TEST CODE 02107020

FORM TP 2021171 MAY/JUNE 2021

CARIBBEAN E XAM I NAT I O N S COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

BIOLOGY

UNIT 1 – Paper 02

2 hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of THREE questions. Answer ALL questions.

2. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3. Do NOT write in the margins.

4. You may use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions.

5. You are advised to take some time to read through the paper and plan your
answers.

6. If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so
on the original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the
back of this booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original
answer.

7. If you use the extra page(s), you MUST write the question number
clearly in the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where
relevant, include the question part beside the answer.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright © 2019 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.

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Module 1 — Cell and Molecular Biology

1. (a) Figure 1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of Escherichia coli O111 bacteria.

Figure 1. E. coli O111 bacteria × 160 000

Source: https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12555/view

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In the space below, construct an annotated diagram of the E. coli bacterium from the
electron micrograph provided in Figure 1. Show the magnification of your diagram.

Magnification ....................................................................................................................

[8 marks]

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(b) Plant and animal cells are the most common types of eukaryotic cells.

(i) List THREE similarities between a typical animal and a typical plant cell.

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[3 marks]

(ii) Outline the function of any TWO structures found ONLY in plant cells.

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[4 marks]

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(c) Cellulose and starch, which consist of amylose and amylopectin, are two important
polysaccharides found in plant cells. Discuss THREE differences in the structure of starch
and cellulose.

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[15 marks]

Total 30 marks
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Module 2 — Genetics, Variation and Natural Selection

2. (a) DNA and RNA are made up of polynucleotide strands. Figure 2 represents part of a
DNA molecule.

S- Deoxyribose Sugar
T- Phosphate Group
U- Guanine

V- Adenine

Figure 2. Part of a DNA molecule

(i) On the diagram in Figure 2, provide labels to identify the parts of the DNA molecule
labelled S, T, U and V. [5 marks]

(ii) On the diagram in Figure 2, draw a circle around a section of the diagram to identify
a nucleotide. [1 mark]

(iii) State how two nucleotides in a DNA molecule are held together.

phosphodiester bonds between phosphate group

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H bonds between nitrous bases
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[1 mark]

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(iv) DNA codes for polypeptides in cells. Different types of RNA are involved in this
process. Outline the roles of messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)
in the production of polypeptides in eukaryotic cells.

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mRNA- acts as template for protein synthesis

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Carries genetic info via condons
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leaves nucleus and binds to ribosomes for translation
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tRNA- transfers amino acids to ribosomes via translation
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each tRNA has an anticondon which binds to the condon on mRNA

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Ensures sequence is correct in amino acids in polypeptide chains
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[4 marks]

(b) Sickle-cell anaemia is a disease caused by a change in the gene that encodes haemoglobin.

(i) Name the change in the gene which results in the production of abnormal
haemoglobin in sickle-cell sufferers.

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[1 mark]

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(ii) The haemoglobin that is produced in sickle-cell anaemia leads to sickle-shaped

red blood cells under low oxygen saturation. Outline how low oxygen saturation
results in a change of the shape of red blood cells.

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[3 marks]

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(c) In 2017, French scientists announced that gene therapy had been used to successfully treat
a patient with sickle-cell anaemia.

Figure 3 shows the results which detail the patient’s response to low oxygen levels after
six and twelve months of treatment using gene therapy, as well as the response of five
control subjects to low oxygen levels.

Figure 3. Sickling of red blood cells under low oxygen levels

Adapted from The New England Journal of Medicine (March 2019).

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(i) Using the data given in Figure 3 on page 12, analyse the success of gene therapy
treatment for sickle-cell anaemia.

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[3 marks]

(ii) Discuss THREE challenges which may limit the success of gene therapy as an
effective treatment for diseases in modern medicine.

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[12 marks]

Total 30 marks

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Module 3 — Reproductive Biology

3. (a) Data on the relative levels of hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing
hormone (LH) in the blood during the menstrual cycle are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1: RELATIVE LEVELS OF HORMONES DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Day of Cycle FSH (IU/L) LH (IU/L)

5 15 8
7 13 8
9 11 9
13 14 33
14 17 17
15 10 12
17 5 7
19 4 6
21 4 6
23 4 5
25 4 5
27 10 7

Adapted from https://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/Military_OBGYN/

Textbook/AbnormalBleeding/Bleeding.htm.

(i) On the grid provided on page 17, plot the data in Table 1 as a line graph with day
of cycle on the x-axis. [5 marks]

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(ii) Outline the role of the hormones LH and FSH in the maturation and release of the
secondary oocyte during the menstrual cycle.

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[4 marks]

(b) Following the release of the secondary oocyte, fertilization normally occurs in the oviduct
and implantation of the blastocyst occurs in the uterus. Outline the process of implantation
of the blastocyst in the uterus, including hormonal influences.

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[4 marks]

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(c) In plants, both sexual and asexual reproduction can occur. In sexual reproduction, floral
structures develop into mature fruit following fertilization. A diagram illustrating a
longitudinal section through the ovary of a flower is given in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Diagram of longitudinal section through the ovary of a flower

Adapted from https://biologyboom.com/tag/development-of-embryo-sac-or-female-gametophyte/

(i) State the change in EACH of the labelled structures, A–B, in Figure 4, in relation
to the development from floral to fruit tissues.

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[2 marks]

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(ii) Discuss THREE advantages of asexual plant reproduction for agriculture. Include
ONE limitation for EACH of the advantages discussed.

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[15 marks]

Total 30 marks

END OF TEST

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.

The Council has made every effort to trace copyright holders. However, if any have been inadvertently
overlooked, or any material has been incorrectly acknowledged, CXC will be pleased to correct this at
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