ANSI/AWWA C605-05

(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C605-94)

The Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterSM

AWWA Standard

Underground Installation
of Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) Pressure Pipe and
Fittings for Water

Effective date: Dec. 1, 2005.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 30, 1994.
This edition approved June 12, 2005.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Sept. 16, 2005.

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AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards
describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally
contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the
standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA
publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify,
or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are intended to represent a
consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises
or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising
section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal
AWWA publication of the official notice.

American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An
American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The
existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has
approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures
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goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards.

CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard
indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at
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Science and Technology

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ii
 Committee Personnel
The AWWA Standards Subcommittee on Standard C605, which developed this standard,
had the following personnel at the time:

Robert P. Walker, Chair

J.L. Diebel, Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)

J.F. Houle, PW Pipe, Eugene, Ore. (AWWA)
J.H. Miller, JHM Enterprises, Mississauga, Ont. (AWWA)
R.P. Walker, Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, Dallas, Texas (UNI-BELL)

The AWWA Standards Committee on PVC Pressure Pipe and Fittings, which reviewed and
approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:

Jon L. Diebel, Chair

Robert P. Walker, Vice-Chair

General Interest Members

John Calkins, Consultant, Wayne, Pa. (AWWA)

J.P. Castronovo, CH2M Hill Inc., Gainesville, Fla. (AWWA)
S.J. Cook, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Maitland, Fla. (AWWA)
Rod Holme, Earth Tech Canada, Markham, Ont. (AWWA)
G.E. Laverick, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Northbrook, Ill. (AWWA)
J.H. Lee, Dayton & Knight Ltd., West Vancouver, B.C. (AWWA)
T.J. McCandless,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
S.A. McKelvie, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Boston, Mass. (AWWA)
M.D. Meadows,* Brazos River Authority, Waco, Texas (AWWA)
J.R. Paschal, Bodycote–Broutman, Ypsilanti, Mich. (NSF)
J.K. Snyder, Snyder Environmental Engineering Association,
Audubon, Pa. (AWWA)
W.R. Whidden, Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan Inc., Orlando, Fla. (AWWA)
Ken Zastrow,† Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Northbrook, Ill. (AWWA)

* Liaison, nonvoting
† Alternate

iii
 Producer Members

S.B. Gross, CertainTeed Corporation, Valley Forge, Pa. (AWWA)

L.J. Gill, IPEX Inc., Mississauga, Ont. (AWWA)
Greg Gundel, Specified Fittings Inc., Bellingham, Wash. (AWWA)
J.F. Houle, PW Pipe, Eugene, Ore. (AWWA)
John Riordan, HARCO Fittings, Lynchburg, Va. (AWWA)
E.E. Schmidt, Diamond Plastics Corporation, Grand Island, Neb. (AWWA)
R.P. Walker, Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, Dallas, Texas (UNI-BELL)

User Members

J.L. Diebel, Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)

R.P. Fuerst, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
Stephen Poole, Epcor Water Services, Edmonton, Alta. (AWWA)
D.R. Young, Florida Cities Water Company, Sarasota, Fla. (AWWA)

iv
 Contents

All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format
may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 4 Excavation
I Introduction..................................... vii 4.1 Trench Preparation............................ 7
I.A Background...................................... vii 4.2 Trench Construction ......................... 7
I.B History............................................. vii
5 Pipe Installation
I.C Acceptance ....................................... vii
5.1 Material Inspection.......................... 10
II Special Issues..................................... ix
5.2 Precautions ...................................... 10
III Use of This Standard ........................ ix
5.3 Pipe Embedment ............................. 10
III.A Purchaser Options and
5.4 Pipe Laying...................................... 11
Alternatives .................................... ix
5.5 Pipe Joining ..................................... 11
III.B Modification to Standard................... x
5.6 Pipe Bending and Gradual
IV Major Revisions ................................. x
Alignment Change........................ 14
V Comments ......................................... x
5.7 Thrust Restraint............................... 15
Standard 5.8 Backfill............................................. 15

1 General 6 Appurtenance Placement

1.1 Scope ................................................. 1 6.1 Examination of Material .................. 16
1.2 Definitions......................................... 1 6.2 Fittings and Valves........................... 16
1.3 References .......................................... 2 6.3 Hydrants.......................................... 17
1.4 Permeation......................................... 3 6.4 Service Connections......................... 17
1.5 Materials ............................................ 3
7 Preparation for Use
2 Receiving, Handling, and Storage
7.1 Cleaning .......................................... 21
2.1 Receiving ........................................... 4
7.2 Filling and Flushing......................... 21
2.2 Handling............................................ 5
7.3 Hydrostatic Testing ......................... 21
2.3 Storage ............................................... 5
7.4 Disinfecting ..................................... 23
3 Preliminary Site Information
Figure
3.1 Alignment and Grade ........................ 6
3.2 Investigation ...................................... 6 1 Typical Embedment Types................ 9
3.3 Notifications ...................................... 6

v
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Tables 2 Hydrostatic Test Makeup

1 Allowable Bending for Water Allowances Per
PVC Pressure Pipe ........................ 14 1,000 ft (305 m) of
PVC Pipe—gph............................ 24

vi
 Foreword
This Foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA C605.

I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. ANSI/AWWA C605, Standard for Underground Installa-
tion of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fittings for Water, is offered as a
reference to be used when constructing new water distribution systems and water
transmission pipelines or when making repairs or extensions to existing water
distribution systems and water transmission pipelines. This standard provides
information on pipe handling, trench excavation, pipe installation, appurtenance
placement, and preparation of pipelines for use. It is not intended that this AWWA
standard be used as a contract document; however, it may be used as a reference in
contract documents. This standard represents the consensus of the standards
committee on the recommended practice for the proper installation of polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) pressure water pipe. The standard is not intended to preclude the
manufacture, marketing, purchase, or use of any product, process, or procedure.
I.B. History. This is the second edition of ANSI/AWWA C605. In 1978, the
AWWA Standards Council authorized the AWWA Standards Committee on
Thermoplastic Pressure Pipe to prepare a design and installation manual that would
be followed by an installation standard for PVC pressure pipe. AWWA Manual
M23, PVC Pipe—Design and Installation, was published in 1980. On completion of
the manual, development of this standard began. The first edition was effective July
1, 1995.
In 1988, the AWWA Standards Committee on Thermoplastic Pressure Pipe was
dissolved to allow for the formation of the AWWA Standards Committee on
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fittings. A new subcommittee was
convened to resume work on the installation standard in 1989. This second edition
of C605 was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 12, 2005.
I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF
International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a
certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members
of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research
Foundation (AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental

vii
Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.
In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with,
drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose
requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health
effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local
agencies may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.
2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF†/ANSI‡ 60,
Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking
Water System Components—Health Effects.
4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water
Chemicals Codex,§ and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local
agency.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in
accordance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to
accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation
of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 61
does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances
not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of
an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing
guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens).
Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.

*Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction.
†NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.
‡American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
§ Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street N.W.,
Washington, DC 20418.

viii
 ANSI/AWWA C605 does not address additives requirements. Users of this
standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in
order to
1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify prod-
ucts for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues. There are no special issues related to this standard.
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following items should be pro-
vided by the purchaser:
1. Standard used—that is, ANSI/AWWA C605, Underground Installation of
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fittings for Water, of latest revision.
2. Reference to applicable plans, drawings, specifications, and other contract
documents (all sections).
3. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System Compo-
nents—Health Effects, is required, in addition to the requirements of the Safe Drink-
ing Water Act.
4. Details and requirements of state, local, and provincial requirements (Sec. 1.5).
5. Materials inspection and acceptance requirements (Sec. 2.1).
6. Affidavit of compliance (Sec. 2.1).
7. Special provisions for conflicting utilities and responsibility for facilities and
responsibility for the location, relocation, and repair of the conflicting facility or relo-
cation of the pipeline if necessary (Sec. 3.1.3 and Sec. 3.2).
8. Notification requirements (Sec. 3.3).
9. Open trench, trench water, and trench stability requirements (Sec. 4.1).
10. Requirements for the protection of workers and the safety of the general
public (Sec. 4.1.1).
11. Special provisions for excavation and trenching requirements (Sec. 4.2).
12. Trench width, depth, bottom preparation, rock conditions, previous excava-
tion, blasting, unstable subgrade, dewatering, and excavated material requirements
(Sec. 4.2).

ix
 13. Special trench foundations (Sec. 4.2.7).
14. Open trench, trench water, and trench stability requirements (Sec. 4.1).
15. Special embedment materials (Sec. 5.3).
16. Special provisions for testing, including the assignment of responsibility for
providing and conveying water for flushing, testing, disinfection, and provisions for
disposal of disinfection water. Assignment of responsibility for providing equipment
for testing witnessing and required recording of test results (Sec. 7).
17. Special requirements for the method of disinfection, sampling, and analysis
(Sec. 7). (See ANSI/AWWA C651, Standard for Disinfecting Water Mains, of latest
revision.)
18. System design pressure, required test pressure and test duration (Sec. 7.3.5
and Sec. 7.3.4).
III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification of the provisions, defini-
tions, or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IV. Major Revisions. The revisions made to this edition of ANSI/AWWA
C605 are minor. There are no major revisions.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call the AWWA Volunteer & Technical Support Group at 303.794.7711, FAX
at 303.795.7603, write to the group at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO
80235-3098, or email at [email protected].

x
 ANSI/AWWA C605-05
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C605-94)

AWWA Standard

Underground Installation of
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure
Pipe and Fittings for Water

SECTION 1: GENERAL

Sec. 1.1 Scope

This standard describes underground installation and hydrostatic testing
procedures for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipe and fittings that comply with
either ANSI*/AWWA C900, ANSI/AWWA C905, ANSI/AWWA C907, or ANSI/
AWWA C909. It may be necessary to supplement this standard with provisions for
special requirements not included in this standard (see Foreword, Sec. III). Such
special requirements should be specified by the purchaser.

Sec. 1.2 Definitions

Under this standard, the following definitions shall apply:
1.2.1 Constructor: The party that furnishes the work and materials for
placement or installation.

*American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.

1
2 AWWA C605-05

1.2.2 Day: A day is defined as a 24-hr period.

1.2.3 Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces
materials or products.
1.2.4 Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
1.2.5 PVC pressure pipe: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipe manufac-
tured in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C900, ANSI/AWWA C905, or ANSI/
AWWA C909.

Sec. 1.3 References

ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10—American National Standard for Ductile-Iron
and Gray-Iron Fittings for Water.
ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11—American National Standard for Rubber-
Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe and Fittings.
ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53—American National Standard for Ductile-Iron
Compact Fittings for Water Service.
ANSI/AWWA C219—Bolted, Sleeve-Type Couplings for Plain-End Pipe.
ANSI/AWWA C651—Disinfecting Water Mains.
ANSI/AWWA C800—Underground Service Line Valves and Fittings.
ANSI/AWWA C900—Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, and Fabri-
cated Fittings, 4 In. Through 12 In. (100 mm Through 300 mm), for Water
Distribution.
ANSI/AWWA C905—Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fabricated
Fittings, 14 In. Through 48 In. (350 mm Through 1,200 mm), for Water
Transmission and Distribution.
ANSI/AWWA C907—Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Fittings for
Water—4 In. Through 8 In. (100 mm Through 200 mm).
ANSI/AWWA C909—Molecularly Oriented Polyvinyl Chloride (PVCO) Pres-
sure Pipe, 4 In. Through 12 In. (100 mm Through 300 mm), for Water
Distribution.
ASTM* D698—Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
teristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lb/ft3[600 kN-m/m3]).

*ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 3

ASTM F1674—Standard Test Method for Joint Restraint Products for Use with
PVC Pipe.
UNI-B-8*—Recommended Practice for the Direct Tapping of Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC) Pressure Water Pipe (Nominal Diameters 6–12 Inch).
UNI-PUB-8—Tapping Guide for AWWA C900 Pressure Pipe.
AWWA Manual M17, Installation, Field Testing, and Maintenance of Fire
Hydrants. AWWA, Denver, Colo.
AWWA Manual M23, PVC Pipe—Design and Installation. AWWA, Denver,
Colo.
AWWA Manual M3, Safety Practices for Water Utilities. AWWA, Denver, Colo.
AWWA Manual M12, Simplified Procedures for Water Examination. AWWA,
Denver, Colo.

Sec. 1.4 Permeation

The selection of materials is critical for water service and distribution piping in
locations where there is likelihood the pipe will be exposed to significant
concentrations of pollutants comprised of low molecular weight petroleum products
or organic solvents or their vapors. Research has documented that pipe materials,
such as polyethylene, polybutylene, PVC, and asbestos cement, and elastomers, such
as used in jointing gaskets and packing glands, are subject to permeation by lower
molecular weight organic solvents or petroleum products. If a water pipe must pass
through such a contaminated area or an area subject to contamination, consult with
the manufacturer regarding permeation of pipe walls, jointing materials, etc., before
selecting materials for use in that area.

Sec. 1.5 Materials

Materials shall comply with the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act
and other federal requirements.

*Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2655 Villa Creek Drive, Suite 155, Dallas, TX 75234.
4 AWWA C605-05

SECTION 2: RECEIVING, HANDLING,

AND STORAGE

Sec. 2.1 Receiving

2.1.1 Inspection for damage and defects. The purchaser may require that
materials furnished by the constructor be subject to inspection and acceptance by the
purchaser at the manufacturer’s plant or at the point of delivery. The purchaser may
request additional tests’ results or affidavits of compliance as specified in ANSI/
AWWA C900, ANSI/AWWA C905, ANSI/AWWA C907, or ANSI/AWWA C909
to ensure conformance. Inspection by the purchaser does not relieve the constructor
of responsibility to inspect and accept materials.
2.1.2 Responsibility. The constructor shall be responsible for materials
provided by the constructor. The constructor shall replace at no additional expense to
the purchaser provided materials found to be defective in manufacture or damaged in
transport, jobsite handling, or placement. This shall include the providing of
materials, equipment, and labor required for replacement of installed defective
material.
2.1.2.1 Purchaser-provided materials. The constructor’s responsibility for
materials provided by the purchaser shall begin at the point of delivery to the
constructor. Materials already on the site shall, on acceptance by the constructor,
become the constructor’s responsibility on the day work commences or the day
designated by the purchaser. However, latent defects of the material, which are not
identifiable by physical inspection, shall remain the responsibility of the purchaser
even after acceptance by the constructor. Defective material provided by the
purchaser shall be replaced by the purchaser.
2.1.3 Rejection. On receipt, material found to be defective due to manufac-
ture or damage in shipment shall be rejected and recorded on the bill of lading and
removed from the jobsite. The constructor shall inspect materials provided by the
purchaser and shall reject defective materials at the time of receipt. Any observed
gouges or scratches that extend 10 percent or more into the pipe wall shall justify
rejection of that pipe. The constructor may use the undamaged portion of a pipe by
cutting off the damaged section. Defective materials shall be clearly marked,
segregated, and removed from the site.
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 5

Sec. 2.2 Handling

2.2.1 Unloading and loading. The constructor shall be responsible for
unloading and loading of materials at the jobsite. To avoid damage, pipe and
appurtenances shall be loaded and unloaded with care and in accordance with the
manufacturer’s published recommendations. Adherence to the pipe manufacturer’s
published unloading recommendations is particularly important when temperatures
are below 32°F (0°C). Under no circumstances shall such material be dropped.
2.2.1.1 Padding. Slings (other than nylon straps), hooks, or pipe tongs shall
be padded and used properly to prevent damage to pipe and appurtenances.
2.2.2 Hauling. When hauling materials at the jobsite, care shall be exercised
to prevent damage. If possible, pipe shall be hauled in unit packages with proper
supports.

Sec. 2.3 Storage

2.3.1 Stacking. Stored materials shall be kept safe from damage. The interior
as well as sealing surfaces of pipe and appurtenances shall be kept free from dirt and
foreign matter per ANSI/AWWA C651. Pipe stored outdoors and expected to be
exposed to direct sunlight for periods of one year or more after delivery shall be
covered with canvas or other opaque material with provision for adequate air
circulation. PVC pipe shall not be stored close to heat sources, such as heaters,
boilers, steamlines, or engine exhaust.
2.3.1.1 Packaging. When possible, pipe shall be stored in unit packages on
flat surfaces to avoid bending. When unit packages are stacked, care shall be exercised
to ensure that the weight of the upper units does not cause deformation to pipe in
lower units. Unit packages shall be supported by racks or dunnage to prevent damage
or bending of the pipe. When unit packages are stacked, care shall be exercised to
ensure that the height of the stack does not result in instability that could cause stack
collapse, pipe damage, or personal injury. Generally, stack height should not exceed
8 ft (2.4 m). Safe stack height will vary by unit package configuration.
2.3.1.2 Protecting gaskets. Gaskets shall be protected from excessive expo-
sure to heat, direct sunlight, ozone (from electric motors and equipment), oil, grease,
or other contaminants.
2.3.2 Stringing. In preparation for installation, distribution (stringing) of
pipe and appurtenances shall be as close to the trench as practical and, if possible, on
the opposite side from the excavated earth stockpile. Pipe shall be protected from
6 AWWA C605-05

traffic and secured to prevent rolling. Bell ends on pipe should be pointed in the
direction of work progress. Caution shall be exercised to minimize the contamination
of pipe interiors and joint components.

SECTION 3: PRELIMINARY SITE INFORMATION

Sec. 3.1 Alignment and Grade

3.1.1 Pipe placement. Pipe shall be laid and maintained at required lines and
grades, within tolerances specified by the purchaser.
3.1.2 Appurtenance placement. Fittings, valves, air vents, and hydrants shall
be installed at required locations with valve and hydrant stems properly set. The axis
of fittings shall align with the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
3.1.3 Obstructions. It shall be the responsibility of the constructor to provide
adequate protection and maintenance of underground and surface utility structures,
drains, sewers, and other obstructions encountered in the progress of work. When the
required grade or alignment of the pipe is obstructed by existing utility structures
(such as conduits, ducts, pipes, branch connections to main sewers, or main drains),
the obstruction shall be permanently supported, relocated, removed, reconstructed,
or bypassed by the constructor in cooperation with the owners of such utility
structures.

Sec. 3.2 Investigation

The constructor shall determine the location of existing underground utility
structures in the vicinity of the pipe installation. In addition to the examination of
available records, explorations and excavations shall be performed if required by the
purchaser.

Sec. 3.3 Notifications

Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, the constructor shall notify owners
of private property, public traffic authorities, and other utilities prior to commence-
ment of construction.
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 7

SECTION 4: EXCAVATION

Sec. 4.1 Trench Preparation

4.1.1 General. The constructor shall comply with federal, state, local, and
provincial regulations for the protection of workers and the safety of the general
public. (Refer to AWWA Manual M3, Safety Practices for Water Utilities.)
4.1.1.1 Open trench. Trench excavation shall proceed in advance of pipe
installation only so far as can be backfilled the same day, or as permitted by the
purchaser.
4.1.1.2 Trench water. The discharge from any trench dewatering pumps
shall be conveyed to natural drainage channels, storm sewers, or proper reservoirs as
approved by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction. Such discharge shall be in a
manner that prevents property damage, erosion, or siltation.
4.1.1.3 Trench stability. Where necessary to prevent caving, trench excava-
tions in unstable soils shall be adequately supported with steel sheeting or trench
boxes. Before sheeting is withdrawn, or trench boxes moved forward, they shall be
raised, in place, just above the pipe crown to safely allow the constructor to
completely fill any voids left in the pipe zone.

Sec. 4.2 Trench Construction

4.2.1 Trench width. The trench width at the ground surface may vary with
the trench depth, the nature of soils encountered, existence of any pavement, and the
proximity of adjacent structures. The minimum clear width of an unsupported or
supported trench measured at the centerline of the pipe shall be at least 18 in. (450
mm) or the pipe outside diameter plus 12 in. (300 mm), whichever is greater. Where
embedment compaction is required, the trench shall be wide enough to accommo-
date the compaction equipment.
4.2.2 Trench depth. The trench shall be excavated to the depth that permits
pipe to be laid at the elevations shown on the engineering drawings or with the
required depth of cover specified by the purchaser. The depth of cover shall be
measured from the finished grade or the surface of the permanent improvement to
the top of the pipe barrel.
4.2.3 Preparation of trench bottom. The trench bottom shall be constructed
to provide a firm, stable, and uniform support for the full length of the pipe.
8 AWWA C605-05

Blocking shall not be used to change pipe grade or to intermittently support pipe
across excavated sections. When embedment Type 4 or 5 (See Figure 1) is specified,
bell holes at each joint shall be provided that conform to the shape of the pipe bell.
4.2.4 Rock conditions. Ledge rock, boulders, cobbles, and large stones shall be
removed to provide at least 4 in. (100 mm) of embedment cushion on each side of
and below pipe and appurtenances (see Figure 1). The excavation shall be sufficiently
wide to enable proper placement of the embedment specified by the purchaser. When
excavation is completed, embedment material shall be placed, leveled, and compacted
to provide a proper cushion for the pipe. Such embedment shall be granular material
graded in particle size so that the embedment material supporting the pipe shall be
retained in place under all conditions, including the rapid movement of water through
the pipe embedment and the surrounding material.
4.2.5 Previous excavations. If the trench passes over another pipeline or other
previous excavation, the trench bottom shall (1) be compacted to provide support
equal to that of the undisturbed native soil or (2) conform to specific regulatory
requirements that preclude damage to the existing installed facility.
4.2.6 Blasting. Blasting for excavation shall be permitted only when specified
by the purchaser and when proper precautions have been taken for the protection of
persons and property. Hours permitted for blasting shall be specified by the
purchaser. Damage caused by blasting shall be repaired by the constructor at no
additional expense to the purchaser. Blasting procedures shall conform with
applicable laws, ordinances, and regulations imposed by federal, state, provincial, or
local authorities.
4.2.7 Unstable subgrade. Where an unstable subgrade condition exists that,
in the opinion of the purchaser, cannot support the pipe, an alternative foundation
shall be provided. At the discretion of the purchaser, an additional depth shall be
excavated and refilled to pipe foundation grade with embedment material or special
pipe foundation material in accordance with the purchase documents. Any part of
the trench excavated below grade shall be backfilled to grade and compacted to the
required density. Such embedment material shall have a gradation that inhibits
migration of soil particles.
4.2.8 Dewatering. Where running or standing water occurs in the trench
bottom or where the soil in the trench bottom displays a “quick” tendency, the water
shall be removed by pumps. The trench shall be kept free from water during
installation operations by suitable means, such as well points or pervious underdrain
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 9

Type 1 Type 2
Flat-bottomed trench.* Loose embedment. Flat-bottomed trench.* Embedment lightly
E' = 60 psi (340 kPa), K = 0.110 consolidated to centerline of pipe.
E' = 200 psi (1,380 kPa), K = 0.110

Type 3
Pipe bedded in 4 in. (100 mm) minimum of loose
soil.† Embedment lightly consolidated to top of pipe.
E' = 600 psi (2,760 kPa), K = 0.102

Type 4 Type 5
Pipe bedded in sand, gravel, or crushed stone to depth of Pipe embedded in compacted granular material to
1/8 pipe diameter, 4 in. (100 mm) minimum. Embedment centerline of pipe. Compacted granular or select material†
compacted to top of pipe. (Approximately 80 percent to top of pipe. (Approximately 90 percent
Standard Proctor or AASHTO T-99). Standard Proctor or AASHTO T-99).
E' = 1,000 psi (6,900 kPa), K = 0.096 E' = 2,000 psi (13,800 kPa), K = 0.083
NOTE: Required embedment type will depend on the pipe's dimension ratio, internal operating pressure, and external load
and shall be specified by the purchaser (see Sec. 5.3).
*Flat-bottom is defined as undisturbed earth.
†Loose soil or select material is defined as native soil excavated from the trench, free of rocks, foreign materials, and frozen
earth. A soft loose soil bedding will contour to the pipe bottom. Caution must be exercised to ensure proper placement of
embedment material under the haunches of the pipe.

Figure 1 Typical embedment types

bedding, until the pipe has been installed and backfill placed and compacted to a
sufficient height to prevent pipe flotation. A cover depth of 1.5 pipe diameters will
normally prevent flotation. For pipes having a dimension ratio (DR) greater than
32.5, a cover minimum of 2.0 pipe diameters is recommended.* Soil migration in the

*A 1.5-pipe-diameter cover depth is based on a saturated backfill having a dry density of only 90 lb/ft3
(1,440 kg/m3).
10 AWWA C605-05

pipe zone shall be prevented through the use of geotextile fabric or embedment
material gradation.
4.2.9 Excavated material. Excavated material shall be placed in a manner
that will not obstruct work or endanger personnel or the public. Excavated material
shall not obstruct sidewalks or driveways for extended periods unless provided for in
the contract documents. Hydrants under pressure, valve-pit covers, valve boxes,
curb-stop boxes, fire and police call boxes, or other utility controls shall remain
unobstructed and accessible. Gutters shall remain clear unless other satisfactory
provisions have been made for street drainage. Natural water courses shall not be
obstructed. Surplus excavated material shall be disposed of in a suitable manner.

SECTION 5: PIPE INSTALLATION

Sec. 5.1 Material Inspection

Pipe and appurtenances shall be inspected for defects prior to installation in the
trench. Defective, damaged, or unsound material shall be marked and held for
inspection by the purchaser, who may prescribe corrective repairs or reject the
material.

Sec. 5.2 Precautions

Proper equipment, tools, and facilities shall be provided and used by the
constructor for the safe execution of work. Pipe and appurtenances shall be lowered
carefully into the trench using suitable equipment and methods to prevent material
damage or personnel injury. Under no circumstances shall pipe or appurtenances be
rolled, dropped, or dumped into the trench.

Sec. 5.3 Pipe Embedment

Selection of the required laying condition and the method of embedment shall
be made in accordance with the requirements specified by the purchaser. Common
embedment types are shown in Figure 1, with the bedding constant (K ) and typical
soil modulus (E´) values associated with each. These values, along with other
embedment design parameters specified by the purchaser, should be used to calculate
pipe deflection per the design information provided in AWWA Manual M23. The
purchaser may also specify embedment types other than those shown in Figure l. The
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 11

type of pipe embedment should be selected so as to prevent a vertical cross-section

long-term ring deflection of more than 7.5 percent.* Maximum embedment particle
size shall not exceed 3/4 in. (20 mm) for angular rock or 11/2 in. (40 mm) for rounded
rock. Embedment shall be selected and placed to prevent gouges, crimping, or
puncture of pipe, joints, or appurtenances. If flowable fill or controlled low-strength
material is used for embedment, the maximum particle size should not exceed one
eighth of the distance between the pipe and the trench wall.

Sec. 5.4 Pipe Laying

5.4.1 Pipe cleaning. Before lowering the pipe into position in the trench, dirt
and foreign matter that cannot be removed by normal flushing shall be cleaned by
mechanical means. The purchaser shall determine when such mechanical cleaning is
required. During laying operations, no debris, hand tools, clothing, or other materials
shall be placed in the pipe. Pipe shall be kept clean during and after laying.
5.4.2 Pipe placement. As each length of pipe is placed in the trench, the joint
shall be assembled and the pipe brought to required line and grade within tolerances
specified by the purchaser. The pipe and joint shall be uniformly supported and
secured in place with the specified embedment material. The pipe shall be laid with
the bell end pointing in the direction of work progress.
5.4.3 Interrupted operations. When laying operations are interrupted or
terminated at the end of a day, pipe ends shall be sealed temporarily to prevent the
entry of water, debris, small animals, and similar types of contamination. Precautions
shall be taken to prevent flotation of the sealed pipe during work stoppages. (See Sec.
4.2.8.)

Sec. 5.5 Pipe Joining

5.5.1 Joint preparation. The sealing surface of the pipe spigot end, the pipe
bell, the coupler or fitting, and the elastomeric gaskets shall be cleaned immediately
before assembly. Factory installed gaskets should not be removed.† An approved

*Pipe embedment type shall be selected solely on the basis of the pipe stiffness and the anticipated
external load. Internal pipe pressure shall not be included in the embedment selection evaluation.
†In very cold installation conditions, the manufacturer or purchaser may permit the constructor to
remove factory-installed gaskets and take them to a heated truck cab or shelter to restore their
flexibility prior to joint assembly. Always check with the pipe and fittings manufacturers before
attempting to remove the gasket because not all factory-installed gaskets are removable.
12 AWWA C605-05

lubricant shall be applied in accordance with the pipe manufacturer’s published

recommendations. Application of a nonapproved lubricant or too much lubricant
can result in a pipeline that is difficult to disinfect and cause temporary taste and
odor problems..
5.5.2 Joint assembly. Joints shall be assembled under conditions that allow
for the clean mating and sealing of joining surfaces using equipment, materials, and
procedures in accordance with recommendations published by the pipe and fitting
manufacturers. The elastomeric gasket will have been factory installed in most bell
joints. If the gasket is not pre-installed, position the gasket in the annular groove of
the bell or coupling. To assure compatibility, only gaskets supplied by the particular
pipe and fitting manufacturer(s) shall be used. Pipe spigot ends are pre-marked at the
factory with a circumferential insertion line. This line references how far the spigot
should be inserted into the adjoining PVC pipe bell. Field-cut pipe spigot ends shall
be marked and beveled to match the manufacturer’s insertion line. Pipe-to-pipe joints
shall be assembled only to the insertion line. After assembly, the insertion line shall
remain visible and be nearly flush with the lip of the adjoining PVC pipe bell. Joints
assembled beyond the insertion line shall be considered over-assembled and may
result in damaging stresses or leakage. The bell or coupler shall be in straight
alignment with the pipe spigot end before and during joint assembly.
5.5.3 Types of gasketed joints. Unless specified otherwise by the purchaser,
gasketed joints shall be the push-on type. PVC pressure pipe shall be assembled using
the following types of joints:
5.5.3.1 Pipe to pipe. Gasketed bell joints integral with the pipe (ANSI/
AWWA C900, ANSI/AWWA C905, and ANSI/AWWA C907, may be used). The
procedures of Sec. 5.5.1 and Sec. 5.5.2 shall be followed.
5.5.3.2 Pipe-to-couplings PVC fittings. Double-gasketed couplings and
PVC fittings (ANSI/AWWA C900, ANSI/AWWA C905, ANSI/AWWA C907, and
ANSI/AWWA C219) may be used. The procedures of Sec. 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 shall be
followed except the factory-applied insertion line may not provide for proper depth
of assembly. The constructor shall determine the proper insertion depth by
measuring the inside depth of the fitting bell or coupler and subtracting no less than
0.5 in. while also ensuring that full engagement of the gasket with the joined pipe
spigot will occur. The constructor shall mark new insertion line(s) on the pipe
spigot(s) to be joined. After assembly, the new insertion line shall be nearly flush with
the lip of the adjoining coupler or PVC fitting bell.
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 13

5.5.3.3 Pipe-to-iron fittings. Any of several joint designs that have gaskets
and are manufactured in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10, ANSI/
AWWA C111/A21.11, and ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53 may be used. For pipe
assembly commonly found with fittings, valves, hydrants, or other appurtenances;
the insertion depths of these joints are significantly less than those of PVC pipe and
fittings. The procedures of Sec. 5.5.1 and Sec. 5.5.2 shall be followed, except the
insertion depths for these joints are generally less than those with PVC pipe or PVC
fittings. Before assembly or insertion, the constructor shall make sure the pipe spigot
end is squarely cut, deburred and given only a slight outer bevel. If the pipe spigot
end has the factory bevel, the factory bevel shall be removed or shortened to ensure
that when assembled, the gasket will be in full contact with the nonbeveled portion
of the pipe outside diameter. Additionally, the published assembly recommendations
of the fitting or appurtenance manufacturer shall be followed. Joints may be either
mechanical or push-on as described in ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10, ANSI/AWWA
C111/A21.11, or ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53.
5.5.3.4 Pipe-to-steel fittings. Any of several push-on joint designs that have
gaskets and are manufactured in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C200 may be used.
The procedures of Sec. 5.5.1 and Sec. 5.5.2 shall be followed except the insertion
depths for these joints are generally less than those with PVC pipe or PVC fittings.
Before assembly or insertion the constructor shall make sure the pipe spigot end is
squarely cut, deburred, and given only a slight outer bevel. If the pipe spigot end has
the factory bevel, the factory bevel shall be removed or shortened to ensure that when
assembled, the gasket will be in full contact with the nonbeveled portion of the pipe
outside diameter. Additonally, the published assembly recommendations of the fitting
manufacturer shall be followed.
5.5.4 Field cuts. Circular saws, handsaws, or similar equipment may be used
for cutting PVC pipe. Cuts shall provide a smooth end at right angles to the
longitudinal axis of the pipe. Pipe spigot ends shall be marked and beveled to match
the manufacturer’s insertion line prior to joining with another PVC pipe bell end (see
Sec. 5.5.2).
5.5.4.1 Spigot insertion. Pipe spigot ends are premarked with a circumferen-
tial insertion line. This line references how far the spigot should be inserted into the
adjoining PVC pipe bell. Field-cut pipe spigot ends shall be marked to match the
manufacturer’s insertion line (see Sec. 5.5.1). Pipe-to-pipe joints shall be assembled
14 AWWA C605-05

only to the insertion line. After assembly, the insertion line shall remain visible and
be nearly flush with the lip of the adjoining PVC pipe bell.
5.5.4.2 Mechanical joint. The mechanical joint shall be assembled in
accordance with the fittings manufacturer’s published recommendations. Pipe spigot
bevels may require shortening for use with mechanical joints or fitting joints.

Sec. 5.6 Pipe Bending and Gradual Alignment Change

If permitted by the purchaser, PVC pressure pipe may accommodate longitudi-
nal bending with the following limitations: The constructor shall block or brace pipe
joints to ensure that bending of PVC pressure pipe does not result in axial deflection
in the gasketed or mechanical joints that exceeds the manufacturer’s published limits.
Excessive axial-joint deflection may result in damaging stresses or leakage. Embed-
ment Types 1 and 2 shall not be permitted for longitudinally bent pipe segments.
The longitudinal bending in the PVC pipe barrel shall not result in a bending radius
less than the minimum limits established in Table 1.
5.6.1 Bending. The bending of PVC pipe barrels larger than 12 in. (300 mm)
nominal diameter is not recommended because of the forces required. The curved
alignment of pipelines larger than nominal 12 in. (300 mm) in diameter shall be
determined by the pipe manufacturer’s published axial-joint-deflection limits
5.6.2 Deflection fittings and couplers. Fittings, bends, or couplings that allow
additional angular joint offset shall be used to achieve gradual alignment changes that
exceed the pipe manufacturer’s published axial-joint-deflection limits.

Table 1 Allowable bending for PVC pressure pipe *

Nominal Size Minimum Bending Radius

in. (mm) ft (m)

4 (100) 100 (30.5)

6 (150) 144 (43.9)
8 (200) 189 (57.6)
10 (250) 231 (70.4)
12 (300) 275 (83.8)
*ANSI/AWWA C900 PVC pipe with cast-iron outside diameters.
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 15

Sec. 5.7 Thrust Restraint

Reaction or thrust restraint shall be provided for each dead end, valve, bend,
T-connector, and unrestrained hydrant; at reducers or fittings otherwise unrestrained;
and where changes in pipe diameters or directions occur. The size and shape of
concrete thrust blocks shall be as specified by the purchaser. The length of restrained-
joint piping and details of joint-restraint glands, clamps, friction slabs, or other
anchors shall be as specified by the purchaser. Restraining mechanisms for PVC pipe
and fittings shall be tested and pressure rated in accordance with ASTM F1674.
5.7.1 Support. Valves, hydrants, and fittings shall be provided with support
in accordance with Sec. 6.2.2 and Sec. 6.3.2.

Sec. 5.8 Backfill

Trench backfill above the pipe shall be specified by the purchaser. If the purchaser
plans to use metal-detection equipment to assist in locating the water line after
installation, a tracer wire or coated metal strip should be placed immediately above the
initial backfill material and directly over the pipe. The tracer wire shall be insulated for
protection from corrosion and be 12 or 14 gauge. Alternatively, plastic-coated metal
strips that have been specifically designed for this purpose may be used.
5.8.1 Material. The initial backfill material immediately above the top of the
pipe shall be free of refuse, cobbles, boulders, large rocks or stones, frozen soil, or
other similarly unsuitable material. The balance of the backfill shall be free of debris
and contain no stones or rocks larger than 8 in. (200 mm). Additional backfill
material shall be supplied by the constructor if needed to reestablish the surface grade
or to completely fill in ground surface depressions at the top of the trench.
5.8.2 Placement. After the embedment material has been placed in accor-
dance with Figure 1, initial backfill material shall be placed to a depth of 6 to 12 in.
(150 to 300 mm) over the top of the pipe in a manner that will fill the remaining
voids and avoid damage to the pipe. Backfilling shall follow pipe-laying as closely as
possible. In general, backfilling should be no further than 100 ft (30 m) behind pipe-
laying. Backfill shall be mounded in unpaved areas to allow for future settlement.
5.8.2.1 Remaining backfill. The balance of the backfill shall contain no
stones or rocks larger than 18 in. (200 mm), frozen material, or debris. Backfilling
shall follow pipe-laying as closely as possible. In general, backfilling should be no
further than 100 ft (30 m) behind pipe-laying. Backfill shall be mounded in unpaved
areas to allow for future settlement.
16 AWWA C605-05

5.8.3 Compaction. Trench backfill that will be under paved surfaces, such as
sidewalks or roads, shall be compacted in layers to the density required by the
governmental agency having jurisdiction over the road or sidewalk. Trench backfill in
locations other than to-be-surfaced areas shall be compacted to a density equivalent
to that of the surrounding soil.
5.8.3.1 Nonsurfaced areas. Trenches in locations other than surfaced areas
shall be compacted to 95 percent standard proctor density in accordance with ASTM
D698.
5.8.3.2 Additional material. Additional backfill material shall be supplied by
the constructor if needed to backfill trenches completely or to fill depressions caused
by subsequent settlement.
5.8.4 Partial backfilling during testing. Newly installed pipelines are normally
tested after backfilling. When the purchaser requires that pressure and leakage testing
be accomplished before completion of backfilling or with pipe joints exposed for
examination, sufficient backfill material shall be placed over the pipe barrel between the
joints to prevent movement, and consideration shall be given to restraining thrust
forces. In particular, pipes connected to restrained-joints, which derive their stability
from the interaction of the pipe and soil, should be backfilled prior to testing.

SECTION 6: APPURTENANCE PLACEMENT

Sec. 6.1 Examination of Material

Prior to installation, valves, fittings, and hydrants shall be inspected by the
constructor to ensure proper function, cleanliness, proper sealing surfaces, and
compliance with purchaser requirements. Appurtenances displaying damage from
handling, cracks, or other defects shall be repaired or replaced to the satisfaction of
the purchaser.

Sec. 6.2 Fittings and Valves

6.2.1 General. Fittings and valves shall be provided and installed as specified
by the purchaser. Valves shall be placed with operating stems vertical, except
gear-operated butterfly valves shall be placed with the operating stems horizontal.
6.2.2 Placement. The pipe shall not carry the full weight of valves and
fittings. Such appurtenances shall be provided with proper support, such as crushed
stone, concrete pads, or a well-compacted trench bottom.
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 17

Sec. 6.3 Hydrants

6.3.1 General. Hydrants shall be installed as specified by the purchaser.
6.3.2 Placement. The full weight of hydrants shall not be carried by the pipe.
Hydrants, hydrant lead valves, fittings, and branch T-connectors shall be provided
with proper support, such as crushed stone, concrete pads, or a well-compacted
trench bottom. Hydrants shall stand plumb, shall be properly located and oriented,
and shall be set to proper elevation. The constructor shall provide a coarse-aggregate
drain pocket or drain pit for dry-barrel hydrants. The installation recommendations
of AWWA Manual M17 shall be followed.

Sec. 6.4 Service Connections

6.4.1 Direct tapping. Direct tapping involves the tapping of threads into the
pipe wall and the insertion of a corporation stop.
6.4.1.1 Tapping conditions. Direct tapping shall require that the following
conditions are met:
1. Approval by the purchaser.
2. Taps shall be 1 in. (25 mm) or smaller, that is, 5/8, 3/4, and 1 in. (16, 20,
and 25 mm).
3. Pipes shall meet the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C900 with a
maximum DR of 18.
4. Nominal pipe sizes shall be 6 in. (150 mm) through 12 in. (300 mm),
that is, 6, 8, 10, and 12 in. (150, 200, 250, and 300 mm).*
5. Corporation stops shall be threaded and conform to ANSI/AWWA C800.
6. A combination core drill and tap manufactured specifically for PVC pipe,
which cuts ANSI/AWWA C800 tapered threads, shall be used (see Sec. 6.4.2.2). The
core drill must retain the plug of material removed from the pipe wall and must have
a throat depth sufficient to accommodate walls as thick as DR 14. Single-tooth, core-
drill cutters shall not be used.
7. The tapping machine shall be of a design in which the feed rate of the
boring bar is controlled and accomplished with a feed nut or feed screw and yoke.
8. The maximum allowable pressure in the pipe when tapping shall be the
pressure class of the pipe.†

*PVC pipe classes and sizes outside the range described in (3) and (4) of Sec. 6.4.1.1 shall not be
directly tapped. Only saddle taps are recommended for such pipes (see Sec. 6.4.2).
†When easily practicable, a reduction of line pressure during tapping is suggested.
18 AWWA C605-05

6.4.1.2 Tap spacing. No direct tap shall be made closer than 2 ft (600 mm)
from the ends of the pipe. Multiple taps in a single pipe shall be staggered around the
circumference and at least 18 in. (450 mm) apart when measured along the
longitudinal axis of the pipe.
6.4.1.3 Tapping procedure. The following procedures shall be followed
when making a direct tap:*
1. The tapping machine shall be placed firmly on the pipe in accordance with
recommendations of the machine manufacturer, but not in a way that distorts the pipe.
2. Prior to tapping, the cutter shall be lubricated with a cutting grease
recommended by the cutter manufacturer.
3. Cutting the hole shall require only finger-pull effort, allowing the cutter
to work without forcing it through the pipe wall. Excessive effort indicates that the
cutter is either being advanced too rapidly or that the cutter has become dull. The
number of taps made with a core drill cutter should be limited to the
recommendations published by the cutter manufacturer. The ratchet handle shall be
rotated at least one complete turn for every 1/8 turn of the feed yoke.
4. The feed yoke shall be engaged to cut the first few threads in the pipe
wall. After this, the tapping bit should be self-feeding and the feed yoke can be
disengaged from the boring bar.
5. Tapping to the correct depth is important and should be determined by
performing one or more bench taps in advance. During the bench tap, the operator
should carefully note the position of the top of the threaded feed sleeve relative to the
thrust collar or other datum point, when the corporation stop is correctly inserted.
The “cast-iron” mark on the boring bar is not a reliable indicator of how deep to tap.
6. As the tapping tool is reversed out of the hole, the feed yoke shall be
reengaged or the boring bar held until the tap clears the threads. The bar shall be
released slowly so as not to damage the threads or injure the machine operator.
7. Two spiral wraps of 3-mil PTFE† tape shall be applied clockwise to the
inlet threads on the closed corporation stop. Liquid sealants or other thread
lubricants shall not be used.

*For more information concerning direct tapping, refer to AWWA Manual M23, UNI-B-8, and
UNI-PUB-8.
†Polytetrafluorethylene (Teflon®), nonstick coated.
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 19

8. The boring-bar assembly shall be replaced in the machine and used to

insert the stop into the main. Care shall be taken when starting the first few threads
in the hole so that they are not forced or punched into the pipe.
9. The feed yoke shall be disengaged and the ratchet handle removed as soon
as the corporation stop has firmly engaged the threads in the pipe wall. The insertion
shall be completed using a torque wrench and tightening to 27 ft-lb (36.6 N·m).
10. Following the removal of the tapping machine, the corporation stop shall
be inspected for leakage. If there is leakage past the threads, the corporation stop
should be tightened to no more than 35 ft-lb (47.5 N·m) using a torque wrench. At
correct insertion, one to three threads should be visible.
11. If leaking past the threads persists, the line shall be depressurized and the
corporation stop unscrewed. Pipe-wall threads shall be cleared of any cuttings, and
new PTFE tape shall be applied to the corporation-stop threads. The corporation
stop shall then be reinstalled to 27 ft-lb (36.6 N·m) using a torque wrench. The
previous step shall be repeated if necessary.
6.4.2 Saddle tapping. Saddle tapping involves making a service connection
through the use of a service clamp or saddle. Sizes and classes of PVC pipe may be
tapped using a service clamp or saddle. The maximum outlet size with a service
clamp or saddle shall be 2 in. (50 mm). If a tap larger than 2 in. (50 mm) is required,
a tapping sleeve and valve shall be used.
6.4.2.1 Clamps and saddles. Service clamps or saddles shall provide full
support around the circumference of the pipe. Because the outside-diameter
manufacturing tolerances for PVC pipes are tighter than those for compatible
ductile-iron pipes, only tapping saddles manufactured specifically for PVC pipe shall
be used.
Service clamps or saddles shall provide a sufficient bearing area. A minimum of
2 in. (50 mm) total width along the pipe’s axis shall be required for taps up to 1 in.
(25 mm) in size to prevent pipe distortion when the saddle is tightened. Taps 11/4 in.
(32 mm) through 2 in. (50 mm) should have a minimum of 3 in. (75 mm) total
band width with full circumferential support. Narrow U-bolt-type straps and saddles
having lugs that dig into the pipe wall shall be prohibited.
6.4.2.2 Cutting tool. The drilling machine shall operate with a cutting tool
classified as a core-cutting tool of the shell (hole) design that retains the coupon cut
while penetrating the pipe wall. The drilling machine shall be provided with a ratchet
handle on the boring bar. The drilling machine shall also be of a design where the
20 AWWA C605-05

cutting tool’s feed rate is controlled and accomplished with a feed nut or feed screw
and yoke. The cutting tool should have a minimum of 2 cutting edges and slots to
minimize stress and facilitate easier flow of shavings during the cutting process.
6.4.2.3 Throat depth. The shell-type (hole) cutting tool shall have a throat
depth that exceeds the PVC pipe wall thickness. Twist-drill bits and auger bits shall
be prohibited.
6.4.2.4 Saddle tapping. The following procedures shall be followed when
making a saddle tap:
1. The service clamp or saddle shall be evenly tightened on the pipe. Visible
distortion of the pipe indicates overtightening and shall be prohibited. The inlet side
of the main stop or corporation stop shall be screwed into the saddle threads. The
main-stop valve shall then be opened.
2. The drilling machine shall be attached to the main-stop outlet threads.
3. The boring bar shall be lowered to the main and rotated using finger-pull
pressure on the feed handle. Cutting the hole shall require only finger-pull effort,
allowing the cutter to work without being forced through the pipe wall. The ratchet
handle shall be rotated at least one complete turn for every 1/8 turn of the feed yoke.
4. After the hole has been cut, the cutter should be advanced through the
hole with two or more full turns. The cutter shall then be withdrawn, the main stop
closed, and the drilling machine removed from the pipe. If leakage is observed past
the threads, the main stop should be tightened.
6.4.3 Safety precautions. The following safety precautions are always recom-
mended when tapping a pressurized pipe:
1. Personnel on the surface should have a clear understanding of the valve
location(s) and operation necessary to isolate the tapping site in the event of a
problem.
2. At least one worker should remain on the surface (out of the trench)
during the tapping operation.
3. The tapping-machine operator should wear protective goggles and be
provided with a ladder or other appropriate means to exit the trench quickly and
safely.
4. The pipe adjacent to the tap should be covered with a protective blanket.
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 21

SECTION 7: PREPARATION FOR USE

Sec. 7.1 Cleaning

Prior to filling, testing, and disinfecting the installed line, the constructor shall
ensure that the line is clean in conformance with ANSI/AWWA C651. To facilitate
effective disinfection and minimize the chlorine dosage needed, when practicable,
predisinfection flushing should continue until the discharge turbidity drops below
5 ntu, using measurement procedures described in AWWA Manual M12.

Sec. 7.2 Filling and Flushing

Lines shall be filled slowly with potable water at a maximum velocity of 1 ft/sec
(0.3 m/sec) while venting air. Precautions shall be taken to prevent entrapping air in
the lines. After filling, lines shall be flushed at blowoffs and dead ends at a minimum
velocity of 3 ft/sec (0.9 m/sec). A minimum of three changes of treated water shall be
used in flushing operations. Valves shall be closed slowly to prevent excessive surges
while maintaining positive pressure at all times throughout the new line. Flushing
water shall be discharged without causing erosion damage, nuisance, or interruption
of traffic. Disposal of flushing water shall be in accordance with Sec. 4.1.1.2. A
special pipeline pig may be required when the required flushing velocity cannot be
achieved or when needed to conserve water. The constructor shall make provisions
for launching and retrieving the pig.

Sec. 7.3 Hydrostatic Testing

WARNING: Hydrostatic testing described in this section shall be conducted with
water, or other environmentally safe, incompressible fluids, because of the inherent
safety hazard potential associated with testing components and systems with
compressed air or other compressed gases.
7.3.1 General. The constructor shall provide measurement gauges and
recording devices for the test, including pump, pipe, connections, and other
necessary apparatus, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, and shall provide the
necessary assistance to conduct the test. Prior to testing, the constructor shall place
sufficient backfill to prevent pipe movement. When local conditions require that the
trenches be backfilled immediately after the pipe has been laid, the testing may be
carried out after backfilling has been completed but before placement of permanent
22 AWWA C605-05

surfacing. The constructor shall ensure that thrust-blocking or other types of

restraining systems will provide adequate restraint prior to pressurizing the pipeline.
Refer to Sec. 5.8.4 for backfilling requirements.
7.3.2 Cross-connection control. When existing water mains are used to supply
test water, they should be protected from backflow contamination by temporarily
installing a double check-valve assembly between the test and supply main or by
other means approved by the purchaser. Prior to pressure and leakage testing, the
temporary backflow protection should be removed and the main under test isolated
from the supply main.
7.3.3 Procedure. Tests shall be performed only after the pipeline has been
properly filled, flushed, and purged of air. The specified test pressure shall be applied
by means of an approved pumping assembly connected to the pipe in a manner
satisfactory to the purchaser. The test pressure shall not exceed the design pressure of
the pipe, fittings, valves, or thrust restraints. If necessary, the test pressure shall be
maintained by additional pumping for the specified time. During tests, the system and
exposed pipe, fittings, valves, and hydrants shall be carefully examined for leakage.
Visible leaks shall be stopped. Defective elements shall be repaired or removed and
replaced and the test repeated until the test requirements have been met.
7.3.4 Test duration. The duration of the hydrostatic test shall be 2 hr.
7.3.5 Test pressure. The hydrostatic test pressure shall not be less than 1.25
times the maximum anticipated sustained working pressure at the highest point along
the test section unless the pressure exceeds the design pressure limit for any pipe,
thrust restraint, valve fitting, or other appurtenance of the test section. In no case
shall the test pressure exceed the design pressure limit for any pipe, thrust restraint,
valve, fitting, or other appurtenance of the test section.
7.3.6 Test allowance. The testing allowance shall be defined as the quantity
of water that must be supplied to the pipe section being tested to maintain a pressure
within 5 psi (34 kPa) of the specified hydrostatic test pressure. No installation will be
accepted if the quantity of makeup water is greater than that determined by the
formula:

LD P-
Q = ------------------ (Eq 1)
148,000
Where:
Q = quantity of makeup water, in gallons per hour
L = length of pipe section being tested, in ft
 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION OF PVC PIPE 23

D = nominal diameter of the pipe, in in.

P = average test pressure during the hydrostatic test, in pounds per square
in. (gauge)
In metric units,
LD P
Qm = ------------------- (Eq 2)
795,000
Where:
Qm = quantity of makeup water, in liters per hour
L = length of pipe section being tested, in meters
D = nominal diameter of the pipe, in millimeters
P = average test pressure during the leakage test, in kilopascals
These formulas are based on a testing allowance of 10.5 gpd/mi/in. (0.978 L/
day/km/mm) of nominal diameter at a pressure of 150 psi (1,030 kPa).
7.3.6.1 Allowance tables. Makeup water allowances for various pipe diame-
ters and test pressures are provided in Table 2.
7.3.6.2 Metal-seated valves. When testing against closed metal-seated valves,
an additional allowance per closed valve of 0.0078 gph/in. (0.0012 L/hr/mm) of
nominal valve size shall be allowed.
7.3.6.3 Hydrant. When hydrants are in the test section, the test shall be
made against closed hydrant valves.
7.3.6.4 Visible leaks. Visible leaks shall be repaired, regardless of the amount
of leakage.

Sec. 7.4 Disinfecting

Prior to placing the installed water line in service, the new pipe and exposed
sections and appurtenances of existing pipelines shall be cleaned and disinfected in
accordance with ANSI/AWWA C651, unless otherwise specified. Pipelines shall be
flushed following completion of disinfection procedures. Disposal or neutralization
of disinfection water shall comply with applicable regulations (refer to Appendix B of
ANSI/AWWA C651).
 24

Table 2 Hydrostatic test makeup water allowances per 1,000 ft (305 m) of PVC pipe*—gph †
AWWA C605-05

Avg. Test
Pressure Nominal Pipe Diameter, in. (mm)

psi (kPa) 4 (100) 6 (150) 8 (200) 10 (250) 12 (300) 14 (350) 16 (400) 18 (450) 20 (500) 24 (610) 30 (760) 36 (915) 42 (1,070) 48 (1,220)

300 (2,070) 0.47 0.70 0.94 1.17 1.40 1.64 1.87 2.11 2.34 2.81 3.51 4.21 4.92 5.62

275 (1,900) 0.45 0.67 0.90 1.12 1.34 1.57 1.79 2.02 2.24 2.69 3.36 4.03 4.71 5.38

250 (1,720) 0.43 0.64 0.85 1.07 1.28 1.50 1.71 1.92 2.14 2.56 3.21 3.85 4.49 5.13

225 (1,550) 0.41 0.61 0.81 1.01 1.22 1.42 1.62 1.82 2.03 2.43 3.04 3.65 4.26 4.86

200 (1,380) 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.96 1.15 1.34 1.53 1.72 1.91 2.29 2.87 3.44 4.01 4.59

175 (1,210) 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.89 1.07 1.25 1.43 1.61 1.79 2.15 2.68 3.22 3.75 4.29

150 (1,030) 0.33 0.50 0.66 0.83 0.99 1.16 1.32 1.49 1.66 1.99 2.48 2.98 3.48 3.97

125 (860) 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.76 0.91 1.06 1.21 1.36 1.51 1.81 2.27 2.72 3.17 3.63

100 (690) 0.27 0.41 0.54 0.68 0.81 0.95 1.08 1.22 1.35 1.62 2.03 2.43 2.84 3.24

75 (520) 0.23 0.35 0.47 0.59 0.70 0.82 0.94 1.05 1.17 1.40 1.76 2.11 2.46 2.81

50 (340) 0.19 0.29 0.38 0.48 0.57 0.67 0.76 0.86 0.96 1.15 1.43 1.72 2.01 2.29
*If the pipeline under test contains sections of various diameters, makeup water allowance will be the sum of the test allowance for each size.
†To obtain makeup water allowance in liters per hour, multiply the values in the table by 3.79.
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