& Main Course Contents

Formulae of the Chapter

Numerical Examples from Board Exams.
b Problems on Higher Order Thinking Skills
Guidelines to NCERT Exerci_es
10
Bank of Board Questions
VSAQ, SAQ, LAQ
A Answers to Bank of Board Questions WAVE OPTICS

Maain Course Contents

1. Briefly discuss the various
theories about the nature of light.
Ans. Nature of light. Some of the main theories
about the nature of light are as
1.Corpuscular theory of light. In 1675 A.D., Newton proposed that light consistsfollows:
of tiny
particles called corpuscles which are shot out at high speed by a
explain the reflection, refraction and rectilinear luminous object. This theory could
2. Wave theory of light. In 1678, Dutch
propagation of light.
travels in the form of longitudinal waves just asscientist
sound
Christian Huygens, suggested that light
and Young showed that light propagates as a propagates through air. Later on, Fresnel
transverse
reflection, refraction as well as interference, diffraction and wave. This successfully explained the
polarisation of light waves.
3. Electromagneticnature of light
as electric and magnetic field oscillations. waves.
In 1873, Maxuwel! suggested that light
These are called electromagnetic waves whichpropagates
require no
medium for their propagation. Also, these waves are transverse in
nature.
4. Planck's quantum theory of light. According to Max Planck, light
small packets of energy called photons. In 1905, Albert Einstein used travels in the form of
this theory to explain
photoelectric effect.
So we see that in phenomena like interference, diffraction and
a wave while in photoelectric effect, it behaves as a polarisation, light behaves as
particle.
dual nature, i.e., it can behave as particles as well as waves.
de Broglie suggested that light has a

2. (a) Diferentiate between a ray and a wavefront.

|CBSE OD 05; D09]
(b) State the two general principles valid for waves and rays.
Ans, (a) Wavefront. Awavefront is defined as the continuous locus of all such
which are vibrating in the same phase at any instant. Thus a wavefront is a particles of the medium
The speed with which the wavefront moves outwards from the surface of constant phase.
source is called the phase speed.
Ray.An arrow drawn perpendicular toawavefront in the direction of propagationof awave is called
aray. Thus, a ray of light represents the path along which light travels.
(6) Two general principles valid for wavefronts and rays are : 1. Rays are
wavefronts. 2. The time taken for light to travel fronm one wavefront to another is the sameperpendicular to
along any ray.
645
 MOVE FAST WITH PHYSICS-XIl

3. Sketch the geometrical shape of the wavefront:

() emerging from a point source of light. ICBSE D200)1
slit.
() cmerging from a linear source of light like a rectangular
(1) corresponding to a bean of light coming from a far away sOurce. ICBSE OD 01, 03C)
Ans. Different types of wavefronts :
1. Spherical wavefront. In the case of waves travelling in all directions
source, the wavefronts are spherical in shape as shown in Fig. 10.1(a). from point
a

2. Cylindrical wavefront. When the source of light is linear in shape, such aS a fine
rectngular slit, the wavefront is cylindrical in shape, as shown in Fig. 10.1(0),
3. Plane wavefront. As a spherical or cylindrical wavefront advances, its curvatu
decreases progressively. So a small portion of such a wavefront at a large distang
from the source will be a plane wavefront, as shown in Fig. 10.1(c).
Ray Ray.

Cylindrical -
wavefront S

Spherical
wavefronts
Planc wavefronts
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 10.1 Different types of wavefronts.
4. Sketclh the wavefronts
corresponding to :
(i) parallel rays. [CBSE D98C]
(i) converging rays. [CBSE D98C]
(ii) diverging rays. [CBSE D98C]
Ans. In case of a plane wavefront, the rays are parallel
(Fig. 10.2(a)]. AÀ group of
spherical wavefront, the rays either convergeparallel
is called a beam of light. in case of a ra s
(Fig. 10.2(b)]or diverge from a point [Fig. 10.2(c). to a pOnt
Plane WF
Converging SWF Diverging SWF

’Ray
Ray
’ Ray

(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 10.2 Wavefronts and
corresponding rays in three cases
(b) converging spherical, and (c) (a) plane,
5.
diverging spherical.
State Huygens" principle. What are he
assumptions on which this princivle is based ?
[Himachal 96, 04|
Or
State the postulates of Huygens´wave theory. 01, 03C]
|CBSE D 98C, 2000 ;OD
;
Ans. Huygens' principle. H
Huygens' principle is the basis of wave theory of light. According
to Huygens' principle, each point on a wavefront is a source of secodary waves, which add upto gitN
wawfront at any later time.
 This principie is based on the following
assumptions :
1. Aach Pomt on a vaefront acts as a freslh soure of new disturbaneC, called scOontary es
or wavelets.

2. The secondary welets spread out in all directious with th speed of light inthe giVn Wim.
3. 1he CW Wavfront at aiy later tie is civeubu the orvard enveiope (tngential surface
the forevard directio) of the secondary wavelets at that time.
6. Describe HuygCNs geometrical construction for propagation of wavefronts in a meam.
|Hinachal 96, 04]
Or
Use Huyges principle to shoe that a spherical / plane wnefront advances as a spherical / plane
wvefront in a homogeneous medium. A C
|CBSE Sample Paper 0S]
Ans. Huygens' geometrical construction.
Consider a spherical |Fig. 10.3(0)] or a plane
|Fig 10.3(b)] wavefront moving towards right. Let
AB be its position at any instant. According to
Huygens' principle, each point on AB becomes a
source of secondary disturbance, which travels
with the speed c.
Tofind new wavefront atter time t, we draw B D
spheres of radii ct, trom cach point on AB. The D (a) (b)
tangential surface CD gives the new wavefront Figure 10.3 Huygens' geometrical construction for
atter time t. the propagation of (a) spherical, (b) plane wavefront.

7. Can a backward wavefront exit? Give reason in support of your answer.

Ans. No backward wavefront is possible. There cannot be backward flow of energy during
the propagation of a wave. It is found that the amplitude of secondary wavelets is proportional to
(1+ cost0), where Ois the angle between the ray at the point of consideration and the direction of
secondary wavelets. For abackward wavefront 0=n, so that 1+ cos =0. Thus the resultant
amplitude of all the secondary wavelets at any point on the backward wavefront is zero. In fact, the
ettects of secondary wavelets cancel out at allpoints except those lying on the forward envelope. So a
backward wavefront cannot exist.

8. Deduce the laus of reflection on the basis of Huygens' wre theory. (Himachal 02, 03, 04 ; Punjab 0)
Or

Using Huygens'principle show that, for aparallei beam incident on a reflecting surface, the angle of
reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. |SCE 94, 98;CBSE D 2000C : OD 03)
Ans. Laws of reflection on the basis of Huygens' wave theory. As shown in Fig, 10.4.
consider a plane wavefront AB incident on the plane reflecting surface XY, both the wavefront and
the reflecting surface being perpendicular to the plane of paper.
First the wavefront touches the reflecting surtace at B and then at the sucessive points
towards C. In accordance with Huygens principle, trom each point on BC, secondary wavelets
start growing with the speed c. During the time the disturbance from A reaches the point C. the
secondary wavelets from B must have spread over a hemisphre of radius BD = AC=¢t, where t is
the time taken by the disturbance to travel from A to C. The tangent plane CD drawn from the point
Cover this hemisphere of ra.dius ct will be the new reflected wavefront.
Let angles of incidence and reflection be iand r respectively. In AABC and ADCB, we
have
ZBAC = CDB
(Each is 90]
648 MOVE FAST WITH PHYSICS-XI

IncideDt Reflected
BC = BC [Common] wavefront.
wavetront
V
AC= BD [Each is equal to vt]
AABC ADCB
Hence LABC = DCB
or
I=r

i.e., the angle of incidence is cqual to the angle of Figure 10.4 Wavefronts and
reflection. This proves the first law of reflection. corresponding rays
for reflection from a plane surface.

Further, since the incident ray SB, the normal BN andthe reflected ray BD are
perpendicular to the incident wavefront AB, the reflecting surface XY and the respect
reflected ively
CD (all of which
are perpendicular to the plane of the paper),therefore, they all lie in wavefront
the plane of
the paper, i.c., in the same plane. This proves the second law of reflection.
9. Use Huygens' principle to verify the laws of refraction. [Haryana 2000; CBSE OD 02, 06, D
08, 111
Or
Use Huygens' geometrical construction to show the propagation of plane wavefront a rarer medium
(1) to a denser mediunn (2) undergoing refraction. Hence derive Snell's law of refraction
(CBSE F12
Ans. Laws of refraction on the basis of Huygens' wave theory. Consider a plane wavefront
AB incident on a plane surface XY, separating two media 1 and 2, as shown in Fig. 10.5.
Let
, and v, be the velocities of light in the two media, with v, <v,.
The wavefront first strikes at point A and then at the successive points towards C.
to Huygens' principle, from each point on AC, the secondary wavelets start
Acording
growing in the second
medium with speed v,. Let the disturbance take time t to travel from Bto C, then BC =0,t. During
the time the disturbance from B reaches the point C, the
secondary wavelets from point Amust
have spread over a hemisphere of radius AD =v,t in the second medium. The tangert
drawn from point C over this hemisphere of radius v,t will be the new refracted plane CD
wavefront.
Let the angles of incidence and
refraction be i and r respectively. Incident
waveiront
From right AABC, we have
BC
sin ZBAC= sin i=
AC
Rarer -
From right AADC, we have
AD Denser - ;
sin DCA= sin r=.
AC
Sin 1 BC Vt Refracted
sin r AD V,t wavefront

sin i Figure 10.5 Wavefronts and corresponding tays toi

or
Sin r
"I-'u, (a constant) refraction by a plane surface separating two meda
This proves Snell's law of refraction. The constant',is called the refractie index of the seond
medium with respect to first medium.
 13. State the principle of superposition of wnS.
numbr of u
Ans. Principle of superposition of waves. This principle state that wlen a
iatelling through amedium superpost on cachother, the resultant displacemenl at any point at a o
at that point.
stant iS equal to the vector sunt of #he disulacements due to the indivdual avN'S
1 yys, . . . . y, are the displacements due to the different waves acting separabsl.
then according tothe principle of superposition, the resultant displacement when all the waves ac
together is given by the vector sum :
14. (a) What is interference of light ?
(b)Desceribe Young's double stit experinent for observingfor the interference of light. (CBSE OD 1!
Ans. (a) Interference of light. Whenfvo ligl1t waves of the sanie frequency and having Zero or
tant phase difference trawelling inthe same dircction superpose each other, the intensity in the region of
Sperosition gets redistributed, beconing naximum at sonc points and minimum at others. This pheno
menon is called interference of light.
(9) Young's double slit experiment.
In this experiment, a source of mono
chromatic light (e.g, a sodium vapour
lamp) illuminates a rectangular narrow slit
S, about 1mm wide, as shown in Fig. 10.10. P,
S, and S, are two parallel narrow slits
which are arranged symmetrically and
parallel to the slit S at a distance of about
10 cm front it. The separation between P
S, and S, is 2 mm and width of each slit is
03mm. An observation screen is placed AA
at a distance of 2 m from the two siits.
Alternate bright and dark bands appear on Superposition of
wavefronts
Fringes Superpostiem
the observation screen. These are called of displacenents

interference fringes. Figure 10.10 Interference of two light beams.

As the light waves coming out from S, and S, are derived from the same parent
source S so
they are always in same phase i.e., S, and S, act as coherent sources. At the lines leading to ), P,
andPl, the crest of one wave fallsover the crest of other wave or the trough of one wave falls over
the trough of other wave, the amplitudes of the two waves get added up and hence the intensity
d sa)becomes maximum. This is called constructive interference. At the lines
leading to
P. and P, the crest of one wave falls over the trough of other or the amplitudes of thetwo waves
get subtracted and hence the intensity becomes minimum. This is called destructive
interference.
15. Derive an expression for tlie nutensty at any point on the observation screen in Young's double slit
(XPerinent. Hence erite the conditons for constructive and destructive interference. (CBSE DOI|
 CHAPIER 10 : WAVE OPTICS 651

Ans. Expression for intensity at any point in interference pattern. Suppose the asp
nents of two lightwaves trOm two coherent sources S. and S. al oint Pon the observation screen
at any time are given by
! =0, sin of and V =a, sin (of +)
where a, and a, are the amplitudes of the two waves, ¢ is the constant phase difference between
the two waves. By the superposition principle, the resultant displacement at point 1is
y=y ty =4, sin ot +a, sin(ot +)
=0, Sin of + a, sin of cos +a, cOs of sin
y-(a, + a, cos ) sin ot +a, sin cos ot
Put a, t a, cOs = AcOs 9 ...(1)
and 1, sin ) = A sin 9 ..2)
Then yF A cos Osin ot + Asin 0 cos ot
y=Asin (oot +0)
Thus, the resultant wave is also a harmonic wave of amplitude Aand it leads the first har
monic wave by phase angle 0. To determine A, squaring and adding equations (1) and (2), we get
A cos 0+ A sin 0=(4, +a, cos ¢) +a, sin
r A =a +a (cos + sin ) +2a,a, cos ¢
A' =a +a +2a,a, cos ¢ ..3)
But intensity of a wave « (amplitude)
We write I=kA, I, =ka and I, =ka,
where kis a proportionality constant. The equation (3) can be written as
KA' =ka +ka; +2\ka, vka, cos
I=, +, +2/11, cos ..(4)
This equation gives the total intensity at a point where the phase difference is 6. Herel, and
1, are the intensities which the two individual sources produce on their own. The total intensity
also contains a third term 2,/I, I, cos . It is called interference tern.
Constructive interference. The resultant intensity at the point P will be maximum when
cOs Q=1 or =0,2n, 4n,....
Since a phase difference of 2r corresponds to a path difference of à, theretore, if p is the path
difference between the two superposing waves, then
2n =0, 2T, 4n,..... p=0, 4, 22, 32,....=nà
Hence the resultant intensity at a poinl is marinum when tlhe phase lifference betveen te two
superposing waves is an vven multiple of nor path differene is an integral multiple of wvelentl1 . This is
the condition of constructive interference.
Destructive interference. The resultant intensity at the point P will be minimum when
cOs ) =-1 =1, 3, 5t,....
2np = I, 31, 5,...... A 3A 5.
Or
P=; 2' 2 2

Hence the resultant intensity at a point is minimum wlen the plase difference betwen the too
superposing waves is an odd multiple of n or the path difference is an odd multiple of à/2. Tlhis is tle
condition of destructive interference.
 652 MOVE FAST WITH PHYSICS XII

16. What are coherent and incoherent sources of light ?

Ans.Coherent and incoherent sources. Two sources of light which continuously emnit light waves
f same frequency (or wavelength) with azero or constant plhase difference between them, are called colerent
sOurces.

Tuo sourccs of light which do not emit light waves with a constant phase difference are called
incoherent sources.
17. Explain why do we need coherent sources to produce interference of light.
Ans. Need of coherent sources for the production of interference pattern. When two
monochromatic waves of intensity I,, , and phase difference meet at a point, the resultant
intensitv is given by
I=l, +1, +21,/, cos ¢
The last term 2/1, I, cos ¢is called interference term. There are fwo possibilities :
1. If cos remains constant with time, the total intensity at any point will be constant.
The intensity will be maximum (J1, +JI, ) at points where cos is +l and minimum
(/I, -J 1,) at points where cos =-1. The sources in this case are coherent.
2. If cos varies continuously with time, then the interference term averages to zero.
There will be same intensity, I=l, + 1, at every point ie, there will be general
illumination on the observation screen. The two sources in the case are incoherent.
Hence to observe interference, we need to have two sources with the same frequency and
with astable phase difference. Such a pair of sources are called coherent sources.
18. Tuo independent sources of light cannot be coherent. Explain why. [Punjab 04]
Or
Can two different bulbs, similar in all respects, act as coherent sources ? Give reasons for your
answer.
[CBSE OD 90C]
Ans. Two independent sources cannot be coherent. This is because of the following reasons:
1. Light is emitted by individual atoms and not by the bulk of matter acting as a whole.
2. Even a tiniest source consists of millions of atoms, and emission of light by them
takes place independently.
3. Even an atom emits an unbroken wave of about 10 second due to its transition
from ahigher energy state to alower energy state.
The millions of atoms of a source cannot emit waves in the same phase. The light emitted by
the commonly used monochromatic source (a sodium lamp) remains coherent for about i0
After this time, the atoms responsible for emission of light get changed. The phase difference and
hence the interference pattern changes 10° times in one second. Our eyes cannot see such rapid
changes and a uniform illumination is seen on the screen. So two independent light sources cannot
produce a sustained interference.
19. State tlhe conditions, which must be satisfied for tuo light sources to be coherent. (Haryana 98 ; Punjab 95]
Ans. Conditions for obtaining two coherent sources of light :
1. The two sources of light must be obtained from asingle source by some nmethod.
2. The two sources must give monochromatic light.
3. The path difference between the waves arriving on the screen from the two sources
must not be large.
20. What are coherent sources of light ? State two conditions for tuwo light sources to be coherent.
(CBSE OD 06]
Ans. Refer answer to Q. 16 and Q.19 above.
 Since the central point Ois equidistant from S, and S,, the path difference pfor it is
There will be a bright tringe at the centre O, But as we move from 0 upwards or zero.
alternate dark and bright fringes are formed. downwards.
Fringe width. It is tlhe separation between two scCeSsive brig1t or dark fringes.
Fringe width = Separation between two consccutive bright fringes
nDà (n -1) D. or B=
DA
(Or
d
The expression for fringe width is independent of n. Hence the fringe width is eo
irrespective of the distance from the centre O.
22. Describe, with the hely ofa lbelled diagram, how the wweiengh of nonochromatic light nicy be fund
by Young's double slitexperiment. (CBSE D93C1
Ans. For Young's double slit experiment, refer answer to Q. 14 on page 650.
Measurement of wavelength. The interference pattern is obtained in the focal plane of a
micrometer eyepiece and with its help fringe width Bis nmeasured. By measuring the distance d
between the two coherent sources and their distance D from the eyepiece, the value of wavelength
can be calculated as Bd
D

23. Wut is a sustained interference pattern ? State the necessary conditions for obtaining a sustained
interference of liglht.
Ans. Sustained interference pattern. The interference pattern, in wlhich the positions of maxina and
minimaof intensity on the observation scren do not cange witlh time, is called a sustained or permanent
irterference pattern.
Conditions for obtaining sustained and observable interference pattern :
() The two sources should continuously emit waves of same frequency or wavelength
(ii) The two sources of light should be coherent.
(iüi) The an1plitudes of the interfering waves should be equal.
(iv) The two sources should be nartow.
(v) The interfering waves must travel nearly along the same direction.
(vi) The sources should be monochromatic.
(vii) The interfering waves should be in the same state of polarisation.
(rii) The distance between the two coherent sources should be'smal! and the distanc
between the two sources and the screen should be large.

24. Draw a graplt shwwing the variation of

B +
intensity against the position x on the
SCreen Young's double slit
experinent. (CBSE OD 04, 05| Intensity
Ans. Intensity distribution curve
for interference. On plotting the inten
sities of bright and dark fringes against
distance x from 0, we gct a curve as
shown in Fig. 10.12. The intensity is
maximum at the central point 0. Then it
becomes zero and maximum alternateBy
5D). 3DA DA DA
on either side of 0, depending on x is odd 2d 2 24 2/
multiple of Dy2d and integral multiple of Distance lronn centre 0()
DiEd, respectively. 1gure 10.12 Intensity distribution curve for
an interference pattern.
 27. Tuo sources of intensity I, ad l, undergo interference in Young'sdouble slit experiment.
2

Showthat 'max a, +
, wltere a and a, are the amplitudes of disturbance of two sources S,
and S, |CBSE D O1CI
Ans. Ratio of intensitiesat maximaand minima in an interference pattern. Let a, and a,
be the amplitudes and I, and I, be the intensities of light waves from two different sources.
As Intensity « Amplitude
Amplitude at a maximunm in interference pattern = , + a,
Amplitude at a minimum in interference pattern =a,
Therefore, the ratio of intensities at maximaand minima is

max (a, + a,) Or

max
2
'min (a -a,) Imin Lr-1.
-1

where r= = anplit1ude ratio of the two waves.

 Or

Using Huygens'principle, describe briefly ow adiffaction pattern is obtained on ascren due to

single narrow slit ill1uminated by a monochromatic source of light. Hence obtoin the conditions for the
angular width of secondary maxima and secondary ninima. [CBSE D 12;OD 11, 14; F12)
Ans. Diffraction of light at a single slit. Consider a plane wavefront WW of mono
chromatic light incident normally on a narrow rectangular slit AB. The incident wavefront disturbs
all parts of the slit AB simultaneously. According to Huygens' theory, all parts of the slit AB will
become source of secondary wavelets, which all start in the same phase. These wavelets spread out
in all directions, thus causing diffraction of
L,
light after it emerges through slit AB The slit
diffraction pattern is focussed by a convex
lens on a screen placed in its focal plane. W, A
The secondary wavelets going straight S dCl
(0=0°) are focussed at the central point O. The N
wavelets from any two corresponding points W B
of the two halves of the slits will be in same Screen
ase, they add up constructively to produce
a central bright fringe.
Figure 10.14 Diffraction at a single slit.
 CHAPIER 10 WAVE OPTICS 657

Calculation of path difference.Suppose the secondary wavelets diffracted at an angle 0are

focussed at point P. Draw perpendicular AN from Aon to the ray from B. Then the path aneree
beween the wavelets from Aand Bwill be
p= BP- AP= BN= AB sin 0-d sin 0.
Positions minima. Let the point Pbe so located that p= Aand 0 =0
of
Then dsin 0, =A
lIf we divide the slit into two halves AC and CR then the path difference between the
wavelets trom any two corresponding points of AC and CB willbe à/2. These wavelets add up
destructively to produce a minimum.
Thus the condition for first dark fringe is
dsin 0, =A
The condition for nth dark fringe can be written as
dsin 0, =nà, n=1,2,3,.....
The directions of various minima are given by

0,, sin 0,, =n |As A<<d, so sin 0, 0,]

3
Positions of secondary maxima. Suppose the point Pis so located that p= .When 0 =0,
then dsin 0 A
We can divide the slit into three equal parts. The path difference between two corresponding
points of the first two parts will be /2. The wavelets from these points will interfere destructively.
However, the wavelets from the third part of the slit willcontribute to some intensity forming a
secondary maximum.
Thus the condition for the first secondary maximum is
3
dsin , =
The condition for ntlh secondary maximum can be written as
dsin , =(2n+ 1),
2
n=1,2,3,...
The directions of secondary maxima are given by
0', -sin 0, =(2n +1),,
increases.
The intensity of secondary maxima decreases as n
Angular width of central maximum. 1Te angular width of the entral maximum is the angular spa
shown in Fijg, 10.15.
ration betwveen the directions of the firstminina on the tu0 sides of the entral maximuum, as
The directions of first minima on either side of central maximum are given by )= Nd
of
This angle is called half angular width
central maximum.
22
maximum =20=
.. Angular width of central Central
- Po- naximumn
Dis the
Linear width of central maximum. If
then the
distance of the screen from the single slit,
be
linear width of central maximum will
Sercen
Arc
2 D. 20(rad)=
B, = Dx 20= d Radius D Figure 10.15 Anqular and linear widths
of central maximum.
658 MOVE FAST WITH PHYSICS-X

51. Drate a graph showing the ariation of intensity with diffraction angle in a single slit diffractiom
experiment.
Intensity
Ans Intensity distribution curve. If
we plot a graph between the intensities of
maxima and minimaagainst the diffraction
angle &, we get a graph of the type shown in
Fig. 10.l6. It has a broad central maximum in
the direction ( =0°) of incident light. On
either side, it has secondary maxima of 0
32. 27. 32.
decreasing intensity at positions, d d d

Figure 10.16 Variation of intensity with angle 9in

=±(2n + 1) single slit diffraction.
2d
and minima at positions, =tn (71 =0)
d
664 MOVE FAST WITH PHYSICS-XIl

Formulae of the Chapter maxima and minin

20. Intensity ratio at
For reflection and refraction of light waves : 2

sin i max
1. Snell's law, "u, min (4, -4,y
sin r

2. l =
Speed of light in vacuum
Speed of light in medium where r= amplitude ratio of
3. Speed of light in vacuum, C=VÀ two waves.

Wavelength in vacuum
4. | = For diffraction at a single slit :
2 Wavelength in medium
21. Condition for nth minimum is
5. Wavelength in medium, X= d sin 0 = nÀ where n =1,2,3, ..
22, Condition of nth secondary maximum is
6. Optical path (in vacuum)
- x Path in medium d sin 0 =(2n +1), where n =1, 2,3,..
7. Frequency of light remains unchanged
during its reflection or refraction. 23. Angular position or direction of uth
minimum,
For interference at Young's double slit :
8, = d
s. Resultant amplitude,
24. Distance of nth minimum from the centre
a= yaf+ a6 +2a, a, cos ¢ of the screen,
9. Resultant intensity, nDA

l=l, +, +2 1, 1, cos ¢ d

10. When I, =1,=lh 25. Angular position of nth secondary

maximum,
I=21, (1 +cos ¢) =4, cos 2
.
8, -(2n +
11. For a bright fringe, path difference, p=n.
26. Distance of nth secondary maximum from
12. For a dark fringe, the centre of the screen,
p=(2n-1) n=1,2,3, .. DA
2 x, =(2n + 1)
2d
13. Distance of nth bright fringe from the centre 2 DÀ
of the screen, 27. Width of central maximum, B, =2 B=
D.
1,, =n
d
n=1,2,3,.. 28. Angular spread of central maximum on
14. Distance of nth dark fringe from the centre either side, 0=t
of the screen,
D. 29. Total angular spread of central maximum,
x, =(2n-1)
2d 20 2 2
D. d
15. Fringe width, B=
d

16. Wavelength of light used, h=PD

17. Ratio of slit widths,

18. Intensity at maxima, may (a, + a,)*

19. Intensity at minima, Imin c (a, - a,)