CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS

Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

Elements

Metals Non-metals Metalloids Inert gas

E.g.: Gold, E.g.: Oxygen, E.g.: Antimony, E.g.: Helium,
Copper Carbon Silicon Argon

Physical Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

Metals Non-metals
Physical state Metals are solids and heavy, Most of the non-metals are gases at
except mercury and gallium which room temperature. A few are solids
are liquid at room temperature. such as sulphur and iodine. Bromine
is the only non-metal which is liquid at
room temperature.
Lustre Metals in their pure state have a Non-metals do not have metallic lustre
shining surface. This property is because most of them are in the
called metallic lustre. Metals can gaseous state. However, silicon,
be polished to produce a high iodine and graphite have metallic
reflective surface. lustre.
Hardness Metals are generally hard, with Non-metals which are solids are hard
the exception of sodium, but brittle in nature. However, diamond
potassium and lead which are soft which is an allotrope of carbon is the
and can be easily cut with a knife. hardest naturally occurring substance.
Colour Metals are grey or silver in colour, Non-metals occur in various colours.
except copper which is reddish Iodine is purple, sulphur is yellow and
brown and gold which is yellow. chlorine gas is greenish yellow.
Malleability Metals have the ability to Non-metals cannot be made into thin
withstand hammering and can be sheets by hammering, i.e. they are not
made into thin sheets. This malleable.
property is called malleability.
Ductility The ability of metals to be drawn Non-metals cannot be drawn into
into thin wires is called ductility. wires, i.e. they are not ductile.
Gold and silver are the most
ductile metals. It is observed that
one gram of gold can be drawn
into a wire with a length of 2
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS

kilometres.
Thermal Metals are good conductors of Non-metals do not conduct heat,
conductivity heat. Silver is the best conductor, except diamond and graphite,
followed by copper and allotropes of carbon, are good
aluminium. Because of this conductors of heat.
property, cooking vessels are
made of copper and aluminium
metals. Lead is a poor conductor
of heat.
Electrical Metals are good conductors of Non-metals are non-conductors of
conductivity electricity. Electrical conductivity electricity. However, graphite, an
of copper, aluminium and silver is isotope of carbon, is a good conductor
comparatively high. of electricity.
Graphite is the only non-metal which
is used in electrochemical cells
because it is a good conductor of
electricity.
Sonority Metals produce a ringing sound Non-metals produce a dull sound
when struck with a hard object. when they are hit with some other
This property of metals is known material. Thus, they are non-
as sonority, i.e. metals are sonorous.
sonorous.
This property is made use of for
making wind chimes, metal bells
etc.
Melting point and Melting and boiling points of Non-metals have low melting and
boiling point metals are very high. For boiling points, except graphite which
example, melting point of iron is has high melting and boiling points.
1539°C. However, mercury is a
metal which is liquid at room
temperature and sodium, gallium
and tin have low melting points.
Tensile strength Metals can resist strain without Non-metals have low tensile strength.
breaking, i.e. they have high They are brittle and break easily on
tensile strength. application of strain.
Density Density is a measure of mass per Non-metals have low density.
unit volume of a substance.
Most of the metals have high
density, except sodium and
potassium which have low density
and float in water.

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Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

Metals Non-metals

Electronic Metals have 1, 2 or 3 valence Non-metals usually have 4, 5, 6 or 7

configuration electrons. valence electrons.
Valency Metals are electropositive in nature Non-metals are electronegative in
because they readily lose electrons nature because they readily gain
and form positively charged ions, electrons and form negatively
i.e. cations. charged ions, i.e. anions.
e → Na+
Valency: +1 Cl + e → Cl
Valency: −1
2e → Mg2+
Valency: +2 O + 2e → Cl
Valency: −2
3e → Al3+
Valency: +3 N + 3e → Cl
Valency: −3
Oxidising/Reducing Metals lose electrons during a Non-metals gain electrons during a
nature chemical reaction; they are good chemical reaction; they are good
reducing agents. oxidising agents.
Nature of oxides Oxides of metals are basic in Oxides of non-metals are acidic in
nature and dissolve in water to nature and dissolve in water to form
form alkaline solutions. acidic solutions.
Reaction with Metals do not usually react with H2. Non-metals do not react with dilute
Acids Metals placed above hydrogen in acids to liberate hydrogen.
the activity series react with dil. HCl
and dil. H2SO4 to liberate H2 gas.
M + 2HCl MCl2 + H2
(dil.)
M + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2
(dil.)
Reaction with Metals react readily with Cl2 to form
Non-metals usually form chlorides,
chlorine chlorides. which are volatile covalent liquids or
gases.
Reaction with water On the basis of reactivity, metals No such reaction occurs with non-
react with water or steam to metals. [Exception: Cl2 dissolves in
produce hydroxides or oxides. water to form chlorine water which
contains hydrochloric acid.]

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Chemical Reactions of Metals

Reaction of Metals with Oxygen

Almost all metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides.

Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide

Sodium and potassium are most reactive and react with oxygen in the air at room temperature to
form oxides.

4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

4K + O2 → 2K2O

Most metallic oxides are insoluble in water, but some dissolve in water to form alkalis.

Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

K2O + H2O → 2KOH

Magnesium does not react with oxygen at room temperature. However, on heating, it burns in air
with intense light and heat to form magnesium oxide.

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

On heating in air, copper combines with oxygen to form black copper (II) oxide.

2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

Metal oxides are usually basic in nature, but oxides such as aluminium oxide and zinc oxide react
with both acids and bases to form salt and water. Hence, they are amphoteric in nature.

Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Al2O3+ 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O

(Sodium aluminate)

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Aluminium oxide is amphoteric in nature, i.e. it can react with both

acids and bases.
Acid - Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Base - Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O

Reaction of Metals with Water

Metals react with water and produce metal oxide with the release of hydrogen gas. However, all metals do
not react with water.
Metal oxides which are soluble in water dissolve to form hydroxide.

Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen

Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide

Metals such as sodium and potassium react vigorously with cold water to evolve hydrogen which
immediately catches fire producing a lot of heat.

2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 +Heat

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 + Heat

Calcium reacts less vigorously with water and the heat evolved is not sufficient for hydrogen to catch
fire. Calcium starts floating in water when allowed to react with it.

Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

Magnesium does not react with cold water but reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide with
the evolution of hydrogen gas.

Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2

Metals such as aluminium, zinc and iron do not react with cold or hot water, but they react with steam
to form metal oxide and hydrogen.

2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2

3Fe+ 4H2O → Fe3O4+ 4H2

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Reactions of Metals with Acids

Metals react with acids to form salt and hydrogen gas.

Metal + Acids → Salt + Hydrogen

Metals react with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce metal chloride and hydrogen gas. The reactivity
decreases in the order: Mg > Al> Zn > Fe.

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 ↑

2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2 ↑

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑

Fe + 2HCl →FeCl2 + H2 ↑

Metals also react with sulphuric acid to form metal sulphate and hydrogen gas.

Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2 ↑

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 ↑

Metals also react with nitric acid, but hydrogen gas is not evolved, because nitric acid is a strong
oxidising agent. So, it oxidises the hydrogen to water and itself gets reduced to any nitrogen oxide.

However, magnesium and manganese react with dilute nitric acid to evolve hydrogen gas.

Mg + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2 ↑

Mn + 6HNO3 → Mn(NO3)2 + H2 ↑

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Chemical Reactions of Non-metals

Reaction of Non-metals with Oxygen

Non-metals react with oxygen (air) on heating to form their respective oxides. Most of these oxides are
acidic in nature, and they turn moist red litmus paper blue and form salt and water with bases.

Non-metal + Oxygen → Non-metallic oxide

Carbon burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.

C + O2 + Heat → CO2

CO2 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O

i. Sulphur burns in oxygen to produce sulphur dioxide.

S + O2 + Heat → SO2

SO2 + 2KOH → K2SO3 + H2O

Reaction of Non-metals with Acids

Non-metals do not react with dil. HCl or H2SO4.
However, they react with concentrated acids.

C + 2H2SO4 +Heat → CO2 + 2SO2 +

2H2O

S + 2H2SO4 → 3SO2 + 2H2O

P + 5HNO3 → H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

Reactivity Series (or Metal Activity Series)

The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivities is called reactivity series of metals.
The most reactive metal potassium is placed at the top of the series, and the least reactive metal platinum
is placed at the bottom.

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Hydrogen is included in the activity series of metals because like

metals, hydrogen also loses an electron and becomes positively
charged (H+) in most chemical reactions.

Reactions of Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts (Displacement Reaction)

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.

Metal A + Salt solution B → Salt solution A + Metal B

When an iron nail is placed in a copper sulphate solution, the blue colour of copper sulphate (CuSO4)
fades away slowly and reddish-brown copper metal is formed.

CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

However, if a strip of copper metal is placed in iron (II) sulphate, then no reaction occurs because copper
is less reactive than iron and therefore cannot displace iron from iron (II) sulphate.

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Occurrence of Metals

Free State
Gold and platinum are found exclusively in a free state because they are non-reactive elements.
Copper, mercury and silver are less reactive. Because of low reactivity, they occur in native or free
state.

Combined state
Most metals occur in combination with other substances. These metals are mostly reactive.
They mainly occur as oxides, sulphides, sulphates, carbonates and silicates.

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Important Questions Answers of Metals and Non-Metals-
Question 1.
Reverse of the following chemical reaction is not possible:
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Justify this statement with reason. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
If a strip of zinc metal is put in copper sulphate solution, then the blue colour of copper sulphate fades gradually
due to the formation of colourless zinc sulphate solution and reddish-brown copper metal is deposited on zinc
strip.

In this reaction, zinc metal being more reactive than copper displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. If
however, a strip of copper metal is placed in zinc sulphate solution, then no reaction occurs. This is because
copper metal is less reactive than zinc metal and hence, cannot displace zinc from its salt solution.

Question 2.
Name a metal which:
(a) is the best conductor of heat.
(b) has a very low melting point.
(c) does not react with oxygen even at high temperature.
(d) is most ductile. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
(a) Metal which is the best conductor of heat is silver.
(b) Gallium has a very low melting point.
(c) Silver and gold do not react with oxygen even at high temperature.
(d) Gold is the most ductile metal.

Question 3.
What is meant by amphoteric oxides? Choose the amphoteric oxides from the following :
Na2O, ZnO, CO2To the2Or3, H2O (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Amphoteric oxides are those which show acidic as well as basic character, i.e., they react with bases as well as
acids. ZnO and Al2Or3 are amphoteric oxides.

Question 4.
Complete the following equation with balancing: (Board Term I, 2013)
(i) Al + HCl →
(ii) Mg + HNO3 →

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
Answer:

Question 5.
Compare in tabular form the reactivities of the following metals with cold and hot water: (2020)
(a) Sodium
(b) Calcium
(c) Magnesium
Answer:

Question 6.
Give reason for the following:
(i) Hydrogen gas is not evolved when most of the metals react with nitric acid.
(ii) Zinc oxide is considered as an amphoteric oxide.
(iii) Metals conduct electricity. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
(i) Hydrogen gas is not evolved when most metals react with nitric acid. It is because HNO 3 is a strong oxidising
agent. It oxidises the H2 produced to water and itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides (N2Or, NO, NO2).

(ii) ZnO reacts both with acids as well as bases to form salt and water. Thus, ZnO is an amphoteric oxide.

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
(iii) Metals conduct electricity due to the flow of free electrons present in them.

Question 7.
(a) Why does calcium start floating when it reacts with water? Write the balanced chemical equation of the
reaction.
(b) Name two metals which do not react with water. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
(a) Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

The bubbles of hydrogen gas produced stick to the surface of calcium and hence, it starts floating on the surface of
water.

(b) Gold and silver do not react with water.

Question 8.
State what would happen if:
(i) some zinc pieces are placed in blue copper sulphate solution.
(ii) some’copper pieces are placed in green ferrous sulphate solution.
(iii) an iron nail is dipped in a solution of copper sulphate for some time. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
(i) Refer to answer 1.

(ii) Cu + FeSO4 No Reaction

Cu is less reactive than Fe, thus, it cannot displace Fe from FeSO 4 solution.

(iii) When an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution, then the blue colour of copper sulphate fades
gradually and a reddish brown coating is formed on the iron nail.

As iron is more reactive than copper, it displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.

Question 9.
Give reason:
(a) Aluminium is a reactive metal but is still used for packing food articles.
(b) Calcium starts floating when water is added to it. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
(a) Aluminium is a strong and cheap metal. It is also a good conductor of heat. But it is highly reactive. When it is
exposed to moist air, its surface is covered with a thin impervious layer of aluminium oxide (Al2Or3). This layer
does not allow moist air to come in contact with the fresh metal and hence, protects the metal underneath from
further damage or corrosion. Thus, after the formation of this protective layer of Al 2Or3, aluminium becomes
resistant to corrosion. It is because of this reason that although aluminium is a highly reactive metal, it is still used
in food packaging.

(b) Refer to answer 7(a).

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
Question 10.
(a) Complete and balance the following chemical equations:
(i) Al2Or3 + HCl →
(ii) K2O+H2O →
(iii) Fe + H2O →
(b) An element ‘X’ displaces iron from the aqueous solution of iron sulphate. List your observations if the element
‘X’ is treated with the aqueous solutions of copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and silver nitrate. Based on the
observations arrange X, Zn, Cu and Ag in increasing order of their reactivities. (2020)
Answer:
(a) (i) Al2Or3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
(ii) K2O+H2O → 2KOH
(iii) 3Fe + 4H2The → Faith3Or4 + 4H2

(b) As X displaces iron from its salt solution hence X is more reactive than iron. It will also displace copper from
copper sulphate and silver from silver nitrate as both are less reactive than iron. As zinc is more reactive than iron
hence, X can be more or less reactive than zinc. Then the order of their reactivities can be
Ag < Cu < Fe < Zn < X or Ag < Cu < Fe < X < Zn.

Question 11.
A metal ‘X’ combines with a non-metal ‘Y’ by the transfer of electrons to form a compound Z.
(i) State the type of bond in compound Z.
(ii) What can you say about the melting point and boiling point of compound Z?
(iii) Will this compound dissolve in kerosene or petrol?
(iv) Will this compound be a good conductor of electricity? (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
X being a metal loses electrons and Y being a non-metal gains electrons to form Z.
(i) The chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another is known as an ionic bond.
Hence, Z is an ionic compound.
(ii) Compound Z is an ionic compound thus, it has high melting and boiling points.
(iii) Ionic compounds are insoluble in non-polar solvents such as kerosene or petrol.
(iv) As Z is an ionic compound, it does not conduct electricity in the solid state because movement of ions in the
solid is not possible due to their rigid structure. But it conducts electricity in the molten state or in aqueous
solution due to the movement of ions freely.

Question 12.
(i) By the transfer of electrons, illustrate the formation of bond in magnesium chloride and identify the ions present
in this compound.
(ii) Ionic compounds are solids. Give reasons.
(iii) With the help of a labelled diagram show the experimental set up of action of steam on a metal. (2020)
Answer:

(ii) Ionic compounds are solids because the particles which make up ionic compounds are held together by strong

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
electrostatic bonds.

Question 13.
(a) (i) Write two properties of gold which make it the most suitable metal for ornaments.
(ii) Name two metals which are the best conductors of heat.
(iii) Name two metals which melt when you keep them on your palm.
(b) Explain the formation of ionic compound CaO with electron-dot structure. Atomic numbers of calcium and
oxygen are 20 and 8 respectively. (2020)
Answer:
(a) (i) The malleability and ductility properties of gold make it suitable for ornaments.
(ii) Silver and gold.
(iii) Gallium and caesium have so low melting points that they melt even on keeping them on palm.

Question 14.
(i) Write down the electronic configuration
of magnesium and oxygen.
(ii) Give two general properties of the compound formed by combination of magnesium and oxygen.
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
(iii) Show the formation of this compound by the transfer of electrons. (Board Term 1,2014)
Answer:
(i) Atomic number of magnesium (Mg) = 12
∴ Its electronic configuration = 2, 8, 2
Atomic number of oxygen = 8
Electronic configuration of oxygen = 2, 6

(ii) Magnesium (Mg) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form magnesium oxide (MgO).
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Properties of MgO are :
(a) It involves ionic bonding.
(b) It has high melting point due to strong electrostatic forces of attraction between Mg 2+ and O2- ions.

(iii) In the formation of magnesium oxide, two electrons are transferred from magnesium atom to oxygen atom as
represented :

Question 15.
An ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid produces brisk effervescence. Name the type of ore with one
example. What steps will be required to obtain metal from the enriched ore? Also write the chemical equations for
the reactions involved in the process. (AI 2019)
Answer:
The ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid produces brisk effervescence hence, it must be a carbonate ore.
Calamine (ZnCO3) is an important carbonate ore of zinc.
Steps required to obtain metal from the enriched carbonate Are:
(a) Conversion of the carbonate ore into metal oxide : This is done by calcination (for carbonate ores).
Calcination is the process of heating the ore strongly in the absence or limited supply of air. The zinc carbonate on
heating decomposes to form zinc oxide as shown :

(b) Reduction of the metal oxide to metal : As zinc is moderately reactive, zinc oxide cannot be reduced by heating
alone. Hence, it is reduced to zinc by using a reducing agent such as carbon.

The reduction of metal oxides by heating with coke is called smelting.

Question 16.
(i) Carbonate of metal ‘2T is abundant in earth crust and its hydroxide is used in ‘white washing’. Identify metal
‘XI
(ii) How will you convert this carbonate into its oxide? Name the process and write its equation. (Board Term I,
2014)
Answer:
(i) Calcium carbonate is abundant in earth’s crust and calcium hydroxide is used in white washing. Hence, metal X
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
is calcium (Ca).
(ii) CaCO3 is strongly heated in the absence of air to get the metal oxide. This process is called calcination.

Question 17.
Zinc is a metal found in the middle of the activity series of metals. In nature, it is found as a carbonate ore, ZnCO3.
Mention the steps carried out for its extraction from the ore. Support with equations. (Board Term 1,2013)
Answer:
Refer to answer 15.

Question 18.
Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium and aluminium to their respective metals. Why? Where
are these metals placed in the reactivity series? How are these metals obtained form their ores? Take an example to
explain the process of extraction along with chemical equations. (2020)
Answer:
Sodium, magnesium and aluminium have higher affinity towards oxygen than that of carbon because these are
highly reactive metals. Hence, carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium and aluminium to their
respective metals. These metals are placed at the top of the reactivity series. The highly reactive metals like Na,
Mg, Al, etc. are extracted by electrolytic reduction of their molten chlorides or oxides. Electrolytic reduction is
brought about by passing electric current through the molten state. Metal gets deposited at the cathode.
NaCl ⇌ Na + Cl+–
At cathode : Na + e+– → Na
At anode : 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–

Question 19.
Write balanced chemical equations to explain what happens, when
(i) Mercuric oxide is heated.
(ii) Mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous sulphide is heated.
(iii) Aluminium is reacted with manganese dioxide.
(iv) Ferric oxide is reduced with aluminium.
(v) Zinc carbonate undergoes calcination. (2020)
Answer:
(i) On heating, mercuric oxide decomposes to give mercury .and oxygen.

(ii) On heating mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous sulphide, copper and sulphur dioxide are produced.

(iii) When aluminium is heated with manganese dioxide, manganese and aluminium oxide are formed.

(iv) Ferric oxide reacts with aluminium to produce aluminium oxide and iron.

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
(v) On calcination, zinc carbonate produces zinc oxide and carbon dioxide.

Question 20.
(a) List in tabular form three chemical properties on the basis of which we can differentiate between a metal and a
non¬metal.
(b) Give reasons for the following :
(i) Most metals conduct electricity well.
(ii) The reaction of iron (III) oxide [Fe2Or3] with heated aluminium is used to join cracked machine parts. (Delhi
2019)
Answer:

s.no. Chemical property Metals Non-metals

Non-metals generally form

1. Nature of oxides Metals generally form basic oxides.
acidic oxides.

Metals which lie above hydrogen in the reactivity Non-metals (except F) do not
2. Reaction with water
series displace hydrogen from water. react with water.

Oxidising or reducing Non-metals generally behave as

3. Metals generally behave as reducing agents.
character. oxidising agents.

(b) (i) Refer to answer 6 (iii).

(ii) The reaction of iron (III) oxide, Fe2Or3 with aluminium is highly exothermic and the iron produced melts. This
molten iron is used to join cracked iron parts of machines and railway tracks.

Question 21.
(a) Write the steps involved in the extraction of pure metals in the middle of the activity series from their
carbonate ores.
(b) How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore? Explain the various steps supported by chemical equations.
Draw labelled diagram for the electrolytic refining of copper. (2018)
Answer:
(a) Extraction of metals of medium reactivity:
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
The metals in the middle of the reactivity series are zinc, iron, lead, etc. The carbonate ores first need to get
converted to oxides as it is easier to get metal from their oxides.
Refer to answer 15.

(b) Copper glance (Cu2S) when heated in air gets partially oxidised to copper oxide which further reacts with the
remaining copper glance to give copper metal.

Question 22.
Draw a schematic diagram of the various steps involved in the extraction of metals from ores for metals of
medium reactivity and for metals of low reactivity. (Board Term I, 2018)
Answer:
Various steps involved in the extraction of a metal from its ore followed by refining of the metal is called

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
‘metallurgy’. The steps involved are summarised as follows :

Question 23.
(a) Describe an activity to show that metals are good conductors of electricity.
(b) Account for the following :
(i) Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid.
(ii) For storing sodium metal, it is kept immersed in kerosene.
(iii) The reaction of iron (III) oxide with aluminium is used to join cracked iron parts of machines. (Board Term I,
2016)
Answer:
(a) Activity : (i) Set up an electric circuit as shown in the figure.
(ii) Place the metal to be tested (Cu, Al, Ag, Fe, etc.) in the circuit, between the terminal A and B.
(iii) Switch on the battery.

Observations : Bulb begins to glow.

Conclusion : This indicates that the current is flowing through the metal wire. Hence, metals are good conductors
of electricity.
(b) (i) Refer to answer 6(i).
(ii) Sodium reacts vigorously with air and catches fire. Also, sodium reacts with water and the hydrogen gas is

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
evolved which catches fire. Therefore, sodium is kept under kerosene.
(iii) Refer to answer 20(b) (ii).

Question 24.
How is copper obtained from its ore (Cu2S)?
Write only the chemical equations. How is copper thus obtained refined? Name and explain the process along with
a labelled diagram. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 21(b).
Copper obtained is refined by electrolytic refining.
Electrolytic refining of crude copper :
Thick block of impure metal acts as anode and a thin strip of pure copper metal acts as cathode. The electrolyse
used is aqueous solution of copper sulphate containing a small amount of sulphuric acid. On passing electric
current through the electrolyte, the metal from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte. An equivalent amount of
copper metal from copper sulphate solution gets deposited on cathode.

Question 25.
(a) Copper produced by heating the ore in air is not very pure. Describe the method used for refining impure
copper. Draw labelled diagram of the process.
(b) Write chemical equations for the reactions taking place when :
(i) zinc sulphide is heated in air.
(ii) zinc carbonate is calcined. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Refer to answer 24.

Question 26.
Assertion (A) : The metals and alloys are good conductors of electricity.
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
Reason (R) : Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is not a good conductor of electricity.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(c) : Metals and alloys have free electrons in them which can move freely inside them, so they conduct electricity
very easily. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is a very good conductor of electricity.

Question 27.
Name first discovered alloy. Give its composition also. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Bronze is the first discovered alloy. Its composition is copper (90%) and tin (10%).

Question 28.
List three differentiating features between the processes of galvanisation and alloying.
Answer:

Galvanisation Alloying

1. It is the process of applying a protective zinc 1. It is the process of combining two or more metals or a metal and

coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. a non-mental.

2. It is done by heating the primary metal and adding other

2. It is done through electrolysis. elements in definite proportions and then cooling it down to room

temperature.

3. The properties of inner metal are not

3. The properties like strength, conductivity etc. are changed.
changed.

Question 29.
Describe an activity to find out the conditions under which iron rusts. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
Activity:
(i) Take three test tubes and put clean nails in each of the three tubes. Label them as A, B and C.
(ii) Pour some water in test tube A and cork it.
(iii) In tube B, pour some boiled distilled water along with some turpentine oil and cork it.
(iv) In test tube C, add some anhydrous calcium chloride and cork it.
(v) Look these test tubes properly and keep them undisturbed for a few days.

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
Observation : Only in test tube A, iron nails get rusted since the nails in this test tube are exposed to both air and
water.
Conclusion : Both air and water are required for rusting of iron.

Question 30.
Why some metal surfaces acquire a dull appearance when they are exposed to moist air? Write colour acquired by
the surfaces of copper and silver in such situation and also write the chemical names of the substances due to
which it happens. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
When a metal has been kept exposed to air for a long time, then it gets a dull appearance. The metals lose their
shine or brightness due to the formation of a thin layer of oxide, carbonate or sulphide on their surface and thus,
the metal surface gets corroded. The surface of copper gets coated with a green layer in moist air due to the
formation of basic copper carbonate, silver articles acquire a blackish tinge due to the formation of silver sulphide.

Question 31.
(a) Name the following :
(i) Metal that can be cut by knife
(ii) Lustrous non-metal
(iii) Metal that exists in liquid state at room temperature
(iv) Most malleable and ductile metal
(v) Metal that is best conductor of electricity
(vi) Non-metal that can exist in different forms
(b) How are alloys better than metals? Give composition of solder and amalgam.
Answer:
(a) (i) Sodium
(ii) Iodine
(iii) Mercury
(iv) Gold
(v) Silver
(vi) Carbon

(b) Alloys are stronger than the metals from which they are made, more resistant to corrosion, have lower melting
point, have lower electrical conductivity. Solder is an alloy of lead and tin. An amalgam is an alloy of mercury
with another metal.

Question 32.
(a) Define corrosion.
(b) What is corrosion of iron called?
(c) How will you recognise the corrosion of silver?
(d) Why corrosion of iron is a serious problem?
(e) How can we prevent corrosion of iron? (Board Term I, 2017)
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
Answer:
(a) The process of slowly eating up of metals due to their conversion into oxides, carbonates, sulphides, etc., by
the action of atmospheric gases and moisture is called corrosion.
(b) The corrosion of iron is called rusting.
(c) Silver articles become black after sometime when exposed to air. This is due to formation of a coating of black
silver sulphide (Ag2S) on its surface by the action of H2S gas present in the air.
(d) Corrosion of iron is a serious problem. Every year large amount of money is spent to replace damaged iron
articles. Corrosion causes damage to car bodies, bridges and iron railings, ships and to all objects made of metals
specially those of iron.
(e) Corrosion of iron is prevented by coating it with a layer of oil. The reason being that the layer of oil does not
allow air and water to react the surface of iron. Corrosion of iron can also be prevented by painting, greasing,
galvanising, anodising, electroplating or making alloys.

Question 33.
Give reason for the following :
(a) Ionic compounds have higher melting point and higher boiling point.
(b) Sodium is kept immersed in kerosene.
(c) Reaction of calcium with water is less violent.
(d) Silver articles become black after some time when exposed to air.
(e) Prior to reduction the metal sulphides and carbonates must be converted into metal oxides for extracting
metals. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
(a) Due to strong forces of attraction, the ions are bound to each other very firmly. As a result, the electrovalent or
ionic solids have high melting and boiling points.
(b) Refer to answer 23(b) (ii).
(c) Calcium reacts with cold water but the reaction is less violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient for the
hydrogen to catch fire.

(d) Refer to answer 32(c).

(e) The reduction of metal oxides to metal is easier than the reduction of metal sulphides and metal carbonates.
Hence, these are first reduced to their corresponding metal oxides.

Question 34.
(a) Metals like iron, silver and copper get corroded on exposure to air. Write the chemical name of the substance
deposited on their surface respectively with it’s colour, in each case.
(b) List four ways by which rusting can be prevented. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Iron gets corroded and forms ferric oxide which is rust, it is reddish brown in colour. For silver and copper,
refer to answer 30.

(b) The various methods used for preventing the rusting of iron are given below:
(i) By applying paint : Materials like railings, iron gates, iron bridges, bodies of cars, buses and trucks, etc. are all
painted to protect them from rusting. Painting the metal surface does not allow them to come in contact with the
moist air and thus, prevents rusting.
(ii) Greasing and oiling : When some grease or oil is applied on the surface of an iron object, then moisture and air
cannot come in contact with it and hence, rusting is prevented.
(iii) Galvanization : It is a method of protecting iron from rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc. The
iron coated with zinc is called galvanized iron.
(iv) Electroplating : It is another technique used to prevent articles from rusting. In this process, metals like tin,
nickel and chromium which do not corrode are electroplated on iron.
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
Short Answer Type Questions[l] [2 Marks]-Year 2015

35.Write one example of each of

(i) a metal which is so soft that, it can be cut with knife and a non-metal which is the hardest sustance.
(ii) a metal and a non-metal which exist as liquid at room temperature.
Answer.
(i) Sodium, carbon (diamond).
(ii)Mercury is liquid metal, bromine is liquid non-metal.

36.Mention the names of the metals for the following:

(i) Two metals which are alloyed with iron to make stainless steel.
(ii) Two metals which are used to make jewellary.
Answer.
(i) Nickel and chromium.
(ii) Gold and platinum.

Short Answer Type Question[l] [2 Marks] -Year 2013

37.Give reason for the following:

(a) School bells are made up of metals.
(b) Electric wires are made up of copper.
Answer.
(a) It is because metals are sonorous, i.e. they produce sound when struk with a hard substance.
(b) It-is because copper is good conductor of electricity.

Short Answer Type Question[ll] [3 Marks] -Year 2013

38. Suggest a method of reduction for the following metals during their metallurgical processes:
(i) metal ‘A’ which is one of the last, second or third position in the reactivity.
(ii) metal ‘B’ which gives vigorous reaction even with water and air.
(iii) metal ‘C’ which is kept in the middle df activity series.
Answer.
(i) ‘A’ can be obtained by chemical reduction using carbon or carbon monoxide as reducing agent.
(ii) ‘B’ can be obtained by electrolytic reduction.
(iii) ‘C’ can be reduced by reducing agent like ‘Al’.

Very Short Answer Type Question [1 Mark] -Year 2012

39.A green layer is gradually formed on a copper plate left exposed to air for a week in a bathroom. What could
this green substance be?
Answer. It is due to the formation of basic copper carbonate [CuC03.Cu(0H)2].

Short Answer Type Questions[l] [2 Marks] -Year 2012

40.Name the following:

(a) A metal, which is preserved in kerosene.
(b) A lustrous coloured non-metal.
(c) A metal, which can melt while kept on palm.

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 CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
(d) A metal, which is a poor conductor of heat.
Answer.
(a) Sodium is preserved in kerosene.
(b) Iodine is lustrous coloured non-metal.
(c) Gallium. ‘
(d) Lead.

41. Give reason for the following:

(a) Aluminium oxide is considered as an amphoteric oxide.
(b) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state.
Answer.
(a) It is because it reacts with acids as well as bases to produce salts and water.’Al’ is less electropositive metal.
So, it forms amphoteric oxide which can react with acid as well as base.
(b) Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in molten state because ions ’ become free to move in molten state.

Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks] -Year 2012

42. A metal ‘X’ acquires a green colour coating on its surface on exposure to air.
(i) Identify the metal ‘X’ and name the process responsible for this change.
(ii)Name and write chemical formula of the green coating formed on the metal.
(iii) List two important methods to prevent the process.
Answer.
(i) Metal is copper. The process is corrosion.
(ii)Basic copper carbonate [CuCO3. With(0H)2].
(iii)
• It should be coated with tin
• It should be mixed with other metals to form alloys.

43.What are amphoteric oxides? Choose the amphoteric oxides from amongst the following oxides:
Na2O, ZnO, Al2Or3, CO2, H2O
Answer.Those oxides which reacts with acids as well as bases to produce salts and water are called amphoteric
oxides, e.g. Na2O, ZnO, are amphoteric oxides among given oxides.

44.Define the terms:

(i) mineral
(ii) ore, and
(iii) gangue.
Answer.
(i) Mineral: It is a naturally occurring substance from which metal may or may not be extracted profitably or
economically, e.g. A1 cannot be extracted profitably from mica.
(ii)Ore: It is a rocky material which contains sufficient quantity of mineral so that metal can be extracted
profitably, e.g. zinc blende is an ore of zinc from which zinc can be extracted profitably.
(iii) Gangue: It is a rocky material which is present along with the mineral in the ore, e.g. FeO is gangue in
extraction of copper.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks] -Year 2012

45. (a) Write the chemical name of the coating that forms on silver and copper articles when these are left exposed
to moist air.
(b) Explain what is galvanisation. What purpose is served by it?
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
(c) Define an alloy. How are alloys prepared? How do the properties of iron change when:
(i) small quantity of carbon,
(ii) nickel and chromium are mixed with it.
Answer.
(a) Ag2S (silver sulphide) is formed on silver, basic copper carbonate CuCO3. CU(OH)2 is formed on copper.
(b) The process of coating zinc over iron is called galvanisation. It is used to prevent rusting of iron.
(c) Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. One of them can be non-metal. Alloys are prepared by
melting two or more metals together.
(?) Iron does not rust on adding small,quantity of carbon.
(ii) When we form alloy of iron with nickel and chromium, we get stainless steel which is malleable and does not
get rusted.

46.(a) Carbon cannot be used as reducing agent to obtain Mg from MgO. Why?
(b) How is sodium obtained from molten sodium chloride? Give equation of the reactions.
(c) How is copper obtained from its sulphide ore? Give equations of the reactions.
Answer.
(a) It is because ‘Mg’ is stronger reducing agent than carbon.
(b) Sodium is obtained from molten NaCl by electrolysis.

Blister Copper is purified by electrolytic refining.

47.Give reasons for the following:

(i) Silver and copper lose their shine when they are exposed to air. Name the substance formed on their surface in
each case.
(ii) Tarnished copper vessels are cleaned with tamarind juice.
(iii) Aluminium is more reactive than iron yet there is less corrosion of aluminium as compared to iron when both
are exposed to air.
Answer.
(i) These metals get corroded. Silver forms black Ag2S (silver sulphide) and copper form greenish layer of basic
copper carbonate CuCO3. CU(OH)2 .
(ii) Tamarind contains acid which reacts with basic copper carbonate and product gets dissolved and removed
from copper vessel.
(in) Aluminium forms oxide layer on its surface which does not further react with air.

48. What are alloys? How are they made? Name the constituents and uses of brass, bronze and solder.
Answer. Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals. One of them can be a non-metal also. They are
made by melting a metal which is in large amount first and then adding the other metal. ,
Brass contains copper and zinc. It is used for making decorative articles. Bronze contains copper and tin. It is used
for making statues and medals. Solder contains lead and tin. It is used for soldering purposes.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] -Year 2011

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 CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
49. A non-metal X exists in two different forms Y and Z. Y is the hardest natural substance, whereas Z is a good
conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y and Z.
Answer. ‘X’ is carbon, ‘Y’ is diamond as it is the hardest natural substance and ‘Z’ is graphite as it is good
conductor of electricity.

50. Why does calcium float in water?

Answer. It is because hydrogen gas is formed which sticks to surface of calcium, therefore it floats. –

51.Name a non-metal which is lustrous and a metal which is non-lustrous. Iodine is a non-metal which is lustrous,
Answer.lead is a non-lustrous metal.

52.Which gas is liberated when a metal reacts with an acid? How will you test the presence of this gas?
Answer. Hydrogen gas is formed. Bring a burning matchstick near to it, H2 will burn explosively with ‘pop’
sound.

53.Name the metal which reacts with a very dilute HNOs to evolve hydrogen gas.
Answer. Magnesium

54.Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.
Answer.(i) Gold (ii) Silver

Answer Type Questions[l] [2 Marks] -Year 2011

55.The way, metals like sodium, magnesium and iron react with air and water is an indication of their relative
positions in the ‘reactivity series’. Is this statement true ? Justify your answer with examples.
Answer.Yes, sodium reacts explosively even with cold water, it is most reactive. Magnesium reacts with hot water,
it is less reactive than Na. Iron reacts only with steam which shows it is least reactive among the three.

56. X + YSO4——-> XSO4+ Y

Y + XSO4 ——–> No reaction
Out of the two elements, ‘X’ and ‘Y’, which is more reactive and why?
Answer. ‘X’ is more reactive than ‘Y’ because it displaces ‘Y’ from its salt solution.

57.What is an alloy? State the constituents of solder. Which property of solder makes it suitable for welding
electrical wires?
Answer. Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. One of them can be a non-metal also. Solder
consists of lead and tin. It has low melting point which makes it suitable for welding electrical wires.

58. Write chemical equations that shows aluminium oxide reacts with acid as well as base.
Answer.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks] -Year 2011

59.(a) How can the metals at the top of the reactivity series be extracted from their ores? Explain with an example.
(b) Name any one alloy made from
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
(i) a metal and a non-metal, and
(ii) two metals.
Answer.
(a) These metals are extracted by electrolytic reduction, e.g. aluminium is obtained from bauxite by electrolytic
reduction.
(b) (i) Steel is made up of iron and carbon.
(ii) Brass is made up of copper and zinc.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] -Year 2010

60.What is the valency of silicon with atomic number 14?

Answer. Its valency is equal to 4.

61.What is the valency of phosphorus with atomic number 15?

Answer. Phosphorus has valency 3.

62.What is the valency of an element with atomic number 35?

Answer. Its valency is 1.

Short Answer Type Question[I] [2 Marks] -Year 2010

63.Elements magnesium and oxygen respectively belong to group 2 and group 16 of the Modern Periodic Table. If
the atomic numbers of magnesium and oxygen are 12 and 8 respectively, draw their electronic configurations and
show the process of formation of their compound by transfer of electrons.
Answer.(Mg)=2,8,2

Very Short Answer Type Question [1 Mark] -Year 2009

64. Arrange the following metals in the decreasing order of reactivity: Na, K, Cu, Ag.
Answer. K > Na > Cu > Ag

Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks] -Year 2009

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
65. Give reasons for the following observations:
(i) Ionic compounds in general have high melting and boiling points.
(ii) Highly reactive metals cannot be obtained from their oxides by heating
them with carbon.
(iii) Copper vessels get a green coat when left exposed to air in the rainy season.
Answer. (i) Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to strong force of attraction between
oppositely charged ions.
(ii) It is because these metals themselves are strong reducing agents. Therefore, cannot be reduced by reducing
agent like carbon.
(iii) Copper vessels react with CO2, O2 and moisture to form green-coloured basic copper carbonate
[CuCO3.Cu(OH)2].

66. State reasons for the following observations:

(i) The shining surface of some metals becomes dull when exposed to air for a long time.
(ii) Zinc fails to evolve hydrogen gas on reacting with dilute nitric acid.
(iii) Metal sulphides occur mainly in rocks but metal halides occur mostly in sea and lake waters.
Answer.
(i) It is because metal reacts with substances present in atmosphere to form surface compounds which make it dull.
(ii) It is because dil. HNOs is an oxidising agent therefore zinc gives NO and notH2 with dil. HNOs.
(iii) It is because sea water contains sodium chloride due to which metal halides are formed, whereas sulphur is
found below rocks. Therefore, metal – sulphides are formed in rocks.

67. State reasons for the following:

(i) Electric wires are covered with rubber like material.
(ii)From dilute hydrochloric acid, zinc can liberate hydrogen gas but copper cannot.
(iii) Sulphide ore of a metal is first converted to its oxide to extract the metal from it.
Answer.
(i) It is because rubber is an insulator and does not allow current to flow through it.
(ii) Zinc is more reactive than hydrogen. Therefore, it can displace hydrogen from dilute HCl whereas copper
cannot, because it is less reactive than hydrogen. ,
(iii) It is because it is easier to reduce oxide ore as compared to sulphide ore.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks] -Year 2009

68.(a) What is meant by corrosion? Name any two methods used for the prevention
of corrosion.
(b) Suppose you have to extract metal M from its enriched sulphide ore. If M is in the middle of the reactivity
series, write various steps used in extracting this metal.
Answer. (a) Corrosion is a process in which metal reacts with substances present in the environment to form
surface compounds.
Prevention:
(i) Galvanisation is a process to prevent corrosion of iron.
(ii)Electroplating is also used to prevent corrosion.
(b)(i) Concentration of ores: Sulphide ore will be concentrated by froth- floatation process. Sulphide ore will be
collected in froth whereas gangue will be left behind.
(ii) Roasslng: Sulphide ore is heated strongly in the presence of O2 to form metal oxide and sulphur dioxide.
2MS + 3O2 ————- ► 2MO + 2SO2
(iii) Reduction: MO reacts with carbon (acts as reducing agent) to form metal and CO.
MO + C —-> M + CO
(iv) Electrolytic refining: Impure metal ‘M’ is purified by electrolytic refining. Impure metal is taken as anode,

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS
pure metal is taken as cathode, soluble salt of metal is taken as electrolyte. Impure metal forms metal ions which
gain electrons and form pure metal at cathode.

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