MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY

TIRUNELVELI-627 012

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION

II B.Sc. MATHEMATICS

SEMESTER III

CORE V : VECTOR CALCULUS AND APPLICATIONS

Sub. Code: JMMA31

Prepared by

Dr. Leena Nelson S N

Associate Professor & Head, Department of Mathematics
Women’s Christian College, Nagercoil – 1.

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 Core V : VECTOR CALCULUS AND APPLICATIONS
(JMMA31)

UNIT DETAILS
I Vector point function – Scalar point function – Derivative of a
vector and derivative of a sum of vectors – Derivative of a product
of a scalar and a vector point functions – Derivative of a scalar
product and vector product.
II The vector operator “del” – The gradient of a scalar point
Function – Divergence of a vector – Curl of a vector – solenidal
and irrotational vectors – simple applications
III Laplacian operator, Vector Identities – Line integral – Simple
Problems
IV Surface integral – Volume integral – Applications
V Gauss divergence Theorem, Stoke’s Theorem, Green’s Theorem
in two dimensions – Applications to real life situation

Recommended Text
P. Duraipandian and Laxmi Duraipandian, Vector Analysis, Emerald
Publishers, 2005

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 UNIT I

VECTOR & SCALAR POINT FUNCTIONS

1.1 Differentiation of Vector Functions

Definition : Vector Functions : If for each value of a scalar variable u, there

corresponds a vector f, then f is said to be a vector function of the scalar variable u. The
vector function is written as f(u).

⃗⃗ is a vector function of the scalar variable u.

Eg., The vector (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢)𝑖⃗+(𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢)𝑗⃗ + (𝑏𝑢)𝑘

1.2 Limit of a vector function

𝑣0 is said to be the limit of the vector function 𝑓⃗(𝑢), as u tends to 𝑢0 ,

A vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
if lim |𝑓⃗(𝑢) − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
𝑣0 = 0. This limit is written as lim 𝑓⃗(𝑢) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.
𝑣0
𝑢→𝑢0 𝑢→𝑢0

⃗⃗ , then lim 𝑓⃗(𝑢) = { lim f1 (u)}i⃗ +

Result 1.1 : If 𝑓⃗(𝑢) = 𝑓1 (𝑢)𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 (𝑢) 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 (𝑢)𝑘
𝑢→𝑢0 𝑢→𝑢0

⃗⃗.
{lim f2 (u)}j⃗ + { lim f3 (u)}k
𝑢→𝑢0 𝑢→𝑢0

Result 1.2 : lim [𝐴(𝑢) ∗ 𝐵(𝑢)] = { lim 𝐴(𝑢)} ∗ { lim 𝐵(𝑢)} , where * denotes either a
𝑢→𝑢0 𝑢→𝑢0 𝑢→𝑢0

plus or a minus or a dot or a cross.

1.3 Derivative of a vector function

A vector function 𝑓⃗(𝑢) is said to be derivable or differentiable with respect to u, if

𝑓⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢)−𝑓⃗(𝑢)
lim exists. This limit is called the derivative or differential coefficient of 𝑓⃗(𝑢)
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝑑𝑓⃗
with respect to u and is denoted by 𝑑𝑢.

Higher derivatives of 𝑓⃗(𝑢) are defined in the same manner and written as

𝑑 𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑2 𝑓⃗ 𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑓⃗ 𝑑 3 𝑓⃗
( )= 2, ( 2 ) = 3 & 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛.
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Remark 1.1 : If 𝑓⃗(𝑢) is a constant vector, then its derivative is a zero vector because
𝑓⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢) − 𝑓⃗(𝑢) = 0.

3 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

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 𝑑𝑓⃗
Remark 1.2 : If 𝑓⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢) is written as 𝑓⃗(𝑢) + ∆𝑓⃗ then 𝑓⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢) − 𝑓⃗(𝑢) = ∆𝑓⃗ and 𝑑𝑢 =
∆𝑓⃗
lim .
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

Remark 1.3 : The differential coefficient of 𝑓⃗ with respect to u is the rate of change of 𝑓⃗
with respect to u.

Theorem 1.1 :

⃗⃗)
𝒅(∅𝒂 𝒅∅
(i) If ∅ is a scalar function of u and ‘𝒂
⃗⃗’ a constant vector, then ⃗⃗
=𝒂
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
⃗⃗) 𝒅∅
𝒅(∅𝒂 ⃗⃗
𝒅𝒂
(ii) If ‘𝒂
⃗⃗’ is also a function of u, then ⃗⃗ + ∅ .
=𝒅𝒖 𝒂
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

Proof :

𝑑𝑓 ∆𝑓
(i) We have 𝑑𝑢 = lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢
𝑑(∅𝑎⃗⃗) ∆(∅𝑎⃗⃗) (∅+∆∅)𝑎⃗⃗−∅𝑎 [(∅+∆∅)−∅]𝑎⃗⃗
Now, = lim = lim = lim
𝑑𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

∆∅ 𝑑∅
= lim 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎⃗
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑(∅𝑎⃗⃗) ∆(∅𝑎⃗⃗) (∅+∆∅)(𝑎⃗⃗+∆𝑎⃗⃗)−∅𝑎⃗⃗
(ii) Now, = lim = lim
𝑑𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

∅𝑎⃗ + ∅∆𝑎⃗ + 𝑎⃗∆∅ + ∆∅ ∙ ∆𝑎⃗ − ∅𝑎

= lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

∆𝑎⃗ ∆∅ ∆∅
= ∅ lim + 𝑎⃗ lim + lim ( ∙ ∆𝑎⃗)
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

∆𝑎⃗ ∆∅ ∆∅
= ∅ lim + 𝑎⃗ lim + lim ∙ lim ∆𝑎⃗
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0

∆𝑎⃗⃗ ∆∅
= ∅ lim ∆𝑢 + 𝑎⃗ lim (since, lim ∆𝑎⃗ = 0)
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0

𝑑(∅𝑎⃗⃗) 𝑑∅ 𝑑𝑎⃗⃗
Thus, =𝑑𝑢 𝑎⃗ + ∅ 𝑑𝑢.
𝑑𝑢

Theorem 1.2 : If ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩

⃗⃗ are functions of scalar variable u, then prove that

⃗⃗+𝑩
𝒅(𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗) ⃗⃗
𝒅𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩
(𝒊) = 𝒅𝒖 + 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒖

⃗⃗∙𝑩
𝒅(𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑨⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
(𝒊𝒊) = 𝒅𝒖 ∙ ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝑩 and
⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑨
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

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 ⃗⃗×𝑩
𝒅(𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗) ⃗⃗
𝒅𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑨
= 𝒅𝒖 × 𝑩 ⃗⃗ × .
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

𝑑(𝐴⃗+𝐵
⃗⃗) (𝐴⃗+∆𝐴⃗)+(𝐵 ⃗⃗)−(𝐴⃗+𝐵
⃗⃗+∆𝐵 ⃗⃗)
Proof : (i) = lim
𝑑𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝐴⃗ + ∆𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗ − 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗ + ∆𝐵 ⃗⃗ ∆𝐴⃗ + ∆𝐵
⃗⃗ ∆𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
∆𝐵
= lim = lim = lim + lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝑑𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝐵
⃗⃗
= +
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑(𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) (𝐴⃗ + ∆𝐴⃗) ∙ (𝐵 ⃗⃗ ) − (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ + ∆𝐵 ⃗⃗ )
(𝑖𝑖) = lim
𝑑𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ ∙ ∆𝐵
⃗⃗ + ∆𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ + ∆𝐴⃗ ∙ ∆𝐵
⃗⃗ − (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ )
= lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

⃗⃗
∆𝐵 ∆𝐴⃗ ∆𝐴⃗
= lim 𝐴⃗ ∙ + lim ⃗⃗ + lim ( ∙ ∆𝐵
∙𝐵 ⃗⃗ )
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

⃗⃗
∆𝐵 ∆𝐴⃗ ∆𝐴⃗
= lim 𝐴⃗ ∙ ∆𝑢 + lim ⃗⃗ + lim
∙𝐵 ⃗⃗
lim ∆𝐵
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0

⃗⃗
∆𝐵 ∆𝐴⃗
= lim 𝐴⃗ ∙ ∆𝑢 + lim ⃗⃗ (Since, lim ∆𝐵
∙𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 0).
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0

⃗⃗
∆𝐵 ∆𝐴⃗
= 𝐴⃗ ∙ lim + lim ⃗⃗
∙𝐵
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝑑𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵
= ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ ∙
∙𝐵 .
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑(𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) (𝐴⃗ + ∆𝐴⃗) × (𝐵 ⃗⃗ ) − (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ + ∆𝐵 ⃗⃗ )
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) = lim
𝑑𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗𝑣∆𝐵
⃗⃗ + ∆𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ + ∆𝐴⃗ × ∆𝐵
⃗⃗ − (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ )
= lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

⃗⃗
∆𝐵 ∆𝐴⃗ ∆𝐴⃗
= lim 𝐴⃗ × + lim ⃗⃗ + lim ( × ∆𝐵
×𝐵 ⃗⃗ )
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

⃗⃗
∆𝐵 ∆𝐴⃗ ∆𝐴⃗
= lim 𝐴⃗ × ∆𝑢 + lim ⃗⃗ + lim
×𝐵 ⃗⃗
× lim ∆𝐵
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0

⃗⃗
∆𝐵 ∆𝐴⃗
= lim 𝐴⃗ × ∆𝑢 + lim ⃗⃗ (Since, lim ∆𝐵
×𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 0).
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0

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 ⃗⃗
∆𝐵 ∆𝐴⃗
= 𝐴⃗ × lim + lim ⃗⃗
×𝐵
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝑑𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵
= ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ ×
×𝐵 .
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Remark 1.4 : It is important to note here that differentiation of vector functions is similar to
differentiation of scalar functions but for the fact that in results pertaining to cross products
the order of the vectors is not to be changed during differentiation. This restriction is due to
the anti-commutative nature of vector multiplication.

⃗⃗
Remark 1.5 : The above results can also be established by assuming 𝐴⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ +𝑎3 𝑘
and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ . As an illustration we now differentiate 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑏2 𝑗⃗ +𝑏3 𝑘 ⃗⃗.

𝑑 𝑑(𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 )
(𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) =
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑎1 𝑑𝑏1 𝑑𝑎2 𝑑𝑏2 𝑑𝑎3 𝑑𝑏3

= 𝑏1 + 𝑎1 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏3 + 𝑎3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑎1 𝑑𝑎2 𝑑𝑎3 𝑑𝑏1 𝑑𝑏2 𝑑𝑏3

=( 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 ) + (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑎2 𝑑𝑎3
= ( 𝑑𝑢1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑏1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑏2 𝑗⃗ +𝑏3 𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑑𝑏1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑏2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑏3 𝑘
⃗⃗ )+( 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ +𝑎3 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑(𝑎1 𝑖⃗+𝑎2 𝑗⃗ +𝑎3 ⃗𝑘⃗ )

={ } ∙ (𝑏1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑏2 𝑗⃗ +𝑏3 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑑(𝑏1 𝑖⃗+𝑏2 𝑗⃗ +𝑏3⃗𝑘⃗ ))
⃗⃗ ) +( 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ +𝑎3 𝑘
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵
= ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ ∙
∙𝐵 .
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

⃗⃗, ⃗𝑪⃗ are functions of the scalar variable u, then

Theorem 1.3 : If ⃗𝑨⃗, ⃗𝑩

𝒅 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
(i) ⃗⃗, ⃗𝑪⃗] = [𝒅𝑨 , ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗, ⃗𝑩
[𝑨 ⃗⃗, 𝒅𝑩 , ⃗𝑪⃗] + [𝑨
⃗⃗, ⃗𝑪⃗] + [𝑨 ⃗⃗, 𝒅𝑪]
⃗⃗, ⃗𝑩
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

𝒅 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
(ii) ⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑪⃗)} = 𝒅𝑨 × ( ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ × ( ⃗𝑩
{𝑨 ⃗⃗ × (𝒅𝑩 × ⃗𝑪⃗) + ⃗𝑨⃗ × (𝑩
⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑪⃗) + ⃗𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝒅𝑪)
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

Proof : To reduce the length we shall use ‘dash’ to denote differentiation.

d d
(i) ⃗⃗, ⃗B⃗, ⃗⃗
[A ⃗⃗ ∙ (B
C] = du [A ⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗
C) ]
du

′
⃗⃗ ∙ (B
= [A ⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗
C) ]

′
= [ ⃗A⃗′ ∙ (B
⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗
C) ] + ⃗A⃗ ∙ (B
⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗
C)

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 ⃗⃗′ ∙ (B
= A ⃗⃗) + A
⃗⃗ × C ⃗⃗ ∙ {B ⃗⃗ ′ + B
⃗⃗ × C ⃗⃗}
⃗⃗ ′ × C

= ⃗A⃗′ ∙ (B
⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗
C) + ⃗A⃗ ∙ (B
⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗
C ′ ) + ⃗A⃗ ∙ {B
⃗⃗ ′ × ⃗⃗
C}

𝑑𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐶⃗
=[ ⃗⃗ , 𝐶⃗] + [𝐴⃗,
,𝐵 , 𝐶⃗] + [𝐴⃗, 𝐵
⃗⃗ , ]
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

′ ′
(ii) {𝐴⃗ × ( 𝐵
⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗)} = { ⃗A⃗′ × ( 𝐵
⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗)} + {𝐴⃗ × ( 𝐵
⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗) }

= { ⃗A⃗′ × ( 𝐵
⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗ )} + 𝐴⃗ × {( 𝐵
⃗⃗ × ⃗C⃗ ′ ) + (B
⃗⃗ ′ × ⃗C⃗)}

= { ⃗A⃗′ × ( 𝐵
⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗)} + 𝐴⃗ × ( 𝐵
⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗
C ′ ) + 𝐴⃗ × (B
⃗⃗ ′ × ⃗⃗
C)

𝑑𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝐵⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐶⃗

= ⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗) + 𝐴⃗ × (
×(𝐵 × 𝐶⃗) + 𝐴⃗ × (𝐵
⃗⃗ × ).
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1.4 Problems

𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ 𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝟐 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ × 𝒅𝑩 − 𝒅𝑨 × ⃗𝑩
1. Show that 𝒅𝒖 (𝑨 ⃗⃗) = ⃗𝑨⃗ × 𝒅 𝑩𝟐 − 𝒅 𝑨𝟐 × ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

𝑑 ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐴 ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗ ) = 𝑑 (𝐴⃗ × 𝑑𝐵) − 𝑑 (𝑑𝐴 × 𝐵
Solution : 𝑑𝑢 (𝐴⃗ × 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢 × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝐵
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ 𝑑 2 𝐴⃗
𝑑2𝐵 𝑑𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝐵
⃗⃗
= × + 𝐴⃗ × 2 − 2 × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ − ×
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

⃗⃗ 𝑑 2 𝐴⃗
𝑑2𝐵
= 𝐴⃗ × − ⃗⃗
×𝐵
𝑑𝑢2 𝑑𝑢2

2. Find the derivatives of ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩

⃗⃗ and ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ and
⃗⃗ with respect to u if ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒖𝟐 𝒊⃗ + 𝒖𝒋⃗ + 𝟐𝒖𝒌
⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗.
⃗⃗ = 𝒋⃗ − 𝒖𝒌

𝑑
Solution : (i) Find 𝑑𝑢 (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ )

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑗⃗ − 𝑢𝑘
⃗⃗ = (𝑢2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑢𝑗⃗ + 2𝑢𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 0 + 𝑢 − 2𝑢2 = 𝑢 − 2𝑢2

𝑑 𝑑
(𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = (𝑢 − 2𝑢2 ) = 1 − 4𝑢.
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑
(ii) Find 𝑑𝑢 (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ )

7 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝑢2 𝑢 2𝑢 |
0 1 −𝑢

⃗⃗ (𝑢2 − 0)
= 𝑖⃗(−𝑢2 − 2𝑢) − 𝑗⃗(−𝑢3 − 0) + 𝑘

⃗⃗
= 𝑖⃗(−𝑢2 − 2𝑢) + 𝑢3 𝑗⃗ + 𝑢2 𝑘

𝑑
(𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) = (-2u-2) 𝑖⃗+3u2 𝑗⃗+2u𝑘
𝑑𝑢

𝒅 𝒅
3. Find ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
(𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗)& ⃗⃗ × 𝑩
(𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗), if 𝑨 ⃗⃗, 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒊⃗ + 𝒖𝒋⃗ + 𝒖𝟐 𝒌 ⃗⃗.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒖𝟐 𝒊⃗ − 𝒖𝒋⃗ + 𝒌
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

𝑑
⃗⃗ ) = 2𝑢, 𝑑 (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
[Ans. : 𝑑𝑢 (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗ . ]
⃗⃗ ) = (1 + 3𝑢2 )𝑖⃗ + 4𝑢3 𝑗⃗ + (−1 − 3𝑢2 )𝑘
𝑑𝑢

𝒅
⃗⃗ × 𝑩
4. Find 𝒅𝒖 (𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗) in the following cases:

(i) ⃗𝑨 ⃗⃗ = −𝒖𝒋⃗ + ⃗𝒌⃗.

⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒖𝒊⃗ + 𝒖𝟐 𝒋⃗, ⃗𝑩

(ii) ⃗⃗ = 𝟓𝒖𝟐 𝒊⃗ + 𝒖𝒋⃗ + 𝒖𝟑 ⃗𝒌⃗, ⃗𝑩

⃗𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 𝒊⃗ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒋⃗

𝑑
[Ans. (i) 𝑑𝑢 (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ .
⃗⃗ ) = 2𝑢𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ − 4𝑢𝑘

𝑑
(𝑖𝑖) (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = (−3𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝑢3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢)𝑖⃗ − (3𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝑢3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢)𝑗⃗ + (−11𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 −
𝑑𝑢

⃗⃗ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 5𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢)𝑘

5. Show that the necessary and sufficient condition for the non-zero vector function
𝒅𝒇 𝒅𝒇⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗
𝒇(𝒖) to be of constant magnitude is ⃗⃗
𝒇 ∙ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎. (i.e. ⃗⃗
𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒖 are perpendicular to each

other).

Solution : Let 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓𝑓̂, where f is the magnitude of 𝑓⃗. Then 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓 2 .

Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. u, we get

𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓
∙ 𝑓⃗ + 𝑓⃗ ∙ = 2𝑓
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓
⇒ 2𝑓⃗ ∙ = 2𝑓
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓
⇒ 𝑓⃗ ∙ =𝑓 … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Necessity part :
8 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,
Tirunelveli.
 𝑑𝑓
If 𝑓 is constant, then 𝑑𝑢 = 0.

𝑑𝑓⃗
Then (1) gives 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 0.

𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓
Sufficiency part : If 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 (1), 𝑓 𝑑𝑢 = 0.

𝑑𝑓
Since 𝑓 ≠ 0, 𝑑𝑢 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑓 is a constant.

6. Show that the necessary and sufficient condition for the non-zero vector function
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ × 𝒅𝒇 = 𝟎. (i.e. 𝒇
⃗⃗(𝒖) to have a constant direction is 𝒇
𝒇 ⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒇 are parallel to each
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

other).

Solution : Let 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓𝑓̂, where f is the magnitude of 𝑓⃗.

Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. u, we get

𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓 𝑓𝑑𝑓̂
= 𝑓̂ + .
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓̂
𝑓⃗ × = 𝑓⃗ × { 𝑓̂ + 𝑓 }
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓̂
= 𝑓⃗ × 𝑓̂ + 𝑓⃗ × 𝑓
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓̂
= (𝑓⃗ × 𝑓̂ ) + 𝑓 (𝑓⃗ × )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓̂
= (𝑓⃗ × 𝑓𝑓̂) + 𝑓 (𝑓𝑓̂ × )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓̂
= 0 + 𝑓 2 (𝑓̂ × )
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓̂
= 𝑓 2 (𝑓̂ × ) … … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓̂
Necessity part : If 𝑓⃗ has a constant direction, then 𝑓̂ is a constant vector and 𝑑𝑢 = 0.

𝑑𝑓⃗
(1) implies that 𝑓⃗ × 𝑑𝑢 = 0.

9 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓̂
Sufficiency part : If 𝑓⃗ × 𝑑𝑢 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓̂ × 𝑑𝑢 = 0 by (1).

𝑑𝑓̂ 𝑑𝑓̂
So, eithr 𝑓̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 are parallel or is a zero-vector.
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓̂
Since they are not parallel but they are perpendicular. 𝑑𝑢 = 0.

Hence the direction of 𝑓̂ is constant, i.e., the direction of 𝑓⃗ is constant.

⃗⃗
𝒅𝒇 𝒅
⃗⃗ is not of constant direction, then | | ≠ |𝒇
7. Show that, if 𝒇 ⃗⃗|.
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

Solution : We have, 𝑓 2 = 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑓⃗.

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓 ⃗
Differentiating w.r.t. u, we get 2𝑓 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓⃗

⇒𝑓 𝑑𝑢 = |𝑓⃗| |𝑑𝑢| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑓 |𝑑𝑢| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃,where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑓⃗ and 𝑑𝑢.

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓⃗
⇒𝑑𝑢 = |𝑑𝑢| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.

𝑑𝑓⃗
Since 𝑓⃗ is not of constant direction, 𝑓⃗ and 𝑑𝑢 are not parallel. Therefore, 𝜃 is not

zero.

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑 𝑑𝑓⃗
Hence, ≠ |𝑑𝑢| 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢 |𝑓⃗| ≠ |𝑑𝑢|.
𝑑𝑢

⃗⃗(𝒖) may be
8. Show that the necessary and sufficient condition for a vector function 𝒇
⃗⃗
𝒅𝒇
constant is 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎.

Solution : Necessity part : Let 𝑓⃗(𝑢) be a constant vector.

𝑑𝑓⃗ ∆𝑓⃗ 𝑓⃗ (u+∆u)−𝑓⃗ (u)

Then 𝑑𝑢 = lim ∆u = lim
𝑢→0 ∆u→0 ∆u

𝑓⃗ (u) − 𝑓⃗ (u)
= lim = 0.
∆u→0 ∆u

Sufficiency part:

Let 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘
⃗⃗ .

𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓1 𝑑𝑓2 𝑑𝑓3

If 𝑑𝑢 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 0.
𝑘
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

10 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝑑𝑓1 𝑑𝑓2 𝑑𝑓3
So, =0, = 0, ⃗⃗ = 0.
𝑘
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Thus, 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 are constants and consequently 𝑓⃗ is a constant vector.

⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒈 𝒅𝒇 ⃗⃗
9. If ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ are vector functions of u such that ⃗⃗
𝒇 and 𝒈 ⃗⃗⃗ × for all values of u, show
𝒇 × 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒈 𝒅𝒖

that ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ are always perpendicular to a fixed direction.

𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈

𝑑(𝑓⃗×𝑔⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑔⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑓⃗

Solution : = 𝑓⃗ × 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑢 × 𝑔⃗
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑔⃗ 𝑑𝑓⃗
= 𝑓⃗ × − 𝑔⃗ × = ⃗0⃗.
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

∴ 𝑓⃗ × 𝑔⃗ is a constant vector and hence in a fixed direction.

We know that 𝑓⃗ × 𝑔⃗ is perpendicular to both 𝑓⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔⃗.

Therefore, 𝑓⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔⃗ are perpendicular to a fixed directin.

⃗⃗
𝒅𝒆 ⃗⃗
𝒅𝒆
⃗⃗ is a variable unit vector depending on u, show that |𝒆
10. If 𝒆 ⃗⃗ × | = | |.
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖

Solution : Given 𝑒⃗ is a unit vector and so 𝑒⃗ ∙ 𝑒⃗ = 1.

Differentiating this with respect t u,

𝑑𝑒⃗ 𝑑𝑒⃗
∙ 𝑒⃗ + 𝑒⃗ ∙ =0
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑒⃗ 𝑑𝑒⃗
⇒ 2 (𝑒⃗ ∙ ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑒⃗ ∙ =0
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑒⃗
∴ The angle between 𝑒⃗ and 𝑑𝑢 is 90° .

𝑑𝑒⃗ 𝑑𝑒⃗ 𝑑𝑒⃗

Now, 𝑒⃗ × 𝑑𝑢 = |𝑒⃗| |𝑑𝑢| 𝑠𝑖𝑛90° 𝑛̂ = |𝑑𝑢| 𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to
𝑑𝑒⃗
both 𝑒⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢.

𝑑𝑒⃗ 𝑑𝑒⃗ 𝑑𝑒⃗

∴ |𝑒⃗ × | = | | 𝑛̂ = | | [∵ |𝑛̂| = 1].
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

11. Show that, if ⃗⃗

𝒇 is a function of u, then

𝒅
⃗⃗ , 𝒇
(i) 𝒅𝒖 [𝒇 ⃗⃗′ , 𝒇
⃗⃗′′ ] = [𝒇
⃗⃗, 𝒇
⃗⃗′ , 𝒇
⃗⃗′′′ ]

11 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝒅𝟐
(ii) ⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
[𝒇 𝒇′ , ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
𝒇′′ ] = [𝒇 𝒇′′ , ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
𝒇′′′ ] + [𝒇 𝒇′ , ⃗⃗
𝒇𝒊𝒗 ], where the dash denotes
𝒅𝒖𝟐

differentiation with respect to u.

𝑑
Solution : We know that 𝑑𝑢 [𝐴⃗, 𝐵
⃗⃗ , 𝐶⃗] = [𝐴⃗′ , 𝐵
⃗⃗ , 𝐶⃗] + [𝐴⃗, 𝐵
⃗⃗ ′ , 𝐶⃗] + [𝐴⃗, 𝐵
⃗⃗ , 𝐶⃗ ′ ].

𝑑
(i) [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′′ ] = [𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′′ ] + [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′′ , 𝑓⃗′′ ] + [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′′′ ]
𝑑𝑢

= 0 + 0 + [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′′′ ]

= [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′′′ ]

𝑑2 𝑑 𝑑
(ii) [𝑓⃗, 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′′ ] = 𝑑𝑢 (𝑑𝑢 [𝑓⃗, 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′′ ])
𝑑𝑢2

𝑑
= [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′′′ ] [𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)]
𝑑𝑢

= [𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′′′ ] + [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′′ , 𝑓⃗′′′ ] + [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′𝑣 ]

= 0 + [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′′ , 𝑓⃗′′′ ] + [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′𝑣 ]

= [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′′ , 𝑓⃗′′′ ] + [𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗′𝑣 ].

⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
12. If [𝒇 𝒇′ , ⃗⃗
𝒇′′ ] = 𝟎, show that ⃗⃗
𝒇 × ⃗⃗
𝒇′ has a fixed direction and that ⃗⃗
𝒇 is parallel to a
fixed plane.

𝑑
Solution : Consider (𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′ ) × 𝑑𝑢 (𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′ ) = (𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′ ) × [𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′′ + 𝑓⃗′ × 𝑓⃗′ ]

= (𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′ ) × [𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′′ + 0]

= (𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′ ) × [𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′′ ]

= [𝑓⃗, 𝑓⃗, 𝑓⃗′′ ]𝑓⃗′ − [ 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′′ ] 𝑓⃗

= 0 − [ 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′′ ] 𝑓⃗

= [ 𝑓⃗′ , 𝑓⃗ , 𝑓⃗′′ ] 𝑓⃗

= 0.

𝑑
∴ 𝐵𝑦 problem 6, 𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′ is a constant vector and 𝑑𝑢 (𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′ ) = 0.

12 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ∴ 𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′ has a fixed direction.

Also 𝑓⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑓⃗ × 𝑓⃗′ implies that 𝑓⃗ is parallel to a fixed plane.

⃗⃗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 + ⃗𝒃⃗𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕, where 𝒂

⃗⃗ = 𝒂
13. If 𝒓 ⃗⃗, ⃗𝒃⃗ are constant vectors and 𝝎, a constant
⃗⃗
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝟐 𝒓
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ × ⃗𝒃⃗ ,
⃗⃗ × = 𝝎𝒂
scalar, show that 𝒓 = −𝝎𝟐 𝒓
⃗⃗.
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐

Solution : Given, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏⃗⃗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡.

𝑑𝑟⃗
Hence, = −𝜔𝑎⃗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝜔𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡

= 𝜔(−𝑎⃗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)

𝑑𝑟⃗
Now, 𝑟⃗ × 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑎⃗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏⃗⃗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡) × 𝜔(−𝑎⃗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)

= 𝜔(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑎⃗ × 𝑎⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗)

= 𝜔(0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 0)

= 𝜔(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 ) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗)

= 𝜔 (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗).

𝑑𝑟⃗
We have 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜔(−𝑎⃗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)

𝑑 2 𝑟⃗
= 𝜔(−𝜔𝑎⃗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2

= −𝜔2 (𝑎⃗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡)

= −𝜔2 𝑟⃗.

⃗⃗
𝒅𝒂 ⃗⃗
𝒅𝒃
⃗⃗, ⃗𝒃⃗, 𝒘
𝟏𝟒. If 𝒂 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ are vector functions of a scalar variable u and if =𝒘
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝒂 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗𝒃⃗,
⃗⃗, = 𝒘
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅
⃗⃗ × ⃗𝒃⃗) = 𝒘
then show that 𝒅𝒖 (𝒂 ⃗⃗ × ⃗𝒃⃗).
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × (𝒂

𝑑 𝑑𝑎⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑏
Solution : 𝑑𝑢 (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) = 𝑑𝑢 × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗ × 𝑑𝑢

⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑎⃗) × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗ × (𝑤

= (𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗)

⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑎⃗ − (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ )𝑤

= (𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗ + (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗)𝑏⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑤

13 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑎⃗ − (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑤
= (𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗)𝑏⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ ).

=𝑤

⃗⃗⃗, ⃗𝒃⃗ are three mutually perpendicular unit vectors whose directions vary with a
15. 𝒕⃗, 𝒏
scalar variable u. Show that 𝒕⃗′ , ⃗𝒏⃗′ , ⃗𝒃⃗′ are coplanar, where the dash denotes
differentiation with respect to u.

Solution : Given, 𝑡⃗, 𝑛⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ are three mutually perpendicular unit vectors.

∴ 𝑡⃗ = 𝑛⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ … … … … … … (1)

To prove, 𝑡⃗′ , 𝑛⃗⃗′ , 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ are coplanar. i.e., to prove [𝑡⃗′ , 𝑛⃗⃗′ , 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ] = 0.

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. u

𝑡⃗′ = 𝑛⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ + 𝑛⃗⃗′ × 𝑏⃗⃗.

𝑆𝑜, [𝑡⃗′ , 𝑛⃗⃗′ , 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ] = [𝑛⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ + 𝑛⃗⃗′ × 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑛⃗⃗′ , 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ]

= [𝑛⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ , 𝑛⃗⃗′ , 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ] + [ 𝑛⃗⃗′ × 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗′ , 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ]

= (𝑛⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ) ∙ ( 𝑛⃗⃗′ × 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ) + ( 𝑛⃗⃗′ × 𝑏⃗⃗) ∙ ( 𝑛⃗⃗′ × 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ )

= |𝑛⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗
′
𝑛⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ | + |𝑛⃗⃗′ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ 𝑛⃗⃗′ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ |
𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ 𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ 𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′

=| 0 𝑛⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ | + |𝑛⃗⃗′ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ 𝑛⃗⃗′ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ | [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑛⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ = 0 = 𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ]
𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ 𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ 0

= −(𝑛⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ )(𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ ) − (𝑛⃗⃗′ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ )(𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ )

= −(𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ )[(𝑛⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ) + (𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ )]

𝑑
= −(𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ ) ( 𝑛⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ )
𝑑𝑢

𝑑
= −(𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ ) ( 0)
𝑑𝑢

= −(𝑏⃗⃗ ′ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗′ )( 0) = 0.

∴ 𝑡⃗′ , 𝑛⃗⃗′ , 𝑏⃗⃗ ′ are coplanar.

14 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗,
⃗⃗ = 𝒖𝟐 𝒊⃗ − 𝒖𝒋⃗ + (𝟐𝒖 + 𝟏)𝒌
16. The position vector of points on a curve are given by 𝒓
where 𝒖 is a parameter. Find the following at the point 𝒖 = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝟐 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝟐 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒖
, , | | , |𝒅𝒖𝟐 | 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒓 .
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 | |
𝒅𝒖

𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑑2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ⃗⃗
−𝑗⃗+2𝑘
⃗⃗ ,
[Ans. : 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 = 2𝑖⃗, |𝑑𝑢| = √5, |𝑑𝑢2 | = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑟 = .
𝑑𝑢2 | | √5
𝑑𝑢

⃗⃗ is a unit vector, show that 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒛 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟎.

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌
17. If 𝒓 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Solution : Given 𝑟⃗ is a unit vector.

𝑑𝑟⃗
∴ 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = 1 and so 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑡 = 0.

⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
⇒(𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 0.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1.5 Partial derivatives of vector function:

If for each pair of values of the scalar variables 𝑢 and 𝑣 there corresponds a vector 𝑓⃗,
then 𝑓⃗ is said to be a vector function of 𝑢 and 𝑣. Here the vector function is written
specifically as 𝑓⃗(𝑢, 𝑣). Similarly, vector functions of several variables are defined.

Now we define partial derivatives of a vector function of two variables. Given the
vector function 𝑓⃗(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑜𝑓the variables 𝑢 and 𝑣,

⃗f(u+∆u,v)−f⃗(u,v) ⃗f(u,v+∆v)−f⃗(u,v)
lim and lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑣→0 ∆𝑣

are called the partial derivatives of 𝑓⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) with respect to 𝑢 and 𝑣 respectively. These
𝜕𝑓⃗ 𝜕𝑓⃗
partial derivatives are denoted, as in ordinary Calculus, by the symbols , and the higher
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕 𝜕𝑓⃗ 𝜕2 𝑓⃗ 𝜕 𝜕𝑓⃗ 𝜕2 𝑓⃗
partial derivatives, by the symbol 𝜕𝑢 (𝜕𝑢) = 𝜕𝑢2 , 𝜕𝑢 (𝜕𝑣 ) = 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 , 𝑒𝑡𝑐.

Similarly, the partial derivatives of vectors of more than two variables are defined.

Problem:

⃗⃗ and 𝑩
18. Prove the following results if 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ are vector functions of 𝝋, a scalar function
of the scalar parameters 𝒖 and 𝒗:

15 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝝏 ⃗⃗
𝝏𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗
𝝏𝑩
⃗⃗ + 𝑩
(i) 𝝏𝒖 (𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗) = +
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖

𝝏 ⃗⃗
(ii) ⃗⃗) = (𝝏𝝋) 𝑨
(𝝋𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝝋 (𝝏𝑨)
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖

𝝏 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
(iii) (𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗) = 𝝏𝑨 ∙ 𝑩
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝝏𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑨
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖

𝝏 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
(iv) ⃗⃗) = 𝝏𝑨 × ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
(𝑨 ⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑨⃗ × 𝝏𝑩
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖

Solution:

𝜕 (𝐴⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣)+𝐵
⃗⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣))−(𝐴⃗(𝑢,𝑣)+𝐵
⃗⃗(𝑢,𝑣))
(i) 𝜕𝑢 (𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

(𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣)) + (𝐵

⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢, 𝑣))
= lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

(𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) ) ⃗⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐵

((𝐵 ⃗⃗ (𝑢, 𝑣))
= lim + lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝜕𝐴⃗ 𝜕𝐵
⃗⃗
= + .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢

𝜕 (𝜑(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣)𝐴⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣))−(𝜑(𝑢,𝑣)𝐴⃗(𝑢,𝑣))
(ii ) 𝜕𝑢 (𝜑𝐴⃗) = lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

(𝜑(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣)𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣)) − 𝜑(𝑢, 𝑣)𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) + 𝜑(𝑢, 𝑣)𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − (𝜑(𝑢, 𝑣)𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣))
= lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

[𝜑(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣)−𝜑(𝑢,𝑣)]𝐴⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣) 𝜑(𝑢,𝑣)[𝐴⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣)−𝐴⃗(𝑢,𝑣)]
= lim + lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

[𝜑(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝜑(𝑢, 𝑣)]

= lim lim 𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) +
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0

[𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣)]

𝜑(𝑢, 𝑣) lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝐴⃗
= ( ) 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) + 𝜑 ( )
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝐴⃗
= ( ) 𝐴⃗ + 𝜑 ( ).
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢

𝜕 (𝐴⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣)∙𝐵
⃗⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣))−(𝐴⃗(𝑢,𝑣)∙𝐵
⃗⃗(𝑢,𝑣))
(iii) (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = lim
𝜕𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

16 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 (𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣)) − 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) +

𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − (𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢, 𝑣))
= lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

(𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣)) ∙ 𝐵

⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣)
= lim +
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) ∙ (𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢, 𝑣))
lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

(𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣))

= lim ⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) +
∙ lim 𝐵
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0

⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐵
(𝐵 ⃗⃗ (𝑢, 𝑣))
𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) ∙ lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
= ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ ∙ .
∙𝐵
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢

𝜕 (𝐴⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣)×𝐵
⃗⃗(𝑢+∆𝑢,𝑣))−(𝐴⃗(𝑢,𝑣)×𝐵
⃗⃗(𝑢,𝑣))
(iv) (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = lim
𝜕𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

(𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) × 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣)) − 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) × 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) +

𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) × 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − (𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) × 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢, 𝑣))
= lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

(𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣)) × 𝐵

⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣)
= lim +
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) × (𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑢, 𝑣))
lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

(𝐴⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣))

= lim ⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) +
× lim 𝐵
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑢→0

⃗⃗ (𝑢 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣) − 𝐵
(𝐵 ⃗⃗ (𝑢, 𝑣))
𝐴⃗(𝑢, 𝑣) × lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢

𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
= ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ × .
×𝐵
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢

17 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 UNIT II

GRADIENT, DIVERGENCE AND CURL

2.1 Scalar point functions

If for every point P in a domain D of space, there corresponds a scalar ∅ then ∅ is said
to be a single valued scalar point function defined in the domain D. The value of ∅ at P is
denoted by ∅(𝑃) (or) ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖𝑓 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). The function ∅ is said to be the scalar field
in D.

Example : The temperature of a gas at different points in the region occupied by the
gas define a scalar field in that region.

Vector point function

If for every point P in a domain D of space, there corresponds a vector ∅ then ∅ is

said to be a single valued vector point function defined in the domain D. The value of ∅ at P
is denoted by ∅(𝑃) (or) ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖𝑓 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). The function ∅ is said to be the vector
field in D.

Example : The velocity in a fluid motion is a vector point function.

Level surfaces

The surfaces represented by the equation ∅ = 𝑐 for different values of c are called
level surfaces. The values of ∅ at all points on a level surface are equal.

Result : No two level surfaces will intersect each other.

Directional derivative of a scalar point function

Theorem 2.1: The directional derivative of ∅ at any point P in the direction specified by the
𝝏∅ 𝝏∅ 𝝏∅
direction cosines 𝒍, 𝒎, 𝒏 is 𝒍 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒎 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒏 𝝏𝒛 .

Proof : Let 𝑃′ be the point reached when one travels from 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) through a distance s in
the given direction. Then 𝑃′ has the co-ordinates (𝑥 + 𝑙𝑠, 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑠, 𝑧 + 𝑛𝑠).

The directional derivative of ∅ at 𝑃 in the given direction is

∅(𝑃′ ) − ∅(𝑃) ∅(𝑥 + 𝑙𝑠, 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑠, 𝑧 + 𝑛𝑠) − ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

lim ′
= lim .
𝑃′ →𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝑠→0 𝑠

18 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 By expanding ∅(𝑥 + 𝑙𝑠, 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑠, 𝑧 + 𝑛𝑠) in powers of s,

1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∅(𝑥 + 𝑙𝑠, 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑠, 𝑧 + 𝑛𝑠) = ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + (𝑙𝑠 + 𝑚𝑠 + 𝑛𝑠 ) ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) +
1! 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2
1/2! (𝑙𝑠 + 𝑚𝑠 + 𝑛𝑠 ) ∅(x,y,z) +…………
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

∅(𝑥 + 𝑙𝑠, 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑠, 𝑧 + 𝑛𝑠) − ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕

∴ = (𝑙𝑠 + 𝑚𝑠 + 𝑛𝑠 ) ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) +
𝑠 1! 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2
1/2! (𝑙𝑠 + 𝑚𝑠 + 𝑛𝑠 ) ∅(x,y,z) +…………
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

∅(𝑃′ ) − ∅(𝑃) ∅(𝑥 + 𝑙𝑠, 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑠, 𝑧 + 𝑛𝑠) − ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

lim = lim
𝑃 ′ →𝑃 𝑃𝑃′ 𝑠→0 𝑠

1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑙𝑠 + 𝑚𝑠 + 𝑛𝑠 ) ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
1! 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= lim +
𝑠→0 𝑠

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2
lim1/2! (𝑙𝑠 + 𝑚𝑠 + 𝑛𝑠 ) ∅(x,y,z)/s +…………
𝑠→0 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑙 +𝑚 + 𝑛 ) ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 0 + 0 + ⋯ …
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
=𝑙 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑚 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑛 𝜕𝑧 .

2.2 Gradient of a scalar point function

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
Definition: If ∅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 scalar point function, then the vector ⃗⃗ is called the
𝑖⃗ + 𝜕𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘
𝜕𝑥

gradient of ∅. This vector is written as grad∅ or ∇∅ where ∇ (read as ‘del’ or ‘nebla’) stands
𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗ 𝜕 .
for 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧

Note 2.1 The operator ∇ is an operator whose function is to transform a scalar point
function ∅ into a vector point function.

𝜕∅
Note 2.2 The summation notation for gradient is ∇∅ = ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥.

Theorem 2.2 : The directional derivative of ∅ in the direction specified by the unit vector
⃗⃗ 𝒊𝒔 (𝜵∅) ∙ 𝒆
𝒆 ⃗⃗.
19 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,
Tirunelveli.
Proof: ⃗⃗ .
Let the direction cosines of 𝑒⃗ is 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛. Then 𝑒⃗ = 𝑙𝑖⃗ + 𝑚𝑗⃗ + 𝑛𝑘

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
⃗⃗ ) ∙( 𝑙𝑖⃗ + 𝑚𝑗⃗ + 𝑛𝑘
Now, ∇∅ ∙ 𝑒⃗ =(𝜕𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝜕𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )=𝑙 + 𝑚 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑛 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥

which is the directional derivative of ∅ in the direction whose direction cosines are 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛.

Note 2.3 : Maximum value of the directional derivative of ∅ is |∇∅|.

Theorem 2.3 : (i) The direction of 𝜵∅ at P is normal to the level surface ∅ = 𝒄 through P
(i.e. 𝜵∅ is a vector along the normal at P to the level surface through P).

(ii ) Magnitude of 𝜵∅ at P is the maximum of the directional derivative of ∅ at P.

Proof : (i) Suppose ∅ = 𝑐 is the level surface through P and C is an arbitrarily chosen curve
through P and on the level surface. Refer figure.

Now the tangent T to C at P lies in the tangent plane at P to the level surface. Since ∅
⃗⃗ is
is a constant on C, the directional derivative of ∅ along C is zero. So, from diagram, if 𝑇
⃗⃗ = 0.
the unit vector along the tangent at P to C, then (∇∅) ∙ 𝑇

⃗⃗. But C is arbitrary. Therefore ∇∅ at P is

Hence ∇∅ at P is perpendicular to 𝑇
perpendicular to the tangent plane to the level surface at P.

Hence ∇∅ at P is along the normal to the surface at P.

(ii ) Let 𝑛⃗⃗ be the unit vector along the normal to the level surface at P (in the sense in
which ∅ increases).

Then ∇∅ = |∇∅|𝑛⃗⃗.

Directional derivative at P in an arbitrary direction 𝑒⃗ = (∇∅) ∙ 𝑒⃗ = |∇∅|𝑛⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑒⃗ =

|∇∅|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒⃗.

∴ Maximum value of the directional derivative at 𝑃 = |∇∅| since the maximum value
of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1.

20 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 Hence the magnitude of ∇∅ is the maximum of the directional derivative.

Theorem 2.4 : If ∅ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝍 are scalar point functions, then prove that

(i) 𝜵(𝒌∅) = 𝒌(𝜵∅) where k is a constant

(ii) 𝜵(∅ + 𝝍) = 𝜵∅ + 𝜵𝝍
(iii) 𝜵(∅𝝍) = (𝜵∅)𝝍 + ∅(𝜵𝝍)
∅ 𝝍(𝜵∅)−∅(𝜵𝝍)
(iv) 𝜵 (𝝍) = .
𝝍𝟐

𝜕(𝑘∅) 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
Proof : (i ) ∇(𝑘∅) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ = ∑ 𝑖⃗𝑘 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑘 ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑘(∇∅)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕(∅+𝜓) 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝜓
(ii) 𝛻(∅ + 𝜓) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ = ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 = ∇∅ + ∇𝜓
𝜕𝑥

𝜕(∅𝜓) 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝜓 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝜓
(iii) ∇(∅𝜓) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ = ∑ 𝑖⃗(𝜕𝑥 𝜓 + ∅ 𝜕𝑥 ) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 𝜓 + ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∅ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕∅ 𝜕𝜓
=𝜓 ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + ∅ ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 = (∇∅)𝜓 + ∅(∇𝜓)

𝜕∅ 𝜕𝜓
∅ 𝜕(∅/𝜓) 𝜓 −∅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
(iv ) ∇ (ψ) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ = ∑ 𝑖⃗ [ ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜓2

𝜕∅ 𝜕𝜓
∑ 𝑖⃗𝜓 + ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∅
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜓2
𝜕∅ 𝜕𝜓
(𝜓 ∑ 𝑖⃗ +∅ ∑ 𝑖⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
= 𝜓2

ψ(∇∅) − ∅(∇ψ)
=
ψ2

Problems

Problem 1: Find the directional derivative of 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛𝟑 at the point (𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟏) in the
direction whose d.c’s are 2/3, 2/3, -1/3

Soln : Let ∅ = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
Find 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑦 , 𝜕𝑧

Given 𝑙 = 2/3, 𝑚 = 2/3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = −1/3

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
The directional derivative is 𝑙 + 𝑚 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑛 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥

21 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 2 2
=3 (1 + 𝑦 2 ) + 3 (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) − 𝑦𝑧 2 .

At the point (0,1,1) [Ans. 1]

Problem 2. Find 𝜵∅ at (x,y,z) if ∅ = 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛𝟑

⃗⃗ (3𝑦𝑧 2 )]
[Ans. :𝑖⃗(1 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑗⃗(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) + 𝑘

Problem 3: Find the directional derivative of ∅ = 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛𝟑 at (0, 1, 1) in the

direction of the vector 𝟐𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝒋⃗ − ⃗𝒌⃗. Find its maximum length.

Solution : Given, ∅ = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 .

⃗⃗
𝑟⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 𝑘

|𝑟⃗| = √4 + 4 + 1 = 3

𝑟⃗ ⃗⃗ 2
2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 𝑘 2 1
∴ 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒⃗ = = = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
|𝑟⃗| 3 3 3 3

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
⃗⃗ ) = 𝑖⃗(1 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑗⃗(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) + 𝑘
∇∅ =(𝜕𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝜕𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘 ⃗⃗ (3𝑦𝑧 2 )

2 2 1
⃗⃗ (3𝑦𝑧 2 )] ∙ ( 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘
∇∅ ∙ 𝑒⃗ =[ 𝑖⃗(1 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑗⃗(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
3 3 3

2 2 1
= (1 + 𝑦 2 ) + (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) − (3𝑦𝑧 2
3 3 3

2 2 4 2
∇∅ ∙ 𝑒⃗ 𝑎𝑡 (0,1,1) = (2) + (0 + 1) − 1 = + − 1 = 1.
3 3 3 3

Therefore, directional derivative of ∅ at (0,1,1) is 1.

Maximum length =|∇∅|.

⃗⃗ (3) = 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘
Now, ∇∅ = 𝑖⃗(1 + 1) + 𝑗⃗(2(0) + 1) + 𝑘 ⃗⃗

∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = |∇∅| = √4 + 1 + 9 = √14.

Problem 4. Find the directional derivative of ∅ at the given point in the direction of the
given vector.

(i) ⃗⃗.
∅ = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛 at the point (1,2,3) in the direction of the vector 𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒋⃗ + 𝟐𝒌

1 2 2
⃗⃗ . then find ∇∅ ∙ 𝑒⃗. Ans. : -22/3}
{Hint : Find ∇∅ then find 𝑒⃗ as 3 𝑖⃗ − 3 𝑗⃗ + 3 𝑘

22 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 29
(ii) ∅ = 𝒙𝒚𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 𝒂𝒕 (𝟏, 𝟐, −𝟏), 𝒓 ⃗⃗. [Ans.
⃗⃗ = 𝒊⃗ − 𝒋⃗ − 𝟑𝒌 ]
√11

(iii) ⃗⃗.
∅ = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 at the point (1,-1,2) in the direction of the vector 𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝒋⃗ + 𝒌
21
{Ans. }
√6

Problem 5: If 𝒓 ⃗⃗ (i.e.,) if 𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌 ⃗⃗ is the position vector of the variable point (x,y,z)
𝟏 ⃗⃗
𝒓
⃗⃗| = 𝒓. Show that (i) 𝜵 ( ) = − 𝟑 and (ii) 𝜵(𝒇(𝒓)) = 𝒇′ (𝒓)𝒓̂.
and |𝒓 𝒓 𝒓

⃗⃗.
Proof : Given 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘

|𝑟⃗| = 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 (i.e.,) 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
Differentiating partially with respect to x. 2𝑟 = 2𝑥. ∴ =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟

𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
Similarly, 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑟.
𝑟 𝜕𝑧

1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1
⃗⃗ ) ( ) = 𝑖⃗ ( ) + 𝑗⃗ ( ) + 𝑘
Proof of (i) ∇ (𝑟 ) = (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ( )
𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑖⃗ (− ⃗⃗ (−
) + 𝑗⃗ (− 2 ) + 𝑘 )
2
𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 2 𝜕𝑧

1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
=− ⃗⃗ ( ) = − (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑖⃗ ( ) − 2 𝑗⃗ ( ) − 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

1 𝑟⃗
=− ⃗⃗ ) = −
(𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑟 3 𝑟3

(ii) T.P. ∇(𝑓(𝑟)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟̂ .

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗ ) (𝑓(𝑟))
∇(𝑓(𝑟)) = (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ (𝑓(𝑟))
(𝑓(𝑟)) + 𝑗⃗ (𝑓(𝑟)) + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
⃗⃗ (𝜕𝑟) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)(𝑖⃗ 𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝑦 + 𝑘
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑖⃗ (𝜕𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑗⃗ (𝜕𝑦) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑧)
𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑟⃗
= ⃗⃗ ) =
(𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘 𝑟⃗ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟̂ [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑟 = 𝑟̂ ].
𝑟 𝑟

Problem 6 : If 𝜵∅ = 𝟓𝒓𝟑 𝒓
⃗⃗ then find ∅.

𝑟⃗
Solution : We have, = 𝑟̂ => 𝑟⃗ = 𝑟𝑟̂
𝑟

23 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ∴ ∇∅ = 5𝑟 3 𝑟𝑟̂ = 5𝑟 4 𝑟̂

We have, ∇∅ = ∅′ (𝑟)𝑟̂

∴ ∇∅ = ∅′ (𝑟)𝑟̂ = 5𝑟 4 𝑟̂

∴ ∅′ (𝑟) = 5𝑟 4

Integrating with respect to r ∫ ∅′ (𝑟)𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 5𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟

5𝑟 5
∅(𝑟) = + 𝑐 i.e., ∅(𝑟) = 𝑟 5 + 𝑐.
5

Problem 7: If 𝜵∅ = (𝟔𝒓 − 𝟑𝒓𝟐 )𝒓

⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∅(𝟐) = 𝟒 then find ∅.

{Hint : Find the value of c using the condition ∅(2) = 4. (Ans. ∅(𝑟) = 2(𝑟 3 − 𝑟 4 + 10).

Problem 8: If 𝒓 ⃗⃗ (i.e.,) if 𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌 ⃗⃗ is the position vector of the variable point (x,y,z)
and |𝒓
⃗⃗| = 𝒓, then show that

⃗⃗
𝒓
(i) 𝜵(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒓) = 𝒓𝟐

(ii) 𝜵𝒓𝒏 = 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝒓̂ = 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟐 𝒓

⃗⃗
(iii) ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒂
𝜵(𝒓 ⃗⃗) = 𝒂
⃗⃗ where a is a constant vector.
(iv) ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒓
𝜵(𝒂 ⃗⃗) = 𝟐𝒂 if 𝒂 ⃗⃗.
⃗⃗ = 𝜶𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝜷𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝜸𝒛𝒌
𝒅𝑭 𝝏𝑭 ⃗⃗
𝒅𝒓
(v) = + (𝛁𝑭) ∙ 𝒅𝒕 where F is a scalar function of t and x, y, z are functions of
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕

t.

⃗⃗ .
Proof : Given 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘

|𝑟⃗| = 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 (i.e.,) 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
Differentiating partially with respect to x. 2𝑟 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥. ∴ 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑟

𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
Similarly, = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(i) ⃗⃗ ) (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟)
∇(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) = (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟)
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) + 𝑗⃗ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑖⃗ ( ) + 𝑗⃗ ( ⃗⃗ (
)+𝑘 )
𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧

24 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑟 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= ⃗⃗ ( ) = (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑖⃗ ( ) + 𝑗⃗ ( ) + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

1 𝑟⃗
= (𝑥𝑖
⃗ + 𝑦𝑗
⃗ + ⃗⃗ ) =
𝑧𝑘
𝑟2 𝑟2

𝜕 𝜕
(ii) ⃗⃗ 𝜕 ) (𝑟 𝑛 )
∇𝑟 𝑛 = (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧

𝜕(𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝜕(𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝜕(𝑟 𝑛 )

= 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
+𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑖⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑗⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ⃗⃗ 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1
+𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⃗⃗ )
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

𝑟⃗ 𝑟⃗
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑟̂ .
𝑟 |𝑟⃗|

(iii) T.P. ∇(𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑎⃗) = 𝑎⃗

⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘

Given a is a constant vector. ∴ 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑎3 𝑘 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑎3 𝑘
𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑎⃗ = (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) =𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇(𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑎⃗) = (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧)
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧)
(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧) + 𝑗⃗ (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧) + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗
= 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑎3 𝑘
(iv) ⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
Given 𝑎⃗ = 𝛼𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝛽𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝛾𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = (𝛼𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝛽𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝛾𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) =𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑦 2 + 𝛾𝑧 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾
are constants.
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇(𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗) = (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) (𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑦 2 + 𝛾𝑧 2 )
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ (𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑦 2 + 𝛾𝑧 2 )
(𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑦 2 + 𝛾𝑧 2 ) + 𝑗⃗ (𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑦 2 + 𝛾𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
⃗⃗ = 2(𝛼𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝛽𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝛾𝑧𝑘
= 2𝛼𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝛽𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝛾𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 2𝑎⃗.
𝑑𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑧
(v) = + 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡 since F is a function of t and x, y ,z are functions
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡

of t.

25 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝑑𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= + ( 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ ) ∙ ( 𝑖⃗ +
𝑘 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Thus
𝑑𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑟⃗
= + (∇𝐹) ∙ ( ).
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡

⃗⃗ and if ∅(𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) =
Problem 9: If 𝜵∅ = (𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝒊⃗ + (𝒙 + 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒋⃗ + (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛𝒙)𝒌
𝟑, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 ∅.

⃗⃗ ..... (1)
Solution :Given, ∇∅ = (𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑖⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑗⃗ + (𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑥)𝑘

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
⃗⃗ .........(2)
We have, ∇∅ = 𝜕𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝜕𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘

𝜕∅
From (1) and (2) we have 𝜕𝑥 = (𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ......(3)

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
= (𝑥 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦) .....(4) & = 𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑥 ......(5)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Integrating (3) w.r.to x, ∅ = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑓(𝑦, 𝑧) ....... (6)

Integrating (4) w.r. to y, ∅ = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑧) ...... (7)

Integrating (5) w.r.to z, ∅ = 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦)....... (8)

From (6), (7) and (8) we get, ∅ = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, ∅(1,1,1) = 3. Therefore, 1+1+1+1+c=3 => 𝑐 = −1

Hence, ∅ = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧 − 1.

⃗⃗
Problem 10: Find ∅ if 𝜵∅ is (𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 )𝒊⃗ + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛)𝒋⃗ + (𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 − 𝒚)𝒌

(Ans. : 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐)

Problem 11: Find the unit vectors normal to the following surfaces.

(i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟕 𝒂𝒕 (𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟐)

⃗⃗
𝒊⃗+𝒋⃗−𝒌
(ii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) [Ans. ]
√𝟑
⃗⃗
𝒊⃗+𝒌
(iii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 = 𝟔 𝒂𝒕 (𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟏) [Ans. ]
√𝟐

Solution : (i)Let ∅ = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 7

26 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗
∇∅ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 4𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘

⃗⃗
At (1, −1,2), ∇∅ = 2𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘

|∇∅| = 6.

∇∅ ⃗⃗
𝑖⃗−2𝑗⃗+2𝑘
Unit vector normal to the surface = |∇∅| = 3

Problem 12 : Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛𝟐 = 𝟔 at
the point (1,-1,1).

⃗⃗
Sol. : Let 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘

Let ∅ = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 − 6

⃗⃗
∇∅ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 4𝑦𝑗⃗ + 6𝑧𝑘

⃗⃗ =𝑃⃗⃗
At (1, −1,1), ∇∅ = 2𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘

Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑟1 = 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘

𝑟1 ∙ 𝑃⃗⃗ = 0
Equation of the tangent plane is (𝑟⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗)

⃗⃗ − (𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
(𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ )) ∙ (2𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘
⃗⃗ ) = 0

𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 6 = 0 .

Problem 13 : Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛𝟐 + 𝟒 =
𝟎 at the point (3,2,1). [Ans. 3x-8y+3z+4=0]

Problem 14: Find the angle between the normals to the surface 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎 at the points
(1,4,-2) and (-3,-3,3)

Solution : First find ∇∅ at the points (1,4,-2) and (-3,-3,3).

⃗⃗ & At (−3, −3,3), ∇∅ = −3𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ − 6𝑘

At (1,4, −2), ∇∅ = 4𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ )∙(−3𝑖⃗−3𝑗⃗−6𝑘
(4𝑖⃗+𝑗⃗+4𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) −13
If 𝜃 is the angle between the normals then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = 3√22
√16+1+16√9+9+36

Problem 14: Show that the surfaces 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒛 − 𝟗𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 are
orthogonal at (1,-1,2).

Soln. : - Let ∅1 = 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 9𝑥 and ∅2 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 3 − 4

27 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

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 ⃗⃗ & ∇∅2 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 4𝑥 2 𝑗⃗ + 3𝑧 2 𝑘
∇∅1 = (10𝑥 − 9)𝑖⃗ − 2𝑧𝑗⃗ − 2𝑦𝑘 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ & ∇∅2 = −8𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 12𝑘

At (1,-1,2) ∇∅1 = 𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ ) ∙ (−8𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 12𝑘

(∇∅1 ) ∙ (∇∅2 ) = (𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 0

Thus the given two surfaces are orthogonal.

Problem 15: Find the angle between the normals to the intersecting surfaces 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒛𝟐 −
𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒛 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 at (1,1,0). Also find a unit vector along the tangent to the
curve of intersection of the surfaces at (1,1,0).

Soln. : As in the previous problem find ∇∅1 & ∇∅2 𝑎𝑡 (1,1,0)

⃗⃗
∇∅1 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ & ∇∅2 = 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘

Let 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ & 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘

⃗⃗

Let 𝜃 bet the angle between the normals to the surfaces.

𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ 2
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
|𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| √26

⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏
Unit Vector along the tangent = |𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏⃗⃗|

𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑗⃗ 𝑘
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |1 ⃗⃗ and |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = √22 (Verify)
1 0 | = −3𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘
0 2 −3

⃗⃗
−3i⃗+3j⃗+2k
Thus the unit vector along the tangent = .
√22

Problem 16: Find the direction in which ∅ = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝒙𝟐 increases most rapidly at
the point (1,2,-3).

Soln. : Find ∇∅ at (1,2,-3)

⃗⃗ .
Direction of ∇(𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥 2 ) = −2𝑖⃗ + 13𝑗⃗ − 11𝑘

2.3 Divergence and curl of a vector point function

𝜕𝑉1 𝜕𝑉2
Definition: ⃗⃗ is a vector point function, then the scalar
If 𝑉 = 𝑉1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑉2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑉3 𝑘 + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑉3
is called the divergence of V and is denoted by divV (or) ∇ ∙ 𝑉.
𝜕𝑧

28 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 If ∇ ∙ 𝑉 = 0 then the vector V is said to be solenoidal.

𝜕𝑉
The summation notation for divergence is ∇ ∙ 𝑉 = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝑥 .

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉2 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉3
⃗⃗ , then the vector 𝑖⃗ ( 3 −
Definition : If 𝑽 = 𝑉1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑉2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑉3 𝑘 ) + 𝑗⃗ ( 𝜕𝑧1 − )+
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

⃗⃗ (𝜕𝑉2 − 𝜕𝑉1 ) is called the curl of V and is denoted by curlV (or) ∇ × 𝑉.

𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
Now, ∇ × 𝑉 = | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3

If 𝛁 × 𝑽 = 𝟎 then the vector V is said to be irrotational.

Note 2.4 : The divergence of a vector point function is a scalar and the curl of a vector point
function is a vector.

𝜕
Note 2.5 : 𝑉 ∙ ∇= 𝑉 ∙ ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥

⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑩
Theorem 2.5 : If 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ are vector point functions, ′∅′ a scalar point function and ‘k’ a
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
constant then, (i) 𝜵 ∙ (𝑨 ⃗⃗) = 𝜵 ∙ ⃗𝑨⃗ + 𝜵 ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗

⃗⃗) = 𝒌(𝜵 ∙ ⃗𝑨⃗)

(ii) 𝜵 ∙ (𝒌𝑨

⃗⃗)=(𝜵∅) ∙ 𝑨
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝜵 ∙ (∅𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ + ∅(𝜵 ∙ 𝑨
⃗⃗)

(iv) ⃗⃗ + 𝑩
𝜵 × (𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗) = 𝜵 × 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝜵 × 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗

(v) ⃗⃗) = 𝒌(𝜵 × ⃗𝑨⃗)

𝜵 × (𝒌𝑨

(vi) ⃗⃗⃗)=(𝜵∅) × ⃗𝑨
𝜵 × (∅𝑨 ⃗⃗ + ∅(𝜵 × ⃗𝑨⃗)

⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕(𝐴+𝐵) =∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ (𝜕𝐴 + 𝜕𝐵) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝐴 + ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝐵
Proof : (i) ∇ ∙ (𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

=∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ + ∇ ∙ ⃗B⃗

𝜕(𝑘𝐴⃗) 𝜕𝐴⃗
(ii) ∇ ∙ (𝑘𝐴⃗) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ = 𝑘 ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝑥 [Since, k is a constant]= 𝑘(∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕(∅𝐴⃗) 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝐴⃗ 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝐴⃗

(iii) ∇ ∙ (∅𝐴⃗) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ [𝜕𝑥 𝐴⃗ + ∅ 𝜕𝑥 ] = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝑥 𝐴⃗ + ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ ∅ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕∅ 𝜕𝐴⃗
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 ∙ 𝐴⃗ + ∅ ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝑥 =(∇∅) ∙ 𝐴⃗ + ∅(∇ ∙ A
⃗⃗)

29 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝜕(𝐴⃗+𝐵
⃗⃗) 𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
(iv) ∇ × (𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × =∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 ) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × 𝜕𝑥 + ∑ 𝑖⃗ × 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥

=∇ × 𝐴⃗ + ∇ × B
⃗⃗

𝜕(𝑘𝐴) ⃗𝜕𝐴 ⃗
(v) ∇ × (𝑘𝐴⃗) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑘 ∑ 𝑖⃗ × 𝜕𝑥 [Since, k is a constant]= 𝑘(∇ × 𝐴⃗)
𝜕(∅𝐴⃗) 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝐴⃗ 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝐴⃗
(vi) ∇ × (∅𝐴⃗) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × [𝜕𝑥 𝐴⃗ + ∅ 𝜕𝑥 ] = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × 𝜕𝑥 𝐴⃗ + ∑ 𝑖⃗ × ∅ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕∅ 𝜕𝐴⃗
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 × 𝐴⃗ + ∅ ∑ 𝑖⃗ × 𝜕𝑥 =(∇∅) × 𝐴⃗ + ∅(∇ × A
⃗⃗)

⃗⃗ and 𝑩
Theorem 2.6 : If 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ are vector point functions then,

(i) ⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
𝜵(𝑨 ⃗⃗) = ⃗𝑨⃗ × (𝜵 × ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗) + (𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝜵)𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ × (𝜵 × ⃗𝑨⃗) + (𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝜵)𝑨
⃗⃗

(ii) ⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
𝜵 ∙ (𝑨 ⃗⃗) = (𝜵 × ⃗𝑨⃗) ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ − (𝜵 × ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗) ∙ ⃗𝑨⃗

(iii) ⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
𝜵 × (𝑨 ⃗⃗) = {(𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝜵)𝑨
⃗⃗ − (𝜵 ∙ ⃗𝑨⃗)𝑩
⃗⃗⃗} − {(𝑨
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝜵)𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ − (𝜵 ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗)𝑨
⃗⃗}

𝜕(𝐴⃗∙𝐵
⃗⃗)
⃗⃗ ∙ B
Proof : (i) ∇(A ⃗⃗) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ [ ∙ 𝐵⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ ∙ ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
⃗⃗ ] + ∑ 𝑖⃗ [𝐴⃗ ∙ ]
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ [𝜕𝑥 ∙ 𝐵 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
⃗⃗ ∙ ] + ∑ 𝑖⃗ [𝐴⃗ ∙ ] ............... (1)
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ [𝐵 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
Now, 𝐴⃗ × (𝑖⃗ × 𝜕𝑥 ) = (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝑥 ) 𝑖⃗ − (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗) 𝜕𝑥

(Using, 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑐⃗)

⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
𝐴⃗ × (𝑖⃗ × 𝜕𝑥 ) + (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗) 𝜕𝑥 = (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝑥 ) 𝑖⃗

Taking summation on both sides.

⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
∑[𝐴⃗ × (𝑖⃗ × ) + (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗) ] = ∑[ (𝐴⃗ ∙ ) 𝑖⃗]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
∑[𝐴⃗ × (𝑖⃗ × )] + ∑[ (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗) ] = ∑[ (𝐴⃗ ∙ ) 𝑖⃗]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

30 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
∑[ (𝐴⃗ ∙ ) 𝑖⃗] = ∑[𝐴⃗ × (𝑖⃗ × )] + ∑[ (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗) ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 𝜕
= 𝐴⃗ × ∑ (𝑖⃗ × ) + [𝐴⃗ ∙ ∑ 𝑖⃗ ] 𝐵
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

= 𝐴⃗ × (∇ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ )+(𝐴⃗ ∙ ∇)𝐵
⃗⃗ ...................... (2)

Interchanging 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗, we get

𝜕𝐴⃗
⃗⃗ ∙
∑[ (𝐵 ⃗⃗ × (∇ × 𝐴⃗)+(𝐵
) 𝑖⃗] = 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ∙ ∇)𝐴⃗ ........................ (3)
𝜕𝑥

Put (2) and (3) in (1) we get,

⃗⃗ ∙ B
∇(A ⃗⃗ × (∇ × B
⃗⃗) = A ⃗⃗ ∙ ∇)B
⃗⃗) + (A ⃗⃗ + B ⃗⃗) + (B
⃗⃗ × (∇ × A ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ∙ ∇)A

⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕(𝐴×𝐵) =∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ (𝜕𝐴 × 𝐵
(ii) ∇ ∙ (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ × 𝜕𝐵)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ ( ⃗⃗ ) + ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ (𝐴⃗ × ) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ ( × 𝐵
×𝐵 ⃗⃗ ) − ∑ 𝑖⃗ ∙ ( × 𝐴⃗)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴 ⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) − ∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝜕𝐵 ∙ 𝐴⃗) [Interchanging dot and cross]
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝜕𝑥 ∙ 𝐵 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵
= ∑ (𝑖⃗ × ⃗⃗ − ∑(𝑖⃗ × ) ∙ 𝐴⃗ = (∇ × A
)∙𝐵 ⃗⃗) ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗) ∙ 𝐴⃗
⃗⃗ − (∇ × B
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗ ) = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × 𝜕(𝐴×𝐵) =∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝜕𝐴 × 𝐵
(𝐢𝐢𝐢) ∇ × (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ × 𝜕𝐵)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴 ⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) + ∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝐴⃗ × 𝜕𝐵)
=∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝜕𝑥 × 𝐵 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴 ⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) − ∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝜕𝐵 × 𝐴⃗) ...................... (1)
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝜕𝑥 × 𝐵 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴 ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Now, 𝑖⃗ × (𝜕𝑥 × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ) 𝜕𝐴 − (𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝐴)𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = (𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐴⃗ 𝜕𝐴⃗ 𝜕𝐴⃗

∑ 𝑖⃗ × ( ⃗⃗ ) = ∑(𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝐵
×𝐵 ⃗⃗ ) − ∑(𝑖⃗ ∙ )𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗) 𝜕𝐴 − ∑ (𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝐴) 𝐵
= ∑(𝐵 ⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴
⃗⃗
𝐵 ∙ ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 − ∑ (𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝑥 ) 𝐵
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕 ) 𝐴⃗ − ∑ (𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝜕𝐴) 𝐵
= (𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

31 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗ ∙ ∇)𝐴⃗ − (∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗)𝐵
= (𝐵 ⃗⃗ ......................................... (2)

⃗⃗
⃗⃗ we get, ∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝜕𝐵 × 𝐴⃗) = (𝐴⃗ ∙ ∇)𝐵
Interchanging 𝐴⃗ & 𝐵 ⃗⃗ )𝐴⃗ ....... (3)
⃗⃗ − (∇ ∙ 𝐵
𝜕𝑥

Put (2) and (3) in (1) we get the result.

Problem 17 : Show that the vector ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝟐 𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒋⃗ − 𝒙𝒛𝟑 ⃗𝒌⃗ is solenoidal.

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
Solution : ∇ ∙ 𝐴 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕(𝑥 2 𝑧 2 ) 𝜕(𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 ) 𝜕(−𝑥𝑧 3 )

i.e., + + = 2𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 2 = 3𝑥𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 2 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

⃗⃗ 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒍, find a.
Problem 18: If the vector 𝟑𝒙𝒊⃗ + (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒋⃗ − 𝒂𝒛𝒌

⃗⃗
Solution : Let 𝐴⃗ = 3𝑥𝑖⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑗⃗ − 𝑎𝑧𝑘

Given 𝐴⃗ is solenoidal. Therefore, ∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴 =0

𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗ 𝜕 ) ∙ (3𝑥𝑖⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑗⃗ − 𝑎𝑧𝑘
i.e., (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 0
𝜕𝑧

𝜕(3𝑥) 𝜕(𝑥+𝑦) 𝜕(𝑎𝑧)

i.e., + − =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

i.e., 3+1-a=0 =>a=4.

Problem 19 : If 𝒓 ⃗⃗, Show that 𝜵 ∙ 𝒓

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌 ⃗⃗ = 𝟑.

⃗⃗
Solution : Given 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕(𝑥) 𝜕(𝑦) 𝜕(𝑧)

= + + = 1+1+1=3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓 = |𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌
Problem 20 : If 𝒓 ⃗⃗| show that 𝜵 ∙ (𝒓𝒏 𝒓
⃗⃗) = (𝒏 + 𝟑)𝒓𝒏 .

Solution : ∇ ∙ (𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗) = ∇(𝑟 𝑛 ) ∙ 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟 𝑛 (∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗) ....................... (1)

𝜕(𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝜕(𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝜕(𝑟 𝑛 )

∇(𝑟 𝑛 ) = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
+𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕r 𝜕r 𝜕r
= 𝑖⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑗⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ⃗⃗ 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1
+𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

32 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⃗⃗ 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1
= 𝑖⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑗⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑘
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

⃗⃗ 𝑧) = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟⃗
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑖⃗𝑥 + 𝑗⃗𝑦 + 𝑘

∴ (1) => ∇ ∙ (𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗) = (𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗) + 𝑟 𝑛 3 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗) + 𝑟 𝑛 3

= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 𝑛 3 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑟 𝑛 3 = (𝑛 + 3)𝑟 𝑛

𝟏 𝟐
⃗⃗) = 𝟎 & 𝛻 ∙ 𝒓̂ =
Problem 21 : Show that 𝜵 ∙ (𝒓𝟑 𝒓 𝒓

1 1 1
Solution : ∇ ∙ (𝑟 3 𝑟⃗) = ∇(𝑟 3 ) ∙ 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟 3 (∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗) ...................... (1)

1 1 1
1 𝜕 ( 3) 𝜕 ( 3) 𝜕 ( 3)
∇ ( 3 ) = 𝑖⃗ 𝑟 + 𝑗⃗ 𝑟 + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑟
𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

3 𝜕r 3 𝜕r 3 𝜕r
= 𝑖⃗ (− ) + 𝑗⃗ (− 4 ) ⃗⃗ (− )
+𝑘
4
𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 4 𝜕𝑧

3 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧
= 𝑖⃗ (− ) + 𝑗
⃗ (− ) + ⃗⃗ (− )
𝑘
𝑟4 𝑟 𝑟4 𝑟 𝑟4 𝑟

3 3
= (− ) (𝑖
⃗ 𝑥 + 𝑗
⃗ 𝑦 + ⃗⃗ 𝑧) = (− ) 𝑟⃗
𝑘
𝑟5 𝑟5

1 3 1 3 1
∴ (1) => ∇ ∙ (𝑟 3 𝑟⃗) = (− 𝑟 5 ) 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟 3 3 = (− 𝑟 3 ) + 𝑟 3 3 = 0

𝑟⃗ 1
∇ ∙ 𝑟̂ = ∇ ∙ = ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗
𝑟 𝑟

1 1 1
∇ ∙ ( 𝑟⃗) = ∇ ( ) ∙ 𝑟⃗ + (∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗)
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

1 1
∇ ( ) = − 3 𝑟⃗ (𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦)
𝑟 𝑟

1 1 1 1 3 2
∇ ∙ ( 𝑟⃗) = (− 3 𝑟⃗) ∙ 𝑟⃗ + 3 = − 3 × 𝑟 2 + =
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓 = |𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌
Problem 22 : If 𝒓 ⃗⃗) = 𝒓 𝒇′ (𝒓) +
⃗⃗| show that 𝜵 ∙ (𝒇(𝒓)𝒓
𝒄
𝟑 𝒇(𝒓). Also if 𝜵 ∙ (𝒇(𝒓)𝒓
⃗⃗) = 𝟎 show that 𝒇(𝒓) = 𝟑 where c is an arbitrary constant.
𝒓

Solution : ∇ ∙ (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) = ∇(𝑓(𝑟)) ∙ 𝑟⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟)(∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗)

33 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
∇(𝑓(𝑟)) = 𝑟⃗ (𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦)
𝑟

𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
∇ ∙ (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) = 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟)3 = rf ′ (r) + f(r)3
𝑟

Also, given ∇ ∙ (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) = 0

Thus, 𝑟𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑓(𝑟)3 = 0

𝑟𝑓 ′ (𝑟) = −𝑓(𝑟)3

𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 3
=−
𝑓(𝑟) 𝑟

Integrating both sides with respect to r

𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 3
∫ 𝑑𝑟 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑟
𝑓(𝑟) 𝑟

log 𝑓(𝑟) = −3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 3 = log 𝑐/𝑟 3

𝑐
Thus, log 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟 3

𝑐
Thus, 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑟 3 where c is an arbitrary constant.

Problem 23 : If ‘a’ is a constant vector and 𝒓 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌 then show that 𝜵 ∙
{(𝒂
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒓
⃗⃗)𝒓
⃗⃗} = 𝟒(𝒂
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒓
⃗⃗).

⃗⃗
Solution : Let 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑎3 𝑘

⃗⃗
Given 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘

𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧

Now, ∇ ∙ {(𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)𝑟⃗} = ∇ ∙ {(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧)𝑟⃗}

= ∇(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧) ∙ 𝑟⃗ + (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧)(∇ ∙ r⃗) .............. (1)

𝜕(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧) 𝜕(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧)
∇(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧) = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧)
⃗⃗
𝑘
𝜕𝑧

⃗⃗ =𝑎⃗
= 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑎3 𝑘

34 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 Also, ∇ ∙ r⃗ = 3

∴ (1) => ∇ ∙ {(𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)𝑟⃗} = 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗ + 3(𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗) = 4(𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)

⃗⃗ is
Problem 24: Find the value of ‘a’ if ⃗𝑨⃗ = (𝒂𝒙𝒚 − 𝒛𝟐 )𝒊⃗ + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛)𝒋⃗ + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒂𝒙𝒛)𝒌
irrotational.

Solution : Given, 𝐴⃗ is irrotational.

∴ ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = ⃗0⃗

⃗⃗
∴ ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = (2𝑦 − 2𝑦)𝑖⃗ − (−𝑎𝑧 + 2𝑧)𝑗⃗ + (2𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥)𝑘

⃗⃗ = 0𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = ⃗0⃗ => (2𝑦 − 2𝑦)𝑖⃗ − (−𝑎𝑧 + 2𝑧)𝑗⃗ + (2𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥)𝑘 ⃗⃗

∴ 2𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0

∴ 𝑎 = 2.

Problem 25 : Show that the following vector point functions are irrotational.

(i) (𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝒛𝟑 )𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒋⃗ − 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗

(ii) ⃗⃗
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒊⃗ + (𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒛 − 𝟑)𝒋⃗ + (𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 )𝒌

(iii) ⃗⃗
(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒛𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝒌

Problem 26 : Show that the following vector (𝒚𝟐 −𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝒛 − 𝟐𝒙)𝒊⃗ + (𝟑𝒙𝒛 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒋⃗ +
⃗⃗ is both solenoidal and irrotational.
(𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝒛 + 𝟐𝒛)𝒌

⃗⃗ for all f(r), show that 𝜵 × {𝒇(𝒓)𝒓

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌
Problem 27 : If 𝒓 ⃗⃗ .
⃗⃗} = 𝟎

Solution : We have, ∇ × (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) = ∇(𝑓(𝑟)) × 𝑟⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟)(∇ × 𝑟⃗)

𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
∇(𝑓(𝑟)) = 𝑟⃗ (𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦)
𝑟

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
∇ × 𝑟⃗=| 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 ⃗⃗
|=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
Thus, ∇ × (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) = ⃗⃗ ) = ⃗0⃗ +0
𝑟⃗ × 𝑟⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟)(0 ⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗.
𝑟

35 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗ show that 𝜵 × (𝒓𝒏 𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌
Problem 28 : : If 𝒓 ⃗⃗.
⃗⃗) = 𝟎

Solution : ∇ × (𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗) = ∇(𝑟 𝑛 ) × 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟 𝑛 (∇ × 𝑟⃗) ....................... (1)

𝜕(𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝜕(𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝜕(𝑟 𝑛 )

∇(𝑟 𝑛 ) = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
+𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕r 𝜕r 𝜕r
= 𝑖⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑗⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ⃗⃗ 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1
+𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⃗⃗ 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1
= 𝑖⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑗⃗𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑘
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

⃗⃗ 𝑧) = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟⃗
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑖⃗𝑥 + 𝑗⃗𝑦 + 𝑘

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
∇ × 𝑟⃗=| 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 ⃗⃗
|=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

⃗⃗) =0
∴ (1) => ∇ × (𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗) = ∇(𝑟 𝑛 ) × 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟 𝑛 (∇ × 𝑟⃗) = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟⃗ × 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟 𝑛 (0 ⃗⃗

Problem 29 : Show that 𝜵 × 𝒓̂ = ⃗𝟎⃗.

1
(Hint : Put 𝑟̂ = 𝑟 𝑟⃗)

⃗⃗ = 𝒘
Problem 30 : If 𝒗 ⃗⃗ where w is a constant vector and 𝒓
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝒓 ⃗⃗. Show that
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌
𝟏
⃗⃗ = 𝒘
𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝒗 ⃗⃗⃗⃗.
𝟐

Solution : Let 𝑤 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑤1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑤2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑤3 𝑘

⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗×𝑟⃗ )
𝜕(𝑤 𝜕(𝑟⃗ )
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑣⃗ = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × 𝜕𝑥 = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × = ∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ × )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑟⃗
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ × (𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑖⃗) [ Since, 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑖⃗]

= ∑[(𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗)𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗)𝑖⃗] = ∑(𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗)𝑤

⃗⃗⃗ − (𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗ − ∑(𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗)𝑖⃗

= [(𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗)𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ + (𝑗⃗ ∙ 𝑗⃗)𝑤 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗+(𝑘 ⃗⃗ )𝑤
⃗⃗⃗] − [ (𝑖⃗ ∙ 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗)𝑖⃗ + (𝑗⃗ ∙ 𝑤 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗)𝑗⃗ + (𝑘 ⃗⃗ ]
⃗⃗⃗)𝑘

= (𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ ) = 3𝑤
⃗⃗⃗) −(𝑤1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑤2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑤3 𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑤
⃗⃗⃗

1
Thus, 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑣⃗ = 2𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ ; Hence, 2 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑣⃗ = 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗.

36 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
Problem 31 : If ‘a’ is a constant vector, show that

(i) ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒓
𝜵 × {(𝒂 ⃗⃗)𝒓
⃗⃗} = 𝒂
⃗⃗ × 𝒓
⃗⃗
(ii) 𝜵 ∙ {𝒂
⃗⃗ × 𝒓
⃗⃗} = 𝟎

Solution :

(i) ⃗⃗
Let 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑎3 𝑘

∇ × {(𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)𝑟⃗} = {∇(𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)} × 𝑟⃗ + (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)(∇ × 𝑟⃗)

𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧

𝜕(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧) 𝜕(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧)
∇(𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗) = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑧)
⃗⃗
𝑘
𝜕𝑧

⃗⃗ =𝑎⃗
= 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑎3 𝑘

∇ × 𝑟⃗ = ⃗0⃗

Thus,
⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗ × 𝑟⃗
∇ × {(𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)𝑟⃗} = 𝑎⃗ × 𝑟⃗ + (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)0

(ii) ⃗⃗ × 𝑎⃗ = 0.
∇ ∙ (𝑎⃗ × 𝑟⃗) = −∇ ∙ (𝑟⃗ × 𝑎⃗) = −(∇ × 𝑟⃗) × 𝑎⃗ = −0

⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩
Problem 32 : If 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ are irrotational, show that 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ is solenoidal.

Solution : Given, 𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵

⃗⃗ are irrotational

Therefore,

∇ × 𝐴⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗
0 &∇×𝐵

To prove, 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ is solenoidal

i.e., to prove ∇ ∙ (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵

⃗⃗ )=0

Now, ∇ ∙ (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = (∇ × 𝐴⃗) ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ) ∙ 𝐴⃗ = 0 − 0 = 0.
⃗⃗ − (∇ × 𝐵

Hence, 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ is solenoidal.

37 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 UNIT III

LAPLACIAN OPERATOR & LINE INTEGRALS

3.1 Laplacian Differential operator

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
The operator ∇2 defined by ∇2 = 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 is called Laplacian

differential operator.

Laplace Equation

𝜕2 ∅ 𝜕2 ∅ 𝜕2 ∅
If ∅ is such that 𝛁 𝟐 ∅ = 𝟎 (𝑖. 𝑒. , 2
+ 2
+ = 0) the ∅ is said to satisfied
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

Laplace equation.

Harmonic function

A single valued function f(x,y,z) is said to be a harmonic function if its

second order partial derivative exists and are continuous and if the function satisfies the
Laplace equation 𝛁 𝟐 𝒇 = 𝟎.

Theorem 3.1 : If ∅ is a scalar point function then,

(i) Divergence of the gradient of ∅ is 𝜵𝟐 ∅ 𝒊. 𝒆. , 𝜵 ∙ (𝜵∅) = 𝜵𝟐 ∅

(ii) Curl of the gradient of ∅ vanishes. (i.e.,) 𝜵 × (𝜵∅) = ⃗𝟎⃗.

Proof :

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
(i) ⃗⃗ 𝜕∅
We have, ∇∅ = 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
∇ ∙ ∇∅ = (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑖⃗
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 + 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗ )
+𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 2∅ 𝜕 2∅ 𝜕 2∅
= 2 + 2 + 2 = ∇2 ∅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(ii) ∇ × (∇∅) = ||𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
|
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2
𝜕 ∅ 𝜕 ∅ 2 𝜕 ∅ 2
𝜕 ∅ 2 2 2
⃗⃗ ( 𝜕 ∅ − 𝜕 ∅ )
=𝑖⃗ (𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦) − 𝑗⃗ (𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥) + 𝑘 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

38 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗
=0𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘

Theorem 3.2 : If ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝑨𝟏 𝒊⃗ + 𝑨𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝑨𝟑 ⃗𝒌⃗ where 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , 𝑨𝟑 have continuous second partials,

then

(i) ⃗⃗) = 𝟎
divergence of a curl of a vector vanishes. i.e., 𝜵 ∙ (𝜵 × 𝑨

(ii) ⃗⃗) = 𝜵(𝜵 ∙ 𝑨

𝜵 × (𝜵 × 𝑨 ⃗⃗) − 𝜵𝟐 𝑨
⃗⃗

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Proof : (i) ∇ × 𝐴⃗=| |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3

𝜕𝐴3 𝜕𝐴2 𝜕𝐴3 𝜕𝐴1 𝜕𝐴2 𝜕𝐴1

= 𝑖⃗ ( − ) − 𝑗⃗ ( − ⃗⃗ (
)+𝑘 − )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴2 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴1 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴1

⃗⃗ ) ∙ [𝑖⃗ ( 3 −
∇ ∙ (∇ × 𝐴⃗) = (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 ) − 𝑗⃗ ( 𝜕𝑥3 − ⃗⃗ ( 2 −
)+𝑘 )]
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝐴 𝜕2 𝐴 𝜕2 𝐴 𝜕2 𝐴 𝜕2 𝐴 𝜕2 𝐴
= 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦3 − 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧2 − 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦3 + 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧1 + 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧2 − 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧1 = 0

𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴
ii) ⃗⃗ (𝜕𝐴2 − 𝜕𝐴1 )
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖⃗ ( 𝜕𝑦3 − 𝜕𝑧2 ) − 𝑗⃗ ( 𝜕𝑥3 − 𝜕𝑧1 ) + 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
| 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 |
∇ × (∇ × 𝐴⃗) = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴2 𝜕𝐴3 𝜕𝐴1 𝜕𝐴2 𝜕𝐴1 |
3
− −( − ) −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴1 𝜕 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴1
= 𝑖⃗ [𝜕𝑦 ( 𝜕𝑥2 − ) + 𝜕𝑧 ( 𝜕𝑥3 − )] − 𝑗⃗ … … ..
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 2 𝐴2 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴3 𝜕 2 𝐴1
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ [ − + − ]
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 2 𝐴2 𝜕 2 𝐴3 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ [ + −( 2 + )]
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 2 𝐴2 𝜕 2 𝐴3 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ [ + + − − ( + )]
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕2 𝐴1
(Add and subtract )
𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕 2 𝐴2 𝜕 2 𝐴3 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ [ + + − ( + + )]
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

39 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝜕 𝜕𝐴2 𝜕𝐴3 𝜕𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ [ ( + + )− ( 2 + + )]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 𝜕𝐴1 𝜕𝐴2 𝜕𝐴3 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1 𝜕 2 𝐴1

= ∑ 𝑖⃗ ( + + ) − ∑ 𝑖⃗ ( 2 + + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 (∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗) − ∇2 𝐴⃗ = ∇(∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗) − ∇2 𝐴⃗.

𝟏
Problem 1 : Show that 𝜵𝟐 (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒓) = 𝒓𝟐.

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
Solution : ∇2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) = 𝜕𝑥 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) + 𝜕𝑦 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) + 𝜕𝑧 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) ....... (1)

𝜕2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑟 𝜕 1𝑥 𝜕 𝑥
Now, 𝜕𝑥 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) = 𝜕𝑥 [𝜕𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟)] = 𝜕𝑥 [𝑟 𝜕𝑥] = 𝜕𝑥 [𝑟 𝑟 ] = 𝜕𝑥 [𝑟 2 ]

2𝑥 2 1
=− + 2
𝑟4 𝑟

𝜕2 2𝑦 2 1 𝜕2 2𝑧 2 1
Similarly, (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) = − + 𝑟2 & (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) = − + 𝑟 2.
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟4 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟4

Then Sub. all the values in (1) we get,

2𝑥 2 1 2𝑦 2 1 2𝑧 2 1
∇2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟) = − + 2− 4 + 2− 4 + 2
𝑟4 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 3 2𝑟 2 1 3
=− 4
+ 2
= − 4
+ 2 = 2.
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

Problem 2 : Show that 𝜵𝟐 (𝒓𝒏 ) = 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒓𝒏−𝟐 .

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
Solution : ∇2 (𝑟 𝑛 ) = 𝜕𝑥 2 (𝑟 𝑛 ) + 𝜕𝑦 2 (𝑟 𝑛 ) + 𝜕𝑧 2 (𝑟 𝑛 ) ....... (1)

𝜕2
(𝑟 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2
𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕2
Similarly (𝑟 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑦 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 &
𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕2
(𝑟 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑧 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2
𝜕𝑧 2

∴ (1) => ∇2 (𝑟 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 + 𝑛𝑦 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 +

𝑛𝑧 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2

40 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 =𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 .

⃗⃗ × 𝜵) × 𝒓
Problem 3 : Show that (𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗.
⃗⃗ = −𝟐𝑽

⃗⃗ & 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘

⃗⃗ = 𝑉1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑉2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑉3 𝑘
[Hint: Let 𝑉 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ × ∇ and then find (𝑉

First find 𝑉 ⃗⃗ × ∇) × 𝑟⃗]

Problem 4 : Show that (𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟏 𝜵𝑽𝟐 − ⃗𝑽

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝜵)𝑽 ⃗⃗ × (𝜵 × ⃗𝑽⃗).
𝟐

Problem 5 : If ∅ is a harmonic function then show that 𝜵∅ is solenoidal.

Solution : Given, ∅ is a harmonic function.

∴ 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒, ∇2 ∅ = 0

To prove, ∇∅ is solenoidal

i.e., to prove, ∇ ∙ ∇∅ = 0

∇ ∙ ∇∅ = ∇2 ∅ = 0

Hence, ∇∅ is solenoidal.

Problem 6: Show that 𝜵 ∙ (∅𝜵𝝍 − 𝝍𝜵∅) = ∅𝜵𝟐 𝝍 − 𝝍𝜵𝟐 ∅.

Solution : LHS=∇ ∙ (∅∇𝜓 − 𝜓∇∅) = ∇ ∙ (∅∇𝜓) − ∇ ∙ (𝜓∇∅) ........... (1)

Consider, ∇ ∙ (∅∇𝜓)

Let 𝐴⃗ = ∇𝜓

Now, ∇ ∙ (∅𝐴⃗) = ∇∅ ∙ 𝐴⃗ + ∅(∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗) = ∇∅ ∙ ∇𝜓 + ∅(∇ ∙ ∇𝜓) = ∇∅ ∙ ∇𝜓 + ∅(∇2 𝜓)

Now, consider ∇ ∙ (𝜓∇∅)

⃗⃗ = ∇∅
Let 𝐵

⃗⃗ ) = ∇𝜓 ∙ 𝐵
∇ ∙ (𝜓𝐵 ⃗⃗ + 𝜓(∇ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = ∇𝜓 ∙ ∇∅ + 𝜓(∇ ∙ ∇∅) = ∇𝜓 ∙ ∇∅ + 𝜓(∇2 ∅)

(1)=>, ∇ ∙ (∅∇𝜓 − 𝜓∇∅) = ∇∅ ∙ ∇𝜓 + ∅(∇2 𝜓) − ∇𝜓 ∙ ∇∅ − 𝜓(∇2 ∅)

Thus, ∇ ∙ (∅∇𝜓 − 𝜓∇∅) = ∅∇2 𝜓 − 𝜓∇2 ∅.

41 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝟐
Problem 7: Show that 𝜵𝟐 𝒇(𝒓) = 𝒇′′ (𝒓) + 𝒓 𝒇′ (𝒓). Also, show that if 𝜵𝟐 𝒇(𝒓) = 𝟎, then
𝜶
f(r)= 𝒓 + 𝜷, where 𝜶 and 𝜷 are arbitrary constants.

𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
Solution : We have, 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑟 , 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑟 , 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑟.

2
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
∇ 𝑓(𝑟) = ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) 𝑓(𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
= (𝑓(𝑟)) + (𝑓(𝑟)) + (𝑓(𝑟))
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 𝜕𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑥
(𝑓(𝑟)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕2 𝜕 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑥 𝑟 [𝑓 ′ (𝑟)1 + 𝑥𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) ] − 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
(𝑓(𝑟)) = 2 ( )=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝑟2

𝑥 𝑥
𝑟 [𝑓 ′ (𝑟)1 + 𝑥𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) 𝑟 ] − 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑥 𝑟
=
𝑟2

𝑥 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
[𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟 + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟)𝑥 2 ] −
= 𝑟
𝑟2

𝑟𝑥 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 𝑟 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) − 𝑥 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)

=
𝑟3

∇2 𝑓(𝑟)
𝑟𝑥 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 𝑟 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) − 𝑥 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑟𝑦 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 𝑟 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) − 𝑦 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑟𝑧 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 𝑟 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) − 𝑧 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
=
𝑟3

{𝑟𝑓 ′′ (𝑟)[𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ] + 3𝑟 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) − 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)[𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ]}

=
𝑟3

{𝑟𝑟 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 3𝑟 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) − 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟 2 }

=
𝑟3

𝑟 3 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 2𝑟 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
=
𝑟3

2
= 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
𝑟

2
∇2 𝑓(𝑟) = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) = 0
𝑟

42 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) 2
⇒ ′ + =0
𝑓 (𝑟) 𝑟

𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) 2
Integrating, ∫ 𝑓′ (𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 + ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑘

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑘

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑘

⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟 2 = 𝑘

𝑘
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) =
𝑟2

𝑘
Integrating, ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 + 𝛽

𝑘 𝛼
⇒ 𝑓(𝑟) = − + 𝛽 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑟) = + 𝛽.
𝑟 𝑟

Problem 8: Show that (𝜵∅) × (𝜵𝝍) is solenoidal.

Solution : To prove (𝛻∅) × (𝛻𝜓) is solenoidal.

i.e., to prove that ∇ ∙ ((𝛻∅) × (𝛻𝜓)) = 0

Let 𝐴⃗ = 𝛻∅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝛻𝜓.

∴ ∇ ∙ ((𝛻∅) × (𝛻𝜓)) = ∇ ∙ (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵

⃗⃗ )

⃗⃗ ∙ (∇ × 𝐴⃗) − 𝐴⃗ ∙ (∇ × 𝐵
=𝐵 ⃗⃗ )

⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗0⃗ − 𝐴⃗ ∙ ⃗0⃗ = 0.
=𝐵

Hence, (𝛻∅) × (𝛻𝜓) is solenoidal.

Problem 9: Prove the following:

(i) 𝜵 ∙ ∅(𝜵𝝍) = (𝜵∅) ∙ (𝜵𝝍) + ∅(𝜵𝟐 𝝍)

(ii) 𝜵 ∙ ∅(𝜵∅) = (𝜵∅)𝟐 + ∅(𝜵𝟐 ∅)
(iii) 𝜵 × ∅(𝜵𝝍) = (𝜵∅) × (𝜵𝝍)
(iv) ⃗⃗.
𝜵 × ∅(𝜵∅) = 𝟎

43 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 Solution : (i) We know that ∇ ∙ ∅𝐴⃗ = (∇∅) ∙ 𝐴⃗ + ∅(∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗)

∴ ∇ ∙ ∅(∇𝜓) = (∇∅) ∙ (∇𝜓) + ∅(∇ ∙ ∇𝜓)

= (∇∅) ∙ (∇𝜓) + ∅(∇2 𝜓)

(ii ) We know that ∇ ∙ ∅𝐴⃗ = (∇∅) ∙ 𝐴⃗ + ∅(∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗)

∴ ∇ ∙ ∅(∇∅) = (∇∅) ∙ (∇∅) + ∅(∇ ∙ ∇∅)

= (𝛻∅)2 + ∅(∇2 ∅)

(iii) We know that ∇ × ∅𝐴⃗ = (∇∅) × 𝐴⃗ + ∅(∇ × 𝐴⃗)

∴ ∇ × ∅(∇𝜓) = (∇∅) × (∇𝜓) + ∅(∇ × ∇𝜓)

⃗⃗)
= (∇∅) × (∇𝜓) + ∅(0

= (∇∅) × (∇𝜓)

(iv) We know that ∇ × ∅𝐴⃗ = (∇∅) × 𝐴⃗ + ∅(∇ × 𝐴⃗)

∴ ∇ × ∅(∇∅) = (∇∅) × (∇∅) + ∅(∇ × ∇∅)

⃗⃗ + ∅(0
=0 ⃗⃗)

= ⃗0⃗.

3.2 LINE INTEGRALS

Suppose that C is an arc of a curve oriented from the end point A to the end point B.
Let ∅ be a scalar point function defined at all points on C. Divide C arbitrarily into m parts.
Let 𝑃0 𝑃1 , 𝑃1 𝑃2 , 𝑃2 𝑃3 , … … … … ., 𝑃𝑚−1 𝑃𝑚 be the m arcs. Also let ∆𝑠𝑖 be the arcual distance
of 𝑃𝑖 from 𝑃𝑖−1 and 𝑄𝑖 a point on the arc 𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃𝑖 . It is noted the ∆𝑠𝑖 , 𝑖 =
1, 2, 3, … … … … , 𝑚, are all positive. Now the limit of the sum

∑𝑚
𝑖=1 ∅(𝑄𝑖 )∆𝑠𝑖 = ∅(𝑄1 )∆𝑠1 + ∅(𝑄2 )∆𝑠2 + ⋯ … … … . +∅(𝑄𝑚 )∆𝑠𝑚 ……….. (3.1.1)

As 𝑚 → ∞ and 𝑚𝑎𝑥∆𝑠𝑖 → 0, if it exists, is called the line or curvilinear integral of ∅ along C

and is denoted by

∫𝐶 ∅ 𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑟 ∫𝐶(𝐴𝐵) ∅ 𝑑𝑠,

C is called the path of integration. Now it is evident that

44 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ∫ ∅ 𝑑𝑠 = − ∫ ∅ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶(𝐴𝐵) 𝐶(𝐵𝐴)

⃗⃗ , 0 ≤ 𝑠 ≤
When the equation of C is given in intrinsic form 𝑟 = 𝑥(𝑠)𝑖⃗ + 𝑦(𝑠)𝑗⃗ + 𝑧(𝑠)𝑘
𝑙, A and B correspond respectively to s=0 and 𝑠 = 𝑙. Now, for points on C, ∅ is a function of
s only and so (3.1.1) is

∫ ∅ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∅{𝑥(𝑠), 𝑦(𝑠), 𝑧(𝑠)} 𝑑𝑠.

𝐶(𝐴𝐵) 0

Further, if the equation of C is given in terms of a parameter 𝑢 in the form = 𝑥(𝑢)𝑖⃗ +

⃗⃗ , 𝑢1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑢2 where 𝑢1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢2 correspond to A and B, then
𝑦(𝑢)𝑗⃗ + 𝑧(𝑢)𝑘

𝑢2
𝑑𝑠
∫ ∅ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∅{𝑥(𝑢), 𝑦(𝑢), 𝑧(𝑢)} 𝑑𝑢.
𝑑𝑢
𝐶(𝐴𝐵) 𝑢1

3.2.1 CONSERVATIVE FIELD AND SCALAR POTENTIAL

If a vector field 𝑓 is such that there exists the scalar point function 𝜑 such that 𝑓⃗ =
∇𝜑, the 𝑓⃗ is said to be conservative field and 𝜑 is said to be scalar potential.

Theorem 1:

In a conservative field 𝑓, ∫𝐶 𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0 where C is any simple closed curve.

Theorem 3.2.1 : The necessary and sufficient condition for the line integral ∫𝑪(𝑨 ⃗⃗
𝒇 ∙ 𝒅𝒓
𝟏 ,𝑨𝟐 )
to be independent of the path of integration is the existence of a scalar point function 𝝋
⃗⃗ = 𝜵𝝋.
such that 𝒇

Proof : Necessary part

Given that the line integral depends on the end points alone.

We have to prove the existence of a scalar function 𝜑 such that 𝑓⃗ = ∇𝜑.

Suppose that 𝑓⃗ is defined in D and that the symbol (𝐴1 𝑃) denotes any curve in D
joining 𝐴1 and P. If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a variable point in D, then the line integral ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗
(𝐴1 𝑃)
……….(1) depends on P and not on the curve (𝐴1 𝑃).

Hence, the integral (1) defines a scalar point function in D.

Let this function be denoted by 𝜑(𝑃), that is, 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).

45 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
Hence 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∫(𝐴 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 ) 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗
1 𝑃) 1 1 1

Let 𝑃1 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a point in D in the neighbourhood of P. Then

𝜑(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗

(𝐴1 𝑃) (𝐴1 𝑃𝑃1 )

= ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗
(𝐴1 𝑃) (𝑃𝑃1 )

= 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗
(𝑃𝑃1 )

⟹ 𝜑(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∫(𝑃𝑃 ) 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ ………… (2)

1

Since the line integral is independent of the path of integration in D, we shall evaluate
the integral in (2) by choosing (𝑃𝑃1 ) as the straight line joining 𝑃 & 𝑃1. This path is
evidently parallel to the x-axis and along it 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑧 = 0.

Y
A1
𝑃 P1

Let 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘
⃗⃗ . Then (2) becomes

𝑃1

⃗⃗ ) ∙ 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗
𝜑(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∫ (𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘
𝑃

𝑃1

= ∫ 𝑓1 𝑑𝑥
𝑃

(𝑥+∆𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
𝜑(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 1
∴ = ∫ 𝑓1 𝑑𝑥
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)

𝜕𝜑
Taking limit as 𝑃1 → 𝑃, that is ∆𝑥 → 0, we get = 𝑓1 .
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
Similarly, = 𝑓2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑓3 .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

46 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗ = 𝑓⃗ = 𝜕𝜑 𝑖⃗ + 𝜕𝜑 𝑗⃗ + 𝜕𝜑 𝑘
Hence, 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘 ⃗⃗ = ∇𝜑.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Sufficient Part:

Given that there exists a scalar function 𝜑 such that ∇𝜑 = 𝑓⃗. Let C be an arbitrary
curve with end points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ).

Now ∫𝐶 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐶(∇𝜑) ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= ∫( 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐶

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= ∫( 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐶

= ∫ 𝑑𝜑
𝐶

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
= [𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)](𝑥21 ,𝑦21 ,𝑧21 )

= 𝜑(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) − 𝜑(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )

which is independent of the configuration of C. Hence the proof.

⃗⃗, ∫ 𝒇
Theorem 3.2.2 : In a conservative field, 𝒇 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝟎, where C is any simple closed
𝑪
curve.
E D
Proof:

C
A B

Let A, B, D, E be points on C taken in these in which C is oriented.

Now, ∫𝐶 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐴𝐵𝐷 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫𝐷𝐸𝐴 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗

= ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐴𝐵𝐷 −𝐴𝐸𝐷

= ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ − ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐴𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐸𝐷

= ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ − ∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐴𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐵𝐷

= 0.

47 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗ to be
Theorem 3.2.3 : The necessary and sufficient condition for a vector field 𝒇
conservative is that 𝜵 × ⃗⃗
𝒇 = ⃗𝟎⃗.

Proof :

Necessity part : Given 𝑓⃗ to be conservative.

Let 𝜑 be the scalar potential.

Then, ∇ × 𝑓⃗ = ∇ × ∇𝜑 = ⃗0⃗.

Sufficiency part :

Now, ∇ × 𝑓⃗ = ⃗0⃗.

To prove, 𝑓⃗ is conservative.

i.e., to prove there exists 𝜑 such that 𝑓⃗ = ∇𝜑.

Let 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘
⃗⃗ . Then ∇ × 𝑓⃗ = ⃗0⃗ implies

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
|| 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 | ⃗⃗
|=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3

𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓

⟹ 𝑖⃗ ( − ) − 𝑗⃗ ( − ⃗⃗ ( 2 − 1 ) = ⃗0⃗
)+𝑘
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓1

⟹ − =0, − = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓1

⟹ = , = 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

.....................

∫ 𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ [𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧]

𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑃 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑃

48 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 = ∫[𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧]
𝐴𝐵

+ ∫[𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧]

𝐵𝐶

+ ∫[𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧]

𝐶𝑃

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

= ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧

𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1

= 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), 𝑠𝑎𝑦 [ 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]

𝑧 𝑢
𝜕𝜑 𝜕 𝜕
∴ =0+0+ ∫ 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧. [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑢)]
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝑧1 𝑢1

𝑧
𝜕𝜑
= 0 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 ) + ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝑧1

𝑧
𝜕
= 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 ) + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 [𝐵𝑦 (1)]
𝜕𝑧 2
𝑧1

= 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 ) + [𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)]𝑧𝑧1

= 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )

= 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝑦 𝑧
𝜕𝜑 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑦1 𝑧1

𝑦 𝑧
𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 [𝐵𝑦 (1)]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦1 𝑧1

= 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 ) − 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )

= 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).

Thus there exists a scalar function 𝜑 such that

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
𝑓⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘
⃗⃗ = 𝑓⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = ∇𝜑
𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

⟹ 𝑓⃗ = ∇𝜑

Hence, 𝑓⃗ is a conservative field.

49 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
LINE INTEGRAL OF A CONSERVATIVE VECTOR

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
When 𝑓⃗ is conservative, the integral ∫(𝑥 2,𝑦 2,𝑧 2) 𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 can also be evaluated by using
1 1 1

the scalar potential,

𝑓⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∇𝜑 ∙ 𝑑𝑟

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘
+𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝜑.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Problems

Find the value of the integral ∫𝑪 ⃗𝑨

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 ⃗𝑨 ⃗⃗ 𝒊𝒏 the following
⃗⃗ = 𝒚𝒛𝒊⃗ + 𝒛𝒙𝒋⃗ − 𝒙𝒚𝒌

cases.

(i) C is a curve whose parametric equations are 𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑 drawn

from 𝑶(𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎)𝒕𝒐 𝑸(𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟖).
(ii) C is a curve obtain by joining
𝑶 𝒕𝒐 𝑨(𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟎), 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 𝒕𝒐 𝑩(𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟎)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑩 𝒕𝒐 𝑸 by straight lines.
(iii) C is the straight line joining O to Q.

Solution:

(i) ⃗⃗
If 𝑟⃗ is the position vector, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗
∴ 𝑟⃗ = 𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑡 3 𝑘
⃗⃗
𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑦𝑘

⃗⃗
= 𝑡 5 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 4 𝑗⃗ − 𝑡 3 𝑘

𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 2.

⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑡𝑗⃗ + 3𝑡 2 𝑘
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑(𝑡)𝑖⃗ + 𝑑(𝑡 2 )𝑗⃗ + 𝑑(𝑡 3 )𝑘 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ ) ∙ 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑡𝑗⃗ + 3𝑡 2 𝑘
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = (𝑡 5 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 4 𝑗⃗ − 𝑡 3 𝑘 ⃗⃗

= 𝑡 5 + 2𝑡 5 − 3𝑡 5

50 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 = 0.

2
Thus, ∫𝐶 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∫0 0𝑑𝑡 = 0.

(ii) ∫𝐶 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∫𝑂𝐴 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 + ∫𝐴𝐵 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 + ∫𝐵𝑄 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 ......... (1)

The parametric equation of the straight line using vector equation is

𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗⃗ , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

⃗⃗ + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗), 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.
Equation of OA is 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)0

Thus 𝑟⃗ = 2𝑡𝑖⃗, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

𝑑𝑟⃗ = 2𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗.

Along OA, 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0.

⃗⃗ = 0𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ − 0𝑘
𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑦𝑘 ⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0

∫ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0.
𝑂𝐴

Equation of AB is 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)2𝑖⃗ + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗), 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

Thus 𝑟⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑡𝑗⃗, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

𝑑𝑟⃗ = 4𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗.

Along AB, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4𝑡, 𝑧 = 0.

⃗⃗ = 0𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ − 2(4𝑡)𝑘
𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑦𝑘 ⃗⃗ = −8𝑡𝑘
⃗⃗

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0

∴ ∫ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0.
𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗ ), 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.
Equation of BQ is 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗) + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘

⃗⃗ , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.
Thus 𝑟⃗ = (2 − 2𝑡 + 2𝑡)𝑖⃗ + (4 − 4𝑡 + 4𝑡)𝑗⃗ + 8𝑡𝑘

⃗⃗
= 2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑡𝑘

𝑑𝑟⃗ = 8𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗.

51 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 Along BQ, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = 8𝑡.
⃗⃗ = 4(8𝑡)𝑖⃗ + (8𝑡)2𝑗⃗ − 2(4)𝑘
𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑦𝑘 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ .
= 32𝑡𝑖⃗ + 16𝑡𝑗⃗ − 8𝑘
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = −64𝑑𝑡
1

∴ ∫ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ −64𝑑𝑡
𝐵𝑄 0

= −64[𝑡]10 = −64.

∴ (1) ⇒ ∫ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0 + 0 − 64 = −64.
𝐶

(iii) C is the straight line joining O(0, 0, 0) to Q(2, 4, 8).

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
Cartesian equation of OQ is 𝑥 =𝑦 =𝑧 .
2 −𝑥1 2 −𝑦1 2 −𝑧1

𝑥−0 𝑦−0 𝑧−0

⇒2−0 = 4−0 = 8−0 = 𝑡

⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 4𝑡, 𝑧 = 8𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

⃗⃗ = 4𝑡(8𝑡)𝑖⃗ + (8𝑡)2𝑡𝑗⃗ − 2𝑡(4𝑡)𝑘
𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑦𝑘 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗
= 32𝑡 2 𝑖⃗ + 16𝑡 2 𝑗⃗ − 8𝑡 2 𝑘

⃗⃗ = 2𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗ + 4𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗ + 8𝑑𝑡𝑘

𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑(2𝑡)𝑖⃗ + 𝑑(4𝑡)𝑗⃗ + 𝑑(8𝑡)𝑘 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ ) ∙ (2𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗ + 4𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗ + 8𝑑𝑡𝑘

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = (32𝑡 2 𝑖⃗ + 16𝑡 2 𝑗⃗ − 8𝑡 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )

= 64𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 + 64𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − 64𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 64𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡.

1

∫ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 64𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0
1
𝑡3 64
= 64 [ ] = .
3 0 3
⃗⃗) evaluate ∫ ⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
Problem 2: In the vector field ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒛(𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌 ⃗⃗ along the following
𝑪

curves:
(i) 𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑 from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1)
(ii) rectilinear curve obtained by joining O(0, 0, 0), A(1, 0, 0), B(1, 1, 0), C(1,
1,1) by the straight lines.
(iii) straight line joining (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1).

Solution : ⃗⃗ ) and 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘

𝐹⃗ = 𝑧(𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗

(i) Curve C is given by 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3

52 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

⃗⃗ ) = 𝑡 4 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 5 𝑗⃗ + 𝑡 6 𝑘
𝐹⃗ = 𝑡 3 (𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑡 3 𝑘 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ )∙ (𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗ + 2𝑡𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗ + 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡𝑘

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑡 4 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 5 𝑗⃗ + 𝑡 6 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )

= 𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡 + 3𝑡 8 𝑑𝑡
= (𝑡 4 + 2𝑡 6 + 3𝑡 8 )𝑑𝑡.

∫ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫(𝑡 4 + 2𝑡 6 + 3𝑡 8 )𝑑𝑡

𝐶 0
1
𝑡 5 2𝑡 7 3𝑡 9
=[ + + ]
5 7 9 0
1 2 1 86
= + + = .
5 7 3 105
(ii) rectilinear curve obtained by joining O(0, 0, 0), A(1, 0, 0), B(1, 1, 0), C(1, 1,1) by the
straight lines.

∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑂𝐴 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 + ∫𝐴𝐵 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 + ∫𝐵𝐶 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟........ (1)

1
∫ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0, ∫ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0, ∫ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = .
3
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶

1
∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = .
3
𝐶

(iii) 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1. ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 1.

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
Problem 3: Find ∫𝑪 𝑭 ⃗⃗

(i) ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋⃗ and C is the curve 𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 from (0,0) to (1, 2);

(ii) ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚)𝒊⃗ − 𝟏𝟒𝒚𝒛𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗ and C is the curve 𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑
from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1).

[Ans. (i) -7/6 (ii) 5]

Problem 4 : Show that the work done in moving a particle in the field of force ⃗𝑭⃗ =
⃗⃗ along the curve 𝒙 = 𝒕 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝒕 − 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟐 from (2, 0, 1) to (4, 2,
𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊⃗ + (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒋⃗ − 𝒛𝒌
9) is -12.

⃗⃗
Solution : Given 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑗⃗ − 𝑧𝑘

53 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 Curve C is, 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 1, 𝑧 = 𝑡 2

x=2 & x=4 ∴ 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 2 − 1 = 1 & 𝑡 = 4 − 1 = 3.

⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ = 3(𝑡 + 1)(𝑡 − 1)𝑖⃗ + (𝑡 + 1 + 𝑡 − 1)𝑗⃗ − 𝑡 2 𝑘

⃗⃗ .
= 3(𝑡 2 − 1)𝑖⃗ + 2𝑡𝑗⃗ − 𝑡 2 𝑘

⃗⃗ .
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗ + 2𝑡𝑑𝑡𝑘

⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗ + 2𝑡𝑑𝑡𝑘

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (3(𝑡 2 − 1)𝑖⃗ + 2𝑡𝑗⃗ − 𝑡 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )

= (3𝑡 2 − 3 + 2𝑡 − 2𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡.

∫ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫(3𝑡 2 − 3 + 2𝑡 − 2𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡

𝐶 1

3
3𝑡 3 2𝑡 2 2𝑡 4
=[ − 3𝑡 + − ]
3 2 4 1

81 1
= [27 − 9 + 9 − ] − [1 − 3 + 1 − ] = −12.
2 2

Problem 5: Show that, if C is the circle 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∮𝑪[(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 +

⃗⃗] ∙ 𝒅𝒓
𝒛)𝒊⃗ + (𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛𝟐 )𝒋⃗ + (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛)𝒌 ⃗⃗ = 𝟏𝟖𝝅.

⃗⃗ ]
Solution : Given 𝐹⃗ = [(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 )𝑗⃗ + (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧)𝑘

Curve C is 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑧 = 0

∴ 𝑑𝑥 = −3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 0

⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ = (6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 0)𝑖⃗ + (3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 0)𝑗⃗ + (9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 0)𝑘

⃗⃗
= (6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑖⃗ + (3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑗⃗ + (9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑘

⃗⃗ .
𝑑𝑟⃗ = −3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗ + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗ + 0𝑑𝑡𝑘

⃗⃗ )
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ((6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑖⃗ + (3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑗⃗ + (9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑘

∙ (−3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗ + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗)

= [−18𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡]𝑑𝑡 + [9𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑑𝑡

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 = [−18𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 9𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑑𝑡

= [−9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 9]𝑑𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= 9 [1 − ] 𝑑𝑡
2

2𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
∫ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 9 [1 − ] 𝑑𝑡
2
𝐶 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 2𝜋
= 9 [𝑡 + ]
4 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
= 9 [2𝜋 + ] − 9 [0 + ]
4 4

1 1
= 9 [2𝜋 + ] − 9 [ ] = 18𝜋.
4 4

Problem 6: Show that, if C is the semi-circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏, z=0, drawn from (1, 0, 0) to (-1,
𝟑𝝅
0,0) through (0, 1, 0), then ∫𝑪(𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒚 = .
𝟖

Solution : Curve C is 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋

𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∫(𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡

𝐶 0

= ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

0

= ∫((𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡)2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

0

𝜋
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= ∫ [( ) −( ) ] 𝑑𝑡
2 2 2
0

𝜋
1
= ∫ [ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) ] 𝑑𝑡
4
0

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 𝜋
1 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡
= ∫ [ (1 + + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + ) ] 𝑑𝑡
4 2 2
0

𝜋
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡
= ∫ [ (1 + + + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + ) ] 𝑑𝑡
4 2 2 2
0

1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 𝜋

= [ (𝑡 + 𝑡 + + + − ) ]
4 2 8 2 2 8 0

3𝜋
= .
8

Problem 7: Evaluate the following integrals if C is the arc of the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙, 𝒛 = 𝟎
⃗⃗:
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒙𝒛𝒌
from (0, 0, 0) to (1/2,0, 0) and ∅ = 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛, 𝑨

(i) ∫𝑪 ∅𝒅𝒔 (ii) ∫𝑪 ⃗𝑨

⃗⃗𝒅𝒔 (iii) ∫𝑪 ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓 (iv) ∫𝑪 ⃗𝑨⃗ × 𝒅𝒓

⃗⃗
Solution: Given 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘

Curve C is 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥

𝑡2
Put y=t, 𝑡 2 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = , 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.
2

𝐴⃗ = 𝑡 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗

𝑡2
𝑟⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗
2

𝑑𝑟⃗
= 𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟⃗
| | = √𝑡 2 + 1
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟⃗
∴ 𝑑𝑠 = | | 𝑑𝑡 = √𝑡 2 + 1𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

∫ ∅𝑑𝑠 = ∫(3𝑡 − 1)√𝑡 2 + 1𝑑𝑡

𝐶 0

2
3
= ∫ √ℎ𝑑𝑡 [𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 2 + 1 = ℎ, 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑ℎ, 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ ℎ = 1, 𝑡 = 1 ⇒ ℎ = 2]
2
1

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 = 2√2 − 1.
1 1 1
(ii) ∫𝐶 𝐴⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 (𝑡 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗)√𝑡 2 + 1𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖⃗ [15 2(√2 + 1)] + 𝑗⃗ [3 (2√2 − 1)].
1
(iii) ∫𝐶 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∫0 (𝑡 4 + 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 7 /10
1
(iv) ∫𝐶 𝐴⃗ × 𝑑𝑟 = ∫0 𝑘 ⃗⃗ (− 1 ).
⃗⃗ (𝑡 3 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘
12

⃗⃗ and C is the arc of the curve ⃗𝒓⃗ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒊⃗ + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒋⃗ + 𝒖𝒌

Problem 8: If ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒚𝒊⃗ − 𝒛𝒋⃗ + 𝒙𝒌 ⃗⃗
where the parameter u takes the values from 0 to 𝟐𝝅, show that the following:

⃗⃗⃗𝒅𝒔 = −𝟐√𝟐𝒋⃗ (ii) ∫ 𝑨

(i) ∫𝑪 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓 = −𝝅 ⃗⃗ × 𝒅𝒓
(iii) ∫𝑪 𝑨 ⃗⃗ = −(𝟐𝝅𝟐 + 𝝅)𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝝅𝒋⃗.
𝑪

𝟏/𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Problem 9: Show that if C is the ellipse + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟎 then ∫𝑪 ( + ) 𝒅𝒔 =
𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝝅.

𝑑𝑟⃗
[Hint : Parametric equations of ellipse 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋, 𝑑𝑠 = | 𝑑𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 =

√𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 𝑏 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡].

Problem 10: Show that if C is the triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1,0), then
𝟏
∫𝑪(𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚) = 𝟑.

⃗⃗ = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒊⃗ + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 )𝒋⃗ is independent

Problem 11: Show that the integral of 𝑭
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
of path of integration. Find ∫𝑪 𝑭 ⃗⃗ along any curve joining (0, 0) and (1, 2).

Solution : For proving 𝐹⃗ is conservative field, we show that ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ⃗0⃗.

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now, ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | | = ⃗0⃗.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 3𝑥 − 𝑦 3
2
0

Hence, 𝐹⃗ is conservative field.

Hence, 𝐹⃗ = ∇∅ for some scalar ∅. By theorem, ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ is independent of path C.

𝑥−0 𝑦−0
Cartesian equation of line joining (0, 0) and (1, 2) is 1−0 = =𝑡
2−0

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 2𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

𝐹⃗ = (15𝑡 2 )𝑖⃗ + (3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 3 )𝑗⃗

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 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗ + 2𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗.

∫ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫((15𝑡 2 )𝑖⃗ + (3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 3 )𝑗⃗) ∙ (𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗ + 2𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗)

𝐶 0

= ∫(21𝑡 2 − 16𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡

0

1
𝑡3 𝑡4
= [21 − 16 ]
3 4 0

= 7 − 4 = 3.

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 UNIT-IV

SURFACE INTEGRAL & VOLUME INTEGRAL

4.1 Surface Integrals

Given a scalar point function 𝜙 defined at all points of a surface 𝑆, the limit of the
sum
𝜙(𝑄1 )Δ𝑆1 + 𝜙(𝑄2 )Δ𝑆2 + ⋯ + 𝜙(𝑄𝑚 )Δ𝑆𝑚 (1)

as 𝑚 → ∞ and 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝛥𝑆𝑖 → 0, where 𝛥𝑆1 , 𝛥𝑆2 , … , 𝛥𝑆𝑚 are the areas of the 𝑚 small
arbitrary bits of surfaces into which 𝑆 is subdivided and 𝑄𝑖 is a point in 𝛥𝑆𝑖 , is called the
surface integral of 𝜙 on 𝑆 and is denoted by ∬𝑠 𝜙 𝑑𝑆. This integral is scalar.

Similarly, if we consider 𝑓⃗, a vector point function defined on 𝑆, instead of 𝜙, we get

the surface integral of𝑓⃗ on 𝑆 to be ∬𝑠𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑖⃗ ∬𝑠𝑓1 𝑑𝑆 + 𝑗⃗ ∬𝑠𝑓2 𝑑𝑆 + 𝑘
⃗⃗ ∬ 𝑓3 𝑑𝑆, where 𝑓⃗=
𝑠

⃗⃗ . If 𝜙 and 𝐴⃗are twopoint functions defined on 𝑆, then some more point

𝑓1 𝑖⃗ +𝑓2 𝑗⃗ +𝑓3 𝑘
functions can be defined on 𝑆 such as 𝜙 𝑛⃗⃗, 𝐴⃗.𝑛⃗⃗, 𝐴⃗×𝑛⃗⃗. Correspondingly, we have the surface
integrals ∬𝑠 𝜙 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆, ∬𝑠𝐴⃗.𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆, ∬𝑠𝐴⃗×𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆.

We have 𝑑𝑆⃗ = 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆, the above integrals can be written as

∬𝜙 𝑑𝑆⃗, ∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑆⃗, ∬𝐴⃗ × 𝑑𝑆⃗.

𝑆 𝑆

In physical application, the integral ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ . 𝑑𝑆⃗ is called the flux of 𝐴⃗ through 𝑆.

Evaluation of surface integrals

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∬𝜙 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝜙
𝑆 𝑅𝑥𝑦 ⃗⃗ |
|𝑛⃗⃗.𝑘
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
∬𝜙 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝜙
𝑆 𝑅𝑦𝑧 |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑖⃗|

𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
∬𝜙 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝜙
𝑆 𝑅𝑧𝑥 |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑗⃗|

where 𝑅𝑥𝑦 , 𝑅𝑦𝑧 , 𝑅𝑧𝑥 are the projection of the surface 𝑆 on the 𝑋𝑂𝑌, 𝑌𝑂𝑍, 𝑋𝑂𝑍planes.
⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 1. Evaluate the integral ∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗and 𝑆is the
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟒𝒚 𝒊⃗ + 𝟏𝟖𝒛 𝒋⃗ − 𝒙 𝒌
⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 if 𝑨
surface of the portion of the plane 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛 = 𝟔contained in the first octant.

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 ⃗⃗ and 𝜙 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 6.
Solution. Given 𝐴⃗ = 4𝑦 𝑖⃗ + 18𝑧 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑘⃗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √9 + 4 + 36 = 7
1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ )
(3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘
7
⃗⃗ = 6 and
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 7
1 6 6
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ =(12𝑦 + 36𝑧 − 6𝑥) = (2𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 𝑥) = (2𝑦 + 6 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑥)
7 7 7
6
= (6 − 4𝑥).
7
On the 𝑥𝑜𝑦-plane, 𝑧 = 0.
6−3𝑥
∴ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 ⇒ 𝑦 = .
2
3𝑥
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 3 − and 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.
2
3𝑥
2 3−
2 6 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (6 − 4𝑥)
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 7 6/7
3𝑥
2 3−
2
= 2∫ ∫ (3 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
3𝑥
2 3−
2
= 2 ∫ (3 − 2𝑥) ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 3𝑥
3−
2
= 2 ∫ (3 − 2𝑥) [𝑦]0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
2
3𝑥
= 2∫ (3 − 2𝑥) (3 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2

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 2
9𝑥
= 2∫ (9 − − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2
2
9𝑥 2
= 2 [9𝑥 − − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ]
4 0

= 2[18 − 9 − 12 + 8 − 0]
= 2(26 − 21) = 10

⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 2. Evaluate the integral ∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗ = (𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒙 𝒋⃗ + 𝟐𝒚𝒛 ⃗𝒌⃗and 𝑆is the
⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 if ⃗𝑨
surface of the portion of the plane 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔contained in the first octant.

⃗⃗ and 𝜙 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 6.
Solution. Given 𝐴⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑘⃗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4 + 1 + 4 = 3
1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ )
(2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘
7
⃗⃗ = 2 and
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 3
1
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (2𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑧)
3
2
= (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑧)
3
2
= (𝑦 2 + 𝑦(6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦))
3
2
= (𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )
3
2
= (6𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦)
3

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 4
= (3 − 𝑥)𝑦
3
On the 𝑥𝑜𝑦-plane, 𝑧 = 0.
∴ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 ⇒ 𝑦 = 6 − 2𝑥.
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 6 − 2𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 to 3.
3 3−2𝑥
4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (3 − 𝑥)𝑦
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 3 2/3
3 3−2𝑥
= 2∫ ∫ (3 − 𝑥)𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
3 3−2𝑥
= 2 ∫ (3 − 𝑥) ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

3 6−2𝑥
𝑦2
= 2 ∫ (3 − 𝑥) [ ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2 0
3
= ∫ (3 − 𝑥) (36 − 24 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
3
= 4 ∫ (3 − 𝑥) (9 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
3
= 4 ∫ (27 − 18𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
3
𝑥2 1
= 4 [27𝑥 − 27 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 ]
2 4 0
9 81
= 4 [81 − 27 ( ) + 81 − ]
2 4
= 4(81) − 6(81) + 4(81) − 81 = 81

⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 3. Evaluate the integral ∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝟏𝟖𝒛 𝒊⃗ − 𝟏𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝟑𝒚 ⃗𝒌⃗and 𝑺is the
⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 if𝑨
surface of the portion of the plane 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐contained in the first octant.

62 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

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 ⃗⃗ and 𝜙 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 12.
Solution. Given𝐴⃗ = 18𝑧 𝑖⃗ − 12 𝑗⃗ + 3𝑦 𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑘⃗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4 + 9 + 36 = 7
1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ )
(2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘
7
6
⃗⃗ = and
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 7
2𝑥
6 4−
3 12 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (3 − 𝑥)
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 7 6/7
2𝑥
6 4−
3
= 2∫ ∫ (3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
6 2𝑥
4−
3
= 2 ∫ (3 − 𝑥) [𝑦]0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
6
2𝑥
= 2 ∫ (3 − 𝑥) (4 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3
6
2𝑥 2
= 2 ∫ (12 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3
2 3 6 2
= 2 [12 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 ]
9 0

= 2[72 − 108 + 48]

= 2(12) = 24

Problem 4. Find the area of the surface 𝑆of the portion of the plane 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛 =
𝟔contained in the first octant.

Solution. Given 𝜙 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 6.

63 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

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 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 |𝑛 ⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗.𝑘
where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √9 + 4 + 36 = 7
1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ )
(3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘
7
⃗⃗ = 6
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 7

On the 𝑥𝑜𝑦-plane, 𝑧 = 0.
3
∴ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3 − 2 𝑥.
3
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 3 − 2 𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.
3𝑥
2 3−
2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ Area = ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 6/7
3𝑥
7 2 3−
2
= ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
6 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
3𝑥
7 2 3−
= ∫ [𝑦]0 2 𝑑𝑥
6 𝑥=0
7 2 3
= ∫ (3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
6 𝑥=0 2
7 3 2 2
= [3𝑥 − 𝑥 ]
6 4 0
7 7
= [6 − 3 ] =
6 2

Problem 5. 𝑺is the surface of the portion of the plane 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒, in the first
⃗⃗. Show that the following:
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒙 𝒋⃗ − 𝒙𝒛 𝒌
octant and 𝑨
i) ⃗⃗. 𝒏
∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 = 𝟒
ii) ∬𝑺(𝒓
⃗⃗. 𝒏
⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 = 𝟖

iii) ∬𝑺 ⃗𝑨⃗ 𝒅𝑺 = 𝟒(𝟐 𝒋⃗ − ⃗𝒌⃗)

𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟔
iv) ⃗⃗ × 𝒏
∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 = 𝒊⃗ − 𝟑 𝒋⃗ + ⃗𝒌⃗
𝟑 𝟑

⃗⃗ and 𝜙 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4.
Solution. 𝒊) Given 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑘⃗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

64 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 |∇𝜙| = √4 + 4 + 1 = 3
1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ )
(2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
7
⃗⃗ = 1 and
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 3

2 1
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (2𝑥) + (−𝑥𝑧)
3 3
1
= (4𝑥 − 𝑥𝑧)
3
1
= (4 − 𝑧)𝑥
3
1
= (4 − 4 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑥
3
2
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)
3
On the 𝑥𝑜𝑦-plane, 𝑧 = 0.
∴ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥.
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.
2 2−𝑥
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 1/3
2 2−𝑥
= 2∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

2 2−𝑥
𝑦2 2
= 2 ∫ [𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2 0
2
𝑥
= 2∫ [𝑥 2 (2 − 𝑥) + (4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2
2
𝑥3
= 2∫ (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2

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 2
𝑥3
= 2∫ (2𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2
2
𝑥4
2
= 2 [𝑥 − ]
8 0

= 2[4 − 2] = 4

⃗⃗ and 𝜙 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4.
𝒊𝒊) We have 𝑟⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛 ⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗.𝑘
where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4 + 4 + 1 = 3
1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ )
(2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
7
⃗⃗ = 1 and
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 3
2 2 1
𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (𝑥) + (𝑦) + (𝑧)
3 3 3
1
= (2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧)
3
1 4
= (2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦) =
3 3
On the 𝑥𝑜𝑦-plane, 𝑧 = 0.
∴ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥.
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.
2 2−𝑥
4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬(𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 3 1/3
2 2−𝑥
= 4∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

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 2
= 4 ∫ [𝑦]2−𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
2
= 4 ∫ [2 − 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
2
𝑥2
= 4 [2𝑥 − ]
2 0

= 4[4 − 2] = 8

⃗⃗ and 𝜙 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4 = 0.
𝒊𝒊𝒊) Given 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘
⃗⃗
∴ 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘
⃗⃗
= 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥(4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑘
⃗⃗
= 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ − (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 𝐴⃗ |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑘⃗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4 + 4 + 1 = 3
1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ )
(2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
3
⃗⃗ = 1.
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 3

On the 𝑥𝑜𝑦-plane, 𝑧 = 0.
∴ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥.
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.
2 2−𝑥
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ ⃗⃗ ]
[2𝑥𝑗⃗ + (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑘
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 1/3
2 2−𝑥
= 3∫ ∫ ⃗⃗ ]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
[2𝑥𝑗⃗ + (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑘
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

2 2−𝑥
𝑦2 2⃗⃗ ]
= 3 ∫ [2𝑥𝑗⃗ + (2𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦) 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2 0
2
⃗⃗ ]𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ [2𝑥(2 − 𝑥)𝑗⃗ + {2𝑥 2 (2 − 𝑥) + 𝑥(4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) − 4𝑥(2 − 𝑥)} 𝑘
𝑥=0
2
⃗⃗ ]𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ [(4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑗⃗ + {4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 }𝑘
𝑥=0
2
⃗⃗ ]𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ [(4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑗⃗ + (4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥)𝑘
𝑥=0

67 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

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 2
𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥4
⃗⃗ ]
= 3 [(2𝑥 − 2 ) 𝑗⃗ + (4 − − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑘
2
3 3 4 0
16 32
= 3 [(8 − ⃗⃗ ]
) 𝑗⃗ + ( − 4 − 8) 𝑘
3 3
⃗⃗
= (24 − 16)𝑗⃗ + (32 − 36)𝑘
⃗⃗
= 8𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘
⃗⃗ )
= 4(2𝑗⃗ − 𝑘

⃗⃗ and 𝜙 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4 = 0.
𝒊𝒗) Given 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘
⃗⃗
∴ 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘
⃗⃗
= 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥(4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑘
⃗⃗
= 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ − (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝐴⃗ × 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝐴⃗ × 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑘⃗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4 + 4 + 1 = 3
1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ )
(2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
3
⃗⃗ = 1.
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 3

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
2
Also 𝐴⃗ × 𝑛⃗⃗ = ||0 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥||
2 2 1
3 3 3
2 2 2
= 𝑖⃗ [ 𝑥 − (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥)] − 𝑗⃗ [0 − (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥)]
3 3 3
4
+𝑘 ⃗⃗ [0 − 𝑥 ]
3
10 4 4 4 4 8 4
= 𝑖⃗ [ 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦] − 𝑗⃗ [ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥] + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ [− 𝑥 ]
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
On the 𝑥𝑜𝑦-plane, 𝑧 = 0.
∴ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥.
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.

∴ ∬(𝐴⃗
𝑆

× 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆
2 2−𝑥
10 4 4 4 4 8 4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
=∫ ∫ [𝑖⃗ [ ⃗⃗ [− 𝑥 ]]
𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦] − 𝑗⃗ [ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥] + 𝑘
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1/3

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 2 2−𝑥
=∫ ∫ ⃗⃗ [−4𝑥 ]] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
[𝑖⃗[10𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦] − 𝑗⃗[4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 8𝑥] + 𝑘
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥
=∫ ⃗⃗ [−4𝑥𝑦 ]]
[𝑖⃗[10𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 2 ] − 𝑗⃗[4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦] + 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 0

2
= ∫ {𝑖⃗[10𝑥(2 − 𝑥) − 4𝑥 2 (2 − 𝑥) − 2𝑥(4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )]
𝑥=0

− 𝑗⃗[4𝑥 2 (2 − 𝑥) + 2𝑥 (4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) − 8𝑥(2 − 𝑥)]

⃗⃗ [−4𝑥(2 − 𝑥)]} 𝑑𝑥
+𝑘
2
= ∫ {𝑖⃗[20𝑥 − 10𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 ]
𝑥=0

− 𝑗⃗[8𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 − 8𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 ]
⃗⃗ [−8𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 ]} 𝑑𝑥
+𝑘
2
=∫ ⃗⃗ [−8𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 ]] 𝑑𝑥
[𝑖⃗[12𝑥 − 10𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 ] − 𝑗⃗[8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 − 8𝑥] + 𝑘
𝑥=0
2
10 3 1 4 8 1 4
2
= [𝑖⃗ [6𝑥 − ⃗⃗ [−4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ]]
𝑥 + 𝑥 ] − 𝑗⃗ [ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 ] + 𝑘
3 2 3 2 3 0
80 64 32
= 𝑖⃗ [24 − + 8] − 𝑗⃗ [ − 8 − 16] + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ [−16 + ]
3 3 3
96 − 80 64 − 72 −48 + 32
= 𝑖⃗ [ ] − 𝑗⃗ [ ]+𝑘 ⃗⃗ [ ]
3 3 3
16 8 16
= 𝑖⃗ [ ] − 𝑗⃗ [ ] + 𝑘⃗⃗ [ ]
3 3 3

Problem 6. Show that ∬𝑺(𝒓

⃗⃗. 𝒏
⃗⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 = 𝟑, where 𝑺is the surface of the cube bounded by the
planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟏.

Solution: Suppose the faces whose equations are 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 =

0, 𝑧 = 1 are respectively named 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , 𝑆4 , 𝑆5 , 𝑆6 and 𝑛⃗⃗ denotes the unit normal to them
drawn outwards.

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 ⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑖⃗.
On 𝑆1 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑧 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
∴ ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (0) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0.
𝑆1 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗.
On 𝑆2 , 𝑥 = 1, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑧 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
∴ ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫
𝑆2 𝑦=0 𝑧=0 |𝑛
⃗⃗. 𝑖⃗|
1 1
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0 𝑧=0
1
=∫ [𝑧]10 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 1.
𝑦=0

⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑗⃗.
On 𝑆3 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
∴ 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑧 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
∴ ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (0) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0.
𝑆3 𝑥=0 𝑧=0

⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑗⃗.
On 𝑆4 , 𝑦 = 1, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
∴ 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑧 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
∴ ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (1)
𝑆4 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 |𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑗⃗|
1 1
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 1.
𝑥=0 𝑧=0

⃗⃗ .
On 𝑆5 , 𝑧 = 0, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗, 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑘
∴ 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1.

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 1 1
∴ ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (0) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑆5 𝑥=0 𝑦=0

⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑘
On 𝑆6 , 𝑧 = 1, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗.
∴ 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (1) = 1.
𝑆6 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 ⃗⃗ |
|𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘
Hence,

∬(𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆4 𝑆5

+ ∬ (𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆
𝑆6

=0+1+0+1+0+1=3

⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 7. Show that ∬𝑺(𝑭 ⃗⃗and 𝑺 is the surface of the
⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 if ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌
cube bounded by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟏.

Solution: Suppose the faces whose equations are 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 =

0, 𝑧 = 1 are respectively named 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , 𝑆4 , 𝑆5 , 𝑆6 and 𝑛⃗⃗ denotes the unit normal to them
drawn outwards.

⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑖⃗.
On 𝑆1 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑧 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
∴ ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (−𝑦)
𝑆1 𝑦=0 𝑧=0 |𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑖⃗|
1
= −∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0
1
𝑦2
= [− ]
2 0

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 1
=− .
2
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗.
On 𝑆2 , 𝑥 = 1, 𝐹⃗ = (1 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
∴ 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑧 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
∴ ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (1 + 𝑦)
𝑆2 𝑦=0 𝑧=0 |𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑖⃗|
1 1
=∫ ∫ (1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0 𝑧=0
1
=∫ (1 + 𝑦)[𝑧]10 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0
1
=∫ (1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 1
𝑦=0
1
𝑦2
= [𝑦 + ]
2 0
1
= 1+
2
3
=
2
⃗⃗, 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑗⃗.
On 𝑆3 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
∴ 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑧 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
∴ ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑆3 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
1
= − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
1
𝑥2
= [− ]
2 0
1
=−
2
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑗⃗.
On 𝑆4 , 𝑦 = 1, 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 1)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
∴ 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑧 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
∴ ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥)
𝑆4 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 |𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑗⃗|
1 1
=∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
1
= ∫ 𝑥[𝑧]10 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0

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 1
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
1
𝑥2
=[ ]
2 0
1
=
2
⃗⃗ .
On 𝑆5 , 𝑧 = 0, 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗, 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑘
∴ 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
∴ ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (0) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑆5 𝑥=0 𝑦=0

⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑘
On 𝑆6 , 𝑧 = 1, 𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ .
∴ 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1 and 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (1)
𝑆6 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 ⃗⃗ |
|𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘
1 1
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

Hence,

∬(𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆4

+ ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ (𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆

𝑆5 𝑆6

1 3 1 1
=− + − + +0+1 =2
2 2 2 2

Cylindrical Surface:

⃗⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 if ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒚𝒛𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝒙𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗and 𝑺 is the surface of the

⃗⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 8. Evaluate ∬𝑺(𝑨

cylinder 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 contained in the first octant between the planes 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 = 𝟐.

Solution. Let the projection 𝑅 of 𝑆 on the 𝑥𝑜𝑧-plane be the rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶.

𝑅 is given by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.
⃗⃗ and 𝜙 is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9
Given 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗)𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑧

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = √4(9) = 6

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 1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = (2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗)
6
𝑦
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑗⃗ = 3 and
1 1 1
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (𝑥𝑦𝑧) + (2𝑦 3 ) = 𝑦(𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 )
3 3 3

3 2
1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦(𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 )
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 3 𝑦/3
3 2
=∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
3 2
=∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑧 + 18 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
3 2
𝑧2
= ∫ [𝑥 + 18𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑧] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2 0
3
= ∫ [2𝑥 + 36 − 4𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
3
2
𝑥3
= [𝑥 + 36𝑥 − 4 ]
3 0

= 9 + 108 − 36 = 81

⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 9. Evaluate ∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗ and 𝑺 is the surface of the cylinder
⃗⃗ = 𝒛𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝒋⃗ + 𝒚𝟐 𝒌
⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 if 𝑨

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 contained in the first octant between the planes 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 = 𝟐.

Solution. Let the projection 𝑅 of 𝑆 on the 𝑥𝑜𝑧-plane be the rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶.

𝑅 is given by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.
⃗⃗ and 𝜙 is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.
Given 𝐴⃗ = 𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗)𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
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 |∇𝜙| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = √4(1) = 2

1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = (2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗) = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗
2
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑗⃗ = 𝑦 and
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
1 2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦)
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 |𝑦|
1 2
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
=∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥=0 𝑧=0 √1 − 𝑥 2
1 2
𝑥𝑧
=∫ ∫ ( + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑧=0 √1 − 𝑥 2
1 2
𝑧2 𝑥
=∫ [ + 𝑥𝑧] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 √1 − 𝑥 2
2
0
1
𝑥
=∫ [ 2 + 2𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 [1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 ⇒ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡]
𝑥=0 √1 − 𝑥2
1 1
2𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 √1 − 𝑥2 𝑥=0
0
−𝑑𝑡
=∫ + [𝑥 2 ]10
𝑡=1 √𝑡
0
= ∫ 𝑡 −1/2 𝑑𝑡 + 1
𝑡=1
1
= [2𝑡1/2 ]0 + 1

= 2 + 1 = 3.

⃗⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 if ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟒𝒙𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗and 𝑺 is the surface of the

⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 10. Evaluate ∬𝑺(𝑨

region bounded by 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟑.

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Solution. Let 𝑆 be divided into three parts 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 where 𝑆1 denotes the curved surface, 𝑆2
denotes the plane surface in the 𝑧 = 0 plane and 𝑆3 denotes the plane surface in the 𝑧 = 3
plane. Cylindrical coordinates of the cylinder are (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧).
Here, 𝑟 = 2. Hence 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑧.
∇𝜙
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧 = 2 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧. Now 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = √4(4) = 4
1 1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = (2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗) = (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗)
4 2
1
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (4𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 3 ).
2

2𝜋 3
1
∬ (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (4𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 3 ) 2𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝑆1 𝜃=0 𝑧=0 2
2𝜋 3
= 2∫ ∫ (2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝜃=0 𝑧=0
2𝜋 3
= 2∫ ∫ (8 cos2 𝜃 − 8 sin3 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝜃=0 𝑧=0
2𝜋 3
= 16 ∫ ∫ (cos 2 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝜃=0 𝑧=0
2𝜋
= 16 ∫ (cos 2 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃)(3)𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝜃=0
2𝜋
1 1
= 48 ∫ ( (1 + cos 2𝜃) − (3 sin 𝜃 − sin 3𝜃 )) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝜃=0 2 4
1 sin 2𝜃 1 cos 3𝜃 2𝜋
= 48 [ (𝜃 + ) − (−3 cos 𝜃 + )]
2 2 4 3 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 48 [ (2𝜋 + 0) − (−3(1) + ) − (0) + (−3(1) + )]
2 4 3 2 4 3

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 = 48[𝜋 + 0] = 48𝜋.
⃗⃗ , 𝑧 = 0.
In 𝑆2 , 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑘
⃗⃗ ). (−𝑘
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (4𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = −𝑧 2 = 0.

∴ ∬𝑆 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = 0.
2

⃗⃗ , 𝑧 = 3.
In 𝑆3 , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑘
⃗⃗ ). (𝑘
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (4𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 𝑧 2 = 9.

∴ ∬𝑆 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑆 9 𝑑𝑆
3 3

= 9 ∬ 𝑑𝑆
𝑆3

= 9 × (area of the circle with radius 2)

= 9(𝜋 × 22 )
= 36𝜋

∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = 48𝜋 + 0 + 36𝜋 = 84𝜋.

𝑆

Problem 11. Find the area of the curved surface of the region common to the cylinders
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 contained in the first octant.

Solution. Let the curved surface belonging to the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 be 𝑆1and the curved
surface belonging to the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 be 𝑆2 . Project the surfaces 𝑆1on 𝑥𝑦-plane and
𝑆2 on 𝑥𝑧-plane, respectively.

∇𝜙
Now 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

|∇𝜙| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑧 2 = √4(𝑎2 ) = 2𝑎

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 1 1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ ) = (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
(2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
2𝑎 𝑎
1
⃗⃗ =
𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 (𝑧).
𝑎
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
𝑎
∴ Area of 𝑆1 = ∬ 𝑑𝑆1 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆1 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
1
=𝑎 ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎
1 2 −𝑥 2
= 𝑎∫ [𝑦]√𝑎
0 𝑑𝑥
2 − 𝑥2
𝑥=0 √𝑎
𝑎
1
= 𝑎∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥2
𝑎
= 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0

= 𝑎(𝑎) = 𝑎2
By symmetry, ∬𝑆 𝑑𝑆2 = 𝑎2 .
2

Required area = 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 = 2𝑎2 .

Hemispherical Surface

⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 12. Evaluate ∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗and 𝑺 is the surface of the sphere
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ − 𝟐𝒛𝒌
⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 if 𝑨

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 above the𝒙𝒐𝒚-plane.

∇𝜙
Solution. Given surface 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 , 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 = √4(𝑎2 ) = 2𝑎

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 1 1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ ) = (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
(2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
2𝑎 𝑎
1
⃗⃗ = (𝑧).
𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘
𝑎
⃗⃗ ). 1 (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ − 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝑎
1 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑧 2 )
𝑎
1 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ))
𝑎
1
= (3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑎2 )
𝑎
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗)
𝑆 𝑅𝑥𝑦 ⃗⃗ |
|𝑛⃗⃗.𝑘
1 𝑎
=∬ (3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑎2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑥𝑦 𝑎 𝑧
1
=∬ (3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑎2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑥𝑦 √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃. Then 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.

𝑟 0 𝑎
𝑡 0 2𝜋

𝑎 2𝜋
1
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (3𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑆 𝑟=0 𝜃=0 √𝑎2 − 𝑟2
𝑎
1
=∫ (3𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟[𝜃]2𝜋
0
𝑟=0 √𝑎2 − 𝑟2
𝑎
1
=∫ (3𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟(2𝜋)
𝑟=0 √𝑎2 − 𝑟2
𝑎
1
= 2𝜋 ∫ (3𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 √𝑎2 − 𝑟2
2 2
Put 𝑎 − 𝑟 = 𝑡. Then −2𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑡.

𝑟 0 𝑎
𝑡 𝑎2 0

0
1
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ (3𝑎2 − 3𝑡 − 2𝑎2 )(−𝑑𝑡)
𝑆 𝑡=𝑎2 √𝑡

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 0
1
= 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑎2 − 3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=𝑎2 √𝑡
0
1
= 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑎2 𝑡 −1/2 − 3𝑡1/2 )𝑑𝑡
𝑡=𝑎2 √𝑡
𝑎 2
2 −1/2
2
= 2𝜋 [𝑎 2𝑡 − 3 ( ) 𝑡 3/2 ]
3 0

= 2𝜋[2𝑎2 𝑎 − 2𝑎3 ]
= 2𝜋[2𝑎3 − 2𝑎3 ]
= 0.
⃗⃗.
⃗⃗ = 𝒛𝒌
Problem 13. 𝑺 is the surface of the hemisphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒛 ≥ 𝟎 and 𝑨
𝟐
⃗⃗. 𝒏
Show that∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺 = ∬𝑺(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝟏/𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝝅𝒂𝟑 .
𝟑

∇𝜙
Solution. Given surface 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 ,𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 = √4(𝑎2 ) = 2𝑎
1 1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ ) = (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
(2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
2𝑎 𝑎
1
⃗⃗ = (𝑧).
𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘
𝑎

⃗⃗ ). 1 (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝑎
1 2
= (𝑧 )
𝑎
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗)
𝑆 𝑅𝑥𝑦 ⃗⃗ |
|𝑛⃗⃗.𝑘
1 2 𝑎
=∬ (𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑥𝑦 𝑎 𝑧

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 = ∬ 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑥𝑦

= ∬ (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )1/2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑅𝑥𝑦

Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃. Then 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.

𝑟 0 𝑎
𝜃 0 2𝜋

𝑎 2𝜋
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑆 𝑟=0 𝜃=0
𝑎
= ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟[𝜃]2𝜋
0
𝑟=0
𝑎
= ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟(2𝜋)
𝑟=0
𝑎
= 2𝜋 ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0
2 2
Put 𝑎 − 𝑟 = 𝑡. Then −2𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑡.

𝑟 0 𝑎
𝑡 𝑎2 0

0
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ √𝑡(−𝑑𝑡)
𝑆 𝑡=𝑎2
𝑎2
= 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑡1/2 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=0
𝑎 2
2
= 2𝜋 [( ) 𝑡 3/2 ]
3 0
4
= 𝜋[𝑎3 ]
3
4
= 𝜋𝑎3 .
3

Problem 14. Find the area of the surface 𝑆of the hemisphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒛 ≥ 𝟎.

Solution. Given surface 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 ,

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 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|∇𝜙| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 = √4(𝑎2 ) = 2𝑎
1 1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ ) = (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
(2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
2𝑎 𝑎
1
⃗⃗ = (𝑧).
𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘
𝑎

∴ Area of the surface = ∬𝑑𝑆

𝑆

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
=∬
𝑅𝑥𝑦 |𝑛 ⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗. 𝑘
𝑎
=∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑥𝑦 𝑧

1
= 𝑎∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑥𝑦 √𝑎 2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃. Then 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.

𝑟 0 𝑎
𝜃 0 2𝜋

∴ Area of the surface = ∬𝑑𝑆

𝑆
𝑎 2𝜋
1
=∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2 − 𝑟2
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 √𝑎
𝑎
1
=∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟[𝜃]2𝜋
0
2 2
𝑟=0 √𝑎 − 𝑟
𝑎
1
=∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟(2𝜋)
2 − 𝑟2
𝑟=0 √𝑎

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 𝑎
1
= 2𝜋𝑎 ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 √𝑎2 − 𝑟2
Put 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 = 𝑡. Then −2𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑡.

𝑟 0 𝑎
𝑡 𝑎2 0

∴ Area of the surface = ∬𝑑𝑆

𝑆
0
1
= 2𝜋𝑎 ∫ (−𝑑𝑡/2)
𝑡=𝑎2 √𝑡
𝑎2
= 𝜋𝑎 ∫ (𝑡 −1/2 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=0
𝑎2
= 𝜋𝑎[2𝑡1/2 ]0

= 𝜋𝑎[2𝑎]
= 2𝜋𝑎.

Parabolic cylinder

⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 15. Evaluate ∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗and 𝑺is the surface of the parabolic
⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺if ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒚𝒊⃗ − 𝒙𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌

cylinder 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎in the first octant bounded by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟒and 𝒛 = 𝟑.

Solution. Let the projection 𝑅 of 𝑆 on the 𝑥𝑜𝑧-plane be the rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶.

⃗⃗ and 𝜙is𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 = 0.
Given 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ − 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗)𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑧

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = −4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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 |∇𝜙| = √16 + 4𝑦 2 = 2√4 + 𝑦 2

1 1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = (−4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗) = (−2𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗)
2√4 + 𝑦 2 √4 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑗⃗ = and
√4+𝑦 2

1 𝑦
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = [−2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦] = [−2 − 𝑥]
2√4 + 𝑦 2 2√4 + 𝑦 2

4 3
𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ [−2 − 𝑥] 𝑦
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 2√4 + 𝑦2
√4 + 𝑦 2
4 3
=∫ ∫ (−2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
4
= ∫ (−2 − 𝑥) [𝑧]30 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
4
= 3 ∫ (−2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
4
𝑥2
= 3 [−2𝑥 − ]
2 0

= 3[−8 − 8]
= −48.

⃗⃗⃗. 𝒏
Problem 16. Evaluate ∬𝑺(𝑨 ⃗⃗and 𝑺is the surface of the
⃗⃗) 𝒅𝑺if ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒚𝒊⃗ − 𝒙𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌

paraboliccylinder𝒛𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎in the first octant bounded by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟑and 𝒚 =

𝟒.

Solution. Let the projection 𝑅 of 𝑆 on the 𝑥𝑜𝑦-plane be the rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶. Now 𝑆 is
specified by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4.

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 ⃗⃗ and 𝜙is 𝑧 2 − 4𝑥 = 0.
Given 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ − 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 ∇𝜙
Now, ∬𝑆(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗)𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) |𝑛⃗⃗.𝑗⃗| where 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇𝜙|.
𝑥𝑧

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ = −4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

|∇𝜙| = √16 + 2𝑧 2 = 2√4 + 𝑧 2

1 1
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = (−4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑧𝑗⃗) = ⃗⃗ )
(−2𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
2√4 + 𝑧 2 √4 + 𝑧 2
𝑧
⃗⃗ =
Hence, 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 and
√4+𝑧 2

1
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = [−2𝑦 + 𝑧 2 ]
√4 + 𝑧2
3 4
1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
∴ ∬(𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ [−2𝑦 + 𝑧 2 ] 𝑧
𝑆 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 √4 + 𝑧2
√4 + 𝑧 2
3 4
1
=∫ ∫ (−2𝑦 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧
3 4
1
=∫ ∫ (−2𝑦 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 [𝑧 2 = 4𝑥]
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 2√𝑥
3
1
=∫ [−𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑦]40 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2√𝑥
3
1
=∫ (−16 + 16𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2√𝑥
3 1 1
= 8∫ [−𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
3
1 2
= 8 [−2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3/2 ]
3 0
3
2
= 8 [−2√𝑥 + 𝑥√𝑥]
3 0

= 8[−2√3 + 2√3]
= 0.

Problem 17. A surface 𝑺has a projection 𝑹on the 𝒙𝒐𝒚-plane. Show that the area of
𝟏 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
{𝟏+( ) +( ) }
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝑺is,∬𝑺 {𝟏 + (𝝏𝒙) + (𝝏𝒚) } 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 or∬𝑹 [ 𝝏𝑭 ] 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚according as the equation of
| |
𝝏𝒛

𝑺 is 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)or 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝟎.

Solution: 𝒊) 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

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 ∴ 𝜙 = 𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) − 0.
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ =
𝑘 𝑖⃗ + ⃗⃗
𝑗⃗ + 1 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
|∇𝜙| = √( ) + ( ) + 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 ⃗⃗
∇𝜙 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 1 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = =
|∇𝜙| 2 2
√( 𝜕𝑧 ) + (𝜕𝑧 ) + 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1
⃗⃗ =
Hence 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 .
2 2
√(𝜕𝑧 ) + (𝜕𝑧 ) + 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬𝑑𝑆 = ∬
𝑆 𝑅 |𝑛 ⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗. 𝑘
1/2
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
= ∬ {1 + ( ) + ( ) } 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
ii) 𝜙 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0.
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
∇𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ =
𝑘 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗
𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐹 2 𝜕𝐹 2 𝜕𝐹 2
|∇𝜙| = √( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 ⃗⃗
∇𝜙 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
∴ 𝑛⃗⃗ = =
|∇𝜙| 2 2 2
√(𝜕𝐹 ) + (𝜕𝐹 ) + (𝜕𝐹 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐹
⃗⃗ =
Hence 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 .
2 2 2
√(𝜕𝐹 ) + (𝜕𝐹 ) + (𝜕𝐹 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬𝑑𝑆 = ∬
𝑆 𝑅 |𝑛 ⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗. 𝑘

𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
{1 + ( ) +( ) }
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝐹
𝑅 | |
𝜕𝑧
[ ]

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4.2. Volume Integral

The volume integral is denoted by ∭𝑉(𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑑𝑉.

If the vector is𝑓⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘

⃗⃗ , then the volume integral is

∭ 𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑖⃗ ∭ 𝑓1 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑗⃗ ∭ 𝑓2 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑘
⃗⃗ ∭ 𝑓3 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

Cylindrical co-ordinates

The relation between 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧 and that between 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 and 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧 are

𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑧 and 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃) 𝑑𝑧.

Spherical co-ordinates

The relation between 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧and 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑 and that between 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 and 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 are

𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑, 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑟2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑.

Example 1. Evaluate ∭𝑽 𝛁. ⃗𝑭⃗ 𝒅𝑽if ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗and if 𝑽 is the volume of the

regionenclosed by the cube 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 ≤ 𝟏.

Solution.
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹⃗ = (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) . (𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑥 ) + (𝑦 2 ) + (𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧
∴ ∇. 𝐹⃗ = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
1 1 1
∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

1 1 0
𝑧2
= 2 ∫ ∫ [𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 + ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 2 1
1 1
1
= 2∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 2
1 1
𝑦2 𝑦
= 2 ∫ [𝑥𝑦 + + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2 20
1
1 1
= 2∫ (𝑥 + + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2 2
1
= 2 ∫ (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0

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 1
𝑥2
= 2 [ + 𝑥]
2 0
1
= 2 [ + 1]
2
3
=2×
2
= 3.

Example 2. ∭𝑽 𝟒𝟓𝐱 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝑽, where 𝑽 is the region bounded by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 =

𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟖.

Solution:

2 4−2𝑥 8−4𝑥−2𝑦
∭ 45x 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 45x 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
2 4−2𝑥
8−4𝑥−2𝑦
= 45 ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑦 [𝑧]0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 4−2𝑥
= 45 ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑦 (8 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 4−2𝑥
= 45 ∫ ∫ [8𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

2 4−2𝑥 4−2𝑥
8𝑥 2 𝑦 2 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3
= 45 ∫ ∫ [ − − ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 2 2 3 0
2
2𝑥 3
= 45 ∫ [4𝑥 2 (4 − 2𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 3 (4 − 2𝑥)2 − (4 − 2𝑥)3 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3
45 2
= ∫ [12𝑥 2 (16 − 16𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 ) − 6𝑥 3 (16 − 16𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )
3 𝑥=0
−2𝑥 2 (64 − 96𝑥 + 48𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 )]𝑑𝑥

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 2
= 15 ∫ [192𝑥 2 − 192𝑥 3 + 48𝑥 4 − 96𝑥 3 + 96𝑥 4 − 24𝑥 5 − 128𝑥 2
𝑥=0

+192𝑥 3 − 96𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 5 ]𝑑𝑥

2
= 15 ∫ [−8𝑥 5 + 48𝑥 4 − 96𝑥 3 + 64𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
2
𝑥6 𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3
= 15 [−8 + 48 − 96 + 64 ]
6 5 4 3 0
−4 × 64 48 × 32 64 × 4
= 15 [ + − 24 × 16 + ]
3 5 3
−1280 + 4608 − 5760 + 2560
= 15 [ ]
15
= 7168 − 7040
= 128.

∭ 45x 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑉 = 128.
𝑉

⃗⃗ 𝒅𝑽, where 𝑭
Example 3. Evaluate ∭𝑽 𝛁. 𝑭 ⃗⃗and 𝑽 is the volume of the
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒙𝒛𝒊⃗ − 𝒙𝒋⃗ + 𝒚𝟐 𝒌

regionenclosed by the cylinder 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 between the planes 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝒄.

Solution. Given cylinder is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑐.

Then 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑧
and 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧.
Also 𝑟: 0 → 𝑎; 𝜃: 0 → 2𝜋 and 𝑧: 0 → 𝑐.

⃗⃗ ) 𝑑𝑉
∭ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ (2𝑥𝑧𝑖⃗ − 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑘
𝑉 𝑉

⃗⃗ ∭ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑉
= 2𝑖⃗ ∭ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑗⃗ ∭ 𝑥 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑘
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

∭ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐼 − 1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 … … … … … … … … … … (1)
𝑉

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 𝐼1 = 2𝑖⃗ ∭ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑐
= 2𝑖⃗ ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑧(𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟)
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑐
𝑧2 2
= 2𝑖⃗ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ( ) 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 2 0
𝑎 2𝜋
𝑐2 2
= 2𝑖⃗ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ( ) 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 2
𝑎
= 𝑐 2 𝑖⃗ ∫ 𝑟 2 [sin 𝜃]2𝜋
0 𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0

= 0.
∴ 𝐼1 = 0. … … … … … … … … … … (2)

𝐼2 = 𝑗⃗ ∭ 𝑥 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑐
= 𝑗⃗ ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑧(𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟)
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 2𝜋
= 𝑗⃗ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 [𝑧]𝑐0 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 𝜃=0
𝑎
= 𝑐𝑗⃗ ∫ 𝑟 2 [sin 𝜃]2𝜋
0 𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0

= 0.
∴ 𝐼2 = 0. … … … … … … … … … … (3)

⃗⃗ ∭ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑉
𝐼3 = 𝑘
𝑉
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑐
⃗⃗ ∫
=𝑘 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑧(𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟)
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 2𝜋
⃗⃗ ∫
=𝑘 ∫ 𝑟 3 sin2 𝜃 [𝑧]𝑐0 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 𝜃=0
𝑎 2𝜋
1 − cos 2𝜃
⃗⃗ ∫
= 𝑐𝑘 ∫ 𝑟3 [ ] 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 2
𝑎
𝜃 sin 2𝜃 2𝜋
⃗⃗ ∫ 𝑟 3 [ −
= 𝑐𝑘 ] 𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 2 4 0
𝑎
1
⃗⃗ ∫ 𝑟 3 ( × 2𝜋) 𝑑𝑟
= 𝑐𝑘
𝑟=0 2
𝑎
𝑟4
⃗⃗ [ ]
= 𝜋𝑐𝑘
4 0

𝑎4 𝜋𝑐𝑘⃗⃗
= .
4
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 𝑎4 𝜋𝑐𝑘⃗⃗
∴ 𝐼1 = . … … … … … … … … … … (4)
4
Substituting (2), (3) and (4) in (1) we get,
⃗⃗
𝑎4 𝜋𝑐𝑘
∭ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = 0 − 0 +
𝑉 4
⃗⃗
𝑎4 𝜋𝑐𝑘
= .
4

Example 4. Evaluate ∭𝑽 𝛁. ⃗𝑨⃗ 𝒅𝑽if ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒊⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝟒𝒙𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗and 𝑽 is the region in the first
octantbounded by the cylinder 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟗𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒙 = 𝟐.

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐴⃗ = (2𝑥 2 𝑦) + (−𝑦 2 ) + (4𝑥𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧
Here, 𝑥 varies from 0 → 2, 𝑦 varies from 0 → 3 and 𝑧 varies from 0 → √9 − 𝑦2.
The cylindrical co-ordinates for (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is (𝑥, 𝑟, 𝜃) where 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑧 =
𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.
𝜋
Now, 𝑥 varies from 0 → 2, 𝑟 varies from 0 → 3 and 𝜃 varies from 0 → 2 .

Also 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.
𝜋
2 3
2
∭ ∇. 𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦
𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑟=0 𝜃=0

+ 8𝑥𝑧) 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 3
2
=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟(4𝑥 𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 8𝑥𝑟 sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑟=0 𝜃=0

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 𝜋
2 3
2
=∫ ∫ ∫ (4𝑥 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 − 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 + 8𝑥 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑟=0 𝜃=0
2 3 𝜋
2 2 2
=∫ ∫ [(4𝑥 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 2𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 8𝑥 𝑟 cos 𝜃)]02 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑟=0
2 3 𝜋
2 2 2 (0)
=∫ ∫ [(4𝑥 𝑟 − 2𝑟 − 8𝑥 𝑟 − (−8𝑥𝑟 2 ))]02 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑟=0
2 3
=∫ ∫ (4𝑥 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 + 8𝑥𝑟 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟
𝑥=0 𝑟=0
2 3
4𝑥 𝑟 3 2𝑟 3 8𝑥𝑟 3
=∫ [ − + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3 3 3 0
2 3
12𝑥 𝑟 3 2𝑟 3
=∫ [ − ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3 3 0
2
2
=∫ (4𝑥 × 27 − × 27) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3
2
= ∫ (108𝑥 − 18) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
2
108𝑥 2
=[ − 18𝑥]
2 0

= 54 × 4 − 18 × 2

∭ ∇. 𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = 216 − 36
𝑉

= 180.

Example 5. Evaluate the following integral over the region common to the cylinders 𝒙𝟐 +
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒚𝒊⃗ − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒋⃗, ∭ 𝜵 × 𝑨
𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 and𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 contained in the first octant if 𝑨 ⃗⃗𝒅𝑽 =?

Solution:

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 Given, 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ − 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑗⃗.
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = ||
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧|
𝑥𝑦 −3𝑦 2 𝑧 0
⃗⃗ [0 − 𝑥]
= 𝑖⃗[0 + 3𝑦 2 ] − 𝑗⃗[0 − 0] + 𝑘
⃗⃗
= 3𝑦 2 𝑖⃗ − 𝑥𝑘
Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 .
∴ 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑦: 0 → √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑧: 0 → √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 .
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
∭ ∇ × 𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (3𝑦 2 𝑖⃗
𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

⃗⃗ ) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑥𝑘
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
= 𝑖⃗ ∫ ∫ ∫ 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
⃗⃗ ∫
−𝑘 ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
2 2
= 𝑖⃗ ∫ ∫ 3𝑦 2 [𝑧]√𝑎
𝑧=0
−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
2 2
⃗⃗ ∫
−𝑘 ∫ 𝑥 [𝑧]√𝑎
𝑧=0
−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
= 𝑖⃗ ∫ ∫ 3𝑦 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
⃗⃗ ∫
−𝑘 ∫ 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

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 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑦3
√ 2 2
= 𝑖⃗ ∫ 3 𝑎 − 𝑥 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3 0
𝑎
2 −𝑥 2
⃗⃗ ∫ 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 [𝑦]√𝑎
−𝑘 0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
𝑎
= 𝑖⃗ ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
𝑎
⃗⃗ ∫ 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑘
𝑥=0
𝑎 𝑎
⃗⃗ ∫ 𝑥 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑖⃗ ∫ (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑘
𝑥=0 𝑥=0
𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑖⃗ ∫ (𝑎4 2 2
− 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥 4) ⃗⃗ ∫ (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑘
𝑥=0 𝑥=0
5 𝑎 𝑎
2𝑎2 𝑥 3 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑥 4
= 𝑖⃗ [𝑎 𝑥 − 4 ⃗⃗ [
+ ] −𝑘 − ]
3 5 0 2 4 0

2𝑎5 𝑎5 𝑎4 𝑎4
= 𝑖⃗ [𝑎5 − ⃗⃗ [ − ]
+ ]−𝑘
3 5 2 4
15𝑎5 − 10𝑎5 + 3𝑎5 2𝑎4 − 𝑎4
= 𝑖⃗ [ ⃗⃗ [
]−𝑘 ]
15 4
18𝑎5 − 10𝑎5 𝑎4
= 𝑖⃗ [ ⃗⃗ [ ]
]−𝑘
15 4
8𝑎5 𝑎4
= 𝑖⃗ [ ⃗⃗ [ ]
]−𝑘
15 4
8𝑎5 𝑎4
⃗
∭ ∇ × 𝐴 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑖⃗ [ ⃗⃗
] − 𝑘 [ ].
𝑉 15 4

UNIT V

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 GAUSS DIVERGENCE’S, GREEN’S AND STOKE’S THEOREM

5.1 GAUSS’ DIVERGENCE THEOREM

If V is the volume of a closed surface S and A, a vector point function with continuous
derivatives in V, then ∬𝑆 𝐴 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇ ∙ 𝐴 𝑑𝑉.
Problems

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒏 𝒅𝑺 = 𝟒𝝅𝒂𝟑 𝒊𝒇 S is the surface of the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 +

Problem 1: Show that ∬𝑺 𝒓

𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .

Solution. By Gauss’ divergence ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇ ∙ 𝑟 𝑑𝑉 ……………… (1)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= + + = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

(1) ⇒ ∭ ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 3 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
4
= 3 𝜋𝑎3 = 4𝜋𝑎3
3
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.

𝟏
Problem 2: Show that the volume V of the region enclosed by the surface S is 𝟑 ∬𝑺 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝑺.

Solution. By Gauss’ divergence ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉 ……………… (1)

1 1
∬ 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭ ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉
3 3
𝑆 𝑉

1
= ∭ 3 𝑑𝑉
3
𝑉

1
= 3 ∭ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑉.
3
𝑉

1
Thus, V=3 ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆

Hence proved.

Problem 3: Evaluate ∬𝑺 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝑺 where (i) S is the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟗

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 (ii) S is the cube bounded by 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = −𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = −𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟏.

Solution : (i) By Gauss’ divergence ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉 ……………… (1)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= + + = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

(1) ⇒ ∭ ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 3 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
4
= 3 𝜋33 = 108𝜋.
3
(ii ) By Gauss’ divergence ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉 ……………… (1)

(1) ⇒ ∭ ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 3 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
1 1 1

=3 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−1 𝑦=−1 𝑧=−1
1 1

=3 ∫ ∫ [𝑧]1−1 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−1 𝑦=−1
1 1

=3 ∫ ∫ (1 + 1)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−1 𝑦=−1
1

= 3 × 2 ∫ [𝑦]1−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−1
1

= 6 ∫ (1 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−1

= 6 × 2[𝑥]1−1
= 12 × 2 = 24.
Problem 4: Show, for a closed surface S enclosing a region of volume V, that
⃗⃗) ∙ 𝒏
∬𝑺(𝒂𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒃𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒄𝒛𝒌 ⃗⃗⃗𝒅𝑺 = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝑽.
⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 ,
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝟑 𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝟑 𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝟑 𝒌
Problem 5: If 𝑭
𝟏𝟐
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒏
show that ∬𝑺 𝑭 ⃗⃗⃗𝒅𝑺 = 𝝅𝒂𝟓 .
𝟓

Solution : By Gauss’ divergence ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )

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Tirunelveli.
 Using spherical polar co-ordinates, 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑.
𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎; 𝜃: 0 → 𝜋; 𝜑: 0 → 2𝜋
𝑎 𝜋 2𝜋

∭ ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 3(𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 + 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟

𝑉 𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝜑=0
𝑎 𝜋 2𝜋

= ∫ ∫ ∫ 3𝑟 4 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟

𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝜑=0
𝑎 𝜋 2𝜋

= 3 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 4 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟

𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝜑=0
𝑎 𝜋 2𝜋

= 3 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝜑=0
𝑎
𝑟5
= 3 [( ) (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝜋0 (𝜑)2𝜋
0 ]
5 0
12 5
= 𝜋𝑎 .
5
Problem 6: Evaluate ∬𝑺 ⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒏 ⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the upper
⃗⃗⃗𝒅𝑺 if ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒋⃗ − 𝟐𝒛𝒌
hemisphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 . [Ans. 0]
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒏
Problem 7: Evaluate ∬𝑺 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝒙𝒛𝒌
⃗⃗𝒅𝑺 if 𝑨
parallelepiped formed by the planes x=0, x=2, y=0, y=2, z=0, z=3. [Ans. 30]
𝟑
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒏
Problem 8: Show that ∬𝑺 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and S is the surface of
⃗⃗ = 𝟒𝒙𝒛𝒊⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝒚𝒛𝒌
⃗⃗𝒅𝑺 = if 𝑨
𝟐

the cube bounded by the planes x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0, z=1.
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒏
Problem 9: Evaluate ∬𝑺 𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒛𝒊⃗ − 𝒚𝒛𝒋⃗ + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗ and S is the surface of the
⃗⃗⃗𝒅𝑺, where 𝑨
region bounded by the following surfaces:
(i) x=0, x=1; y=0, y=2; z=0, z=3. [Ans. 36]
(ii) x=0, y=0, z=0, 4x+2y+z=8. [Ans. 256/3]
(iii) x=0, y=0, z=0, z=2, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗 = 𝟎. [Ans. 18𝜋]
3𝜋𝑎4
(iv) x=0, y=0, z=0, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 . [Ans. ]
8

(v) x=0, y=0, y=3, z=25,z= 𝒙𝟐 . [Ans. 15000].

Verification of Divergence Theorem

97 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ⃗⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛)𝒊⃗ +
Problem 10: Verify Gauss divergence theorem for the vector 𝑨
⃗⃗ taken over the parallelepiped defined by 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤
(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝒙)𝒋⃗ + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒌
𝒃, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒄.

Solution : By Gauss’ divergence ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉

Suppose the faces whose equations are 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑐 are

respectively named 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , 𝑆4 , 𝑆5 , 𝑆6 and 𝑛⃗⃗ denotes the unit vector normal to them.

On 𝑆1 (𝑌𝑍 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒), take 𝑥 = 0, 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑖⃗

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑧 = 𝑦𝑧.

𝑏 𝑐

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑆1 0 0

𝑏 𝑐
𝑧2
= ∫ 𝑦 [ ] 𝑑𝑦
2 0
0

𝑏
𝑐2
= ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
0

𝑏
𝑐2 𝑦2
= [ ]
2 2 0

𝑐 2 𝑏2
=
2 2

(𝑏𝑐)2
=
4

On 𝑆2 (𝑌𝑍 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒), take 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 = 𝑎2 − 𝑦𝑧.

𝑏 𝑐

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫(𝑎2 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑆2 0 0

𝑏 𝑐
𝑦𝑧 2
2
= ∫ [𝑎 𝑧 − ] 𝑑𝑦
2 0
0

98 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝑏
𝑦𝑐 22
= ∫ [𝑎 𝑐 − ] 𝑑𝑦
2
0

𝑐 2𝑏2
= 𝑎2 𝑐𝑏 −
4

On 𝑆3 (𝑋𝑍 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒), take 𝑦 = 0, 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑗⃗

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑧𝑥

𝑎 𝑐

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑆3 0 0

𝑎 𝑐
𝑧2
= ∫ 𝑥 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
0

𝑎
𝑐2
= ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
0

𝑎
𝑐2 𝑥2
= [ ]
2 2 0

𝑐 2 𝑎2
=
2 2

(𝑎𝑐)2
=
4

On 𝑆4 (𝑋𝑍 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒), take 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑗⃗

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑧𝑥.

𝑎 𝑐

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫(𝑏 2 − 𝑧𝑥) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥

𝑆4 0 0

𝑎 𝑐
𝑥𝑧 2
2
= ∫ [𝑏 𝑧 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
0

𝑎
𝑥𝑐 22
= ∫ [𝑏 𝑐 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2
0

99 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 𝑐 2 𝑎2
= 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑐 −
4

⃗⃗
On 𝑆5 (𝑋𝑌 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒), take 𝑧 = 0, 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑘

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑦

𝑎 𝑏

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑆5 0 0

𝑎 𝑏
𝑦2
= ∫ 𝑥 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
0

𝑎
𝑏2
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
0

𝑎
𝑏2 𝑥 2
= [ ]
2 2 0

𝑏2 𝑎2
=
2 2

(𝑎𝑏)2
=
4

⃗⃗
On 𝑆6 (𝑋𝑌 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒), take 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑘

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑐 2 − 𝑥𝑦.

𝑎 𝑏

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫(𝑐 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑆6 0 0

𝑎 𝑏
𝑥𝑦 2
2
= ∫ [𝑐 𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
0

𝑎
𝑥𝑏 22
= ∫ [𝑐 𝑏 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2
0

𝑎2 𝑏 2
= 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑏 −
4

100 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆4 𝑆5

+ ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆
𝑆6

(𝑏𝑐)2 𝑐 2 𝑏 2 (𝑎𝑐)2 𝑐 2 𝑎2 (𝑎𝑏)2 𝑎2 𝑏 2

= + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑏 − + + 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑐 − + + 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑏 −
4 4 4 4 4 4

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) … … … … … . (1).

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗ ) ∙ ((𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗⃗ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘
Now, ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑧

= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧).
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

∭ ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑉 0 0 0

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑧2
= ∫ ∫ 2 [𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 + ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0
0 0

𝑎 𝑏
𝑐2
= 2 ∫ ∫ [𝑥𝑐 + 𝑦𝑐 + ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
0 0

𝑎 𝑏
𝑦2 𝑐2𝑦
= 2 ∫ [𝑥𝑐𝑦 + 𝑐 + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 0
0

𝑎
𝑏2 𝑐2𝑏
= 2 ∫ [𝑥𝑐𝑏 + 𝑐 + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
0

𝑎
𝑥2 𝑏2 𝑐2𝑏
= 2 [ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥]
2 2 2 0

2[𝑎2 𝑐𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2 ]
=
2

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) … … … … … . (2).

From (1) & (2) Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Problem 11: Verify the divergence theorem for 𝐴⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗ taken over the
region V of the cube bounded by the planes x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0, z=1.

101 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. ∬ 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭ ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = 2]
𝑆 𝑉

⃗⃗ taken over the

Problem 12: Verify the divergence theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 4𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘
cylindrical region bounded by the surfaces 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 3.

[Ans. ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = 84𝜋]

⃗⃗ taken over the

Problem 13: Verify the divergence theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘
region bounded y x=0, y=, z=0, z=2 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.

[Ans. ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = 108].

5.2 Green’s Theorem

Green’s theorem in plane

If C is a simple closed curve in the xy plane bounding an area R and M(x,y) and
N(x,y) are continuous functions of x and y having continuous derivatives in R, then

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Problem 1 : Verify Green’s theorem in plane for the integral ∫𝐶(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦, where
C is the curve enclosing the region R bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Solution : Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 => 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 0 => 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0 => 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1

When x=0, y=0 & when x=1, y=1

Thus the parabola and the line intersect at (0,0) and (1,1).

102 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

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 Y

B(1,1)

O(0,0)

In the figure OABDO, the curve C consists of the parabolic arc OAB and the line
segment BDO.

The parametric equations of OAB are 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 where t varies from 0 to 1.

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 & 𝑁 = 𝑥 2

∴ 𝑀 = 𝑡 × 𝑡2 + 𝑡4 = 𝑡3 + 𝑡4 & 𝑁 = 𝑡2

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 & 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡

1 1
2 )𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( 𝑡 + 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫ ( 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 4 + 2𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡
2 3 4 2
𝐶 0 0

1
𝑡4 𝑡5 2𝑡 4 1 1 1 19
= [4 + + ] = 4 + 5 + 2 − 0 = 20
5 4 0

The parametric equations of BDO are 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 where t varies from 1 to 0.

∴ 𝑀 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 2 = 2𝑡 2 & 𝑁 = 𝑡 2

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 & 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡

0 0
2 )𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( 2𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (2 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡
2 2 2
𝐶 1 1

0
3𝑡 3
=[ ] = −1.
3 1

Hence,

∫(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

𝐶 𝑂𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷𝑂

103 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

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 19 1
= 20 − 1 = − 20 ............................. (1)

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
= 2𝑥 & = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

x varies from 0 to 1 and y varies from 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥.

1 𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∬( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 0 𝑥2

1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑦2
= ∫ ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥𝑦 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 0 2 𝑥2

1 1
= ∫ [(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
0 0

1
𝑥5 𝑥4 1 1 4−5 1
=(5 − ) =5−4= = − 20 ..................... (2)
4 0 20

From (1) and (2)

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Hence, Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 2 : Verify Green’s theorem in plane for the integral ∫𝑪 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒅𝒚, where C is

the curve enclosing the region R bounded by the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙 and the line 𝒚 = 𝒙.

(Hint : Common point (0,0) , (1,1). For the line segment x=t, y=t & t varies from 0 to 1. For
the parabolic arc 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 & 𝑦 = 𝑡, where t varies from 1 to 0. Ans. -1/28).

Problem 3 : Verify Green’s theorem in plane for the integral ∫𝑪 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚, where C is

the curve enclosing the region R bounded by the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖𝒙 and the line 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙.

(Hint : Common point (0,0) , (2,4). For the line segment x=t, y=2t & t varies from 0 to 2.
For the parabolic arc 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 & 𝑦 = 4𝑡, where t varies from 1 to 0. Ans. 8/3)

Problem 4 : Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝑪(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚, where C is

the boundary of the region R enclosed by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 & 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙.

Solution: Given parabolas are 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 & 𝑦 2 = 𝑥.

∴ 𝑥 4 = 𝑥=> 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 = 0 => 𝑥(𝑥 3 − 1) = 0 => 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1.

104 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
When x=0 , y=0.

When x=1 , y=1.

Let the parabolas intersect at (0,0) and (1,1).

𝑦2 = 𝑥 (1,1)

𝑦 = 𝑥2

O X

Now, the curve C composed of the arc 𝛤 of the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the arc 𝛤 ′
of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥.

The parametric equation of 𝛤 is 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , where t varies from 0 to 1.

1
∫𝛤 = ∫0 (3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 4 )𝑑𝑡 + (4𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 3 )(2𝑡𝑑𝑡) = −1 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦)

The parametric equation of 𝛤 ′ is 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 & 𝑦 = 𝑡 , where t varies from 1 to 0.

0 5
∫𝛤′ = ∫1 (3𝑡 4 − 8𝑡 2 )(2𝑡𝑑𝑡) + (4𝑡 − 6𝑡 3 )(𝑑𝑡) = 2 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦)

5 3
Thus ∫𝐶(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = −1 + 2 = 2 … … … … … … . (1)

1 √𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 3
∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 10𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦) … … . . (2)
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 0 𝑥2 2

From (1) & (2) Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 4 Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝑪(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚, where C
is the boundary of the region R enclosed by x=0, y=0, x+y=1.

Solution : B(0,1)

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 O(0,0) A(1,0)

∫𝐶 = ∫𝑂𝐴 + ∫𝐴𝐵 + ∫𝐵𝑂

Along OA : x=t, y=0, t varies from 0 to 1.

1
∫𝑂𝐴(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 1 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦)

Along AB :

𝑥−1 𝑦−0 𝑥−1 𝑦

= = 𝑡 => = 𝑡 => 𝑥 − 1 = −𝑡 => 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡& 1 = 𝑡 => 𝑦 = 𝑡
0−1 1−0 −1

𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, t varies from 0 to 1.

1
∫𝐴𝐵(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (−3 + 4𝑡 + 11𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = 8/3 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦)

Along BO : 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡, t varies from 0 to 1.

1
∫𝐵𝑂(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 4(𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡 = −2 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦)

8 5
Thus, ∫𝐶 (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 1 + 3 − 2 = 3 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦) .... (1)

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Find & 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 1−𝑥 5
Then, ∬𝑅 ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 (−6𝑦 + 16𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 3 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦).... (2)
𝜕𝑦

From (1) & (2), Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 5 : Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝑪(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚, where C is the circle 𝒙𝟐 +

𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏.

Solution : (cost, sint)

106 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
The parametric equations of the circle are x=cost, y=sint, t varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋.

𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 & 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2𝜋
∫(𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0

2𝜋
= ∫ (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡)𝑑𝑦
0

2𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
=∫ (− + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡) 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝜋 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑦)
0 2

Problem 6 : Evaluate ∫𝑪(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)𝒅𝒚, where C is the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 =

𝟒

𝟓
Problem 7 : Show that ∫𝑪(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟑, where C is the

boundary of the rectangular area enclosed by the lines y=0, x+y=1, x=0.

Problem 8 : Show that ∫𝑪(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎, where C is the
boundary of the rectangular area enclosed by the lines x=0, x=1, y=0, y=2.

Problem 9 : Evaluate ∫𝑪 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒙, where C is the cardioids 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽).

[Hint:

2𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 2 35
∫𝐶 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑟 (𝑟𝑑𝑟)𝑑𝜃 = 16 𝜋𝑎4 ].

5.3 Stoke’s Theorem

If S is the surface bounded by a simple closed curve C then ∮𝐶 𝐴 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∬𝑆(∇ × 𝐴) ∙

𝑛𝑑𝑆, where A has a continuous derivatives on S.

107 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

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 ⃗⃗ taken over the upper
⃗⃗ = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒊⃗ − 𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒋⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒌
Problem 1: Verify Stokes theorem for 𝑨
half surface of the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝒛 ≥ 𝟎 and the boundary curve C the circle
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟎.

Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is ∮𝐶 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬𝑆(∇ × 𝐴⃗) ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆

⃗⃗
Given, 𝐴⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖⃗ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘
Put 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 = 0
∴ 𝐴⃗ = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑖⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑗⃗
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑑𝑟⃗ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑗⃗
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ((2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑖⃗) ∙ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑗⃗)
= (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2𝜋

∮ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (− 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

𝐶
0
2𝜋
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= ∫ (− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + ) 𝑑𝜃
2
0

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2𝜋
=[ + − ]
2 2 2 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0
= + − − + −
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
= +𝜋−0− +0−0
2 2
=𝜋 ………………… (1)
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 |
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = ||
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
2𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 2 −𝑦 2 𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖⃗ ( (−𝑦 2 𝑧) + (𝑦𝑧 2 )) − 𝑗⃗ ( (−𝑦 2 𝑧) − (2𝑥 − 𝑦))
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗ (
+𝑘 (−𝑦 2 𝑧) − (2𝑥 − 𝑦))
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

⃗⃗ (0 + 1)
= 𝑖⃗(−2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧) − 𝑗⃗(0 − 0) + 𝑘
108 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,
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 ⃗⃗ = 𝑘
= 0𝑖⃗ − 0𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘 ⃗⃗

∇∅
𝑛⃗⃗ =
|∇∅|

∅ = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 1

⃗⃗
∇∅ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘

|∇∅| = √4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 2

⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗
= 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
2

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛
∬(∇ × 𝐴⃗) ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑘
𝑛∙𝑘⃗⃗
𝑆 𝑆

= ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑆

= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

= 𝜋𝑟 2

= 𝜋 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑟 = 1 ] … … … … . (2)

From (1) & (2) Stoke’s theorem is verified.

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝒚𝒋⃗ taken over the square surface S in

Problem 2: Verify Stokes theorem for 𝑨
the XOY plane whose vertices are O(0,0,0), A(a,0,0), B(a,a,0), C(0,a,0) and over its
boundary.

Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is ∮𝐶 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬𝑆(∇ × 𝐴⃗) ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆

Given, 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑦𝑗⃗
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 0𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘
𝑂
⃗⃗
𝐴⃗ = 𝑎𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑖⃗ + 𝑎𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘
𝐵
⃗⃗
𝐶⃗ = 0𝑖⃗ + 𝑎𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘

109 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

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 We know that the parametric equation of the points whose position vectors are 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are
:

𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗⃗ , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

⃗⃗ + 𝑡(𝑎𝑖⃗)
The parametric equation of OA is 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)0

𝑟⃗ = 𝑎𝑡 𝑖⃗

The parametric equation of AB is 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑎𝑖⃗ + 𝑡(𝑎𝑖⃗ + 𝑎𝑗⃗)

𝑟⃗ = 𝑎 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎𝑡𝑗⃗

The parametric equation of BC is 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑎𝑖⃗ + 𝑎𝑗⃗

⃗⃗
The parametric equation of CO is 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑎𝑗⃗ + 𝑡0

𝑟⃗ = 𝑎(1 − 𝑡) 𝑗⃗

𝑁𝑜𝑤, ∮ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑎2 𝑡 2 𝑖⃗ ∙ (𝑎𝑑𝑡𝑖⃗)

𝑂𝐴
0
1

= ∫ 𝑎3 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
0
1
𝑡3 3
=𝑎 [ ]
3 0

𝑎3
= .
3
1

∮ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫(𝑎 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎𝑡𝑗⃗)𝑖⃗ ∙ (𝑎𝑑𝑡𝑗⃗)

𝐴𝐵
0
1

= ∫ 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
1
𝑡2 3
=𝑎 [ ]
2 0

𝑎3
= .
2
1

∮ 𝐴 ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ −𝑎3 (1 − 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡

𝐵𝐶
0

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 1

= −𝑎 ∫(1 − 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡
3

0
1
3
2𝑡 2 𝑡 3
= −𝑎 [𝑡 − + ]
2 3 0

𝑎3
=− .
3

∮ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝐶𝑂

∮ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∮ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∮ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∮ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∮ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗

𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑂

𝑎3 𝑎3 𝑎3
= + −
3 2 3
𝑎3
= … … … … … … (1)
2
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = ||
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧|
𝑥2 𝑥𝑦 0

⃗⃗ 𝑦
= 0𝑖⃗ − 0𝑗⃗ + 𝑘

⃗⃗
= 𝑦𝑘

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 =
𝑛∙𝑘⃗⃗

𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛
∬(∇ × 𝐴⃗) ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑘
𝑛∙𝑘⃗⃗
𝑆 0 0

𝑎 𝑎

= ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0

= ∫[𝑥𝑦]𝑎0 𝑑𝑦
0

𝑎
𝑦2
= 𝑎[ ]
2 0

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 𝑎3
= … … … … … … . . (2)
2

From (1) & (2) Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Problem 3: By using Stoke’s theorem show that ∇ × (∇∅) = ⃗0⃗.

Solution : Let C b any closed curve and S any surface spanning it. Let 𝐴⃗ = ∇∅.

Stoke’s theorem is ∮𝐶 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∬𝑆(∇ × 𝐴⃗) ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆

∬(∇ × 𝐴⃗) ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗𝑑𝑆 = ∮∇∅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟

𝐶
𝑆

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
=∮( 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ ) ∙ (d𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
=∮ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= ∫ 𝑑∅
𝐶

= ⃗0⃗.

Exercise :

⃗⃗ taken over the upper half surface of

1. Verify Stokes theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑘
the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1, 𝑧 ≥ 0 and the boundary curve C the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =
1, 𝑧 = 0. [Ans. –𝜋]
⃗⃗ for the upper half of the sphere 𝑥 2 +
2. Verify Stokes theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑘
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1, 𝑧 ≥ 0 and the boundary curve C the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑧 = 0. [Ans. –
𝜋]
⃗⃗ taken over the triangular surface S
3. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑘
in the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 over its
boundary. [Hint : The vertices of the triangular surface are A(1,0,0), B(0,1,0),
1
C(0,0,1). Ans. − 2]

⃗⃗ , where S is the
4. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐴⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑗⃗ − 𝑧𝑥𝑘
surface of the cube 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 2 above the XOY
plane.[Ans. -4]
5. By using Stoke’s theorem evaluate the integral 𝐼 = ∬𝐶[(1 + 𝑦)𝑧𝑖⃗ + (1 + 𝑧)𝑥𝑗⃗ +
⃗⃗ ] ∙ 𝑑𝑟 in the following cases:
(1 + 𝑥)𝑦𝑘

112 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.
 (i) C is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑧 = 1 [Hint ⃗⃗
𝑛⃗⃗=𝑘 ; ∬𝑆 1 𝑑𝑆 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋]
(ii) C is the triangle ABC, where A, B, C are (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1). [Ans. 3/2]
(iii) C is a closed curve in the plane 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1. [𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0]
⃗⃗ where S is the paraboloidal surface
6. Evaluate ∬𝑆(∇ × ⃗A⃗) ∙ dS, 𝑖𝑓 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑘
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 − 𝑧, 𝑧 ≥ 0. [Ans. – 𝜋].

Study Learning Material Prepared by

Dr. S.N. LEENA NELSON M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.

Associate Professor & Head, Department of Mathematics,

Women’s Christian College, Nagercoil – 629 001,

Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India.

113 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education,

Tirunelveli.