkpH; gpd;g[yk; ,tiu Ma;thsuhf;fpaJ.
¡ ,tu; 25 Mz;Lfs; jkpH; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpatu;.
¡ ,d tuyhw;iw vGjpa MSikfspy; Kf;fpakhdtu;.
vi
¡ xt;bthU njrpa ,dKk; jd;Dila fle;j fhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;jpUe;jhy; kl;Lnk
vjpu;fhy ,yf;if mila Koa[k; vd;w ek;gpf;ifia Cl;oatu; kapiy rPdp.
al

nt=;flrhkp.
¡ rkak;/ khDltpay;/ bjhy;bghUs; nghd;w Jiwapy; bkhHp Ma;t[ bra;jtu;.
.k

¡ tl;blGj;J/ nfhbyGj;J/ jkpH; gpuhk;kp nghd;wtw;wpy; g[yik bgw;wtu;.

¡ jkpHpy; `jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf;fiyfs;~ Fwpj;J KGikahd E}y; btspapl;ltu;.
w

¡ ,e;E}y; jkpHf murpd; Kjw;gupR bgw;w E}y; MFk;.

2. filbaG ts;sy;fisa[k; mtu;fs; bra;j braiya[k; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

w

vz; ts;sy;fs; ehL bray;fs;

1. ngfd; Mtpdd;Fo kiHg;bghHpa[k; kiyrhuypy; bry;Yk;
w

fUnkf=;fz;L Moa kapy; Fspuhy; eL=;Ftjhf

vz;zp jd; nghu;itia je;jtd; (kapYf;Fg;
nghu;it je;jtd;).
2. ghup gwk;g[ ehfkiy gFjpf;Fr; bry;Yk; nghJ glu;tjw;;F gw;W
,y;yhky; Moa Ky;iyf;Fj; nju; je;jtd;.
3. mjpfd; jf#u; eWkzk; fkGk; bgupa kiyr;rhuypy; ,Ue;j
mHFkpf;f bey;yp kuj;jpd; fdpia xsitf;Fj; je;J
kfpH;e;jhd;.
4. fhup kiyakhd; jd;idj; njo te;jtUf;F md;g[bkhHp tpijj;j <uk;
epyk; nghd;wtd;" ePz;l iffis cilatd;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

254 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

5. Ma; bghjpakiy ePyf;fy;/ ehfk; bfhLj;j Milia Mypd;fPH; mku;e;j
,iwtDf;F bfhLj;jtd;.
6. es;sp beL=;nfhL nghu;Kidapy; ePSk; iffs; nghy kf;fs;
kiyKfL thH;f;iff;F midj;Jk; thup tH=;fpatd;.
7. Xup kiyehL kzk; tPRk; kyu;fs; cila kiyehl;ilf;
(Cl;o) Tj;ju;f;Fj; je;jtd;.
8
3. `<rd;kfd; epd;wdu; Xu; ViHbad Xu;kpd;~ ? ,lk;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
ïaš

,lk;:
vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; vGjpa `,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;~ ghlypy;; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.

n
bghUs;:
a{ju;fspd; bfhL+;braypy; ,Ue;J tpLgl Koahky; Xu; ViHiag;nghy mikjpaha;

l.i
,Ue;jhu; vd;gJ bghUs;.
tpsf;fk;:

da
a{ju;fs; ,iwkfid fapw;why; fl;Lk; nghJ mtu; cld;gl;L ,Ue;jhu;. jk; kPJ gif
bfhz;L jdf;F ,Hpthd bray;fisr; bra;fpd;w nghJ mtu;fs; thGfpd;w fhyj;jpy;
Jd;gg;glhky; thH ntz;Lk; vd;W ,uf;fg;gl;lhu;. md;g[ vd;w fl;oypUe;J tpLglhky;/
ka
ve;j cjtpa[k; ,y;yhky; ViHaha; mikjpaha; epd;whu;.
4. bfhil tH=;Fjypy; eP=;fs; gpd;gw;w tpUk;g[tdtw;iw vGJf.
¡ bfhil vd;gJ kdpjg; gz;gpd; milahsk;.
vi
¡ bfhLf;fpd;w gz;g[ ,Ue;jhy; nghJk;.
¡ gzkhff; bfhLg;gJ jhd; bfhil vd;gjy;y.
al

¡ mwpt[f;F ,lk; bfhLf;fhky; cs;sj;Jf;F ,lk; bfhLj;J bfhil bfhLg;ngd;.

¡ ciHj;J nru;j;J itj;j bghUis jFe;j neuj;jpy; jFjpahdtUf;F bfhLg;gJk;
.k

bfhil.
¡ thGk; nghJ ,uj;jk;/ thH;e;j gpwF cly; cWg;g[ jhdKk; xU bfhilahFk;.
w

¡ ,we;j ehs;/ gpwe;j ehs; md;W ,ayhjtUf;F md;djhdk; bra;jy; vd;gJk;

bfhilahFk;.
w

beLtpdh
1. kapiyahu; Xu; ``Muha;r;rpg; nguwp+u;~~ vd;Dk; Tw;wpidr; rhd;WfSld; fl;Liuf;f.
w

Kd;Diu:
xt;bthU njrpa ,dKk; jd;Dila fle;jfhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;jpUe;jhy; kl;Lnk
vjpu;fhy ,yf;if milaKoa[k;. mt;tifapy; kapiyahu; Xu; `Muha;r;rpg; nguwp+u;~
vd;gjw;F gpd;tUk; fl;Liu rhd;whfpwJ.
bjhlf;ffhy Ma;t[fs;:
1934 ,y; jkpH; Muha;r;rp khehl;oy; r.j. rw;Fzu; Mw;wpa ciuiaf; nfl;L
fpwpj;JtKk;/ jkpGk; vDk; E}iyg; gilj;jhu;. ,Jnt mtuJ Kjy; E}yhFk;. fy;btl;L
Ma;tpy; ,tUf;Fg; gapw;rp mjpfk;. mjdhy; tl;blGj;J/ nfhbyGj;J ed;F thrpf;f
Koe;jJ.bjhy; ,yf;fpak;/ bjhy; fiy/ bjhy; vGj;J Mfpatw;wpy; bfhz;l <Lghl;lhy;
bgsj;jKk; jkpGk;/ rkzKk; jkpGk; E}iyg; gilj;jhu;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 255
tuyhw;W Ma;t[fs;:
jkpHf tuyhw;wpy; ,Uz;l fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j kd;du;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;it tpupthf
nkw;bfhz;L fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpapy; `jkpHfk;~ vd;w E}iy btspapl;lhu;. fp.gp. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;L
Kjy; 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiua[s;s ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp bra;j kd;du;fisg; gw;wp
Ma;t[ bra;jhu;. knfe;jputu;kd;/ eurpk;ktu;kd;/ @d;whk; ee;jptu;kd; Mfpnahiug; gw;wpa
E}y;fis vGjpdhu;. bfh=;Fehl;L kd;du;fs;/ JS ehl;L kd;du;fs;/ fsg;gpuu;/ ,y=;if
Fwpj;Jk; tuyhW E}y;fis vGjpdhu;.
fiyapay; Ma;t[fs;:
fiyapay; rhu;e;j E}y;fSf;F tHpfhl;oahfj; jpfH;e;jhu;. jkpHuJ fiyj;jpwid
vLj;njhJk; tifapy; jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf;fiyfs; vd;w E}iy vGjpdhu;. ,e;E}y;
jkpHpy; btspahd Kjy; E}Yk; Kjw; gupRg; bgw;w E}YkhFk;.

n
,yf;fpa Ma;t[fs;:

l.i
Ma;t[yfpy; nt=;flrhkpapd; gzp nghw;wj;jf;fJ. jkpHf tuyhw;iwg; gy nfhz=;fspy;
kPl;LUthf;fk; bra;jhu;. kPl;LUthf;fk; Kaw;rpf;Ff; fpilj;j E}y; `jkpH;ehl;L tuyhW~.

da
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;/ rpyg;gjpfhuk; nghd;w jut[fs; bfhz;L vGjg;gl;lJ.
gd;bkhHp g[yik:
nt=;flrhkp/ kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk;/ rk!;fpUjk;/ ghyp/ M=;fpyk; Mfpa bkhHpfspy;
ka
gapw;rp cilatu;. `kj;j tpyhrk;~ vd;w E}iy M=;fpyk; tHpahf jkpHhf;fpatu;.
Muha;r;rp nguwp+u;:
kapiyahupd; Ma;t[fs; bkhHpf;F Kjd;Kjyhf itf;fg;gl;ld. Ma;thsu;/ mwp+u;fs;
vi
kl;Lkd;wp bghJ kf;fSk; tpUk;gp goj;jdu;. gy Ma;t[fs; fpistpl ,tuJ Ma;t[fs;
mokukhf mike;jJ. E}yfj;ijj; jhafkhff; bfhz;L mwpit tpupt[ bra;jtu;.
al

,Uz;lg; gf;f=;fSf;F xspa{l;o jtWfis kWf;Fk; Ma;t[ mQFKiw bfhz;ltu;.

Kot[iu:
.k

,tupd; njly;/ ciHg;g[/ mupa Ma;t[fs; bra;jjhy; kapiyahUf;F kzptpHh vLj;J

`Muha;r;rp nguwp+u;~ vd;w gl;lk; tH=;fpaJ rhyg; bghUj;jkhFk;.
w

2. vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; `fpwpj;jtf; fk;gnu~ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp tHp epWt[f.

Kd;Diu:
w

fk;gu; gilj;j fhg;gpaj;ij mog;gilahff; bfhz;L ,naR ehjiu jk; kdjpy; epWj;jp
vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; gilj;Js;shu;.
w

fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu;:
fk;giug; nghy; fpUl;ozdhu; re;j eaj;Jld; ghoa[s;shu;. fk;guhkhazk; nghd;nw/
,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; bghU=;fhg;gpakhf jpfH;fpwJ.
`nerk; vDk; ty;ypaij ePf;f trk; ,d;wp
<rd;kfd; epd;wdu; Xu; ViHbad Xu;kpd;~
md;g[ vd;Dk; cWjpahd fl;oypUe;J tpLgl Koahky; ve;j cjtpa[k; bgw ,ayhj
epiyapy; ViHiag; nghy; mikjpnahL epd;whu;. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ifnfapd; Tw;iwf;
bfhz;L ,uhkd; gjpy; VJk; Twhky;/ fhl;ow;Fr; brd;wJ nghy; bfhoatupd; ,fH;r;rp
bkhHp jPf;bfhs;sp nghd;W ,Ue;jJ. mJ khrpy;yhj ,naRtpd; ,jaj;jpy; mGe;jpaJ.
ntjidg;gl;lhYk;/ rpde;J kWbrhy; Twhky; ,Ue;jhu;.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

256 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; murUf;F cupa Milfis mfw;wp tpl;L tdthrk; brd;w
,uhkidg; nghy; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpy; fpUl;ozdhu; jd; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,naRitg;
gilf;fpd;w nghJ gpd;tUkhW gilf;fpwhu;.
bfhoatu;fs; ,iwkfdpd Milfis fise;J ifapy; ,Ue;j nfhypidg;
gpL=;fpdu;. Ks;Ko Nl;o moj;jdu;. Kfj;jpy; vr;rpy; ckpH;e;J gHpj;jdu; vd;wthW jd;
fhg;gpaj;ij vLj;Jr; bry;fpwhu;.
8 fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,uhkd; tdthrk; bry;Yk; nghJ mnahj;jp khefnu g[yk;gp mGjJ.
mJnghy; fpUl;ozdhu;/ ,naRt[f;F Vw;gl;l ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs;/
ïaš

`,t;t[yfk; gpse;J btof;ftpy;iyna-

fly;ePu; tw;wtpy;iyna-

n
cyfk; mHpatpy;iyna-~ vd;W g[yk;gpdu;.

l.i
bghy;yhj a{ju;fs; ,iwkfid ,fH;e;J ngrpa brhy;yj;jfhj gHpbkhHpfisf; nfl;L
bghWj;jpUe;jhu;.

da
Kot[iu:
fk;gidg;nghy; vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; ctik cj;jpahYk;/ fUj;Jr; brwpthYk;
fhg;gpaj;ijg; gilj;Js;sjhy; ,tiuf; fpwpj;jtf; fk;gu; vdg; nghw;WtJ bgUikf;Fupa
ka
bra;jpahFk;.
3. nfhil kiH fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpj neag; gz;g[fis tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
vi
rhe;jh jj;jpd; `nfhil kiH~ vDk; rpWfijapy; Kjpatu; MWKfj;jpd; kdpj
neaj;ija[k;/ jj;J vLf;Fk; ghg[tpd; kdpj neag; gz;g[fisa[k; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liu
al

thapyhf mwpayhk;.
kUj;Jtkidapy; FHe;ij mGjy;:
.k

Kjpatu; MWKfk; FHe;ijia kUj;Jtkidf;F miHj;Jr; brd;whu;. FHe;ij

mg;goa[k; ,g;goa[k; ghu;j;J fz;izr; RHw;wp mH Muk;gpj;jJ. ,Jnghynt miu
w

kzp neukhf f&;lg;gLk; FHe;ijf;Fg; grpah/ fha;r;ryh/ mrjpah bjupatpy;iy vd;W

V=;Ffpwhu;;.
w

Kjpatupd; g[yk;gy;:
O tpw;Fk; igad;; cs;ns tUthdh/ btspna ngha; FHe;ijf;F buz;L brhl;L
w

Oj;jz;zPu; bfhLj;J tpl;L jhDk; Foj;jhy; bjhz;ilf;F ,jkh ,Uf;Fk;. ngha;

te;jhy; ,lk; ngha;tpLk; vd;d bra;wJ vd;W jkf;Fj; jhnk vz;zp g[yk;gpdhhu;.
Kjpatupd; bghWik:
tupir Mik ntfj;jpy; brd;wjhy; Kjpatu; tPl;Lf;Fg; nghyhkh vd;w vupr;ry;.
,uz;L ehsh FHe;ijf;Ff; if itj;jpak; ghu;j;Jk; ruptuy/ jdpahu; M!;gj;jpupf;F nghf
gzk; ,y;y/ ahu; cjtpa[k; ,y;y vd;d elf;fg; nghFnjh bghWikaha; ,Ug;nghk; fhrh
gzkh.
Kjpatupd; epiyg;ghL:
Mz;ltnd bfhLj;j cRU jd;ida[k; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;s ahUk; ,y;y/ FHe;ijia
ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;st[k; Koay/ Ma[R g[{uht[k; my;yhl ntz;oaJ jhd;. cdf;F ehd; vdf;F

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

f=;fh 257
eP vd;whfptpl;lJ. jd; kfdpd; kidtpf;F ehY ehs; ey;y fha;r;ry;. fl;oats; fz; @oa
gpd; jhDk; FHe;ijia mdhij Mf;fptpl;Lr; brd;Wtpl;lhd; jd; kfd;.
Kjpatupd; jdpik:
gp+;Rg; gps;isf;Tl epidf;fhky; bghz;lhl;o nky ghrk;. ,tDk; ngha;
nru;e;Jl;lhnd. vj;jidnah Mz;fs; kidtpia ,He;J thHy. mdhij Mfptpl;l
FHe;ijia vz;zp MWKfk; Xahj g[yk;gy;. Mdhy; jd; kfidg; gpupe;j Jauk; Jspa[k;
,y;iy. me;j mst[f;F btWg;g[. vd;ida[k; FHe;ija[k; jdpahf;fpl;L nghapl;lhnd
vd;w nfhgk;.
kUj;Jtuplk; bry;Yjy;:
FHe;ij kPz;Lk mH Muk;gpj;J. mg;nghJ cs;nsapUe;J xU jha; FHe;ijiaj; jd;

n
njhspy; nfhHpf;F+;R nghy; J}f;fpf; bfhz;L te;jhs;. mtisg; ghu;f;ft[k; epidf;ft[k;
Koahky; @r;R tpLtij jtpu VJk; bjupahky; cs;ns brd;whu;.

l.i
kUj;Jtupd; mwpt[iu:
bgupatnu- be+;rpy; rsp ,Uf;F mjhd; fha;r;ry;/ gag;gl ntz;lhk;. gf;Ftkha;

da
ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;lhy; ,uz;L ehspy; rupahfptpLk; vd;W Twptpl;L kUe;Jr; rPl;L vGjpf;
bfhLj;jhu;.
eu;!; eyk; tprhupj;jy;:
ka
Vd; bgupatnu/ c=;f if ,g;go eL=;FJ. tPl;y ntw ahUk; ,y;iyah> vd;W nfl;f
gjpy; Tw Koahky; Crp nghl;l FHe;ij typahy; mGtij mizj;Jf; bfhz;L
rpupg;ig kl;Lk; gjpyhf;fp tpl;L btspnawpdhu;.
vi
kUe;jfk; bry;Yjy;:
ghg[ @Q ehsh buhk;gf; f&;lg;gLJ" lhf;lu; Crp nghl;oUf;fhu;. kUe;J bfhLj;jh
al

rupahapLk;D brhd;dhu;. ghg[..... ehd; kUe;J kl;Lk; th=;f tuy buhk;g ehsh brhy;yQk;
epidr;nrd;. ,g;gj;jhd; neuk; te;jJ. ghg[ ehd; buhk;g ehs; crpnuhl ,Uf;fQk;D jhd;
.k

Mir. be+;rpy; cuk; ,Ue;jhYk; clk;g[ nfl;fQnk> rhnthl ky;Yf;F epw;fpw tarh
,J/ Koayg;gh. ehisf;F eP mt=;fs Tl;ol;L th.
w

jha;g; ghrk;:
mk;kh vd;fpw ghrk; bjupahky; ,Uf;f ,J kl;Lk; vd;d ghtk; bra;jJ. jha;g; ghrk; xU
w

FHe;ijf;F vt;tst[ Kf;fpak;. vd; Raeyj;Jf;fhf FHe;ijia mdhijahf tpl;Ll;L

nghwJ bgupa ghtk;. rup ghg[ bfh+;rk; jhkjpj;jhYk; kdR khwpLk;. kUe;Jk; FHe;ija[kha;
w

tpltpLbtd ele;jhu;.
Kjpatupd; FKwy;fs;:
ghg[t[ld; te;jtu;fisg; ghu;j;j nghJ gps;is ghf;fpak;/ Vf;fk;/ jtpg;g[/ mj;jida[k;
czu;e;j nghJ FHe;ijapd; ghJfhg;g[ cWjpahdJ. gps;isiag; gpupe;J ,Uf;f ntz;Lnk
vd;gJjhd; bgupatUf;F cWj;jy;.
ghg[tpd; kdpj neak;:
Iah- ,dpnky; c=;fSf;Ff; ftiy ntz;lhk;. c=;fSila ntjid v=;fshy;
jh=;f Koay. eP=;f v=;f thH;f;iff;Fg; bgupa ek;gpf;if bfhLj;J ,Uf;fp=;f. ed;wp
brhy;wJf;Fg; gjpyh ehd; c=;fpl;l cjtp nfl;fpnwd;. eP=;fSk; FHe;ijiag; gpupe;J
,Uf;fhk v=;fnshl te;jpU=;f ja=;fhjP=;f.

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929