For our other free eBooks,

Go to: 1 - 100 Transistor Circuits

Go to: 101 - 200 Transistor Circuits
Go to: 100 IC Circuits

For more data on the 555, see these pages:

555-Page 1 for CD users: 555-Page 1

555-Page 2 555-Page 2
555-Page 3 555-Page 3
555-Test 555-Test

To learn about the development and history of the 555, go to these links:
http://semiconductormuseum.com/Museum_Index.htm - a general discussion about the development of the
transistor
http://semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Index.htm - history of the
555 - Page1
http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Page2.htm - history of
the 555 - Page2
http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Page3.htm - history of
the 555 - Page3
http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Page4.htm - history of
the 555 - Page4
http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Page5.htm - history of
the 555 - Page5
http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Page6.htm - history of
the 555 - Page6
http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Page7.htm - history of
the 555 - Page7
http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Page8.htm - history of
the 555 - Page8
http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Page9.htm - history of
the 555 - Page9
http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/LectureHall/Camenzind/Camenzind_Page10.htm - history
of the 555 - Page10
For a list of every electronic symbol, see: Circuit Symbols.

For more articles and projects for the hobbyist: see TALKING ELECTRONICS WEBSITE

See TALKING ELECTRONICS WEBSITE

email Colin Mitchell: [email protected]

This set of 555 projects has increased to the largest on the web, with many circuits designed by me as a
request
from readers. The whole site has been copied by lots of other sites without any reference or acknowledgement
to
me. But you can see the circuits are mine by the way they have been drawn and none of the other sites keep
updating with the latest additions.
Over one million readers have viewed this article and many have saved it as .pdf
This is the only site that teaches you how to learn and remember how a 555 works and this is very important
when you want to design a new circuit. The secret is: you can hold the 555 with the output LOW by putting
a high on pin 6, but when pin 2 goes LOW, the output goes HIGH. Pin 2 dominates over pin 6.

CONTENTS
You will find many of these circuits "talked-about" and produced on bread-board (with videos)
on:
http://www.555-timer-circuits.com and:
http://www.555-timer-circuits.com/forum
Active High Trigger Normally Closed Trigger
Active Low Trigger One-Shot 555
Aircraft Navigation Beacon Organ
Alarm Sounds (4 sounds) Phase Control with XR-L555 (low
Alarm-1 (Home Alarm-1) power)
Alarm 4-Zone Pin 4 Reset
Amplifier using 555 Police Lights 1,2,3
Animated Display Police Siren
Audio Frequency Meter Powering A Project
Automatic Curtain Closer Pulse Extender
Automatic Garden LED Strip Pulser - 74c14
Astable Multivibrator Push-ON Push-OFF
Basic 555 Oscillators Push Pull
Battery Charger (voltage doubler) Push-Pull - high current
Beep short PWM Controller - FET buffer
Bi-Coloured LED PWM - transistor buffer - and via
Bike Turning Signal pin 5
Bi-Polar LED Driver see also Motor PWM
Bi-Stable 555 Quad 555 - LM558
Building the Circuits Quadrupler - 4 times!
Burglar Alarm 4-Zone Railroad Lights (flashing)
Capacitor Charge Pump Railway Time
Car Lights Flasher - warning flasher Rain Alarm
Car Tachometer Ramp Generator
Charge Controller - prevents Reaction Timer Game
overcharge Replacing 556 with two 555's
Charge Pump Replacing TTL 555 with CMOS 555
Chaser - 3 Chase NEW Reset Pin
Clark Zapper Resistor Colour Codes
Clap ON-OFF Re-triggerable 555
Clicks Uneven Reversing A Motor
Calculator 555 7555 RGB LED - driving a tri-coloured
CMOS 555 LED
Constant Current Roulette
Continuity Tester Rubbish 555 The 555 is RUBBISH
Crossing Lights Schmitt Trigger
Crossing Lights - Jim's MkIV Screamer Siren - Light Controlled
Curtain Closer Servo Controller
Dark Detector Servo Tester
DC to DC Converter 3.7v to 5v SET or RESET? Note this !!!!
Delay - also called a Timer Shoot-through
Delay before turn-on Short Beep
Dice LED Dice Cct-2 Simplest 555 Oscillator
Dice to 7-Segment Display Sinewave Output
Display - Animated Siren 100dB
Divide by 2 Solar Tracker
Dog-Bark Stopper Square Wave Oscillator
Doorbell for front door and back Stepper Motor Controller
door Stun Gun
Driving A Bi-Coloured LED Substituting a 555 - Part 1
Driving A Relay Substituting a 555 - Part 2
Driving White LEDs Supply (170v) for Nixie Tubes
Duty Cycle 1:1 (50%) Surface Mount 555
Fade-IN Fade-OUT LEDs Switch Debounce
Fading LED Tachometer
Fastest 555 Oscillator Tap ON Tap OFF
Flasher TE555-1 Stepper Motor Controller
Flashing Indicators TE555-2 Animated Display
Flashing Railroad Lights TE555-3 4 Alarm Sounds
Flip Flop see also Toggle TE555-4 Dice
Four Alarm Sounds TE555-5 LED Fx
Frequency Divider Ticking Bomb
Frequency Meter Tilt Switch
Function of each 555 pin Timer - 5 seconds
H-Bridge Toggle A Relay
H-Bridge Push-Pull - high current Toggle 555 555 ON/OFF Flip Flop
H-Bridge with PWM Touch Switch
Headlight Flasher - faulty circuit Touch ON-OFF - more Touch Sw
Headlight Selector Ccts
Hee Haw Siren Toy Organ
Hee Haw Siren with one 555 Traffic Lights
Higher Sinking Current Traffic Lights - 4 way
High Frequency 555 Oscillator Transistor Tester
Home Alarm-1 Trigger Timer - 74c14
How to use the 555 Tripler - & quad
Hysteresis Turning Signal
Improving the output of a 555 TV Remote Control Jammer
Increasing Sinking Current Useless Machine
Increasing Output Push-Pull Current Uneven Clicks
Inverter 12v to 240v Universal 555
Inside the 555 Up/Down Fading LED
Jammer for TV Using the 555
Jim's Crossing Lights VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator)
Joy Stick and Servo Voltage Doubler see also Battery
Kitt Scanner Charger
Knight Rider Voltage Tripler
Laser Ray Sound Voltage Inverter
Latch Voltage Multiplier x10times
Latch A Relay Warning Flasher - car lights flasher
Latch - using transistors Water Level Detector
LED Dice LED Dice Cct-2 Wailing Siren
LED Dimmer What is the 555?????
LED Flasher Zapper (Dr Clark)
LED Flasher using LM386 Zapper - Voltage Multiplier
LED Flasher with LDR Zener Diode Tester
LED FX 2 Minute Timer - 74c14
LED Strip Illuminator 3x3x3 Cube
Level Shifter 3-Chase Chaser NEW
Light Controlled Screamer Siren 3 secs HIGH 60 secs LOW
Light Detector 3.7v to 5v DC to DC converter -no
Lights - Traffic Lights work!
Listen to an RGB LED 4 Alarm Sounds
LMC555 CMOS 555 4 way Traffic Lights
LM386 LED Flasher 4-Zone Burglar Alarm
LM558 - Quad 555 1-10 Minute Auto Turn Off
Logic Probe 5 Seconds Delay
Long Delay Timer - NEW CHIP $8.00 10 Minute Timer - 74c14
Long Duration Timer 12v DC to 12v DC Battery Charger
Low Current Timer - 7555 CMOS 555 12v DC to 19v DC
Low Frequency 555 Oscillator 12v to 240v Inverter
Low Power 555 50% Duty Cycle
Machine Gun 100dB Siren
Make any 555 Project on a PC board 170v Supply for Nixie Tubes
Mark-Space Ratio 555's - a list of substitutes
Memory Cell see also Toggle Flip 555+4017 Display $4.50
Flop 555 Amplifier
Mercury Switch Detector - faulty 555 CMOS version LMC555
circuit 555 Kit of Components
Metal Detector 555 Printed Circuit Board
Missing Audio Detector 555 Pinout
Missing Pulse Detector - faulty 555 Pins - Remembering the pins
circuit 555 Mistakes (No-No's)
Model Railway Time 555 on 24v
Monostable 555 555 Timer Calculator
Morse Keyer 555 VCO
Mosquito Repeller 556 Dual Timer
Motor Controller (stepper Motor) 558 Quad 555
Motor Controller (servo motor) 7555 CMOS Calculator
Motor Over-run 7555 Low Current Timer (delay)
Motor PWM
Multivibrator - Astable
 Music Box
Negative Voltage

WHAT IS THE 555?

The 555 is an 8-pin chip that can be turned into lots of different things (building blocks).
The circuit inside the 555 is just an amplifier with 2 inputs and an output.
The parts you add to the chip determine the final result (effect).
In most cases you add a capacitor and resistor to produce a circuit known as a TIME DELAY
CIRCUIT and the chip has a detection-pin and an amplifier (also called a power amplifier) to
product an output.
It is not a "timer," "delay" or "oscillator" but is capable of being converted into these and maybe 100
other circuits. Just call it the "555"

THE 555 CHIP

INTRODUCTION
This e-book covers the 555.
The 555 is everywhere and it is one of the cheapest and most-rugged chips on the market.
It comes as a TTL 555 and will operate from 4v to about 16-18v. (don't use less than 5.5v) It costs
from 20 cents (eBay) to $1.20 depending on the quantity and distributor. The circuitry inside the
chip takes about 10mA - even when the output is not driving a load. This means it is not
suitable for battery operation if the chip is to be powered ALL THE TIME.
The 555 is also available as a CMOS chip (ICM7555 or ICL7555 or TLC555) and will operate from
2v to 18v and takes 60uA when the circuitry inside the chip is powered. The "7555" costs from 60
cents (eBay) to $2.00
We call the TTL version "555" and the CMOS version "7555." This is called ELECTRONICS
JARGON.
The 555 comes as a single timer in an 8-pin package or a dual timer (556) in a 14 pin package.
The 7555 comes as a single timer in an 8-pin package or a dual timer (7556) in a 14 pin package.

The 555 and 7555 are called TIMERS or Timer Chips. They contain about 28 transistors and the
only extra components you need are called TIMING COMPONENTS. This is an external resistor
and capacitor. When a capacitor is connected to a voltage, it takes a period of time to charge. If a
resistor is placed in series with the capacitor, the timing will increase. The chip detects the rising
and falling voltage on the capacitor. When the voltage on the capacitor is 2/3 of the supply the
output goes LOW and when the voltage falls to 1/3, the output goes HIGH.
We can also do other things with the chip such as "freezing" or halting its operation, or allowing it to
produce a single HIGH-LOW on the output pin. This is called a "ONE-SHOT" or MONOSTABLE
OPERATION - but it still takes 10mA while "sitting around".
When the chip produces an output frequency above 1 cycle per second, (1Hz), the circuit is called
an OSCILLATOR and below one cycle per second, it is called a TIMER.
But the chip should not be called a "555 Timer," as it has so many applications. That's why we call
it a "555." (triple 5)
Another thing you have to be aware of is the voltage on output pin 3. It is about 1-2v LESS THAN
rail voltage and does not go to 0v (about 0.7v for 10mA and up to 1900mV for 200mA sinking
current). For instance, to get an output swing of 10v you will need a 12.6v supply. In "electronic
terms" the 555 has very poor sinking and sourcing capabilities.
One way to understand how the chip operates is to remember that pin 7 goes LOW when pin 3 (the
output pin) goes LOW. When pin 3 goes HIGH, pin 7 goes "open circuit" (it does not go HIGH - it
goes HIGH IMPEDANCE).
When in 4 is taken LOW, (it needs to be as low as 0.5v) the chip stops operating, but it still takes
10mA.
For photos of nearly every electronic component, see this website:
https://www.egr.msu.edu/eceshop/Parts_Inventory/totalinventory.php

You can also search the web for videos showing the 555 in action.
Here are a few:
Making A 555 LED Flasher – Video Tutorial
Three 555 LED Flasher
555 Timer Flasher
Fading LED with 555 timer

Each website has lots more videos and you can see exactly how the circuits work. But there is
nothing like building the circuit and that's why you need to re-enforce your knowledge by ACTUAL
CONSTRUCTION.

Learning Electronics is like building a model with Lego bricks. Each "topic" or "subject" or "area"
must be covered fully and perfectly, just like a Lego brick is perfect and fits with interference-fit to
the next block. When you complete this eBook, you can safely say you will have mastered the 555
- one more "building block" under your belt and in the process you learn about DC motors, Stepper
motors, servos, 4017 chips, LEDs and lots of other things. Any one of these can take you off in a
completely different direction. So, lets start . . .

Colin Mitchell
TALKING ELECTRONICS.
[email protected]

To save space (and get everything on a single page) we have not provided lengthy explanations of
how any of the circuits work. This has already been covered in TALKING ELECTRONICS Basic
Electronics Course, and can be obtained on a CD for $10.00 (posted to anywhere in the world).
See Talking Electronics website (http://www.talkingelectronics.com) for more details on the 555 by
clicking on the following four pages: 555-Page 1 555-Page 2 555-Page 3 555-Test
Many of the circuits have been designed by Colin Mitchell: Music Box, Reaction Timer Game,
Traffic Lights, TV Remote Control Jammer, 3x3x3 Cube, while others are freely available on the
web. But this eBook has brought everything together and covers just about every novel 555 circuit.
If you think you know everything about the 555, take the 555-Test and you will be surprised!

SI NOTATION
All the schematics in this eBook have components that are labelled using the System International
(SI) notation system. The SI system is an easy way to show values without the need for a decimal
point. Sometimes the decimal point is difficult to see and the SI system overcomes this problem
and offers a clear advantage.
Resistor values are in ohms (R), and the multipliers are: k for kilo, M for Mega. Capacitance is
measured in farads (F) and the sub-multiples are u for micro, n for nano, and p for pico. Inductors
are measured in Henrys (H) and the sub-multiples are mH for milliHenry and uH for microHenry.
A 10 ohm resistor would be written as 10R and a 0.001u capacitor as 1n.
The markings on components are written slightly differently to the way they are shown on a circuit
diagram (such as 100p on a circuit and 101 on the capacitor or 10 on a capacitor and 10p on a
diagram) and you will have to look on the internet under Basic Electronics to learn about these
differences.

Here's a 555 built from transistors by Eric Schlaepfer in honor of Hans Camenzined, who invented
the 555:
You can build your own 555 from this Instructable:
http://www.instructables.com/id/Build-Your-Own-555-Timer/

Or buy a kit for $35 from Evil Mad Scientist:

http://shop.evilmadscientist.com/productsmenu/tinykitlist/652

This kit is ideal for a school science project.

Here is the circuit and assembly instructions.

WARNING!!
Before making any 555 project, remember the chip takes about 10mA ALL THE TIME and cannot
be turned off.
The output (the "driving power") of a 555 is about 200mA while the CMOS versions are only about
50mA.
The chip is not really suited for doorbells and circuits as the 10mA will rapidly drain the battery.
The 555 does not like 5v supply. Use 6v supply (minimum) when designing
a circuit and then see if it works on 5v. This is a REAL TRAP !!!!!

THE 555 IS RUBBISH

This headline is just to grab your attention.
There is one more problem with the 555. It is not suited to deliver a current above 100mA on a 12v
supply.
WHY?
This has never been covered before.
If you put a 555 on 12v and create a square-wave output (50:50) with a load of 100R, the output
voltage will be 10v and the current will be 100mA when the output is HIGH and 0mA when the
output is LOW. This means the average current through the load is 50mA. But the current taken by
the circuit will be 100mA. Where does the extra 50mA go ????
It goes into the circuitry of the 555 and heats up the chip.
When the load is 50R, the current will be 200mA and 0mA with an average of 100mA. But the
current from the supply will be 200mA.
This means about 100mA will be lost in the 555 and that's why it gets so hot that you cannot hold
it.
Everyone thinks it is the loss of 2v due to the output switching HIGH and LOW, but that would only
account for about 400mW. The chip is actually dissipating 1200mW or more and that's why it will
burn your finger.
The 555 was initially developed as a TIMER. It provides time-delays up to about 30 minutes.
During a timing interval it might be able to deliver 200mA to a load but when it is used as an
oscillator, the transistors inside the chip consume about 50% of the current and cause the chip to
heat up.
NOW YOU KNOW.

SURFACE MOUNT 555

The 555 is also available in SURFACE MOUNT packages.

There are 5 different sizes and you will need to find out the "foot-
print" before making a Printed Circuit board.
All the features of the surface mount version are the same
as the through-hole version, but you must remember the
output does not "go to rail" or 0v. When the current through the
output pin is less than 10mA, the output will go as low as 250mV.
But when the current increases to 100mA to 200mA, the output
will not go lower than 2.5v.
When the output is HIGH and trying to deliver 200mA, it will be
2.5v lower than the supply voltage. That's why you need to make
a prototype circuit first and check the output voltage as well as the heating of the chip. Max current
is 200mA.

NEW! FROM TALKING ELECTRONICS

A new range of 555 chips have been designed by Talking Electronics to carry out tasks that
normally need 2 or more chips.
These chips are designated: TE 555-1, TE555-2 and the first project to use the TE 555-1 is
STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER TE555-1.

It's a revolutionary concept. Instead of using an old 8-pin TTL 555 chip, you can use a new TE555-
1,2,3 8-pin chip and save board space as well as components. These new chips require
considerably less external componentry and the possibilities are endless. Depending on the circuit,
they can have a number of timing and frequency outputs as well as a "power-down" feature that
consumes almost no current when the circuit is not operating. See the first project in this series:
STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER TE555-1.
See also: Stepper Motor Controller project

See also TE 555-2 TE555-3 TE 555-4 TE555-5

555 TIMER CALCULATOR

A program to work out the values for a 555 in Astable or Monostable mode is available from Andy
Clarkson's website:
http://555-timer-circuits.uk/
555-Timer.zip (987KB). Name a folder: "555 Timer." Unzip and run "555 Timer setup.exe"
Setup will produce a desktop icon. Click on icon for program. Set the voltage for the 555 then use
the Astable or Monostable tabs to design your circuit. Read the Help screen to understand the
operation of: "Hold Output" and "smallest."
Here is another 555 calculator by Jeff:

7555 CMOS CALCULATOR see 7555

The 555 comes in a low-power CMOS version. The drive-current from pin 3 is less than the TTL "555."
At 5v, a 7555 will deliver 2mA and sink only 8mA
At 12v a 7555 will deliver 10mA and sink 50mA
At 15v a 7555 will deliver 100mA and sink 100mA
Use the following 7555 calculator to find the OUTPUT FREQUENCY in Astable mode or OUTPUT TIME in
Monostable mode:
7555 CMOS Calculator

Here's a 555 made with 22 transistors by Malcolm Faed. See his video.

See his Electric Vehicle website.

How are your powers of observation?

Can you find the LED:
THE POWER SUPPLY

Sometimes you will see a circuit as shown in the first diagram with 12v or
+12v on the top rail and 0v or a negative sign or the word "negative" on the
bottom rail. In this case the word negative means earth or "chassis of a
car" and we commonly refer to this as "negative earth" or "negative
chassis."
In the second diagram, the output from a power supply has a positive 12
volts and a negative 12v with the 0v rail in the middle. In this case the
negative 12v rail is twelve volts BELOW the earth rail and that's why we call
it the NEGATIVE RAIL.
This means that when you hear "Negative Rail," you need to work out if it
means the negative terminal of a battery (as in the first case - meaning 0v
or earth) or if the voltage is below zero volts (as in the second case).
CD of Talking Electronics website
A CD of the whole website is available for
$10.00 posted to anywhere in the world.
The CD comes with a small bag of
electronic components including surface-
mount items.

Log in to your PayPal account

and send a payment to:
[email protected] for $10.00 AUD

Or email Colin Mitchell:

[email protected] for details on sending
for the CD plus other kits etc.

SQUARE
WAVE
OSCILLATOR KIT
A Square Wave Oscillator Kit is available
from Talking Electronics for under $10.00.
See full details of circuit below.
(This link will send an email to Colin Mitchell
and you will be advised of costs and how to send
money via Paypal or credit card.)
Or email Colin Mitchell: [email protected]

555 KIT
A kit of components to make many of the circuits described in this eBook is
available for $10.00 plus $7.00 post.
Or email Colin Mitchell: [email protected]

The kit contains the following components:

(plus extra 30 resistors and 10 capacitors for
experimenting), plus:

2 - 220R
2 - 1k
2 - 4k7
2 - 10k
2 - 33k
2- 100k
2 - 1M
1 - 10k mini pot
1 - 100k mini pot
2 - 10n
2 - 100n
1 - 10u electrolytic
1- 100u electrolytic
2 - 1N4148 signal diodes
2 - BC547 transistors
 1 - BC557 transistor
1 - 555 timer chip
1 - 8 pin IC socket
1 - red LED
1 - green LED
1 - orange LED
1 - mini 8R speaker
1 - mini piezo
1 - LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
1 - 10mH inductor
1 - push button
1 - tactile push button
1 - Experimenter Board (will take 8, 14 and 16 pin chips)

Components for 555 Kit

There are more components than you think.

All kits contain more components than on the list.
555 Kit: $10.00 plus $7.00 postage
You can also get a breadboard and 30 jumper leads for $5.00 so you can
plug the parts into the board and re-use them for another circuit:

The photo shows a number of components fitted to the breadboard.

This is the breadboard you get. These are the 30 jumper leads that
come with the breadboard
Here is a project from Franz Bachler, using a 555 and 4017 to drive 4 orange LEDs. He has
used the bread-board to make a very neat project. The only problem is: he has cut the leads of the
components and some of them will only fit between three holes. This may be a problem when you
make the next project.
Email: Colin Mitchell to get the breadboard for $5.00 with the TRANSISTOR KIT or 555 KIT (see
above).
You can make this project with MAKE A 555+4017 DISPLAY. The kit has 3 different displays that
plug into the main board to get a range of different effects.

This is what you can do with the breadboard.

MAKE ANY 555 PROJECT

3 Printed circuit boards: MAKE ANY 555 PROJECT are available for $10.00 post free to
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD !!!.
email Colin Mitchell: [email protected]
 A set of components for MAKE ANY 555 PROJECT is just $5.00 extra
See Guitar Tuner Project
and Automatic Garden LED Strip Project

NEW !
5 Different boards are now available for $10.00 USD posted.

Please log into your paypal account and send a payment to

[email protected] for $10.00 USD

And send your name and address and I will send the item(s). Let me know that you want the 5 different
555 boards for $10.00 posted.

The parts include:

2 - 220R
2 - 1k
2 - 4k7
2 - 10k
2 - 33k
2 - 47k
2- 100k
2 - 1M
1 - 10k mini pot
1 - 100k mini pot
2 - 10n
2 - 100n
1 - 10u electrolytic
2- 100u electrolytic
1 - 1N4148 signal diodes
3 - BC547 transistors
3 - 555 timer chips
3 - 8 pin IC sockets
1 - red LED
1 - green LED
1 - orange LED
3 - mini piezos These parts will help you build many of the 555 circuits
1 - LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) presented below.
3 - slim tactile push buttons
Kit: $5.00 [VALUE: $6.50]
3 x Make any 555 Project PC boards $10.00 plus $5.00 components: $15.00 (post FREE)

MAKE A 555+4017 DISPLAY $4.50

Make you own RUNNING LED DISPLAY with this 555+4017 PC board. It comes
with 3 display boards that plug into the main board to produce an expanding or compressing
effect, as well as a 6-LED KITT SCANNER. email Colin Mitchell: [email protected]
 The Scanner - called Kitt Scanner

555 EXPAND

You also get COMPRESS - all instantly interchangeable

A set of components for this project is just $7.50 extra. This includes 44 LEDs, 20 surface
mount diodes, 50k pot, 2u2, 22k, 555, 4017, IC sockets, 11 machine pins, 33 double-ended
pins, slide switch, and battery snap.
Make 555+4017 Project (with 3 display boards) $4.50
Set of components: $7.50
plus $4.00 postage.

We have everything for the hobbyist and engineer to build a 555 circuit
on a Printed Circuit Board. This is the latest edition to the range:

555 MATRIX BOARD $1.50each

Make you own 555 project with this 555 Matrix Board. Get 4 boards for $5.00 plus
$4.00 postage. email Colin Mitchell: [email protected]
 555 MATRIX BOARD

The 555 IC is already "wired up" and some of the lands are connected to make fitting
components easy. The overlay on the board shows you the wiring.
Get the set of components above for $5.00 extra and you will be able to make 3 different
projects.

Click HERE to order your 3 x 555 PC boards

for $10.00 post free. Use your own
components and build lots of different
circuits . . . set of components . . . just $5.00
extra !!
The set of boards has been increased to FIVE
for $10.00 and you will get 5 when you place
an order.
LONG DELAY TIMER
The 555 does not produce times
longer than about 60 minutes and a
new chip on the market produces
times up to 1,000 hours. It is called
C005. Here is the prototype where we tested
the chip:

Back of the timer module showing the two wires

for the pot.
 Connect the two top pads to produce 1 to 10
hours

A kit is available for $8.00 (plus postage)

and comes with all components and a
printed circuit board with all parts
clearly shown on the overlay.
The pot is marked with 1 to 10 hours
and this will be ideal for most
applications. The tactile button starts
the timing and the buzzer sounds
when the time is up. Two output pins
are also provided on the PC board to
connect to other devices to turn them
ON.
The output of the board turns ON a
device such as a relay, after say 5
hours, and the contacts on the relay
will turn the device OFF. The buzzer
on the board will let you know the 5
hours is up.
The project is connected to 3 x AA cells (4.5v) (in
a battery box)
Consumption when timing: 100uA
Output: pull-up 3mA pull-down 30mA
Connecting the pads at P1 and also the pads at
P2 increases the delay by 8 times, making the
timing up to 80 hours. (but don't let P1 pads
touch P2 pads). Changing the pot to 20M creates
1,000 hours.
email Colin Mitchell: [email protected] for
payment for the kit via paypal.

HOW A 555 WORKS

To design a 555 circuit you must know how a 555 IC works. Here is an explanation:
The capacitor charges between 33% and 66% of tail voltage. When the capacitor is 66%,
pin 6 detects the voltage and makes pin 7 go LOW. The capacitor discharges to 33% and
pin 2 detects the voltage and makes pin go HIGH (actually pin7 goes OPEN) and the
capacitor charges to 66% to repeat the cycle.

LET'S START:
1. Connect the 555:

UNKNOWN STATE

We start with pins 2 and 6 NOT CONNECTED. This is called the UNKNOWN STATE
because the chip is not getting any information and the output is UNKNOWN.
The inputs are called "FLOATING." Inputs must NEVER be "FLOATING."

2. Connect Pins 2 and 6:

We start by connecting pins 2 and 6 as shown and then connect the power:

Read the notes to understand this.

This is also called the UNKNOWN STATE because Pin 2 detects a LOW to make the
output HIGH and pin 6 detects a HIGH to make the output LOW.
The output will be HIGH or LOW depending on which pin is detected first.
The output is controlled by a BUILDING BLOCK called a FLIP FLOP or TOGGLE or
SWITCH or BI-STABLE LATCH. It will remain "locked" or in a stable state and it will take
a voltage of about 33% or more of rail voltage to change the state via pins 2 or 6.
In most cases the output will "flip over" to the state with the output LOW. If you delay pin
2 by 1uS, the output will go HIGH, indicating pin 2 is now detected to make the output
HIGH.

3. Toggle (or change) the output:

The output can be changed by using pin 2 or 6.

Pin 2 and Pin 6 change output

The output changes immediately, the animation is a "slow-down."

4. The output:
If we make pin 2 LOW and Pin 6 HIGH, both pins are trying to change the output of the
chip and pin 2 WINS !!! The output is HIGH !!
 Pin 2 WINS !!

4a. The RESET PIN

Pin 4 is the reset pin. When it is taken to the positive power rail, the chip "works." When it
is taken to 0v rail, the chip "freezes" and pin 3 instantly goes LOW, (even if it is halfway
through a timing cycle). But the current taken by the chip remains at 10mA and you
cannot use this pin to "turn off the current taken by the chip."
If pin is unconnected, it will allow the chip to operate as the internal circuitry puts a "High"
(950mV) on the pin.

But the Reset Pin is more complex.

When nothing is connected to pin 4, it has a voltage of about 950mV on it and it will
deliver about 350uA. This is due to the circuitry inside the chip.
It must be taken below 500mV to turn the chip off.
A 2k7 resistor connected to pin 4 will turn the chip off.
A 3k3 resistor connected to pin 4 will NOT turn the chip off.
This means pin 4 is generating a voltage (and current) and we can use this feature to turn
the chip OFF via a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR).
If we connect an LDR to pin 4, it will require a very bright light to reduce the resistance of
the LDR to less than 3k3.
By adding a 10k to the circuit, we help the LDR produce a combined resistance less than
3k3 and the circuit will work in a normal lounge-room or bedroom. When the LDR sees
illumination from a room-light, it will turn the chip off.
You can try values as low at 4k7 to make the chip MORE sensitive.
In the following circuit, both pin 2 and pin 6 activate the chip to make the output HIGH
and LOW "at the same time" but Pin 2 has control over pin 6 and pin 2 makes pin 3 (the
output pin) HIGH.

5. The Schmitt Trigger:

Pin 2 detects 33% of rail voltage and pin 6 detects 66%. This gives a gap of 33%
between the two. This gap is called the HYSTERESIS GAP.
Here is a circuit to show how the gap works:
 The Hysteresis Gap

The 555 is wired as a SCHMITT TRIGGER. A Schmitt Trigger has a gap between HIGH
and LOW input so the signal has to rise and fall a large percentage of rail voltage to
make the output change. This means noise on the input will not alter the output as noise
has a small amplitude. This type of circuit "cleans up" noisy inputs.
This circuit is also called AN INVERTER, A BUFFER and AN AMPLIFIER

5a. The Schmitt Trigger:

Here is a circuit with the 555 wired as a Schmitt Trigger. It is an oscillator with a square-
wave output and operates by detecting 33% and 66% of rail voltage on the capacitor to
change the state of the output.
The first diagram shows the rectangular 555 and the second diagram shows it as a
triangular shape which is the same shape for a 74c14 (40106) Hex Schmitt Trigger.

6. One-Shot or Switch Debouncer:

The 555 can take the noisy pulses from a switch and produce a single CLEAN pulse.
The circuit is also called PULSE EXTENDER.
7. The 555 as a Delay (Timer):
The 555 can be used as a timer up to 10 minutes. This circuit is also called a DELAY.
To start timing, the START button is pressed briefly and the output of the chip goes LOW.
At the expiration of 10 minutes, the output goes HIGH and the red LED illuminates.
A simple application may be for a cooking operation in a shop.
If a product needs to be cooked or heated etc, the button can be pressed and the LED
illuminates when the time has expired.

When calculating the time-duration for the circuit above, the capacitor charges from 0v to
2/3 rail voltage.

In this circuit we can see pin 2 is taken LOW when the power is applied and quickly goes
HIGH. Pin 2 has control over pin 6 as explained in THE 555 PINS below.
The action of Pin 2 going LOW "activates the 555" and makes pin 3 HIGH. This only
applies because pin 6 is LOW.
Because pin 2 goes HIGH after 0.1secs, it has done its job of turning ON the 555 and
now we wait for pin 6 to go HIGH to turn the chip OFF. If pin 2 remained LOW, the chip
would NEVER turn OFF.
8. LONG Duration Timer:
The 555 can be used as a timer up to 10 minutes, but the accuracy of this duration is not
reliable and will vary enormously according to the temperature of the day and the leakage
of the electrolytic. If you make the time too long, the output may never go HIGH.
Reliability stops at about 1 minute, so to get a long duration we connect the 555 to a chip
called a "divider-chip" or "counter-chip."
They are called divider chips because they are designed to take a high frequency and
reduce it to a lower frequency by using a number of flip flops.
A flip-flop has the ability to divide a signal by 2. In other words, the output oscillates at
half the input frequency.
If you connect a chain (or train) of flip flops, the signal gets divided by 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,
128 etc.
Thus 1 minute will turn into 2 minutes . . . 128 minutes.
This type of chip is called a BINARY DIVIDER CHIP.
You can also connect a 555 to a divide-by-10 counter (CD4017) to get 2 minutes, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
If your timing is 61 seconds, the 10 minutes will be 10 minutes and 10 seconds.
Here are 2 LONG DURATION TIMING CIRCUITS:

LONG DURATION TIMER -1 will produce a HIGH on pin 3 after 1 minute. Or pin 11 after
10 minutes. The timer start when the power is applied, providing the 220u is fully
discharged. If not, the 1st minute will not be accurate. The timer will keep cycling.

CD 4024 LONG Duration Timer:

You have to test the circuit to see if the counter-chip advances on the HIGH or LOW of
the 555 and the actual timing for each pin may be different to the circuit above. The
circuit is just a sample of how to connect the two chips.

The circuits above will CYCLE. In other words, the outputs will "start all over again" after
the longest time-interval has occurred.
To FREEZE the output and make it stay HIGH, you need the following modification:

9. Delay before turn-on:

Pin 3 comes on LOW and goes HIGH after a few seconds:
 In other words, Pin 2 "turns the chip ON" when it sees a LOW

10. Delay before turn-off:

Pin 3 comes on HIGH and goes LOW after a few seconds:

In other words, Pin 6 "turns the chip OFF" when it sees a HIGH

Don't forget, the chip takes 10mA ALL THE TIME because it is connected to the
supply. These two circuits show how pins 2 and 6 control the chip.

11. HIGH for 3 seconds every 60 seconds

Here's a very simple circuit to create a HIGH for 3 seconds and a LOW for 60 seconds:

12. Level Shifter

This circuit produces a maximum 5.6v on the output and minus 0.7v when the output is
LOW. The electro on the output charges to about 8v when the output is HIGH and when it
goes low, this 8v would produce a negative 8v on the output, but when the output goes
below 0.7v, the zener turns into an ordinary diode and conducts to discharge the electro.
This guarantees 0v on the output as pin 3 of the 555 does not go to 0v and sometimes
the device being driven by pin 3 does not fully turn off due to this.

13. PIN 3 - THE OUTPUT PIN

The output of the 555 does not rise to rail voltage or fall to 0v.
The actual value of the HIGH and LOW will depend on the supply voltage and the load on
the output. The output can be as much as 2v less than rail voltage and up to 1v above
the 0v rail.
Because of the it can fail to turn OFF an NPN transistor connected to the output and it will
fail to turn OFF a PNP transistor.

HOW THE 555 WORKS

Remember this . . .
Always draw a 555 with the pins as shown in the diagram.
Pin 3 is output. It pulls HIGH (200mA max). It pulls LOW (200mA max).
Pin 7 is IN PHASE with pin 3. But it only pulls LOW (100mA max). When it is HIGH it is open-
circuit - "high-impedance." Pin 7 can be connected to Pin 3 to get 300mA LOW.
Make Pin 2 HIGH. Now Pin 6 detects 66% of rail voltage to make Pin 3 LOW.
If Pins 2 and Pin 6 are connected, chip goes LOW when both pins go HIGH and chip goes
HIGH when pins are LOW.
Make Pin 2 LOW. Chip stays HIGH. Pin 6 has NO effect.
Pin 4 is RESET. Must go to 0.8v to reset the chip.

THE 555 PINS

Here is the identification for each pin:
When drawing a circuit diagram, always draw the 555 as a building block, as shown below with the pins
in the following locations. This will help you instantly recognise the function of each pin:

Pin 1 GROUND. Connects to the 0v rail.

Pin 2 TRIGGER. Detects 1/3 of rail voltage to make output HIGH. Pin 2 has control over pin 6. If pin 2
is LOW, and pin 6 LOW, output goes and stays HIGH. If pin 6 HIGH, and pin 2 goes LOW, output goes
LOW while pin 2 LOW. This pin has a very high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 1uA.
Pin 3 OUTPUT. (Pins 3 and 7 are "in phase.") Goes HIGH (about 2v less than rail) and LOW (about
0.5v above 0v rail) and will deliver up to 200mA.
Pin 4 RESET. Maybe internally connected HIGH via 100k in some chips, but NOT others!!. Must be
taken below 0.8v to reset the chip.
Pin 5 CONTROL. A voltage applied to this pin will vary the timing of the RC network (quite
considerably).
Pin 6 THRESHOLD. Detects 2/3 of rail voltage to make output LOW only if pin 2 is HIGH. This pin has
a very high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 1uA.
Pin 7 DISCHARGE. Goes LOW when pin 6 detects 2/3 rail voltage but pin 2 must be HIGH. If pin 2 is
HIGH, pin 6 can be HIGH or LOW and pin 7 remains LOW. Goes OPEN (HIGH) and stays HIGH when
pin 2 detects 1/3 rail voltage (even as a LOW pulse) when pin 6 is LOW. (Pins 7 and 3 are "in phase.")
Pin 7 is equal to pin 3 but pin 7 does not go high - it goes OPEN. But it goes LOW and will sink about
200mA. You can connect pin 7 to pin 3 to get a slightly better SINK capability from the chip.
Pin 8 SUPPLY. Connects to the positive rail.

555 in a circuit - note the circle on the chip to identify pin 1

 This is sometimes called a "push-out-pin" (hole) to push the chip out of the cavity when it is
being moulded and sometimes it has no importance. But in this case it represents pin 1.

SHOOT-THROUGH:
The 555 (the TTL version, such as NE555, SE555) has a problem that both the output
transistors turn ON when the output changes from HIGH to LOW or LOW to HIGH. This only
occurs for a very short period of time (about 2 nanoseconds) and is called SHOOT
THROUGH. This is when a high current flows through a circuit during a part of a cycle. It
flows through the collector-emitter junction of transistors Q22 and Q24.
This type of problem may damage a component and it may also put a "blip" (glitch, spike) on
the rail voltage.
Since this is generally a very high current, if you have a small filter capacitor (electrolytic) on
the rail, the shoot-through will take a large amount of energy from the capacitor and extend
the width of the time when the voltage is low. The capacitor will take an extra amount of time
to recover. This spike may now be wide enough for the rest of the circuit to detect the glitch
and create a problem.
That's why you need a large-value electrolytic (100u) across the 555 and try to avoid using it
with counting-chips and microcontrollers.

The schematic of the 555 shows the two output transistors can be active when Q20
turns ON and starts to turn on Q24, while Q22 is still turned ON via Q21 and R12. This
problem does not affect the operation of the 55, but may affect sensitive IC's in the
same project.
 THE SIMPLEST 555 OSCILLATOR
The simplest 555 oscillator takes output pin 3 to capacitor C1 via resistor R1.
When the circuit is turned on, C1 is uncharged and output pin 3 is HIGH. C1 char
HIGH to repeat the cycle.
The amount of time when the output is HIGH is called the MARK and the time wh
In the diagram, the mark is the same length as the space and this is called 1:1 or
If a resistor and capacitor (or electrolytic) is placed on the output, the result is ver

C1 to POSITIVE RAIL
C1 can be connected to the positive rail. This is not normal practice, however it do
The output frequency changes when the capacitor is changed from the negative
arrangement is different to connecting the components via pin7 because pin3 do
The table shows the frequency for the capacitor connected to the 0v rail and 12v

CHANGING THE MARK-SPACE RATIO

This ratio can be altered by adding a diode and resistor as shown in the following diagrams. In the first diagr
via the diode and 4k7 and this is why the MARK is "short." When the capacitor is 2/3Vcc, pin 6 detects a HIG
diagram creates a long-duration HIGH:
 C1 to 0v rail
1k 1n 505kHz
1k 10n 115kHz
1k 100n 23kHz
10k 1n 112kHz
10k 10n 27kHz
10k 100n 3700Hz

THE THREE BASIC 555 OSCILLATORS

The 3 basic 555 oscillators are shown in these circuits.
The basic points to remember are these:
Pin 7 goes LOW when pin 3 goes LOW.
Pin 6 detects a HIGH
Pin 2 detects a LOW
Pin 3 can be used instead of the supply-rail to deliver a HIGH and instead of pin 7 to deliver a LOW to the
timing section made up of pins 2&6 and "C" and a timing resistor.
HOW TO REMEMBER THE PINS:

THE FASTEST 555 OSCILLATOR

The highest frequency for a 555 can be obtained by connecting the
output to pins 2 and 6. This arrangement takes about 5mA and
produces an output as shown. The max frequency will depend on
the supply voltage, the manufacturer, and the actual type of 555
chip.
View the output on a CRO. Our 555 "Test Chip" produced a
frequency of 300kHz at 5v and also at 12v. (CMOS versions will
operate at a higher frequency.) Note the very short LOW TIME.

INSIDE THE 555

Note: Pin 7 is "in phase" with output Pin 3 (both are low at the same time).
Pin 7 "shorts" to 0v via a transistor. It is pulled HIGH via R1.
Maximum supply voltage 16v - 18v
Current consumption approx 10mA
Output Current sink @5v = 5 - 50mA @15v = 50mA
Output Current source @5v = 100mA @15v = 200mA
Maximum operating frequency 300kHz - 500kHz

Faults with Chip:

Consumes about 10mA when sitting in circuit
Output voltage can be up to 2.5v less than rail voltage
Output can be 0.5v to 1.5v above ground
Sources up to 200mA
Some chips sink only 50mA, some will sink 200mA

A NE555 was tested at 1kHz, 12.75v rail and 39R load.

The Results:
Output voltage 0.5v low, 11.5v high at output current of 180mA
The "test chip" performance was excellent.

HOW TO USE THE 555

There are many ways to use the 555. They can be used in hundreds of
different circuits to do all sorts of clever things. They can also be used as
three different types of oscillators:
(a) Astable Multivibrator - constantly oscillates
For frequencies above 1 cycle per second, it is called an oscillator
(multivibrator or square wave oscillator).
For frequencies below 1 cycle per second it is called a TIMER or DELAY.
(b) Monostable - changes state only once per trigger
pulse - also called a ONE SHOT
(c) Voltage Controlled Oscillator - called a VCO.

THE ASTABLE (or FREE RUNNING)

MULTIVIBRATOR

The capacitor C charges via R1 and R2 and

when the voltage on the capacitor reaches 2/3 of
the supply, pin 6 detects this and pin 7 connects
to 0v. The capacitor discharges through R2 until
its voltage is 1/3 of the supply and pin 2 detects
this and turns off pin 7 to repeat the cycle.
The top resistor is included to prevent pin 7
being damaged as it shorts to 0v when pin 6
detects 2/3 rail voltage.
Its resistance is small compared to R2 and does
not come into the timing of the oscillator.

The following graph applies to the Astable circuit:

Using the graph:

Suppose R1 = 1k, R2 = 10k and C = 0.1u (100n).
Using the formula on the graph, the total resistance = 1 + 10 + 10 = 21k
The scales on the graph are logarithmic so that 21k is approximately near the "1" on the 10k. Draw a line
parallel to the lines on the graph and where it crosses the 0.1u line, is the answer. The result is approx 900Hz.

Suppose R1 = 10k, R2 = 100k and C = 1u

Using the formula on the graph, the total resistance = 10 + 100 + 100 = 210k
The scales on the graph are logarithmic so that 210k is approximately near the first "0" on the 100k. Draw a line
parallel to the lines on the graph and where it crosses the 1u line, is the answer. The result is approx 9Hz.

The frequency of an astable circuit can also be worked out from the following formula:
1.4
frequency =
(R1 + 2R2) × C
555 astable frequencies
R1 = 1k R1 = 10k R1 = 100k
C R2 = 6k8 R2 = 68k R2 = 680k
0.001µ 100kHz 10kHz 1kHz
0.01µ 10kHz 1kHz 100Hz
0.1µ 1kHz 100Hz 10Hz
1µ 100Hz 10Hz 1Hz
10µ 10Hz 1Hz 0.1Hz
0.001µ = 1n
0.01µ = 10n
0.1µ = 100n

HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATORS

360kHz is the absolute maximum as the 555 starts to malfunction with
irregular bursts of pulses above this frequency. To improve the performance
of the oscillator, a 270R and 1n can be added as shown in the second
circuit:

LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATORS - called TIMERS

 If the capacitor is replaced with an electrolytic,
the frequency of oscillation will reduce. When the
frequency is less than 1Hz, the oscillator circuit
is called a timer or "delay circuit." The 555 will
produce delays as long as 30 minutes but with
long delays, the timing is not accurate.

555 Delay Times:

R1 = 100k R1 = 470k R1 = 1M
C
R2 = 100k R2 = 470k R2 = 1M
10µ 2.2sec 10sec 22sec
100µ 22sec 100sec 220sec
470µ 100sec 500sec 1000sec
The following circuits show a 1-5 minute timer and 10 minute timer:

CMOS 555
A low power version of the 555 is available from many
manufacturers and basically it is a CMOS version of the
TTL 555 device.
The CMOS 555 has the same pinouts as the TTL version
and can be fitted into the same 8 pin socket but if the circuit
needs more current than can be supplied by the CMOS
version, it will not produce the same results.
It is the low current capability of the CMOS version that will
be the major reason why you cannot directly replace the
TTL version with the CMOS version.
It will operate from 1v (only some manufacturers) to 15v
and will work up to 3MHz in astable mode.
Current consumption @5v is about 250uA (1/4mA)
But the major thing to remember is the output current
capability.
At 2v, the chip will only deliver 0.25mA and sink only 1mA.
At 5v, the chip will deliver 2mA and sink only 8mA
At 12v the chip will deliver 10mA and sink 50mA
At 15v the chip will deliver 100mA and sink 100mA
SQUARE WAVE OSCILLATOR KIT:

A square wave oscillator kit can be purchased from

Talking Electronics for approx $10.00
See website: Square Wave Oscillator
It has adjustable (and settable) frequencies from 1Hz
to 100kHz and is an ideal piece of Test Equipment.
(This link will send an email to Colin Mitchell and you
will be advised of costs and how to send money via
Paypal or credit card.)

Bi-stable or "Latch" or "2-state" 555

The bi-stable 555 has two steady states. SET turns ON the LED and
RESET turns the LED off. The 555 comes on in reset mode as Pin2 does
not see a LOW to SET the 555.
See also: Divide By Two
Monostable or "One Shot" or Pulse Extender
When the circuit is turned on, the output is LOW and a brief
negative pulse on pin 2 will make the output go HIGH for a
period of time determined by the value of R and C. If pin 2 is
low for longer than this period, the output will remain HIGH
while pin 2 is LOW and immediately go LOW when pin 2 goes
HIGH.

CIRCUIT OPERATION
When the circuit is turned on, the capacitor is uncharged. Pin 6
sees a LOW and pin 2 sees a HIGH.
Remember: Pin 2 must be LOW to make the output HIGH.
Pin 6 must be HIGH to make the output LOW.
Neither pin is "controlling the chip" at start-up.

SET OR RESET?
The 555 contains a FLIP-FLOP and the output can be either HIGH or
LOW if the voltage on pins 2 and 6 are not at the correct levels.
If pin 6 is HIGH and pin 2 is LOW - the output will be HIGH - pin 2 is
sending a "set" message
If pin 6 is HIGH and pin 2 is HIGH - the output will be LOW - pin 6 is
sending a "reset" message
If pin 6 is LOW and pin 2 is LOW - the output will be HIGH - pin 2 is
sending a "set" message
If pin 6 is LOW and pin 2 is HIGH - the output will be HIGH or LOW -
because no pin is sending a "set" or "reset" message.
When pin 2 see a LOW pulse, the chip goes to SET mode and the output
goes HIGH. Pin 7 goes OPEN and capacitor C charges via R. When pin 6
sees 2/3 rail voltage, the chip goes to RESET mode with pin 3 and 7 LOW.
The capacitor instantly discharges via pin 7 and the circuit waits for a
negative pulse on pin 2.

Re-triggerable 555
In the previous circuit, the output is LOW until pin 2 sees a brief LOW. The
output goes HIGH and remains HIGH until pin 6 sees a HIGH via the
charging of the capacitor. In other words the 555 extends the pulse
according to the value of R and C.
The following diagrams show the output when the switch is pressed
immediately, at half-time at the end of time and after the time has expired:
The switch is pushed and released quickly in the circuit above. Note the
HIGH time for the output.

The switch is pushed and released slowly in the circuit above. Note the
HIGH time for the output is the same as before.

The switch is pushed and released just when the time is expiring. Note the
HIGH time for the output is the same as before. The switch does not extend
(re-trigger) the 555.

To re-trigger the 555, the capacitor must be discharged. To do this we add

a diode as shown so the capacitor discharges each time the switch is
pressed:
 Re-triggering the 555

THE 555 AS A VOLTAGE

CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO)
By adjusting the voltage on pin 5, (the CONTROL pin) the frequency of the
oscillator can be adjusted quite considerably. See Police Siren for an
application.

THE 555 AS A RAMP GENERATOR

When a capacitor is charged via a constant current, the waveform across it
is a ramp.

FREQUENCY DIVIDER
A 555 can be used to divide a frequency by almost any division.
It works this way:
A 555 is set-up to produce the required output frequency.
Pin 2 is then taken to the input frequency and this turns the 555 into a
Monostable Multivibrator.
The circuit will detect a LOW on pin 2 to start the timing cycle and pin 3 will
go HIGH. The 555 will not respond to any more pulses on pin 2 until pin 6
detects a HIGH via the charging of the capacitor. The value of C and the
1M pot need to be adjusted to produce the desired results.

DIVIDE BY 2
A 555 can be used to divide-by-2
When pins 2 and 6 are connected, they detect 1/3 and 2/3 of rail voltage.
When the detected voltage is below 1/3, the output goes HIGH and when
the voltage is above 2/3, the output goes LOW.
The push switch detects the output voltage and after a short period of time
the electrolytic will charge or discharge and it will be HIGH or LOW.
If the switch is pressed for a short period of time, the output will change. If
the switch is kept pressed, the output will oscillate at a low frequency.

This circuit can also be used as a Push-ON Push-OFF.

LOGIC PROBE
A 555 can be used to make a very simple LOGIC PROBE. It connects to
the circuit you are testing via a red and black alligator clip and pins 2 and 6
detect 1/3 and 2/3 of the voltage on the chip.
Pins 2 and 6 provide a high impedance input and the red and green LEDs
indicate HIGH and LOW.
The only problem is one of the LEDs will be illuminated when the probe is
not touching anything and that's why this circuit is not a really GENUINE
Logic Probe. But it will do in an emergency or if you want to build something
quickly to test a project.

LM386 LED FLASHER

If you don't have a 555, you can use an LM386 IC to flash a LED. This will
show how an LM386 chip works and and how to use chips for purposes
other than their normal intent.
An LM386 IC is an 8-pin 250mW power amplifier with a differential input,
similar to an op-amp.
Here is the internal circuit:

Normally pin 3 has zero volts on it, but the 100k puts about 35% of rail
voltage on the pin.
This means pin 3 has an input impedance of about 300k.
The actual voltage does not matter, as long as it is slightly higher than zero
volts, so pin 2 can have an effect when it goes lower than pin 3.
When the circuit is turned on, the 100u is uncharged and zero volts is
applied to pin 2.
This means pin 2 is lower than pin 3 and the output goes HIGH to illuminate
the LED.
The 100u charges via the 10k and after a short period of time the voltage
on pin 2 is higher than pin 3 and it makes the output go LOW. The LED
turns OFF and the 100u starts to discharge via the 10k to repeat the cycle.
The chips has a gain of 20, but this is not enough for this circuit to flash a
LED. By joining pins 1 and 8, the gain is increased to 200 or more and the
circuit works successfully.

LED FLASHER USING LM386 IC

"No-No's"
Here are some mistakes to avoid:
1. Pin 7 gets connected to the 0v rail via a transistor inside the chip during
part of the operation of the 555. If the pot is turned to very low resistance in
the following circuit, a high current will flow through the pot and it will be
damaged:

2. The impedance of the 100u electrolytic will allow a very high current to
flow and the chip will get very hot. Use 10u maximum when using 8R
speaker. (The temp of the chip will depend on the frequency of the circuit.)
3. The reset pin (pin 4) is internally tied HIGH via approx 100k but it should
not be left floating as stray pulses may reset the chip.

4. Do not draw 555 circuits as shown in the following diagram. Keep to a

standard layout so the circuit is easy to follow.

5. Here's an example from the web. It takes a lot of time to work out what
the circuit is doing:

The aim it to lay-out a circuit so that it shows instantly what is happening.

That's why everything must be in recognised locations.

Here is the corrected circuit: From this diagram it is obvious the circuit is an
oscillator (and not a one-shot etc).
6. Don't use high value electrolytics and high resistances to produce long
delays. The 555 is very unreliable with timing values above 5-10 minutes.
The reason is simple. The charging current for the electrolytic is between 1
- 3 microamp in the following diagram (when the electro is beginning to
charge) and drops to less than 1 microamp when the electro is nearly
charged.
If the leakage of the electro is 1 microamp, it will never fully charge and the
555 will never "time-out."

7. Do not connect a PNP to the output of a 555 as shown in the following

diagram. Pin 3 does not rise high enough to turn the transistor OFF and the
current taken by the circuit will be excessive. Use an NPN driver.

8. Do not connect pin 7 directly to the capacitor. Pin 7 connects to the 0v

rail during part of a cycle and this will discharge the capacitor very quickly
and produce a very brief "low" on the output.
This may upset the clocking of a chip (such as a CD4017).
Use a resistor of at least 1k to increase the width of the LOW.
555's
Here is a list of 555's from different manufacturers plus the range of low
voltage, low current 555's. The normal 555 is called a TTL or Transistor-
Transistor-Logic chip and it consumes about 10mA when "sitting and doing
nothing." It will work from 4v to 18v.
A low current version is available from the list below, (called a CMOS version)
and consumes about 10uA to 100uA. Some of these chips work from 1.5v to
15v (ZSCT1555 = 9v max) but they can sink and source only about 100mA
(less than 30mA at 2v).
The 555 is the cheapest and the others cost about double.
The normal 555 oscillates up to 300kHz. A CMOS version can oscillate to
3MHz.
You need to know the limitations as well as the advantages of these chips
before substituting them for the normal 555:
Manufacturer Model Remark
Custom Silicon Solutions CSS555/CSS555C CMOS from 1.2V, IDD < 5uA
ECG Philips ECG955M
Exar XR-555
Fairchild Semiconductor NE555/KA555
Harris HA555
IK Semicon ILC555 CMOS from 2V
Intersil SE555/NE555/ICM7555
Lithic Systems LC555
Maxim ICM7555 CMOS from 2V
Motorola MC1455/MC1555
National Semiconductor LM1455/LM555/LM555C
National Semiconductor LMC555 CMOS from 1.5V
NTE Sylvania NTE955M
Raytheon RM555/RC555
RCA CA555/CA555C
STMicroelectronics NE555N/ K3T647
Talking Electronics TE555-1, -2, -3, -4 email Talking Electronics $2.50 ea
Texas Instruments SN52555/SN72555; TLC555 CMOS from 2V
Zetex ZSCT1555 down to 0.9V (9v max)

REPLACING A 556 WITH TWO 555's

Here is a handy reference to replace a 556 dual timer with two 555's:
The table shows the pin numbering for each timer:

555 556 - Timer 1 556 - Timer 2

Ground (–) 1 7 7
Trigger 2 6 8
Output 3 5 9
Reset 4 4 10
Control 5 3 11
Threshold 6 2 12
Discharge 7 1 13
Vcc (+) 8 14 14

REPLACING A 558 WITH FOUR 555's

This is an obsolete chip. No-one stocks it.
The LM558 only has 100mA output current (the LM555 has up to 200mA).
The output only goes LOW. In other words, the output only SINKS.

I suggest only using 555's in all projects. You can easily remember the pin
numbering on a 555 and this makes servicing and testing and fault-finding
easy. A circuit using a "558" (NE55, LM558) can be converted to using 4 x
LM555's by referring to the following image:
The NE558 is a very messy chip and it seems the pin that is equivalent to
pin 6, changes to pin 7 to discharge the capacitor when 66% of rail voltage
is reached.

SUBSTITUTING A 555 - part 1

Although a 555 is a wonderful chip, it may not be the best choice for some
applications.
You may require an oscillator frequency higher than 1MHz, or a very low
quiescent current. You may also need 4 or more 555's to get the timing and
delays you require.
Here are some circuits to help you substitute a 555.

The 74c14 IC contains 6 Schmitt Trigger gates and each gate can be used
to replace a 555 in SOME circuits. The voltage for a 74c14 is 3v to 15v.
Maximum output current per gate is 15mA. Max frequency of operation:
2MHz - 5MHz. Quiescent current is 1uA if all inputs are 0v or rail voltage.
SUBSTITUTING A 555 - part 2
If you need a special function or special effect, it may take 2, 3 or more
555's to do the job. The 74c14 has 6 gates and can create 6 "building
blocks."
Here are some circuits to show its versatility:

2 MINUTE TIMER
The relay is energized for a short time, 2 minutes after the push-button is
pressed. The push-button produces a brief LOW on pin 1, no matter how
long it is pushed and this produces a pulse of constant length via the three
components between pin 2 and 3.
This pulse is long enough to fully discharge the 100u timing electrolytic on
pin 5.
The 100k and electrolytic between pins 6 and 9 are designed to produce a
brief pulse to energize the relay.

OUTPUT AFTER 2 MINUTES

Here is another very similar circuit. Use either the active HIGH or Active
LOW switch and if the Active LOW switch is used, do not connect the parts
or gate between pins 1 and 2 to the rest of the circuit.

PULSER
The 74c14 can be used for lots of different circuits. In the following design,
the output produces 3mS pulses every second. The circuit is adjustable to a
wide range of requirements.
TRIGGER TIMER
The next design interfaces a "Normally Open" and "Normally Closed" switch
to a delay circuit.
The feedback diode from the output prevents the inputs re-triggering the
timer (during the delay period) so that a device such as a motor, globe or
voice chip can be activated for a set period of time.

BUILDING THE CIRCUITS

The fastest way to put a circuit together is on BREADBOARD. The
cheapest and best bread-board has power-rails and sets of "tie-points" or
"holes" as shown in this photo:

Connect the components with hook-up wire (called jumpers) by stripping

the ends to expose the wire at both ends. Or you can use 0.5mm tinned
copper wire (make sure the jumpers do not touch each other).
Do not cut the leads of the components as you may want long leads on
another project.
Neatness is not important. The important thing is to build as many circuits
as possible as each one will help you understand how the 555 works and
how the external circuitry modifies the signal to produce the resulting effect.
There is a point-to-learn in every circuit.

POWERING A PROJECT
The safest way to power a project is with a battery. Use 4 x AA cells in a holder or a 9v
battery if you only want to use the project for a short period of time.
If you want to use a 555 project for a long period of time you will need a "power supply."
The safest power supply is a Plug Pack (wall-wort, wall wart, wall cube, power brick,
plug-in adapter, adapter block, domestic mains adapter, power adapter, or AC adapter).
The adapter shown in the diagram has a switchable output voltage: 3v, 6v, 7.5v, 9v, 12v)
DC and is rated at 500mA. The black lead is negative and the other lead with a white
stripe (or a grey lead with a black stripe) is the positive lead.
This is the safest way to power a project as the insulation (isolation) from the mains is
provided inside the adapter and there is no possibility of getting a shock.
The rating "500mA" is the maximum the Plug Pack will deliver and if your circuit takes
just 50mA, this is the current that will be supplied. Some pluck packs are rated at 300mA
or 1A and some have a fixed output voltage. All these plug packs will be suitable.
Some Plug Packs are marked "12vAC." This type of plug pack is not suitable for these
circuits as it does not have a set of diodes and electrolytic to convert the AC to DC. All
the circuits in this eBook require DC.
PROJECTS

TOY ORGAN
This circuit produces a tone according to the button being pressed. Only 1
button can be pressed at a time, that's why it is called a monophonic organ.
You can change the 1k resistors to produce a more-accurate scale.

TICKING BOMB
This circuit sound just like a ticking
bomb.

This project can be constructed on our

MAKE ANY 555 PROJECT printed
circuit board.
METAL DETECTOR
This circuit detects metal and also magnets. When a magnet is brought close to the
10mH choke, the output frequency changes. The photo shows the circuit made by a
reader:

GUITAR TUNER
This circuit is designed to produce a tone of 440Hz.
To do this: Set the potentiometer to about half a turn with a
small screw driver. Used an electronic keyboard and select the
square wave tone, then turn on the Guitar Tuner circuit. Hold
the A4 key down on the keyboard and use the screwdriver to
turn the potentiometer until the frequencies match. This project can be
constructed on our MAKE
ANY 555 PROJECT printed
circuit board.
UNEVEN CLICKS
This circuit produces two clicks then a short
space before two more clicks etc. Changing
the voltage on pin, 5 via the diode, adjusts the
timing of the chip.

FLASHING RAILROAD LIGHTS

This circuit flashes two red LEDs for a model railway crossing.
SCREAMER
This circuit will produce an ear-piercing
scream, depending on the amount of light
being detected by the Light Dependent
Resistor.

This project can be

constructed on our MAKE
ANY 555 PROJECT printed
circuit board.

LASER RAY
This circuit produces a weird "Laser Ray" sound and
flashes a white LED at approx 5Hz:

Here is a video of the sound. It sounds much better with a

large speaker.

LED DIMMER
This circuit will adjust the brightness of one or more LEDs
from 5% to 95%.

MOTOR PWM
See also: PWM Controller
The speed of a motor can be adjusted by this circuit, from 5%
to 95%.

PWM
See also: PWM Controller
The output of these circuits can be adjusted from 5% to 95%.
PWM via pin 5
The ratio of the HIGH time to the LOW time can be adjusted
by changing the voltage on Pin 5. This is called PULSE-
WIDTH adjustment or PULSE-WIDTH -MODULATION.
It does not give the wide range of the circuits above, but is
handy for some applications.

VOLTAGE DOUBLER
A voltage higher than the supply can be created by a "Charge-
Pump" circuit created with a 555, diodes and capacitors as
shown in the following circuit. The output will deliver about
50mA
VOLTAGE TRIPLER and QUADRIPLER!
A voltage of about 3 times the supply (minus about 5v) can be created by the
following circuit. The output will deliver about 50mA. Pin 3 goes LOW to about
0.5v and HIGH to about 11v.
When pin 3 goes LOW, capacitor "a" charges via diode "a" to about 11v.
When pin 3 goes HIGH, capacitor "a" has about 11v across it, plus the
voltage on pin 3. The 22v on the positive lead of capacitor "a" passes through
diode "b" to charge capacitor "b'' with 21v - 12v = 9v. This produces a voltage
of 21v on the anode of diode "c." When pin 3 goes LOW, both capacitors "a"
and "c" will charge via diodes "a" and "c" with capacitor "a" being charged via
diode "a" and capacitor "c" charged via diode "c." When pin 3 goes HIGH, the
9v across capacitor "c" will be added to the 22v to charge capacitor "d" to
31v.
INCREASING OUTPUT PUSH-PULL CURRENT
Some 555's do not swing rail-to-rail when 200mA is being delivered and the chip gets very hot when
trying to deliver 200mA.
The solution is to add a push-pull output. The following arrangement has been chosen as it swings
almost rail-to-rail but two faults need to be addressed.
Both transistors turn on during the brief interval when pin 3 is travelling from high to low or low to
high.
This means the two transistors will put a "short" across the power rail.
The addition of the 4R4 will allow a high current to flow but the transistors will not be damaged. In
addition, green LEDs on the base of each transistor reduces the time when both transistors are ON.

The animation shows how the transistors are turned on and off and deliver a high current to the
load. The animation shows how NPN and PNP transistors follow an input signal in a push -pull
arrangement using positive and negative supply rails. This is not the same as our circuit however
the basic effect applies. The output is inverse of pin3 but pin3 only needs to deliver 10-50 milliamp
and the transistors can deliver 1 amp or more to the load. This allows the 555 to be kept cool.

NEGATIVE VOLTAGE
A negative supply can be produced by a "Charge-Pump" circuit created with
a 555, diodes and capacitors as shown in the following circuit. The output
will deliver about 50mA.
STUN GUN - Voltage Multiplier
This circuit produces a very high voltage and care must be used to prevent
getting a nasty shock. The transformer can produce over 1,000v and the 8-
stage multiplier can produce up to 20,000v

12v to 240v INVERTER

This circuit will produce 240v at 50Hz. The wattage will depend on the driver
transistors and transformer.

170v SUPPLY FOR NIXIE TUBES

This circuit produces approx 170v for Nixie tubes and other neon tubes. It is a
switch-mode boost circuit.
12v DC to 12v DC BATTERY CHARGER (and 19v see below)
You cannot charge a 12v battery from a 12v battery. The battery being charged creates a "floating
charge" or "floating voltage" that is higher than the charging voltage and the charging stops.
The following circuit produces a voltage higher than 12v via a CHARGE PUMP arrangement in which the
energy in an electrolytic is fed to a battery to charge it.
The circuit produces about 900mA "charge current" and the diodes and transistors must be fitted with
heat sinks. The LEDs are designed to prevent the two output transistors turning ON at the same time. The
lower output transistor does not start to turn on until the voltage is above 5v and the top transistor does
not turn on until the voltage drops 4v from the positive rail. This means both transistors will be turned on
ONLY when the voltage passes a mid-point-gap of 4v. In our circuit, this time is very short and and the
transition is so fast that no current (short-circuit current) flows via the two output transistors (as per our
test).
The electrolytic charges to about 10v via the lower transistor and top diode. The top BD679 then pulls the
negative of the 2200u electrolytic towards the 12v6 rail and the positive is higher than 12v6 by a
theoretical 10v, (about 9v in our case) however we need the ENERGY IN THE ELECTROLYTIC and in
our circuit it is capable of delivering a current of about 900mA. This energy is passed to the battery via the
lower diode. Most batteries should not be charged faster than the "14-hour-rate." This basically means a
flat battery will be charged in 14 hours. To do this, divide the AHr capacity by 14 to get the charge-rate.
For example, a 17AHr battery should be charged at 1.2A or less. For lower-capacity batteries, the 2200u
can be reduced to 1,000u. Charging is about 80% efficient. In other words, delivering 120% of the AHr
capacity of a battery is needed to fully charge it.
 This circuit will deliver about 150mA

12v DC to 19v DC
This circuit can also be used to charge some of the older-style laptops that need a 19v supply. Remove
the 12v battery from the circuit above and connect the cathode of the lower 1N4004 to the input of the
laptop.

3.7v DC to 5v DC
This circuit will produce about 5v from a 3.7v Li-Ion cell:
A 555 will not work on 3.7v - 0.7v = 3v You may be lucky to get it to "pump up"
the output to get 5v and this will activate the 555. BUT some chips will not work.
The 7555 IC may work on 3.0v - but I would not guarantee anything.

5v DC to 7v DC
This circuit will produce about 7v from a 5v USB port or 5v cell-phone charger to trickle charge a 6v
battery.
The voltage of the battery will rise to about 7v when charging (called the "floating charge") and that's why
you need to "jack-up" the voltage from the USB port to charge the battery. The circuit is limited to about
45mA with a 22u electrolytic and a battery can take up to a week to charge.
Circuit design by: [email protected]
 This circuit will deliver about 45mA

555 AMPLIFIER
The 555 can be used as an amplifier. It operates very similar to pulse-width modulation. The
component values cause the 555 to oscillate at approx 66kHz and the speaker does not respond
to this high frequency. Instead it responds to the average CD value of the modulated output and
demonstrates the concept of pulse-width modulation. The chip gets very hot and is only for brief
demonstrations.

LIGHT DETECTOR
This circuit detects light falling on the Photo-cell (Light Dependent Resistor) to turn on the 555
and create a tone that is delivered to the speaker. Pin 4 must be held below 0.7v to turn the 555
off. Any voltage above 0.7v will activate the circuit. The adjustable sensitivity control is needed to
set the level at which the circuit is activated. When the sensitivity pot is turned so that it has the
lowest resistance (as shown in red), a large amount of light must be detected by the LDR for its
resistance to be low. This produces a voltage-divider made up of the LDR and 4k7 resistor. As
the resistance of the LDR decreases, the voltage across the 4k7 increases and the circuit is
activated.
When the sensitivity control is taken to the 0v rail, its resistance increases and this effectively
adds resistance to the 4k7. The lower-part of the voltage-divider now has a larger resistance and
this is in series with the LDR. Less light is needed on the LDR for it to raise the voltage on pin 4
to turn the 555 on.

DARK DETECTOR
When the level of light on the photo-cell decreases, the 555 is activated. Photo-cells (Photo-
resistors) have a wide range of specifications. Some cells go down to 100R in full sunlight while
others only go down to 1k. Some have a HIGH resistance of between 1M and others are 10M in
total darkness. For this circuit, the LOW resistance (the resistance in sunlight) is the critical
value.
More accurately, the value for a particular level of illumination, is the critical factor. The sensitivity
pot adjusts the level at which the circuit turns on and allows almost any type of photo-cell to be
used.

The next circuit turns on a relay for a short period of time when the LDR does not detect sufficient
light:

SHORT BEEP
This circuit produces a short beep when the input goes from HIGH to LOW. The input can stay
LOW for any length of time but the output will always be a short beep.
This circuit produces a short beep when the input goes from LOW to HIGH. The length of the
beep-tone depends on the value of the 1u electrolytic.

This circuit produces a short beep when the LDR does not receive any illumination.
The length of the beep-tone depends on the value of the 1u and the 10k connected to it.

Don't forget:
The 555 still takes 10mA when it is "turned off" via pin 4.
Pin 4 merely stops the output changing state.

FLIP FLOP and MEMORY CELL

When output pin 3 is HIGH, the 220n charges through the 220k to 6v. When pin 3 is LOW, the
220n discharges through the 220k to 0v. Pressing the switch upsets the 3v created by the two
10k voltage dividers, triggering the flip flop inside the 555 and changing the state of the output
from HIGH to LOW or vice-versa. The output of the 555 drives a transistor to turn a globe on and
off.
The second circuit is a Memory cell and is the basis of the memory in a computer. The SET
button turns on the globe and the RESET button turns the globe off.
It works like this: When the circuit is turned on, pin 6 does not see a high and pin 2 does not see
a low, so the 555 starts in reset mode.

CAR TACHOMETER
A 555 is configured as a monostable or one shot in this project. The period of the 555 is
determined by the 47k and the capacitor from pin 6 to ground (100n). Time "T" = 1.1 RC or
1.1 X 50,000 X 0.1 X10 -6 = 0.0055 or 5.5 mS (milli-seconds).
The 555 receives trigger pulses from the distributor points. These are limited by the 1k and 5v
zener diode. These are AC coupled to the trigger input through the 100n coupling capacitor.
The 50mA meter receives pulses of current through the 200k pot to show a reading.

Integration of the current pulses produces a visible indication of the cars engine speed on the
0-1mA meter.
Supply is taken from the cars 12v system and for the 555 it is reduced to a regulated 9v by the
15 ohm resistor in conjunction with the 9v zener diode. Note: the 10u electrolytic must be
placed physically as close as possible to supply pin 8.

FREQUENCY METER
This circuit will detect audio frequencies and display them on a meter (actually called a
"movement"). Connect the circuit to the output of an amplifier. It is best to detect one

frequency at a time. Integration of the

audio frequency produces a visible indication on the 0-1mA meter.

SERVO TESTER
 This circuit can be used to manually turn a
servo clockwise and anti-clockwise. By
pushing the forward or reverse button for a
short period of time you can control the
rotation of the servo. It will also test a
servo.
Here is a photo of a kit from Cana Kit for
$10.00 plus postage (it is a slightly
different circuit) and a motor and gearbox,
commonly called a "servo." The output
shaft has a disk or wheel containing holes.
A linkage or push-rod is fitted to a hole and
when the disk rotates, the shaft is pushed
and pulled. The shaft only rotates about
180° to actuate flaps or ailerons etc.

A pot can be used to control the position of the servo by using the following circuit. It
produces a positive pulse between about 0.9 milliseconds and 2.1 milliseconds. The off
period between pulses is about 40 milliseconds. This can be shortened by reducing the value
of the 3M3 resistor.

JOY STICK
This circuit will control a servo from a Joy Stick:

The supply for the servo must be separate from the 555 section because the 555 picks up noise
from the servo and makes the motor vibrate all the time.
This circuit works in the "Y-direction." Build another circuit for the "X-direction."
Adjust the 10k pot for the centre of travel and use the Joy Stick to produce left and right action.
The Joy Stick comes in a set of 37 Sensors for less than $20.00 on eBay and you can see all
the sensors HERE.
USELESS MACHINE
Here is a fun project using a servo motor and a circuit similar to the
SERVO TESTER project above. It is available on the
INSTRUCTABLES website. Before you do anything, watch the video:
http://www.instructables.com/id/The-Most-Useless-Machine

The Instructables website contains all the construction details. The

circuit diagram shows the toggle switch is clicked towards the lid of the
box and this starts the servo motor. The servo has an arm that comes
out of the box and clicks the switch to the opposite position. This
reverses the servo and the arm retreats into the box and hits the limit
switch that turns the circuit off.
You may have to adjust the value of the 15k and 27k resistors and you
will also see other videos on the Instructables website to help you with
construction.
As the website says: "It's the most useless invention, but everyone
wants one."

TRANSISTOR TESTER

The 555 operates at 2Hz. Output pin 3 drives the circuit with a positive
then zero voltage. The other end of the circuit is connected to a voltage
divider with the mid-point at approx 4.5v. This allows the red and green
LEDs to alternately flash when no transistor is connected to the tester.
If a good transistor is connected, it will produce a short across the LED
pair when the voltage is in one direction and only one LED will flash. If
the transistor is open, both LED’s will flash and if the transistor is
shorted, neither LED will flash.

SWITCH DEBOUNCE
The output goes HIGH for 100mS when the switch is pressed.

INCREASING OUTPUT
CURRENT
The 555 will deliver 200mA to a load but the chip gets extremely hot
(12v supply). The answer is to use a buffer transistor.
For 200mA, use a BC547 or equivalent.
For 500mA use a BC337 or equivalent
For 1A, use a TIP31 or equivalent.
For 3A - 5A use a BD679 or equivalent with heatsink
For 5A to 10A use TIP3055 with heatsink
IMPROVING THE SINKING OF A 555
The output of a 555 goes low to deliver current to a load connected as
shown in the circuit below. But when the chip is sinking 200mA, pin 3
has about 1.9v on it. This means the chip does not provide full rail
voltage to the load.
This can be improved by connecting pin 7 to pin 3. Pin 7 has a
transistor that connects it to 0v rail at the same time when pin 3 is
LOW. They can both be connected together to improve sinking
capability. In this case the low will be 800mV for 200mA instead of
1900mV, an improvement of 1100mV. This will add 1v1 to the load
and also make the chip run cooler.

CONSTANT CURRENT
The 555 will deliver 200mA to a load but this might be too
much. You can add a dropper resistor (current limiting
resistor) but the current will reduce as the supply voltage
drops.
To provide a constant output current to a device such as
an IR LED, the following circuit can be used. The current
will be constant for any supply voltage but the best range
will be 7v to 12v.
The current is determined according to the value of R.
You can use this table:
R Current
5R6 100mA
10R 60mA
22R 30mA
 47R 15mA
100R 6mA

DRIVING A BI-COLOUR LED

Some 3-leaded LEDs produce red and green. This circuit
alternately flashes a red/green bi-coloured LED:

BI-POLAR LED DRIVER

Some 2-leaded LEDs produce red and green. These are called Bi-
polar LEDs. This circuit alternately flashes a red/green bi-polar
LED:
DRIVING A TRI-COLOUR LED
This circuit drives each colour slowly from dark to full brightness and each oscillator has a different frequency. This creates a
total mixture of colours and allows the RGB LED to produce all its different colours. Some LEDs (diffused LEDs) work better
than others. Change the 220k/22k etc for each oscillator to get a different mixing effect.
The output pin 3 goes HIGH immediately but the base is taken high slowly because the 100u takes time to charge via the
22k etc resistor). The transistor is an emitter-follower and it delivers more and more current through the 470R to increase
the brightness. Then the process reverses.

There are many different flickering and flashing LEDs on the market via eBay.
They contain a microscopic microcontroller chip and current limiting resistor. Many of them work on a voltage from 3v to 6v
and you can hear the oscillator turning ON and OFF to produce the different effects by building the following circuit:

This means you have a choice. You can buy a 4-leaded RGB LED and activate the individual colours or buy a 2-leaded
RGB LED and let the microcomputer inside the LED do all the flickering.
The circuit above will let you hear all the "ramping and oscillating" needed to produce the effects.

ZENER DIODE TESTER

This circuit will test zener diodes up to 56v. See Talking Electronics website, left index, 200 Transistor Circuits (circuits 1-
100) and go to Zener Diode (making) to see how to make a zener diode and how to create a zener voltage from a
combination of zeners.
Place the zener across the terminals in the circuit below and read the value across it with a multimeter set to 50v range.
WAILING SIREN
By pressing the button, the wailing sound increases. Releasing the button decreases the
wailing.
The circuit automatically turns off after about 30 seconds.

CONTINUITY TESTER
This circuit will detect low resistances and high resistances to produce a tone from the
speaker.
It will detect up to 200k and the circuit automatically turns off when the probes are not used.

MORSE KEYER
This circuit will help you master the art of keying Morse Code:
ACTIVE LOW TRIGGER
This circuit sits LOW and the output goes HIGH when the push-button is pressed. When the
normally-closed push button is pressed, it opens and the uncharged 1u will be pulled to
nearly 0v rail via the 10k and this will take pin 2 LOW to make output pin 3 HIGH for the
duration determined by the 22u and 100k. If the push-switch stays open, the 1u will charge
via the 100k and eventually the output of the 555 will go low.
But normally the switch must be pressed for a short period of time so that the timing
components (100k and 22u) make the output go HIGH for a short period of time. This circuit
is called an ACTIVE LOW TRIGGER

ACTIVE HIGH TRIGGER

This circuit produces a HIGH output via a HIGH trigger:
MACHINE GUN
This circuit produces a sound very similar to a machine gun:

LATCH
This circuit is a LATCH and remains ACTIVE when the push-button has been pressed for
an INSTANT and released.

TOGGLE 555
This circuit will toggle the output each time the switch is pressed. The action cannot be
repeated until the 10u charges or discharges via the 100k.
TAP ON TAP OFF
This circuit will toggle the output each time the piezo is tapped very hard. The action
cannot be repeated until the 10u charges or discharges via the 100k (up to about 8
seconds).
The piezo must be good quality (available from Talking Electronics). Don't complain if
your circuit does not work. The piezo must produce a high output.

TAP ON TAP OFF-2

To increase the sensitivity of the piezo, a transistor can be added. It does not matter
which way around the transistor is connected and the piezo can be connected to the
collector and base. Try experimenting with the different arrangements and see if there
is any improvement.

CLAP ON - OFF
At long-last we have a clap switch using a 555.
The output going HIGH and LOW provides two different voltages for the BC547 and
also pins 2 and 6. The transistor simply provides a signal and this alters the voltage
on pins 2 and 6.
Pin 3 will provide a lowish voltage on pin 2 and 6 and the transistor will simply lower
this voltage to turn the 555 ON. When the 555 is ON, the voltage on pins 2 and 6 will
be higher but not high enough to turn the 555 OFF. A clap will produce a waveform
that increases the voltage on pins 2 and 6 and the 555 is turned OFF. The 100u
slows down the change in voltage from the 555 so the clapping will be able to
change the state of the chip. The circuit works on 6v to 9v.

TOGGLE 555 - ON/OFF

This circuit will turn the output ON when a light shines on the LDR connected to pin
2 and OFF when a light shines on the LDR connected to pin 6.

TOGGLE A RELAY
This circuit will toggle a relay each time the switch is pressed. The action cannot
be repeated until the 10u charges or discharges via the 100k.

KNIGHT RIDER
In the Knight Rider circuit, the 555 is wired as an oscillator. It can be adjusted to
give the desired speed for the display. The output of the 555 is directly connected
to the input of a Johnson Counter (CD 4017). The input of the counter is called
the CLOCK line.
The 10 outputs Q0 to Q9 become active, one at a time, on the rising edge of the
waveform from the 555. Each output can deliver about 20mA but a LED should
not be connected to the output without a current-limiting resistor (330R in the
circuit above).
The first 6 outputs of the chip are connected directly to the 6 LEDs and these
"move" across the display. The next 4 outputs move the effect in the opposite
direction and the cycle repeats. The animation above shows how the effect
appears on the display.
Using six 3mm LEDs, the display can be placed in the front of a model car to give
a very realistic effect. The same outputs can be taken to driver transistors to
produce a larger version of the display.

The Knight Rider circuit is available as a kit for less than

$15.00 plus postage as Kitt Scanner.

Here is a simple Knight Rider circuit using resistors to drive the LEDs. This circuit
consumes 22mA while only delivering 7mA to each LED. The outputs are
"fighting" each other via the 100R resistors (except outputs Q0 and Q5).

FLASHING INDICATORS
This is a request from Daniel, one of our subscribers.
He needed to flash "turn indicators" using a 555 and a single 20 amp relay. Here
is our suggestion. The timing resistor needs to be selected for the appropriate
flash-rate.
 Flashing the "TURN INDICATORS"

TOUCH SWITCH and TOUCH ON-OFF

The Touch Switch circuit will detect stray voltages produced by mains voltages and
electrostatic build-up in a room. In the first circuit, pin 2 must see a LOW for the circuit to
activate. If sufficient static voltage is detected by the plate, the chip will change state. If
not, you will need to touch the plate and the 0v rail. In the second circuit, two touch
plates are provided and the resistance of your finger changes the voltage on pin 2 or 6 to
toggle the 555.

The circuit can be made 100 times more sensitive by adding a transistor to the front-end
as shown in the diagram below:

SIREN 100dB
This is a very loud siren and if two or more piezo's are located in a room,
the burglar does not know where the sound is coming from.
A robber will not stay anywhere with an ear-piercing sound as he cannot
hear if someone is approaching.
It's the best deterrent you can get. The "F" contact on the piezo is
"feedback" and is not needed in this circuit.

POLICE SIREN
The Police Siren circuit uses two 555's to produce an up-down wailing
sound. The first 555 is wired as a low-frequency oscillator to control the
VOLTAGE CONTROL pin 5 of the second 555. The voltage shift on pin 5
causes the frequency of the second oscillator to rise and fall.

HEE HAW SIREN

Build the circuit and listen. Change the resistors and capacitors to get all
sorts of different results.
HEE HAW SIREN with one 555
The flashing LED is used to provide the timing and also to alter the 555 to produce two different
tones.

RAIN ALARM
This circuit consumes no current until moisture is detected on the rain plate.

PWM CONTROLLER
See also: PWM
This controller will deliver up to 30 amps and control the motor from 5% to 95%.
SOLAR TRACKER
For Solar Tracker circuits using the 555, go to Duane Johnson's website:
http://www.redrok.com/electron.htm
where he has developed a number of Solar Trackers on his enormous website. It will take
you an hour to go through the whole site, so here is a starting point:
http://www.redrok.com/electron.htm#led555

HULDA CLARK ZAPPER

This is the circuit for Dr. Hulda Clark's Zapper, designed in 2003. The frequency is approximately
30kHz positive offset square wave. It has a red LED light that lights up when the unit is on. Perfect
for regular zapping, extended zapping and other Hulda Clark related experiments.
This device is used to cure, treat and prevent any disease. It will cure anything. Simply hold the
two probes (one in each hand) for 5-10 minutes then rest for 20 minutes, then repeat two more
times. Do this each day and you will be cured. Here is the .pdf of her book: A Cure For All
Diseases. Website: http://clarktestimonials.com/ Hundreds of people have been cured of
everything from herpes to AIDS.
On the other side of the coin is the claim that Dr Hulda Clark is a complete quack. Here is a
website called: Quackwatch. The second diagram shows the two copper tubes and the circuit in a
plastic box. I am still at a loss to see how any energy can transfer from this quack machine,
through the skin (50k skin resistance and 9v supply) and zap a bug in your intestine. It's a bit like
saying I will kill all the mice in a haystack by stabbing the stack with a needle.

TILT SWITCH
The output is LOW at start-up due to the capacitor on pin 4. When the mercury switch
closes, the output goes HIGH and remains HIGH until the reset button is pressed. This
circuit is called a LATCH. See Latch circuit and Memory Cell above.
MOSQUITO REPELLER
This circuit produces a tone above the human audible range and this is supposed to
keep the mosquitoes away. You need a piezo diaphragm that will respond to 15kHz and
these are very difficult to find.

DRIVING A RELAY
The 555 will activate a relay. When pins 2 and 6 are connected as an input, the chip requires only
about 1uA to activate the output. This is equivalent to a gain of about 200,000,000 (200 million)
and represents about 4 stages of amplification via transistors.
In the first circuit, the output will be opposite to the input. The relay can be connected "high" or
"low" as show in the second diagram. One point to note: The input must be higher than 2/3V for the
output to be low and below 1/3V for the output to be high. This is called HYSTERESIS and
prevents any noise on the input creating "relay chatter."

THE DIODE
The diode across the relay is very important. It prevents spikes entering the 555 via pin3 but it also
has an effect on the way the chip works.
In an experiment that activated the relay at 5Hz, the frequency changed to 2Hz when the diode
was added. Somehow the noise entering the chip had an effect on the frequency.
The diode also improved the output waveform, as you would expect.
NEGATIVE LOGIC
An interesting point to remember.
In the first diagram above, the relay is connected so that it is active when the output is low. This is
called NEGATIVE or NEGATIVE LOGIC. It has the same reasoning as -5 - (-5) = 0.
Or in English: "I am not NOT going."
When the input is low in the first diagram, the output is HIGH and the relay is OFF. The circuitry
creates two reversals and makes it easy to see that when the input is LOW, the relay is OFF.

SCHMITT TRIGGER (Hysteresis)

also called AN INVERTER
also called A SCHMITT INVERTER
This circuit is the same as Driving A Relay circuit above. It is the same circuit with a
different name.
We have also animated the circuit to show how the output goes high or low according
to the input level. The animation shows a wide gap between the input levels when the
time when the output goes HIGH or LOW and this gap is called the HYSTERESIS
GAP.
This circuit is called a SCHMITT TRIGGER and it is used in many building-blocks
(using a different chip - such as 74c14) to prevent false triggering.
It prevents false triggering because as the input rises, the output does not change until
the input voltage is fairly high. If the input voltage falls, the output does not change until
the input falls about 30%. This means small fluctuations (noise) on the input do not
have any effect on the output. The output is the INVERSE of the input - in other words
the 555 is a SCHMITT INVERTER. The second diagram shows a Schmitt Trigger
building block.

SCHMITT TRIGGER
BUILDING BLOCK

THE 555 AS A SCHMITT TRIGGER

Here is another way to "see" a 555.
The 555 is drawn as a SCHMITT TRIGGER.
The 555 is actually a SCHMITT TRIGGER when pin 2 and 6 are connected together
and pin 3 is take to the join of these pins.
Pin 2 detects 33% of rail voltage on the electrolytic to turn the 555 ON and pin 6
detects 66% of rail voltage on the 100u to turn the 555 OFF.
The IC can also drive a LOAD with about 200mA and it can either source or sink the
200mA, so the chip is quite versatile.

MUSIC BOX
This circuit produces 10 different tones and by selecting suitable values to change the
voltage on pin 5, the result can be quite pleasing. Note: the two unused outputs of the
4017 produce a tone equal to that produced by the 555 when pin 5 has no external
control voltage.

REACTION TIMER GAME

This is a game for two players.
Player 1 presses the START button. This resets the 4026 counter chip and starts the
555 oscillator.
The 555 produces 10 pulses per second and these are counted by the 4026 chip and
displayed on the 7-Segment display.
The second player is required to press the STOP button. This freezes the display by
activating the Clock Inhibit line of the 4026 (pin 2).
Two time-delay circuits are included. The first activates the 555 by charging a 10u
electrolytic and at the same time delivering a (high) pulse to the 4026 chip to reset it.
The second timer freezes the count on the display (by raising the voltage on pin 2) so
it can be read.
 Prototype produced by Bruce Pierson
see: Bruce Pierson website for PCB layout
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
Here's a clever circuit using two 555's to produce a set of traffic
lights for a model layout.
The animation shows the lighting sequence and this follows the
Australian-standard. The red LED has an equal on-off period and
when it is off, the first 555 delivers power to the second 555. This
illuminates the Green LED and then the second 555 changes state
to turn off the Green LED and turn on the Orange LED for a short
period of time before the first 555 changes state to turn off the
second 555 and turn on the red LED. A supply voltage of 9v to 12v
is needed because the second 555 receives a supply of about 2v
less than rail. This circuit also shows how to connect LEDs high and
low to a 555 and also turn off the 555 by controlling the supply to pin
8. Connecting the LEDs high and low to pin 3 will not work and
since pin 7 is in phase with pin 3, it can be used to advantage in this
design.
Here is a further description of how the circuit works:
Both 555's are wired as oscillators in astable mode and will oscillate ALL THE
TIME when they are turned ON. But the second 555 is not turned on all the time!
The first 555 turns on and the 100u is not charged. This makes output pin 3 HIGH
and the red LED is not illuminated. However the output feeds the second 555 and
it turns on.
Output pin 3 of the second 555 turns on the green LED and the second 100u
charges to 2/3 rail voltage and causes the 555 to change states. The green LED
goes off and the orange LED turns on.
The second 100u starts to discharge, but the first 100u is charging via a 100k and
after the orange LED has been on for a short period of time, the first 555 changes
state and pin 3 goes LOW.
This turns on the red LED and turns off the second 555.
The first 100u starts to discharge via the 100k and eventually it changes state to
start the cycle again.
The secret of the timing is the long cycle-time of the first 555 due to the 100k and
the short cycle due to the 47k on the second 555.
One problem is the timing for the first time the circuit is turned ON is different to
the continued operation, because the 100u's have to charge from 0v.
The sequence was not perfect with 100u + 100u so Paul Mathew changed the first
100u to 220u and the sequence was perfect.
You can change the 100k to 220k instead of changing the electrolytic.

4 WAY TRAFFIC LIGHTS

This circuit produces traffic lights for a "4-way" intersection. The seemingly
complex wiring to illuminate the lights is shown to be very simple.
DRIVING MANY LEDS
The 555 is capable of sinking and sourcing up to 200mA, but it gets very hot when
doing this on a 12v supply.
The following circuit shows the maximum number of white LEDs that can be
realistically driven from a 555 and we have limited the total current to about 130mA
as each LED is designed to pass about 17mA to 22mA maximum. A white LED
drops a characteristic 3.2v to 3.6v and this means only 3 LEDs can be placed in
series.

TV REMOTE CONTROL JAMMER

This circuit confuses the infra-red receiver in a TV. It produces a constant signal
that interferes with the signal from a remote control and prevents the TV
detecting a channel-change or any other command. This allows you to watch
your own program without anyone changing the channel !! The circuit is
adjusted to produce a 38kHz signal. The IR diode is called an Infra-red
transmitting Diode or IR emitter diode to distinguish it from a receiving diode,
called an IR receiver or IR receiving diode. (A Photo diode is a receiving diode).
There are so many IR emitters that we cannot put a generic number on the circuit
to represent the type of diode. Some types include: CY85G, LD271,
CQY37N(45¢), INF3850, INF3880, INF3940 (30¢). The current through the IR
LED is limited to 100mA by the inclusion of the two 1N4148 diodes, as these
form a constant-current arrangement when combined with the transistor and 5R6
resistor.

3x3x3 CUBE
This circuit drives a 3x3x3 cube consisting of 27 white LEDs. The 4020 IC is a
14 stage binary counter and we have used 9 outputs. Each output drives 3 white
LEDs in series and we have omitted a dropper resistor as the chip can only
deliver a maximum of 15mA per output. The 4020 produces 512 different
patterns before the sequence repeats and you have to build the project to see
the effects it produces on the 3D cube.
If you are having trouble understanding the circuit, here is a guide:
There are 9 strings of 3 LEDs.
Here is how to solder them together:
Connect 3 LEDs together and do this 9 times.
Now connect the cathode of the end of each string to all the other strings.
Now you have 9 strings of LEDs all connected together at the bottom.
Connect the top of each string to one of the pins: 7, 5, 4, 6, 13, 12, 14, 15, 1.
Now connect all the cathodes (they are already connected together) to pins 1
and 8 of the chips.
A 47R resistor can be connected to each of the outputs to limit the current if you
are increasing the supply above 12v.

UP/DOWN FADING LED

These two circuits make a LED fade on and off. The first circuit charges a 100u
and the transistor amplifies the current entering the 100u and delivers 100 times
this value to the LED via the collector-emitter pins. The circuit needs 9v for
operation since pin 2 of the 555 detects 2/3Vcc before changing the state of the
output so we only have a maximum of 5.5v via a 220R resistor to illuminate the
LED. The second circuit requires a very high value electrolytic to produce the
same effect.

These circuits will really only support one LED. One constructor tried two LEDs
and it did not work.
Here's the reason: The transistor amplifies the energy that the 100u is able to
deliver on each cycle and this is only enough for one LED. Similarly, the 2,200u is
only able to supply energy to one LED.
It works like this: The transistor detects the amount of current the LED wants at
any part of the cycle (due to its illumination) and it takes about one-hundredth or
one two-hundredth of this from the electrolytic. 99% of the current is delivered via
the collector (via the supply rail). If two LEDs are connected, the electrolytic
cannot supply the extra energy and the circuit may not work.
The energy in the 100u is supplied by the 33k and if you want it to deliver more
energy, the 33k will have to be reduced.

If you just want fade-ON and fade-

OFF, this circuit is all you need:

You can also drive "rope lights."

These can be surface-mount LEDs or totally-sealed LEDs and generally have two wires connected
to one end for the 12v supply.
Three LEDs are generally connected in series inside the "rope" with a dropper resistor and some
"ropes" can be cut after each set of three LEDs as shown in the diagram below:

Each set of three LEDs draws about 20mA so a rope of 24 LEDs takes about 160mA. Adjust the
first two 100k resistors and 100u to set the fade-IN and fade-OUT feature.

H-BRIDGE
This circuit drives a motor clockwise / anticlockwise via a 10k to 100k pot.
H-BRIDGE WITH PWM
This circuit drives a motor clockwise / anticlockwise via a pot and reduces the
speed to zero when the pot is in mid-position. The current is limited to 200mA
and the voltage across the motor is less than 6v, but the circuit shows the
principle of Pulse Width Modulation (providing powerful bursts of current to
the motor to create a high or low RPM under load) and both forward / reverse
RPM via the H-bridge arrangement.

H-BRIDGE PUSH-PULL
DOG-BARK STOPPER
The two circuits above are also H-Bridge
Push-Pull outputs, however the current is
limited to 200mA or less. In this design the
current can be 3 amps or more, depending
on the supply voltage, the resistance of the
load and the type of driver transistors. About
2v5 is lost between "c and e" due to the
output of the 555 and the base-emitter
voltage of the driver transistors. This circuit
drives an ultrasonic transducer (speaker) at
20kHz to 40kHz to subdue dog barking.
If the unit is turned on by remote control
every time the dog barks, the animal will
soon learn to cease barking.
Look on eBay for Piezo
Tweeter for about $3.00 plus
$7.00 postage. The
maximum frequency
response will be about
30kHz.

BIKE TURNING SIGNAL

This circuit can be used to indicate left and right turn on a motor-bike. Two
identical circuits will be needed, one for left and one for right.
555 ON 24v
If you need to operate a 555 on 24v, you will need to reduce the voltage to less
than 18v. The following circuits reduce the voltage to 12v:

30mA:
If the 555 circuit takes less than 30mA (the 555 takes 10mA) you can use a
400mW zener diode to drop the 24v supply to 12v for the 555. In other words,
12v is dropped across the zener.

Up to 500mA:
The next circuit will allow up to 500mA. The transistor will need to be placed on a
large heatsink. It is an emitter-follower-regulator transistor and can be used with
a 400mW zener. The output voltage is 0.6v lower than the zener voltage.

Up to 500mA with "Amplifier Zener"

A 400mW zener can be converted to a "Power Zener" by combining with a
transistor as shown in the following circuit: 12.6v will be dropped across the rails.
In other words, if the top rail is 24v, the bottom rail will be 11.4v.
Up to 1A:
Using the next circuit will allow the 555 to take 200mA and the load to take
800mA. The 7812 will need to be placed on a large heatsink. The 7812 is called
a 3-terminal VOLTAGE REGULATOR.

POLICE LIGHTS
These three circuits flash the left LEDs 3 times then the right
LEDs 3 times, then repeats. The only difference is the choice of
chips.
LED DICE with Slow Down
This circuit produces a random number from 1 to 6 on LEDs
that are similar to the pips on the side of a dice. When the
two TOUCH WIRES are touched with a finger, the LEDs
flash very quickly and when the finger is removed, they
gradually slow down and come to a stop. LED Dice with
Slow Down kit is available from Talking Electronics.
 The LED
Dice with
Slow Down
kit is
available for $16.00 plus $6.50
postage.
The kit includes the parts and
PC board.

LED DICE-3
This circuit creates a rotating LED that starts very fast when a finger touches the TOUCH WIRES. When the
finger is removed, the rotation slows down and finally stops.

ROULETTE
This circuit creates a rotating LED that starts very fast when a finger touches the TOUCH WIRES. When the
finger is removed, the rotation slows down and finally stops.
MODEL RAILWAY TIME
Here is a circuit that will convert any clock mechanism into Model Railway Time.
For those who enjoy model railways, the ultimate is to have a fast clock to match the scale of the layout.
This circuit will appear to "make time fly" by turning the seconds hand once every 6 seconds. The timing
can be adjusted by changing the 47k. The electronics in the clock is disconnected from the coil and the
circuit drives the coil directly. The circuit takes a lot more current than the original clock (1,000 times
more) but this is one way to do the job without a sophisticated chip.

REVERSING A MOTOR-4 (see 1, 2, 3 in 200 Transistor Circuits)

In this example the power is applied via the start switch and the train moves
to the away limit switch and stops. The 555 creates a delay of 1 minute and
the train moves to the home limit and stops. Turn the power on-off to restart
the action.
AUTOMATIC CURTAIN CLOSER
Circuit : Andy Collinson
Email: [email protected]

This circuit uses a mixture of transistors, an IC and a relay and is used to automatically open and close a pair of curtains.
Using switch S3 also allows manual control, allowing curtains to be left only partially open or closed. The circuit controls a
motor that is attached to a simple pulley mechanism, to move the curtains.

Automatic Operation
The circuit can be broken into three main parts; a bi-stable latch, a timer and a reversing circuit. Toggle switch S3 determines
manual or automatic mode. The circuit as shown above is drawn in the automatic position and operation is as follows. The bi-
stable is built around Q1 and Q2 and associated circuitry and controls relay A/2. S1 is used to open the curtains and S2 to
close the curtains. At power on, a brief positive pulse is applied to the base of Q2 via C2. Q2 will be on, and activate relay A/2.
The network of C3 and R4 form a low current holding circuit for the relay. Relay A/2 is a 12V relay with a 500 ohm coil. It
requires slightly less current to keep it energized than it does to operate it. Once the relay has operated, the current through
the coil is reduced by R4, saving power consumption. When Q2 is off, C3 will be discharged, but when Q2 becomes active
(either at switch-on or by pressing S1) capacitor C3 will charge very quickly via the relay coil. The initial charging current is
sufficient to energize the relay and current flow through R4 sufficient to keep it energized.

STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER

This circuit controls the speed of a stepper motor via the 100k
pot. The direction of rotation is determined by the double-pole
double-throw switch.
The stepper motor used in this circuit came from an old
scanner. It had 5 wires: red-black-yellow-brown-orange. The
LEDs illuminate via the back-emf of the coils and prevent the
spikes entering the transistors. The LEDs will flicker to show
the pulses being received by the stepper motor.
The 27k stop-resistor limits the upper-frequency of the 555
and prevents the circuit producing pulses that are too fast for
the stepper motor.
If the colour coding is different on your stepper motor and it
fails to work, you only need to reverse two connections thus:
A B C D
A B D C (reverse the two end connections) and if this
fails, This stepper motor costs less than
A D B C (reverse the two middle connections) $5.00 from BG Micro and has 6 wires
as shown in the diagram above.

STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER TE555-1

This circuit uses the latest TE555-1 STEPPER MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER chip from
Talking Electronics. It is available for $2.50 and controls the speed of a stepper motor via the
100k pot. The direction of rotation is determined by the FORWARD and REVERSE switches and
the motor does not take any current when a switch is not pressed.

ANIMATED DISPLAY CONTROLLER TE555-2

This circuit uses the latest TE555-2 ANIMATED DISPLAY CONTROLLER chip from Talking Electronics. This 8-
pin chip is available for $2.50 and produces 7 different animations on a 10 LED display. The animations are
selected by the position of a 100k pot and when the animation is showing, the pot can be adjusted to increase the
speed of the animation.
"Position 10" on the pot cycles through the 7 animations.

A kit of components (matrix board, PC board for LEDs,

surface-mount resistors, capacitors, transistor, diode,
switch, cells, battery holder, pot and 20 yellow LEDs with
TE555-2 chip is available for $15.00 plus $5.00 postage.
Click the link above and you will be sent an email with the
costs. This is an ideal project you get you into surface-
mount technology and you can add it to a model layout or
build it into a Lego brick for a junior member.
Wiring the two ten-LED displays

The project has two 10-LED displays. One on the front and one on the back

Two of the 7 animations

FOUR ALARMS SOUNDS TE555-3

This circuit uses the latest TE555-3 FOUR ALARM SOUNDS chip from Talking
Electronics. This 8-pin chip is available for $2.50 and produces 4 different alarm
sounds. The chip can be used as a complete alarm system. All you need is a piezo
diaphragm and the output will be enough for a single room. To create a very loud
output you can add a buffer transistor and piezo speaker and the sounds will be
deafening.
Just think of it. A complete alarm circuit for $2.50 plus a switch, battery and output
piezo (such as a piezo tweeter). All the components are available from Talking
Electronics and you just need to email Colin Mitchell: [email protected] with your
list of items.
The output is set to produce an alarm for 3 minutes then stops.

The chip set-up as an alarm

A A
Alarm Output
1 0
0 0 Continuous 2.4kHz tone
0 1 Chirps
1 0 Siren
1 1 Space Gun
Control lines A0 and A1 are tied HIGH or LOW and when "enable" line is taken
HIGH, the tone is emitted from pins 2 and 7 (in toggle mode). Pin 2 is LOW when the
chip is at rest. To get a very loud output, pin 2 drives a Darlington transistor and
piezo tweeter with a 10mH choke across the piezo to produce a waveform of nearly
100v. The circuit consumes 0.1mA when at rest.
DICE TE555-4

This circuit uses the latest TE555-4 DICE chip from Talking Electronics. This 8-pin chip is
available for $2.50 and drives a 7-Segment display. The circuit can be assembled on proto-
type board. For more help on the list of components, email Colin Mitchell:
[email protected]

Here is the prototype.

It has been made very quickly on prototype board.

A kit of components is available from Talking Electronics

and a board shown above.
You will have to connect the parts yourself and
make a neater job . . .
 Contact Colin for details.

This is how it works

The circuit relies on measuring your "timing to push the button" to get a random number.

So, push the button and turn the circuit ON. (this generates the random number)
The letter "r" appears to say "ROLL."
Push the button and let it go.
The dice will roll.
The final value will stay illuminated for a few seconds and then "r" will appear for the next
roll.
The timing is so fast that even very fast pushes will get a different result.
So, you cannot cheat the system!!!!

LED FX TE555-5

This circuit uses the latest TE555-5 LED FX chip from Talking Electronics. This 8-pin chip is
available for $2.50 and drives 3 LEDs. The circuit can be assembled on matrix board.
The circuit produces 12 different sequences including flashing, chasing, police lights and
flicker.
It also has a feature where you can create your own sequence and it will show each time the
chip is turned on. The kit of components and matrix board can be purchased for $15.00 plus
postage. Email Colin Mitchell: [email protected] for more details.
HOME ALARM-1
Here is a Home Alarm using 555 IC's.
BURGLAR ALARM 4-ZONE
This circuit uses a dedicated alarm chip from Talking Electronics (TE555-BA4). The chip costs $2.50 and contains
a 4-zone Burglar Alarm circuit. All you need are the surrounding components to complete the project. These
components are available as a kit for $20.00 including the dedicated chip and this makes it one of the cheapest
kits on the market (postage for kit $6.50). Click HERE to order the chip or the kit.
The only additional parts you require are 4 reed switches. These can be purchased on eBay for $5.38 for a set of
5 Normally Open switches (post free).
Here is the link:
http://www.ebay.com/itm/5-Set-Door-Or-Window-Safety-Contact-Magnetic-Alarm-Reed-Switch-NO-with-Screws-/
290746194636?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item43b1d2dacc
Build the circuit on a piece of matrix board (or the Circuit Board included in the kit) and connect the inputs to the
screw terminals. 6 separate 2-screw terminals are provided in the kit to make it easy to wire-up the alarm. The
alarm takes about 1mA when monitoring a house and about 100mA when activated.
The siren is only activated ONCE for 5 minutes when a break-in occurs as this is the maximum allowable time for
a siren to wail in Australia.
If you want the alarm to constantly wail after a break-in, push button A when the alarm is turned on (and the exit
beep is being produced). The constantly wailing LED will flash. Push the button again and the 5 minute LED will
flash. The button toggles between the two features.
You can use reed switches for the input devices for doors and drawers. You can also trap the burglar by placing
money under a clip and have a very thin length of tinned copper wire wound around two pins. When the money is
removed, the wire is pulled off the pins. A single strand of wire can be obtained from a length of hook-up flex.

POWER SUPPLY
The alarm can be connected to a 12v gell cell with a rating of 1.2AHr and it can be automatically charged using
our
Automatic Battery Charger in 101 Transistor Circuits.
http://www.talkingelectronics.com/projects/200TrCcts/101-200TrCcts.html#84

HOW THE CIRCUIT WORKS

Any of the inputs can be used for the Entry/Exit.
It is connected to the door you will use to enter or exit the property. The alarm gives you 45 seconds to exit.
When you enter the property, the buzzer turns on as soon as you open the door and beeps for 45 seconds to
allow you to turn off the alarm.
If the alarm is not turned off, the main piezo siren produces a soft tone for 30 seconds and then a piercing wailing
sound.
This allows you to turn off the alarm before the loud wailing is produced and is one of the best features of the
alarm as the worry of false-triggering an alarm prevents many householders setting their alarm.
Any unused inputs must be connected with a link so the alarm can be set.
When the circuit is turned ON, you have 45 seconds to exit the premises.
The chip then flashes either the 5-min LED or the Constant LED to indicate if the siren will wail for 5 minutes or
constantly. You can change the setting by pressing the button. The circuit then beeps for 45 seconds to give you
time to exit the property. It then monitors all 4 inputs.
 Alarm 4-Zone PCB

The main chip contains an internal oscillator to drive a piezo diaphragm and also a wailing oscillator for the Piezo
Siren. The Piezo Siren is an 80dB piezo diaphragm driven by a BD679 Darlington transistor with a 10mH choke to
produce a high voltage for the diaphragm.
The chip operates on 5v and the rest of the circuit uses 12v. A very simple voltage-dropper consisting of 2 LEDs
and 1k5 drops the 12v to 5v.

HEADLIGHT SELECTOR
This circuit was designed by a reader who needed to select between low and high beam
by pressing a switch, then change back by pressing the switch again. The circuit always
starts on low beam, regardless of the state when it was turned off.

1-10 MINUTE AUTO TURN OFF

This circuit provides an automatic turn-off feature after a time
that can be set from 1 minute to 10 minutes by the 470k pot.
WATER LEVEL DETECTOR
This circuit can be used to automatically keep the header tank filled. It
uses a double-pole relay. This is the transistor version of the circuit
below.

Here is the circuit using a 555:

These are the facts you have to remember. In our circuit, Pins 2 and 6
detect a voltage when water is not touching the probes, due to the
100k resistors. When water touches the probes, neither pin "detects a
voltage."
Don't worry about pin 2 detecting 1/3 of rail voltage and pin 6 detecting
2/3 of rail voltage. In our circuit the pins either detect a voltage or do
not detect a voltage. Pin 2 detects a LOW and pin 6 detects a HIGH.
Pin 2 does nothing when it detects a HIGH and pin 6 does nothing
when it detects a LOW.
When the water is LOW, as shown in fig 1, both pins 2 and 6 are
HIGH and the output of the 555 is LOW.
As the water rises, as shown in fig 2, Pin 6 goes low but nothing
happens to pin 3 except the chip "has been prepared via the internal
flip-flop" to change when pin 2 goes LOW. When the water reaches
pin 2, as shown in fig 3, this pin "fails to see a HIGH," the output of
the chip goes HIGH and the pump turns off.
As the water level goes down, as shown in fig 4, pin 2 sees a HIGH
but this does not change the 555 as pin 2 only has an effect when it
goes LOW.
When the water level goes down further, as shown in fig 5, pin 6 sees
a HIGH and because pin 2 is not seeing a LOW, the chip will change
states. The output goes LOW.

Here's the circuit used in a hydroponic garden, to grow tomatoes:

http://indoorhydroponicveggies.wordpress.com/#waterleveldetector

WARNING LIGHTS FLASHER

These two circuits flash two 5 watt to 21watt car
lamps. The first circuit uses BD679 Darlington
transistors and the second circuit uses a 555.

This 12v Warning Beacon is suitable for a car or truck

break-down on the side of the road. The key to the
operation of the circuit is the high gain of the
Darlington transistors. The circuit must be kept "tight"
(thick wires) to be sure it will oscillate.
A complete kits of parts and PC board costs $5.00
plus postage from: Talking Electronics. Email HERE
for details.
The 555 circuit uses two diodes to connect the chip to
the negative rail and this allows the components to be
fitted between the "high side" of the lamps and the
"power switch."

MISSING AUDIO DETECTOR

This circuit detects when audio is not received for
about 4 seconds and turns on an alarm.

5 SECS DELAY THEN RELAY ON

FOR 4 SECONDS
This circuit waits 5 seconds before turning on the relay
for 4 seconds.
5 SEC ON - even if switch is kept
pressed
This circuit illuminates a LED for 5 seconds - even if
the switch is kept pressed.

DELAY BEFORE TURNING ON

This circuit does not turn on for XX seconds after
power is applied. Adjustable from 1 second to 2
minutes.

LOW CURRENT TIMER (delay)

The low-current version of the 555 is called 7555
(ICM7555CN), and is a CMOS direct-equivalent
version of the TTL 555. It costs more but can be
purchased on eBay for $12 (for 10 items incl postage).
The normal standing current for a 555 is about 10mA.
The standing current for a 7555 is about 0.3mA. This
circuit will produce a delay of about 5mins. Change
the 1M and/or 100u for different delays.

CROSSING LIGHTS
A magnet on the train activates the TRIGGER reed switch to turn on the amber LED for
a time determined by the value of the first 10u and 47k.
When the first 555 IC turns off, the 100n is uncharged because both ends are at rail
voltage and it pulses pin 2 of the middle 555 LOW. This activates the 555 and pin 3
goes HIGH. This pin supplies rail voltage to the third 555 and the two red LEDs are
alternately flashed. When the train passes the CANCEL reed switch, pin 4 of the middle
555 is taken LOW and the red LEDs stop flashing.
See it in action: Movie (4MB)

The circuit can also be constructed with a 40106 HEX Schmitt trigger IC (74C14). The
555 circuit consumes about 30mA when sitting and waiting. The 40106 circuit consumes
less than 1mA.

Jim's Crossing Lights

This project operates crossing lights automatically, before the train enters the
crossing and turns them off automatically. The flash-rate can be adjusted as
well as the brightness of the lights and the overall length of time for the
flashing. The full article is HERE.
DOORBELL for FRONT DOOR and BACK DOOR
This circuit produces two different sounds. One for the front door and one for
the back door. The circuit takes NO CURRENT when not producing a sound
and a 9v battery will last for many months.

PHASE CONTROL
The control circuit in Figure 1a allows you to manually adjust the power delivered to a load. By changing the setting of
potentiometer R3 you change the phase angle at which the thyristor (Q3) fires (Figure 1b), thereby altering the load
current’s duty cycle. The adjustment range is about 0 to 180°. Q3’s off time is linear with R3, but of course the resulting
load power is not linear with R3.

The full-wave diode bridge delivers pulsed-dc voltage to the load, making the circuit suitable for dc-control applications
such as dimming. (The circuit can handle ac power if you substitute a triac for Q3 and make slight modifications.)
IC1 is a low-power—1 mW—timer configured as a monostable. Zener diode D1 and filter capacitor C1, activated by pulses
from the voltage divider R1/R2, form a dc supply for the timer. Q1 turns on and applies a negative-going trigger to the timer
(pin 2) each time Q1’s base voltage approaches 0V. In response, the timer issues a positive pulse that turns on Q2 and
turns off Q1, removing load power for an interval equal to 1.1R3C2. To increase the control resolution, you can lower the
value of R3, substitute a potentiometer with more turns, or add a fixed resistor in series with the potentiometer.

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK)

A digital signal can be converted to an analogue signal for transmission through the phone line. The signal
consists of two different frequencies. One standard is 1270 for logic 1 (Mark) and 1070 for logic 0 (Space). The
circuit below shows how to use a 555 to produce two different frequencies.
LED DICE
A SIMPLER CIRCUIT:
The circuit above can be simplified and output Pin 12 can be used to illuminate two of the LEDs as this
line is HIGH for the times when Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 are HIGH and goes LOW when Q5 - Q9 is
HIGH.
This means the 4017 starts with Q0 HIGH. But Q0 is not an output. This means that when Q0 is HIGH,
"carry out" is HIGH and "2" will be displayed. The next clock cycle will produce "3" on the display when
Q1 is HIGH, then "4" when Q2 is HIGH, "5" when Q3 is HIGH and "6" when Q4 is HIGH. When Q5
goes HIGH, it illuminates "1" on the display because "carry out" goes LOW.

LED DICE - minimum components

LED FLASHER
This circuit uses Pin 7 to turn on the LED and the capacitor is
non-electrolytic to keep the circuit small.
Designed by Franz Bachler, this arrangement has never been
presented before:

LED FLASHER with LDR

This circuit uses the fact that pin 6 needs to reach 2/3 rail voltage
for the 555 to cycle. When light falls on the LDR, it produces a
voltage-divider with the 22k to prevent pin 6 seeing 66% rail
voltage and the LED stops flashing.
Automatic Garden LED Strip
This circuit uses two 5v switch-mode power supplies to create a
10v power supply.
You can do this with almost any two wall worts (plug packs) to get
any desired voltage.
The circuit only turns on at night and the brightness of the LEDs
can be controlled by the "dimming Control."
This project uses one of our "Make any 555 Project" PC boards.
The two 5v @1 amp SMPS modules were connected to TWO 5
metre LED strips and the brightness turned down considerably as
the whole driveway was illuminated and kept the neighbours up
all night !!!! The estimated wattage was less than 5 watts for the
600 LEDs. The electricity cost is less than $5.00 per year to
illuminate a dark driveway and make it safe for you and your
visitors. Here is the .pdf of this project.
The Make Any 555 Project PC board allows you to create a
beautiful project very easily and quickly.
90% of the circuit is already provided and all you have to do is cut
a few tracks and add a few wires under the board and the project
is complete.

The Universal 555

We have shown how hundreds of circuits can be made with the

555 but some requirements are too complex for this amazing
chip.
Something as simple as:
I want to make a circuit that detects sensor 1 and within 1
sec it needs to detect sensor 2. If it does there is no problem
but when detection of sensor 2 is more than 1 second I need
to shut down the machine. It's for a project and I don't know
which circuit I can use with the 555 timer.
This simple requirement will take a lot of circuitry using 555 chips
and it is more complex than you think.
That's why they invented microcontrollers.
They simplify the requirement to a single chip and a few
components.
The circuit above turns on LED A when SwA is pressed. But if
SwB is pressed within 1 second, the LED is turned OFF.
The output needs to go HIGH when SwA is pressed and a 1
second timer allows Sw B to turn OFF the output within 1 second.
This is a timer (or delay) plus gating requirement as well as a
"latch" requirement the switches are only momentary pulses.
Personally I would not waste time with individual chips (gates) as
at least 4 building blocks are needed. A program only requires 10
lines of code plus a sub-routine.
Simply look at SwA to turn ON the output and call a 100mS delay
routine (10 times) while looking at SwB to turn OFF the output.
This is covered in PIC Fx-1 project and you can contact Colin
Mitchell for more details.

CHARGE CONTROLLER
This circuit prevents a battery being overcharged. When the
battery is FULLY CHARGED, the energy from the solar panel is
dumped into a LOAD. This load can be a 12v 100watt globe or a
high-power resistor.
You only have to dump excess current if your solar panel is
capable of fully charging the battery in less than 10 hours.
If it takes 14 or more hours of sunlight to charge the battery, this
is equal to 2 days of illumination and the battery will accept this
low rate of charge and you possibly don't need this circuit.
A simple way of charging a battery without needing this circuit is
to put a high wattage resistor and diode in series with the positive
line of the solar panel and the battery.
The solar panel will then simply trickle charge the battery over a
few days.

SETTING UP
Use a variable power supply.
You don't need the high wattage resistor or the battery or solar
panel or the relay!.
Connect the variable power supply set to 11.9v. Adjust the top
10k pot to turn ON the charging LED.
Increase the voltage to 14.9v and adjust the lower 10k pot to
make the dumping LED come on.
Now connect all the components as shown in the circuit and
check the voltage levels once more before installing the project.
The white LED "jacks up" the 7805 to produce 8.5v output as the
555 does not like a voltage as low as 5v.
To manually "charge" or "dump" energy, simply press either
button quickly and the 555 will toggle to the required state and
perform the operation of charging or discharging.

If you don't have a variable power supply, here's what you do:
Get a small 12v battery and fit it to the circuit.
It will charge very quickly and you will be able to keep reading the
voltage across the battery as it charges. Adjust the HIGH and
LOW voltages (called "set points") as close as possible and watch
the circuit cycle "up and down."
Each time you see it "cycle" you can fine-tune the exact voltages
until you see it change at 11.9v and 14.9v.
In fact you can use any set of old "junk" rechargeable cells to
perform this test as you are simply reading a high and low voltage
and waiting for it to reach these values over a short period of
time.

MOTOR OVER-RUN
The motor continues to operate about 2 seconds after the switch
is opened, until the 10u drops below 33% of rail voltage, as is
discharged via the 100k.

3-CHASE CHASER
555 chips are not very expensive and you can use them like
"lollies" to create all sorts of effects.
This circuit produces a "chase effect" with 2 LEDs ON at any one
time.
The advantage of this circuit is the HIGH POWER LEDs that can
be connected to the output of the chips. You cannot add any more
stages as the circuit will not be self-starting.

AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION
BEACON
This project is available from Talking Electronics for $5.00 plus
$4.00 post.
Buy A Kit It uses surface mount parts on a double-sided board
15mm x 15mm. Two very bright LEDs are mounted on the tips of
the wings of your model aeroplane and the LEDs flash twice then
delay 2 seconds before the next double flash.

FAULTS
Here are some circuits with faults. They come from
projects on the web:

HEADLIGHT FLASHER
This circuit flashes headlights via a relay but the relay is only
getting 9v4 due to the voltage-loss of the 555 and 0.6v of the
transistor: The transistor should be common-emitter configuration.

In addition, the pot will be damaged if turned to zero ohms. A 1k

should be placed in series with the pot (at pin7 end).

Here is a simpler circuit. It will need testing and adjusting to suit

the relay you will be using:
MISSING PULSE DETECTOR
This circuit is described on the web as a missing pulse detector. If
the 1M pot is turned to zero ohms, it will be damaged when the
transistor inside the 555 at pin 7 connects to 0v rail.

MERCURY SWITCH DETECTOR

This circuit is a LATCH CIRCUIT and it detects when the mercury
switch is tilted. But it is consuming 10mA while it is sitting around
waiting for the mercury switch to make contact.
By replacing the 555 with two transistors, the circuit will consume
zero current when waiting for the switch to close. Sometimes a
555 is not the ideal choice.
What is the purpose of the 1k resistor?
Pin 6 is a high-impedance pin and 1k (or any value) will have no
effect.
(the same with pin 2). It is not needed.

555 KIT
A kit of components to make
many of the circuits described in
this eBook is available for $10.00 plus $7.00 post.

Or email Colin Mitchell: [email protected]

The kit contains the following components:

(plus extra 30 resistors and 10 capacitors for
experimenting), plus:

2 - 220R
2 - 1k
2 - 4k7
2 - 10k
2 - 33k
2- 100k
2 - 1M
1 - 10k mini pot
1 - 100k mini pot
2 - 10n
2 - 100n
1 - 10u electrolytic
1- 100u electrolytic
2 - 1N4148 signal diodes
2 - BC547 transistors
1 - BC557 transistor
1 - 555 timer chip
1 - 8 pin IC socket
1 - red LED
1 - green LED
1 - orange LED
1 - mini 8R speaker
1 - mini piezo
1 - LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
1 - 10mH inductor
1 - push button
4 - tactile push buttons
1 - Experimenter Board (will take 8, 14 and 16
pin chips)

THE FUTURE
This eBook has shown the enormous number of circuits that can be produced with a
555.
However there is something we should point out.
The 555 has limitations and disadvantages.
It is not a chip you readily add to battery operated devices as its current consumption
is quite high at 10mA. (There is a whole range of low-current equivalents.)
Secondly, the 555 is not a chip you add to a complex circuit as there are many other
chips that can perform the task of a 555 and you will have additional gates within the
chip for other
sections of the circuit. The 74c14 is an example. It has 6 Schmitt trigger gates and
each gate can be wired as an oscillator or delay and the chip takes less than 1mA.
Before designing a circuit around a 555, you should look at our eBook: 100 IC Circuits.
It has many "building Blocks" to help you design your own circuits.

If 3rd band is gold,

Divide by 10
If 3rd band is silver,
Divide by 100
(to get 0.22ohms etc)
Not copyright 24-6-2019 Colin Mitchell You can copy
and use anything for your own personal use. Not for use on
other websites as the projects are constantly updated (and
corrected) and the "copy-cat" websites show the old
circuits.