TOPIC

Civilizations of East Asia

12 and Southeast Asia
(250 bce–1644 ce)
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 VIDEO

 AUDIO nearly 1,400 years ago

to EAST ASIA, when China and Japan became two of the
 ETEXT
most advanced civilizations on the planet. China shared its
culture, religious beliefs, and technology with the world,
 INTERACTIVE including Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia. These cultures
endured even when the Mongols swept through the
 WRITING region, destroying much in their path.

 GAMES

 WORKSHEET
Explore
 ASSESSMENT

How do ideas grow and

spread?
From the 600s through the 1600s,
China was ruled by powerful dynasties.
Under these rulers, China expanded its
economy, its system of government,
and its culture. Explore how Chinese
ideas grew and spread to mingle with
those from the cultures around them.
Unlock the Essential Question
in your  Active Journal.

484

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 Read
about the culture, economies, religions, and
philosophies that shaped culture in East and
Southeast Asia.
Lesson 1 Tang and Song China

Lesson 2 The Mongol and Ming Empires

Lesson 3 Chinese Thought and Achievements

Primary Sources Zhu Xi, Neo-Confucianist Thought

Lesson 4 Emergence of Japan

Lesson 5 Japanese Feudalism

Primary Sources The Tale of the Heike

Lesson 6 Japanese Society and Culture

Lesson 7 Korea and Southeast Asia

Watch

BOUNCE ◀ Construction on the

TO ACTIVATE  VIDEO Great Wall of China began
in the 600s bce. Most of it
Elements of a Culture was completed during the
Ming empire, which began
Learn about arts and cultural in 1368 ce.
traditions from medieval-era Japan
that are still treasured today.

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 TOPIC
Civilizations of East Asia
12 and Southeast Asia
(250 bce–1644 ce)

Learn more about China, Japan,

Korea, and Southeast Asia by
making your own map and
timeline in your  Active Journal.

 INTERACTIVE
Topic Timeline

 INTERACTIVE
What happened Topic Map
and when?
Mind-changing Where were East and
philosophies . . .
innovations that would
Southeast Asia?
rock the world . . . China, Japan, and Korea were located in
Explore the timeline to East Asia, near where the countries with
see what was happening the same names are today. Southeast
in China, Japan, Korea, Asia is a region located partly on a
and the rest of the world. peninsula between India and China and
partly on thousands of islands.

500s 618 794

Buddhism is The Tang The Japanese
introduced dynasty begins royal court moves
to Japan. in China. to Heian.
TOPIC EVENTS
400 600 800

WORLD EVENTS
527 800
Justinian becomes ruler Charlemagne is crowned
of the Byzantine empire. emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire by the pope.
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 N
0 600 mi E Who will
W
you meet?

Sa

.
r il I s
0 600 km

kha
r
Conic projection

Rive
S Am

lin

Ku
A lt
ai ur

Hokkaidō
ou Mongolian Manchurian
M

nt Plain N
ain Plateau
t 40°
s e r Sea of
Ti a n S h a n D es Japan Honshū
Gob i
iver (East
Taklimakan Korean Sea)
Desert g R Pen.
K u nlun Shikoku
an

Shan Hu North Yellow

China Sea Kyūshū N
H I

Plain 30° Wu Zhao, China’s

Plateau

nds
of Tibet
an
g Ri ver East only empress
M

A PACIFIC

Is l a
L A Ch China
Y A S Sea OCEAN

u
ky
u
CER Ry
TROPIC OF CAN Taiwan 20°
N

Bay of South 130° E

Me
Bengal ko China
n Sea
90° E
gR

100° E 110° E 120° E

.

Genghis Khan, ruler

of the Mongols,
who by 1206 would
unite warring clans
MGWH19_SE_T12TI_M0000662 and dominate most
Third Proof 1279
of the known world
The Mongol
conquest
of China is
completed.

1392
960 The Choson Prince Shotoku,
The Song dynasty who sought to
dynasty is begins its unite Japan’s
founded in reign in warring clans
China. Korea.

1100 1000 1200 1400

1215
The Magna Carta
is signed.

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 Document-Based Writing Inquiry

A Strong Influence
KICK OFF

You are a traveler to Japan in the 1300s. During your stay, you
notice a temple that looks similar to one that you saw during your
travels in China, thousands of miles away. You are intrigued. Are
the temples connected? You decide to investigate this Guiding
Question:

How did China influence the cultures

around it? ▼ The Three-
Storied pagoda,
What influence did China have on the rest of East Asia and part of a Buddhist
Southeast Asia? Explore the Essential Question “How do ideas temple complex
grow and spread?” in this Quest. in Japan

1 Ask Questions
Get started by making a list of questions you have about
China’s historical, cultural, and political role in the region.
Write these questions in your  Active Journal.

2 Investigate
As you read the lessons in this topic, look for
CONNECTIONS that provide information about

China’s influence. Write your notes in your  Active

Journal.

3 Examine Primary Sources

Next, look at the set of primary sources online that
provide clues as to China’s influence in the region.
Capture your findings in your  Active Journal.

FINDINGS

4 Write an Explanatory Essay

When you think you’ve learned enough from the sources, put all that
you have learned into an essay that explains your observations.
Get help writing your essay in your  Active Journal.

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 LESSON 1

Tang and Song China

BOUNCE
TO ACTIVATE  VIDEO

GET READY TO READ

START UP The Han dynasty made China into a vast
Study the illustration of a city in medieval China. empire. The fall of the Han in 220 ce left
What does this illustration tell you about the China divided, only to reunite and experi-
economy of China at the time? ence a golden age under two strong dynas-
ties, the Tang and the Song.
GUIDING QUESTIONS
• How did the Tang and Song dynasties gain and What Was the Tang Dynasty?
maintain power over people and territories?
For hundreds of years after the fall of the
• How did the civil service system strengthen Han dynasty, several kingdoms competed
China’s government? for power. The short-lived Sui (sway) dynasty
• What were the causes and effects of China’s reunited China between 581 and 618. The
economic revolution? next dynasty, the Tang, reigned for nearly
TAKE NOTES 300 years. Tang rulers built a strong central
government and conquered new territory.
Literacy Skills: Identify Main Ideas
Use the graphic organizer in your  Active Journal Tang Rule The military leader Tang Gaozu
to take notes as you read the lesson. founded the Tang dynasty. He and his son
led the armies that reunited China. His son,
PRACTICE VOCABULARY
Tang Taizong (ty dzoong), became emperor
Use the vocabulary activity in your  Active Journal in 626. Other strong rulers followed.
to practice the vocabulary words.
Taizong made the government stable by
Vocabulary Academic reviving China’s official bureaucracy. A
Vocabulary
bureaucracy money bureaucracy is a system of government
scholar-official economy commercial with many departments and bureaus led by
merit system porcelain device appointed officials. Each official has a rank
urbanization and fixed responsibilities.

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 In setting up this bureaucracy, Taizong wanted to create an efficient
government. The departments created under Taizong remained the
core of Chinese government until the early 1900s.
Under Tang rulers, China grew to its largest size up to that time. The
military expanded the borders and protected the growing population.
In the late 600s, Wu Zhao (woo jow) became the only woman to rule
China on her own. Empress Wu was capable and ruthless. She believed
a ruler should care for people as a mother cares for her children.
A Flourishing Capital The Tang capital was Chang’an (chahng ahn),
which became the largest city in the world. In 742, more than a million
people lived within the city walls, with 700,000 more just outside.
Chang’an may also have been the largest planned city ever built. Its
walls formed a rectangle that measured five miles from north to south
and six miles from east to west. Great homes, temples, gardens, and the
imperial palace stood inside the walls. A wide, tree-lined avenue led to
the main gate, impressing visitors.
Academic Vocabulary
commercial • adj., having
Sitting at one end of the Silk Road, Chang’an was a thriving cultural
to do with trade and and commercial center. Turks, Indians, Jews, Koreans, Persians, and
business other visitors filled its streets and markets. Camels carried goods into
and out of the city. Musicians, actors, and other performers provided
public entertainment. People practiced many different religions.
Chang’an was welcoming to foreigners, though they lived in their own
Analyze Images The
sections of the city. Chinese nobles used foreign goods, adopted foreign
Daming Palace was
built in Chang’an during fashions, and borrowed other parts of foreign cultures.
the Tang dynasty. Use
Visual Information  READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details What made Chang’an
How did the planners an important cultural and economic center?
of Chang’an lay out
the streets around
the palace?

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 China Under the Tang and Song Dynasties

60° E 90° E 120° E

MONGOLIA

KOREA

Huang
R. Kaifeng
Yellow
TIBET Chang-an Sea
.
gR Hangzhou
30° N KEY Ch
an
East
Tang Dynasty, 660 China
Song Dynasty, 1100 Sea
Great Wall
PACIFIC
Grand Canal
N OCEAN
Silk Road 0 500 mi Bay of South
Tang capital Bengal China
W E Sea
Song capital 0 500 km
Miller Projection
City S
GEOGRAPHY SKILLS
The Song Dynasty The Tang and Song
Eventually, the Tang dynasty fell. After a period of unrest, a new
MGWH19_SE_T12L01_M0000663 dynasties had some land in
Second draft
dynasty arose. common, though the Tang
dynasty controlled more
Fall of the Tang For much of Tang rule, China was at war
territory.
with neighboring peoples. This allowed military leaders to gain
power. Drought, famine, and high taxes led to problems at 1. Region What area did
home. In the late 700s, several military leaders rebelled. both the Tang and Song
Although the government survived, it had less control. Military dynasties control?
and local leaders took power. Neighboring peoples attacked 2. Use Visual Information
and often took land. Revolts became more common. In 907, a What human-made
military leader overthrew the last Tang emperor. barrier was located north
Rise of the Song For more than half a century, China had no of Chang’an?
clear ruler. Different people ruled parts of China and neighbor-
ing peoples took more land.
In 960, a military leader united much of China and began the Song
dynasty. It ruled China from 960 to 1279.
To protect the empire, Song rulers kept a huge army. But they did not
want the military to have too much power, so they gave control to gov-
ernment officials who were not in the military. Sometimes they tried to
buy peace with neighboring peoples who threatened China by making
payments to them. At other times, Song rulers made agreements with
one outside group to fight another.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did Song rulers

prevent the military from becoming too strong?

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 Analyze Images Scholars
take a civil service The Merit System
examination. Compare Civil service examinations are tests required for people to work for
and Contrast Compare the government bureaucracy. The Han dynasty introduced these tests
the scholars’ test-taking in China. The Tang rulers modeled their government on the Han
conditions with how
dynasty, and the Song dynasty expanded the system. At the center of
students today complete
the bureaucracy were the highly educated men who passed the civil
exams.
service examinations. A man who passed this examination, known as a
scholar-official, qualified for government jobs.
The examinations were based on teachings of Confucius. They were
difficult, and few students passed. Only wealthy men could easily
spend years studying. During the Tang, some officials earned positions
through the exam system. However, the majority still received positions
because of family connections.
During the Song dynasty, the tests became part of a merit system and
helped create the world’s strongest and most centralized government.
In a merit system, people are hired and promoted based on talent
and skills, rather than wealth or social status. The government opened
schools that even poor students could attend. Passing higher-level
exams could lead to promotions, but scholar-officials also had to
perform their jobs well to move higher in the bureaucracy.
By preventing corruption and promoting the best officials, Song rulers
tried to maintain good government. Officials were supposed to act
honestly and efficiently.
A later dynasty, the Ming, made new rules for officials. They could not
serve in their home district, where they might do favors for family and
friends. They also changed jobs every three years so that they could not
build up too much power.

 READING CHECK Draw Conclusions How does a merit system

promote an effective government?

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 An Economic Revolution
The Tang and Song eras were times of great prosperity in China. With
the support of a stable government, China experienced an economic
revolution even greater than the one taking place in medieval Europe
around the same time. The revolution started with advances in farm-
ing and led to greater trade and urbanization, or the growth of cities.
By 1100, China had several large cities that were home to hundreds
of thousands of people. Many of these cities were in southern China,
south of the Chang River, which is also known as the Yangtze or Yangzi.
The Emperor and the Officials A stable and strong government
was key to this prosperity. The emperor ruled under the Mandate of
Heaven. In theory, this meant that he was all-powerful and had heav-
enly support. In practice, most early emperors needed the backing of
nobles and military leaders to stay in power.
Song rulers changed that. By giving more power to the scholar-
official class, emperors developed a base of loyal supporters.
Meanwhile, scholar-officials rose in power and influence. They
pushed aside the noble families to become the highest-ranking
group in Chinese society.
GEOGRAPHY SKILLS
The Song Dynasty Shifts South The Song dynasty became The Song dynasty saw a
weak over time. The foreign Jin kingdom took control of northern significant migration in its
China in 1127. The Song rulers withdrew from the north and population.
established a base in southern China. 1. Movement In what
This period is called the Southern Song. The port of Hangzhou direction did people move
(hahng joh) became the capital. A European visitor wrote that during the Song dynasty?
Hangzhou was “the first, the biggest, the richest, the most popu-
2. Use Visual Information
lous, and altogether the most marvelous city that exists on the
What was the capital of
face of the earth.”
the Jin kingdom?

Population Shifts

80° E 90° E 100° E 110° E 120° E 130° E

N
40°

Yellow
R Kaifeng
.

Huang Sea
Chang-an 30°
N

KEY Hangzhou PACIFIC

Song empire, about 1100 v er OCEAN
Southern Song empire, Ri East
g N
about 1140–1150 Chan China
Sea
Jin kingdom E
Xi Xia empire W
Grand Canal S 20°
N
TROPIC OF CANCER
Population shift South 0 400 mi
Capital city China
Sea 0 400 km
Other city
Conic Projection

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 Changes in Farming Chinese farming
evolved under the Tang and Song. First,
patterns of land ownership changed
during the Tang dynasty. Since the Han,
the Chinese government had owned all
farmland. Farmers received equal shares
of land. The Tang government changed
this system. Under the Tang, rich fami-
lies bought much of the good farmland.
Most peasants worked the land as tenant
farmers. Tenant farmers rent the land
they farm.
Next, new farming methods and technol-
ogy allowed farmers to feed more people.
In the past, farmers had grown mostly
dry-land crops such as wheat and barley.
These grew well in the dry north, but not
in the humid south. The south, how-
ever, was perfect for rice farming. It was
warmer and had more rainfall than the
north. During this period, rice became
China’s most important crop.
Analyze Images A
nineteenth-century piece of Rice grows in flooded fields called paddies. To keep their rice pad-
art shows workers in a rice dies wet, Chinese farmers developed irrigation systems such as pumps
paddy. Draw Conclusions and other water-control devices. They also developed new strains of
How do you think these fast-ripening rice from Vietnam. With this kind of rice, farmers could
workers’ farming techniques harvest two or three crops a year.
were similar to those of
farmers in the Tang and
Rice provided more food per acre than other grains. With more food
Song dynasties? available, the population swelled. Between 750 and 1100, the popula-
tion of China doubled from 50 million people to 100 million. This popu-
lation growth centered in southern China. Meanwhile, the population
in the north shrank. The population boom encouraged the growth of
cities and increased the need for more vigorous trade.

Academic Vocabulary  READING CHECK Identify Cause and Effect Why did the population
device • n., machine of China double between 750 and 1100?

How Did Trade Fuel Prosperity?

The Tang used the Silk Road as a way to expand their influence west-
ward as far as the eastern border of the Abbasid Caliphate, in what
is today Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. The two empires battled one
another in Central Asia in 751, and the Abbasid Caliphate won. Even
so, the Tang and Song dynasties were able to gain and maintain power
by flexing their economic muscle.
During the Song dynasty, many people looked down on merchants.
They believed that trade was an unworthy profession. Even so, com-
merce grew to new levels.

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 The Grand Canal In the early 600s, the Sui dynasty completed work
 INTERACTIVE
on the Grand Canal. This canal, which is still in use, is the world’s old-
est and longest human-built waterway. It connects China’s two great China in the
rivers, the Huang in the north and the Chang in the south. Middle Ages
The 1,100-mile-long canal quickly filled with barges carrying rice and
other goods. The government then built more canals that connected
rivers, which increased the flow of trade. The infrastructure was paid
for by taxes on trade. By the end of the Song period, China’s canals
stretched for thousands of miles. These canals cut the cost of transpor-
tation and so promoted business.
Currency Another factor that helped fuel growth was the develop-
ment of a money economy. This term refers to an economy in which
people use currency rather than bartering to buy and sell goods.
Copper coins were the main currency during the Tang dynasty. But they
were heavy and hard to manage in large amounts. During the Song
dynasty, the government issued the world’s first paper currency, which
was easy to use, especially when traveling.
Expanding Industries When farmers grew more food than they
needed, they could trade it for craft items such as pottery and cloth. As
a result, many industries expanded. For example, the production
of silk cloth rose during the Song dynasty. It was usually spun
at home by women.
Another important industry was ceramics. During
this time, China began to produce porcelain, a
hard white pottery of extremely fine quality.
One of the biggest industries was iron production.
Iron was essential in many industries, such as
salt production. It was also used to make weap-
ons, tools, nails, and even Buddhist statues.
Improved blast furnaces caused the production
of iron and steel to increase greatly. Producing
more steel allowed production in other indus-
tries to increase as well.
The Growth of Trade With farms and fac-
tories producing more goods, trade increased.
Canals and the use of money also promoted
the growth of trade. A European visitor to China
described trade on the Chang River: “In the total
volume and value of the traffic on it, it exceeds all the
rivers of the Christians put together plus their seas.” Like
the societies of medieval Europe, which experienced their
agricultural revolutions at this same time, China was able to take
Analyze Images Ships still
advantage of trade across Europe, Africa, and Asia.
navigate the Grand Canal
today. Main Ideas and
 READING CHECK Compare and Contrast Compare the changes Details What does the
in medieval Chinese trade and agriculture to the results of the present-day use of the canal
agricultural revolution in medieval Europe. suggest about it?

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 China’s Golden Age
The Tang and Song eras represent a golden
age for Chinese arts and literature. Some of
the best-preserved Tang works are pottery
figurines of horses, camels, and people. Many
of these pieces demonstrate China’s knowl-
edge of other cultures. They show that Chinese
people enjoyed music and games from Central
Asia and India.
The Tang dynasty is also considered the great-
est era of Chinese poetry. The famous poet Li
Bai wrote in a playful, easygoing style. One of
his favorite subjects was the beauty of nature.
Traditional arts were also valued during the
Song dynasty. During the Song, architects
designed magnificent Buddhist temples filled
with statues. Potters turned clay into beautiful
ceramic pieces. Artists created fine paintings
in soft colors.
During the next dynasty, the Yuan, poets
and artists continued to live at the emperor’s
court. However, the emperor was a Mongol.
Many scholars decided to pursue the arts
▲ This pottery in the shape
rather than work for the conquerors.
of a horse was created
during the Tang dynasty.
 READING CHECK Identify Implied Main
Ideas How did art during China’s golden
age show the influence of both trade and
Chinese history?

 Lesson Check
Practice Vocabulary 5. Infer Why was paper money an
improvement over coins?
1. What is a bureaucracy?
6. Writing Workshop: Generate Questions
2. Describe how a scholar-official would
to Focus Research In this topic you will
qualify for government positions.
write a research paper about the effect
3. What term describes the growth of cities? of technology and innovation in this
region. As your first step, generate a set
Critical Thinking and Writing of questions in your  Active Journal to
4. Identify Cause and Effect What caused ask about each part of the region to focus
the fall of the Tang dynasty? your research.

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 Analysis Skills

Distinguish Fact and Opinion  INTERACTIVE

Follow these steps to distinguish fact from opinion. Distinguish Between Fact
and Opinion

1 Identify the facts. A fact is something

that can be proved to be true. A fact often
provides information such as who, what,
3 Identify the opinions. An opinion is a
personal belief or judgment. They are
neither true nor false. Statements that
where, when, or how. make judgments on the events they are
describing are usually opinions. What
a. According to the passage, when did are some examples of opinions from this
the civil service examination process source?
became a regular event in China?

b. What other details answer who, what,

where, when, or how questions?
4 Evaluate opinions. While opinions are
not true or false, some are stronger than
others. A strong opinion is supported by

2 Confirm that the facts can be verified. facts. What are some of the opinions in this
Use reliable sources to confirm the accuracy source that could be supported by factual
of any facts. These include strong online information?
sources, such as edited encyclopedias.
Print sources from the library can also
confirm facts.

Secondary Source
The civil service examination system for
Primary Source
During this period in China’s history,
those who wanted to become scholar- those in the merchant class were looked
PQ_Stone_md_11pt_c90m60y0k0
officials was central to the Chinese down upon because of their profession.
PQ_Stone_md_11pt_c90m60y0k0
state. Many people believed that success Chinese culture maintained that working
— PQ_li_SO_9pt_c90m60y0k0
on the exam was the only way to achieve for profit was self-serving and greedy.
success in China during the Song This attitude was counter-productive
dynasty. They should have expanded because the merchant class helped the
their ideas to include other jobs. economy to grow.
Around the start of the 7th century, the Since most Chinese families did not want
civil service exams were administered to be considered immoral, they pushed
in various important cities throughout their sons to take the tests in order to
China. This happened once every three move up to the official class. This class
years. Before becoming eligible to take was believed to be the best in China,
one of these “final exams,” men had to in a misguided manner. Most young
do well on smaller tests that were given men, however, were not successful at
at the local level. Top performers were reaching the top levels of the civil service
given government positions. Those with examination process.
personal influence and high scores got
the best jobs.

Analysis Skills • Distinguish Fact and Opinion   497

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 LESSON 2

The Mongol and Ming Empires

BOUNCE
TO ACTIVATE  VIDEO

GET READY TO READ

START UP Throughout its history, China has had to
Invaders called Mongols swept into China. What protect its borders from invaders, often tribal
can you tell about their style of warfare from this nomads. A nomad is a person who moves
artist’s depiction? from place to place at different times of
the year. These nomads sometimes raided
GUIDING QUESTIONS Chinese cities or even formed armies to
• How did the Mongol empire destroy states and invade China. In the 1200s, one of these
increase connections between Europe, Africa, peoples, the Mongols, conquered China and
and Asia? many other lands.
• What steps did Ming emperors take to wipe out
Mongol influence and restore Chinese rule? What Were the Mongol
• Why did Ming rulers choose to reduce contact
Conquests?
with the outside world?
The Mongols were nomads who came from
TAKE NOTES the steppes northwest of China. A steppe is
Literacy Skills: Sequence a large, dry, grass-covered plain. Life on the
Use the graphic organizer in your  Active Journal steppes was difficult. The climate was harsh,
to take notes as you read the lesson. and resources were limited. There,
the Mongols herded sheep and became
PRACTICE VOCABULARY great horsemen.
Use the vocabulary activity in your  Active Journal
to practice the vocabulary words. Genghis Khan Mongols lived in clans led
by a khan, or ruler. By 1206, a warrior had
Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary united the Mongol clans under his rule. He
nomad despot expand was known as Genghis Khan (GEN gis kahn),
steppe tribute structure meaning “ruler of the universe.”
khan smuggler

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 After uniting the Mongols, Genghis turned to foreign conquest. He led
his armies southeast into China. The Mongols broke through the Great  INTERACTIVE
Wall and destroyed many cities. By 1215, they had conquered most of The Mongol Empire
the Jin kingdom that ruled northern China. Later, they swept across
Central Asia and into Russia.
Military Victories Genghis was a highly effective military leader. He
organized his troops in groups of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 men. An
officer chosen for his abilities led each group of fierce warriors. These
fighters were expert horsemen who could fire arrows at a full gallop.
They moved fast, attacked swiftly, and terrorized enemies.
Genghis also used Chinese weapons. One was the catapult, a device
that hurled rocks. The Mongols used it to break down city walls. They
also used bombs made with gunpowder.
Genghis was ruthless. He burned the cities of his enemies and left
their bones on the ruins as a warning to others. He once said,
GEOGRAPHY SKILLS
Primary Source
The Mongol empire was
“The greatest joy a man can have is victory: to one of the largest empires
in history.
conquer one’s enemy’s armies, to pursue them, to
deprive them of their possessions, to reduce their 1. Region Describe the
greatest extent of the
family to tears, [and] to ride on their horses . . . .” Mongol Empire.
—Genghis Khan
2. Use Visual Information
Finally, Genghis maintained order among the Mongols. He What areas did the
banned theft and feuding. He also dictated harsh punishment, Mongols conquer after
including death, for many crimes. the death of Genghis
Khan?
The Mongol Empire

KEY
Mongol empire at
Genghis Khan’s death, RUSSIA
1227
Mongol empire at its
greatest extent, 1294 Kiev
Boundary of Yuan Caspian
EURO P E Sea
dynasty of Kublai Khan Venice
S yr D MONGOLIA
ar
Campaigns of Genghis y
Black Sea
a

Khan
Am

D Tashkent
u

Campaigns of Genghis Tabriz ar Khanbaliq KOREA

R.

ya
Khan's successors (Beijing) JAPAN
ng

M ed Baghdad XIZANG Hu
a
iterrane HI
an Sea M A (TIBET) East
PERSIA LA CHINA Cha n g R .
B ra YA S
h m a p u tr a R . Hangzhou China
Sea
N
INDIA
AF RI CA ARABIA
VI

M
ET g R

W E ek
PACIFIC
NA .

Arabian Bay of
on

OCEAN
M

Sea Bengal Vijaya

S
0 800 mi
0 800 km I ND I A N
Miller Cylindrical
Projection OCEAN

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 Academic Vocabulary Mongols Build an Empire After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227,
expand • v., to grow, get the Mongol empire continued to expand. Its armies conquered what
bigger was left of the Jin kingdom in 1234. Then they expanded to the west.
Genghis’s grandson, Batu, invaded Russia in 1236. Known as the
Golden Horde, this part of the empire ruled Russia for more than
100 years.
Mongol armies also took Persia, Mesopotamia, and Syria. The Mongols
under Hulagu, another of Genghis Khan’s grandsons, not only cap-
tured those regions, but also destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate’s capi-
tal of Baghdad in 1258. This action ended the symbolic unity of the
Muslim world. Many Muslims feared the Mongols would put an end
to Islamic culture entirely. However, the Egyptians fought the Mongols
and defeated them at the Battle of Ayn Jalut in 1260. Regardless, the
Mongols at this time controlled the largest empire the world had
ever known.
Ruling the Empire After Genghis Khan died, the Mongols divided
the empire into four parts, called khanates. A descendant of Genghis
ruled each khanate. One khanate covered southern Central Asia. A
second included northern Central Asia and Russia. The third, the land
of the Il-Khans, stretched from modern Pakistan to Turkey. The fourth,
the Great Khanate, was the largest. It included China and Mongolia.
Outside China, the Mongols ruled through local officials. In Russia,
local princes carried out Mongol laws and collected taxes. These princes
later became Russia’s rulers after the Mongols left.
The Mongols adapted to local culture. For example, the Il-Khans who
ruled Muslim lands adopted the religion of Islam.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did the Mongols

conquer northern China?

BIOGRAPHY

5 Things to Know About GENGHIS KHAN

Warrior (1162–1227)

• His birth name was Temüjin.

• A rival Mongol clan poisoned his father when Temüjin was only
nine years old.

• He was taken prisoner as a teenager and locked in a wooden collar.

He managed to escape by knocking his guard down with a blow
from the collar.

• He was a brilliant military strategist who rewarded men for their

skill and loyalty rather than their family ties.

• Those rivals that did not surrender were slaughtered by his

armies.

Critical Thinking How might Genghis Khan’s childhood have influenced his leadership style?

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 THE The Golden Horde, or Kipchak Khanate, was
in the western part of the Mongol empire. It

FOUR
pushed into eastern Europe and parts of Russia. The Great Khanate was ruled by Kublai
Khan. His rule proved the Mongols could not
only conquer people, but also run a nation.

KHANATES Golden
Horde

When Genghis Khan died in 1227,

Great Khanate
the Mongol empire was
divided into four khanates, Chagatai
each led by a different khan,
with one acting as supreme, Il-Khanate
or lead, khan.

The Il-Khanate was located around

present-day Iran and Iraq, and eastern
parts of Turkey. Genghis Khan’s grandson The Khanate of the Chagatai
Hulagu captured Baghdad in 1258. took up most of Central Asia.

Analyze Diagrams The

Mongol empire was divided
The Yuan Dynasty into four khanates in 1227.
Before they could fully control China, the Mongols had to complete Understand Effects How
their conquest of the Southern Song. In 1260, Genghis’s grandson would dividing the empire
Kublai (or Kubilai) Khan took over northern China. He began a twenty- make governing easier?
year effort to defeat the Song.
Conquering China The many rivers and canals crossing southern
China prevented the Mongols from moving quickly on horseback.
Kublai Khan solved the problem by building a fleet. With thousands
of ships, the Mongols were able to capture cities along southern
China’s rivers.
In 1279, the Mongols finally gained control of all of China. Kublai had
already declared himself the ruler of a new dynasty, the Yuan (yoo-
ahn), in 1271. Yuan means “the origin,” or “beginning.”
Mongol Rule in China By declaring a new dynasty, Kublai showed
his intention to honor some Chinese traditions. He kept much of the
Song bureaucracy. He also adopted rituals of the Chinese court. In
these ways, he kept symbols of Chinese royal power.
In other ways, however, Kublai changed China’s government. He Did you know?
reduced the power of scholar-officials. He suspended the civil service People in the modern
exams and placed his own followers in office. Kublai also gave more country of Mongolia still
power to regional officials. value the skills used by
Mongol soldiers. Every
How Did Society in Yuan China Change? Perhaps the great-
year, young people from
est change under the Mongols was the creation of a new social order. across the country gather
Society was divided into four groups. At the top were the Mongols. Next at a festival called Naadam
came other foreigners. Then came the northern Chinese. At the bottom to compete in horse races
were the recently conquered southern Chinese. and archery competitions.

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 Trade Routes and Travelers’ Routes

0° 30° E RUSSIA 60° E 90° E 120° E

Venice Aral
Sea

Ca
Black Sea

spi
Constantinople Beijing

an S
Samarkand
Granada Medi

ea
te
ran CHINA
Kabul
r

e a n Se a
N
Marrakesh Baghdad PERSIA TIBET Hangzhou
Acre 30° N
W E Delhi Quanzhou
Re Chittagong
S dS Jiddah Calcutta Guangzhou
ea
Mecca PACIFIC
INDIA OCEAN
Timbuktu ARABIA
KEY Red
Sea Bangkok
Mongol empire, 1290 Calicut

Marco Polo’s route

Ibn Battuta’s route
EQUATOR
Silk Road 0°
Other overland routes 0 1,000 mi
INDIAN
Other overseas routes Mombassa 0 1,000 km OCEAN
City Miller Projection

GEOGRAPHY SKILLS
Marco Polo’s journeys to This social structure encouraged the Mongols to remain sepa-
MGWH19_SE_T12L01_M0000667
Asia followed trade routes
Third draft rate from the Chinese. Mongols were the favored group, while
connecting distant lands. the Chinese had few rights or privileges.

1. Movement Where did To further limit Chinese influence, the Mongols welcomed
Marco Polo begin his trip foreigners in China. Turks and other Muslims were the largest
to China along the Silk group. They held key positions in the government. Tibetans were
Road? encouraged to spread their form of Buddhism across China. The
Mongols also allowed Christian missionaries from Europe to
2. Use Visual Information preach in China.
What part of Polo’s trip
was within the Mongol  READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details Why were the
empire? Mongols so welcoming to foreigners?

Life in Yuan China

Under Mongol rule, peace and order returned to Asia. In the
Academic Vocabulary 1300s, a Muslim traveler named Ibn Battuta wrote of a journey
structure • n., organization he took to China. He was impressed by how easy it was to travel:

Primary Source

“China is the safest and best regulated country

for a traveller. A man may go by himself a nine
month’s journey, carrying with him large sums of
money, without any fear on that account.”
—Ibn Battuta,Travels in Asia and Africa

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 Revival of Trade The Mongols encouraged trade and commerce.
Merchants held a higher status than they had in earlier times. They
were spared certain taxes they had paid under the Song.
The Mongols continued the sea trade begun under the Song. Because of
ports on the southeast coast, China had steady contact with the outside
world. The port of Quanzhou (chwahn joh) was an especially bustling
center of trade. Many of the merchants who carried out this trade were
Muslims from southwestern Asia. Maritime, or sea, routes connected
China with other parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe.
The Mongols also reopened the ancient Silk Road across Central Asia.
As you may recall, the Silk Road was an overland trade route that
linked China to Europe. It had been much used during the Han and
Tang dynasties, but disorder and warfare in Central Asia had closed
this route during the Song dynasty.
Under Mongol rule, traders once again took their caravans across the
continent. They carried silk, porcelain, spices, and other luxury goods
to southwest Asia and Europe. New crops like tea and cotton also trav-
eled on trade routes. Traders carried ideas and inventions between the
different lands as well.
Foreign Visitors The Silk Road and ports such as the one at
Quanzhou provided routes for foreign travelers to enter
China. The most famous European visitor was Marco
Polo, a young man from Venice, Italy.
Polo journeyed to China overland with his father
and uncle. He arrived in 1275 and stayed for 17
years. During this time, he was a favored guest
of Kublai Khan. The ruler employed Polo as a
diplomat and official, sending him on mis-
sions around the empire. As a result, Polo
got a firsthand look at China.
After his return to Europe, Polo told stories of
the places he saw. He described the splendor
of Chinese cities and the wonders of Kublai
Khan’s court. He discussed the use of paper
money, which was still unknown in Europe.
He told of an amazing kind of stone that
burned. Today it is known as coal.

Primary Source

“There is a sort of black stone, which is

dug out of veins in the hillsides and burns
like logs. . . . I assure you that, if you put ▲ Kublai Khan’s court
them on the fire in the evening . . . welcomes Marco Polo in this
illustration from the 1800s.
they will continue to burn all night.”
—The Travels of Marco Polo

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 Polo’s book gave Europeans their first glimpse of China. Some readers
doubted his fantastic tales. On his deathbed, Polo was asked to admit
that he had made it all up. He replied that he had described only half
of what he had seen.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did contact with

people in other lands increase under the Mongols?

The Ming Restore Chinese Power

Mongol rule weakened after the death of Kublai Khan in 1294. In the
mid-1300s, China suffered through floods, disease, and famine. These
hardships led to rebellion against the Mongols. In 1368, Chinese rule
was restored under a new dynasty called the Ming.
Ming emperors tried to eliminate all traces of Mongol rule in China
because they viewed the Mongols as foreigners. The Ming government
lasted until 1644.
Absolute Rule Zhu Yuan Zhang (joo yooahn jahng) joined the rebel-
lion against the Mongols as a young man and became its leader. In
1368, he named himself emperor and took the name Hongwu, which
means “vast military.”

During his reign, Hongwu took several important steps. He moved the
capital to Nanjing. He rejected Mongol trade policies. He also revived
▼ Hongwu restored Chinese
the civil service system and Confucian values.
power after Mongol rule.
At first, Hongwu tried to rule in the interests of his
people. Over time, however, he became a cruel des-
pot. A despot is a tyrant or dictator.
Hongwu began to suspect others of plotting against
him. He formed a secret police force to seek out his
enemies. He had about 100,000 people arrested and
executed for treason, or disloyal actions against the
state. Hongwu defended his harsh policy:

Primary Source

“In the morning I punish a few; by

evening others commit the same
crime. I punish these in the evening
and by the next morning again
there are violations. . . . If I punish
these persons, I am regarded as a
tyrant. If I am lenient [soft] toward
them, the law becomes ineffective,
order deteriorates, and people deem
me an incapable ruler.”
—Hongwu

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 Analyze Images
Visitors can now tour the
Forbidden City in Beijing,
Yongle’s Rule After Hongwu’s death, his son Yongle (yoong luh) took
but access to the palace
power. Yongle continued his father’s pattern of absolute rule. But he
complex was limited
decided to move the capital from the southern city of Nanjing to Beijing during the Ming and later
in the north. Qing dynasties. Infer Why
Yongle made this move for two reasons. One was to return the capital to do you think that access
to the Forbidden City was
China’s northern heartland. The other was to strengthen the country’s
limited?
northern defenses against future Mongol invasion.
The new capital was built to impress visitors with the splendor of the
Ming dynasty. At the heart of Beijing lay the Forbidden City, site of the
emperor’s palace. The design of the city was meant to reinforce the idea
of China as the Middle Kingdom, or the center of the world. For many
decades, this idea guided Ming rulers in their dealings with
other countries.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details Why was the capital

of Beijing so magnificent?

What Was the Ming Foreign Policy?

For many years, Ming China acted forcefully on its view that it was the
center of the world. Eventually, though, China turned inward and shut
itself off from contact with other lands.
The Tributary System Yongle forced foreign countries to recognize
China’s power. Many countries sent tribute to China. Tribute is a
payment or gift to a more powerful country. They did this to prevent
attacks by China and win favor for their traders.
Ming China traded with other parts of Asia and eastern Africa. Foreign
traders brought goods such as horses, spices, and silver from their
lands. In return, they received silk, tea, porcelain, and other goods
from China.
The system helped both China and the tributary states. China gained
peaceful borders. With peace, Ming emperors could spend less money
on armies and more on projects such as building canals. Tributary
states benefited by getting goods they wanted without going to war.

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 The Voyages of Zheng He Between 1405 and 1433, Yongle sent an
official named Zheng He (jung huh) to lead a series of sea voyages to
demonstrate Chinese power and to win more tributary states.
The fleet for the first voyage included more than 60 huge ships and
27,000 men. Zheng He traveled through Southeast Asia to the coast of
India on this first trip. Later voyages went as far as the Persian Gulf and
the east coast of Africa. Wherever Zheng went, he collected tribute
for China.

Primary Source

“The countries beyond the horizon and from the

ends of the earth have all becomes subjects. . . . We
have crossed immense water spaces . . . and we have
set eyes on barbarian regions far away . . .”
— Zheng He

China Turns Inward With Yongle’s death, the voyages ended

GEOGRAPHY SKILLS and China turned inward. China banned the building of large
Zheng He traveled nearly ships, overseas travel, and contact with most foreigners. Cost
as far as Marco Polo. was almost certainly one reason. The voyages were very expen-
sive and did not earn enough in trade or tribute to repay
1. Place From which port their costs.
did Zheng He begin his
More important was that scholar-officials believed that China
journey?
had everything it needed. They saw foreigners as a threat to
2. Use Visual Information Chinese culture. They only allowed a few foreign traders to do
How far west did Zheng business in certain cities under strict rules.
He travel?

The Voyages of Zheng He

Beijing

East
ASIA China
Nanjing
PERSIA TIBET CHINA Sea
N 30° N
Persian
Gulf
W E
Red ARABIA INDIA ANNAM PACIFIC
S Sea SIAM OCEAN
VI

Arabian
ET

Sea Bay of
NA

KEY Bengal
M

Sri South
Exploration routes AFRICA Lanka China
Sea
City
0 1,000 mi
EQUATOR 0°
0 1,000 km
Miller Cylindrical Projection
INDIAN OCEAN Java
30° E 60° E 90° E 120° E

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 ▲ This artwork depicts the
Meanwhile, fewer merchants used the overland Silk Road. After the lead ship during one of
Zheng He’s voyages.
Mongol empire weakened, the route became dangerous. Despite this,
Chinese silk and porcelain remained in great demand.
Decline of the Ming Portuguese sailors arrived in China in 1514. They
refused to pay tribute and violated official limits on trade. Chinese offi-
cials at first saw Europeans as smugglers, or people who trade illegally.
However, their silver was hard to resist and trade with Europeans grew.
Meanwhile, the despotism of Ming rulers led to corruption and
rebellion. Like the Tang and Song, the Ming also fought invaders along
the borders. To repel invasions, especially by Mongols, they rebuilt
the Great Wall. But it was not enough. Protests in China and a foreign
invasion led to the fall of the dynasty in 1644.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did the Chinese

change their attitude toward foreigners?

 Lesson Check
Practice Vocabulary 5. Infer Why were European traders
considered smugglers by the Ming?
1. What is a nomad?
6. Writing Workshop: Support Ideas with
2. What kind of a leader is a despot?
Evidence How did military innovations
3. Describe the role of a khan. help the Mongols conquer so much
territory? Note evidence from this lesson in
Critical Thinking and Writing your  Active Journal.
4. Cite Evidence In what ways might Marco
Polo’s account of Kublai Khan’s court have
been biased?

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 LESSON 3

Chinese Thought and

Achievements

BOUNCE
TO ACTIVATE  VIDEO

GET READY TO READ

START UP During the Tang and Song dynasties, China
Artists during the Song and Tang dynasties created developed the most advanced civilization in
art like the painting shown above. How would you the world. China’s technology and culture
describe the style of this art? spread to other regions. Through the Yuan
and Ming eras, trade and tribute promoted
GUIDING QUESTIONS the flow of goods, technology, and ideas.
• What impact did Chinese technology and trade
have on the world? Technological Advances
• How did the arts flourish in China under the The Chinese pioneered a number of key
Tang, Song, and Ming? inventions during the Tang and Song dynas-
• How did Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism ties. These inventions continued to be impor-
affect China? tant to the Ming dynasty and, eventually, to
TAKE NOTES the rest of Asia and Europe.
Literacy Skills: Identify Main Ideas Shipbuilding and Navigation Chinese
Use the graphic organizer in your  Active Journal shipbuilding technologies were the most
to take notes as you read the lesson. advanced in the world through the Ming
dynasty. Huge ships, known as “junks,” could
PRACTICE VOCABULARY
hold as many as 500 people. These ships had
Use the vocabulary activity in your  Active Journal multiple decks, or levels, and masts (tall, ver-
to practice the vocabulary words. tical posts that carry sails on sailing ships).
Vocabulary Academic Chinese ships also had watertight compart-
Vocabulary
compass Buddhism ments. If a leak occurred in one place, a sec-
block printing Confucianism assemble tion could be sealed off to prevent the ship
Daoism major from sinking.

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 Marco Polo explained how this worked:

Primary Source

“The sailors promptly find out where the breach is.

Cargo is shifted from the damaged compartment
into the neighboring ones; for the bulkheads
[walls] are so stoutly [strongly] built that the
compartments are watertight. The damage is then
repaired and the cargo shifted back.”
—The Travels of Marco Polo

Another important invention was the magnetic compass. A compass Academic Vocabulary
is a device with a magnetized piece of metal that points to the north. assemble • v., to put
Chinese sailors used the compass to navigate open seas. It allowed together
them to travel to distant lands without getting lost. As a result, Chinese
merchants opened up trade routes to India and Southeast Asia. Zheng
He used this technology on his voyages.
Use of the magnetic compass spread through the Muslim lands to
Europe. Arab and European sailors used compasses on their voyages
by the 1200s.
Paper and Printing A Chinese court official invented
paper in 105. Until then, the Chinese wrote on bamboo
or silk.
By the 800s, the Chinese were making books using
block printing, in which workers carved text into
blocks of wood. Each block was then covered with
ink and pressed on paper to print a page.
Later, Chinese printers crafted movable type.
Each piece of type had one character on it. The
pieces could be assembled to print a page of text
and then taken apart to be used again. With this
system, printers no longer needed to carve a new
block of text for every page of a book.
Printing lowered the cost of books during the
Song dynasty. As a result, the number of schools
rose. Literacy, or the ability to read and write, also
increased. For the first time, common people could hope
to become scholar-officials.
Use of paper traveled west to Muslim lands and then to
Europe. Printing may have followed a similar path.
Some historians think that printing developed separately in Europe in ▲ Wooden Chinese
characters used in block
the 1400s. Others think that Europeans may have gotten the idea from
printing
Chinese printed products. Either way, paper and printing made writing
and publishing easier. As a result, more people could learn to read and
get an education.

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 TEA PORCELAIN
CHINESE Legend has it Chinese
Emperor Shen Nong
This high-quality
type of ceramic

INNOVATIONS first drank tea nearly

4,000 years ago.
is both useful
and beautiful.

WE STILL USE MANY

CHINESE INNOVATIONS SILK
TODAY. The Chinese THE COMPASS
harvested fibers The Chinese invented
from the tiny this magnetic device
silkworm to create key to navigation.
fabric and paper.
MECHANICAL CLOCK
A Buddhist monk and
mathematician invented
the first mechanical IRON SMELTING GUNPOWDER
clock during the This multi-use metal This was originally used
Tang Dynasty. was first produced for fireworks and then
during the to power weapons.
Zhou dynasty.

Analyze Images Chinese

inventions and discoveries Gunpowder By the 900s, the Chinese had discovered the mixture of
changed lives around the ingredients we know today as gunpowder. They first used gunpowder
world. Understand Effects in fireworks. By the Song era, however, they were using gunpowder to
How do some of these make bombs, rockets, and other weapons.
inventions affect your life?
Like paper, gunpowder spread west to Muslim areas and then to
Europe. Gunpowder was the Turks’ secret weapon in their conquest of
Constantinople. Like Muslims, Europeans were quick to put gunpowder
to use in warfare.
Inventions Help Trade The Chinese developed other technologies
that improved life and increased trade. In addition to the farming
technology you read about, the Chinese developed water pumps
for irrigation.
They also crafted a harness to control draft animals. A draft animal is
used to pull a load, such as a wagon or a plow. As you have read, extra
food from improved farming technology led to more trade.
Other inventions helped industry grow. Weaving and spinning
machines allowed workshops to make more and better silk. Methods for
making ceramics also improved. These goods were then traded inside
and outside China.
Trade led to more creativity. Water pumps and wheelbarrows were used
in building projects, such as in canal construction. Canals were used for
inland trade. Increased trade led to the greater use of paper money.

 READING CHECK Identify Cause and Effect How did technological

innovations help spur trade in China?

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 Chinese Arts and Culture  INTERACTIVE
China’s cultural achievements were also a source of strength and
influence. China’s artists and craft workers produced work recognized Arts of Tang China
around the world for its quality and beauty.
The Three Perfections From the Tang period through the Ming,
scholars valued the “three perfections” of painting, poetry, and cal-
ligraphy. Calligraphy is decorative handwriting or lettering. Scholars
spent time perfecting their skills in these pursuits. They were also part
of the examinations.
The Tang era is known as the peak of Chinese poetry. The Song era is
famous for its painters. They created wonderful landscapes, which are
images of scenery. Collectors sought out art from the best calligraphers.
Ceramics and Porcelain Ceramics and porcelain were important
throughout much of Chinese history. Chinese porcelain became a
major trade item that was prized around the world. Porcelain was Academic Vocabulary
thinner and stronger than other materials used for making plates, major • adj., important
bowls, and vases. It was also beautiful, with a smooth white finish.
Fancy porcelain plates are still known as “china.”
The most famous Tang ceramics are figurines, which were often found
in tombs. Song ceramics came in many different colors, from greens to
blues to browns. Factories in different regions
produced items of different colors.
During the Ming era, a town called
Jingdezhen made the best porcelain in China.
This porcelain, decorated with a blue glaze,
was valued around the world.
Other Trade Items Silk was another highly
valued trade item. Although silk had been
produced since ancient times, it became a
more organized industry. Factories improved
the quality of silk and improved techniques
for dying it.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting

Details How was porcelain different from
other ceramics?

Chinese Belief Systems

Three main belief systems shaped life
in China from the Tang period to the
Ming period: Daoism, Buddhism, and
Confucianism. Each played an important role
in Chinese culture.
▲ This ceramic jar from the
Tang dynasty could be used
to hold household goods.

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 CONNECTIONS

CONNECTIONS
Daoism Daoism is an ancient Chinese philosophy. Its basic teach-
ing is that all things—earth, heaven, and people—should follow the
Look at the map. Dao (dow). Dao means “the way,” or the flow of nature. A person who
Where did Buddhism
follows the way will enjoy peace. For many Daoists, this meant leaving
begin, and where did
it spread? Record your society to live close to nature. By the Tang period, Daoism had priests,
findings in your temples, and monasteries.
 Active Journal. Buddhism Buddhism is a religion based on the teachings of the
Indian spiritual leader Siddhartha Gautama (sih DAHR tuh GOW tuh
muh). He is also known as the Buddha (BOO duh), or “the Enlightened
One.” Gautama taught that life involves suffering. The way to ease suf-
fering is to give up worldly desires and seek enlightenment, or perfect
wisdom. Those who reach enlightenment enter nirvana, which is a
state of complete peace. They also escape the endless cycle of suffering,
death, and rebirth.
Buddhism reached China during the Han dynasty. It gained
strength during the troubled times between the Han and Tang
dynasties. Its appeal was based on the hope for an end to
GEOGRAPHY SKILLS suffering.
Over time, Buddhism adapted and absorbed elements of
Buddhism spread through
Daoism. By the Tang dynasty, Buddhism had millions of
Asia after its founding by
followers in China. Temples and monasteries grew rich
Siddhartha Gautama.
from donations.
1. Place Where did Attacks on Buddhism Some Chinese thinkers criticized
Buddhism originate? Buddhism as a foreign religion. Because of this, it never became
2. Infer Which regions China’s official religion. Other critics opposed Buddhists’ with-
do you think Buddhism drawal from the world. They believed that people should be
reached last?
The Spread of MONGOLIA
Buddhism

60° E 90° E 120° E

Korean
Peninsula JAPAN
Yellow
Sea
TIBET CHINA
30° N
East
China
Sea
INDIA
PACIFIC
Arabian Southeast South OCEAN
Bay of Asia China
Sea Bengal N
Sea

Sri W E
Lanka
0 500 mi
S
0 500 km INDIAN EQUATOR 0°
Miller Projection OCEAN

MGWH19_SE_T12L01_m0000671
The Spread of Buddhism
7.15” x 3.83”
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 involved in society and family life. Still others criticized the wealth
and power of the monasteries.
At times, criticism led to persecution. The worst attacks came
during the reign of the Tang emperor Wuzong, a Daoist. In
845, Wuzong ordered the destruction of 4,600 Buddhist
monasteries and 40,000 temples. Some 250,000 Buddhist
monks and nuns were forced to give up religious life.
Buddhism never gained support from China’s rulers.
Still, many Chinese continued to follow Buddhism.
Buddhist temples and monasteries still stand in
China today.
Confucianism Much of the opposition to
Buddhism came from the followers of Confucianism.
Confucianism is a system of moral behavior, based
on the teachings of Confucius. It was an important belief
system, especially for scholar-officials.
Confucius lived during a time of warfare and disorder
in China. His philosophy was designed to restore peace
and stability.
Confucius stressed the importance of virtue. He said that a wise ruler ▲ A portrait of Confucius
governed through moral example, not force. He taught that people
could gain virtue through education.
Confucianism was also based on respect for family and the social
order. Everyone had a role to play in society. As Confucius put it, “Let
the prince be a prince, the minister a minister, the father a father, and
the son a son.” He taught that children should respect their parents.
Subjects should respect their rulers. Rulers should respect the nation.
By following these roles and respecting social rank, the Chinese would
maintain order. Even though Buddhism had lost favor, the Chinese
combined some of its teachings with Confucianism and Daoism.
Neo-Confucianism The growth of Buddhism caused Confucian
scholars to think about religious questions. By the Song era, a new take Quick Activity
on Confucian ideas, later called Neo-Confucianism, arose. The Neo-
Confucians found new meanings in the writings of Confucius. In doing
so, they answered questions about the meaning and purpose of life.
This form of Confucian thought showed the influence of Buddhism
and Daoism. One famous Neo-Confucian, a scholar-official named
Zhu Xi (joo shee), said that people should live according to the Dao.
But he defined the Dao as a process of self-improvement and educa-
tion, rather than as a retreat from society. The combination of elements
of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism focused on the quest to live Read the quotes in your
a more moral life, emphasizing family and community. The ideas of  Active Journal and
place them under the
the Neo-Confucians had a great influence on China from the Song
correct heading–Daoism,
period onward.
Buddhism, or Confucianism.

 READING CHECK Compare and Contrast What did Daoism,

Buddhism, and Confucianism have in common?

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 How Did Chinese Culture Spread?
Because it was the largest and most powerful country
in East Asia, China and its civilization had great effects
on smaller countries nearby. In addition, China manu-
factured more goods than any other country. Through
trade, it influenced Central Asia and Europe.
The Impact of Chinese Thought Both
Confucianism and Buddhism spread from China to
nearby lands. Over time, the governments of Vietnam,
Korea, and Japan all adopted practices that reflected
Confucian ideas.
For instance, scholar-officials ran their bureaucracies.
The influence of Confucian ideas was particularly strong
in Korea. Buddhism also spread from China, through
Korea, into Japan.
▲ A style of teapot popular
since the Song dynasty
Chinese Culture Vietnam, Korea, and Japan borrowed the Chinese
writing system. In time, they adapted it to their needs. They imported
Chinese styles of painting, music, and architecture. Both Korea and
Japan built capital cities modeled on Chang’an.
Chinese culinary arts also spread throughout East Asia. Culinary arts
are styles of cooking and food preparation. Many countries adopted
chopsticks as tools for cooking and eating. They borrowed the Chinese
wok, a large round-bottomed pan used for frying and steaming foods.
These countries also adopted the custom of drinking tea.

Did you know? Trade and the West The Ming government tried to limit the influ-
ence of foreigners, but trade with European merchants brought new
Today, tea is the second goods and technologies to the Chinese. Missionaries brought Western
most popular beverage Christianity. In turn, Chinese products and ideas spread to Europe.
in the world, after water.
China and India are the two
biggest producers of tea.
 READING CHECK Identify Main Ideas How did Chinese influence
spread?

 Lesson Check
Practice Vocabulary 4. Draw Conclusions How did China
influence the countries around it?
1. How did the compass help sailors?
5. Writing Workshop: Develop a Clear
2. What are the main beliefs of Buddhism,
Thesis What effect did Chinese technology
Confucianism, and Daoism?
have on China and the rest of the world?
Use information from this lesson to begin
Critical Thinking and Writing
to develop a clear thesis for your research
3. Infer Why might some people believe paper in your  Active Journal.
that the invention of gunpowder is the
most important Chinese technological
advancement?

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  Primary Sources

Zhu Xi, Neo-Confucianist

Thought
Confucianism was threatened during the Tang period when
Buddhism gained influenced in China, Japan, and Korea. This
upset Confucian scholar-officials and Daoist priests. They
felt that Buddhism was a foreign influence, and they were
threatened by it. In response, Tang emperors began to support
a fusion of Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist beliefs and practices.
This formed a new popular religion, emphasizing moral living,
daily ritual, and dedication to family and community.

▶ Zhu Xi was a neo-Confucian scholar who lived in China

from 1130–1200.

Original nature is an all-pervading 1 perfection not contrasted with Reading and

evil. This is true of what Heaven has endowed 2 in the self. But when it Vocabulary Support
operates in human beings, there is the differentiation of good and evil.
When humans act in accord with it, there is goodness. When humans 1 Something that is
act out of accord with it, there is evil 3 . How can it be said that the all-pervading is spread
good is not the original nature? It is in its operation in human beings throughout.
that the distinction of good and evil arises, but conduct in accord with 2 Endowed is a verb
the original nature is due to the original nature. If, as they say, that is that means “provided”
the original goodness and there is another goodness contrasted with or “given.”
evil, there must be two natures. Now what is received from Heaven is
3 What is Zhu Xi saying
the same nature as that in accordance with which goodness ensues,
about human beings’
except that as soon as good appears, evil, by implication, 4 also
actions here?
appears, so that we necessarily speak of good and evil in contrast. But it
is not true that there is originally evil existing out there, waiting for the 4 Implication is another
appearance of good to oppose it. We fall into evil only when our actions word for conclusion.
are not in accord with the original nature.

Analyzing Primary Sources

Review the passage to find details for your answers. Cite
evidence in your answer.

1. Identify Main Ideas According to Zhu Xi, what is a person’s

original nature?

2. Analyze Information Explain the existence of evil in neo-

Confucian terms.

3. Write a Summary Write a summary of the primary source. Stay

objective by not allowing any personal feelings to creep in.

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 LESSON 4

Emergence of Japan

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START UP Japan arose in the shadow of its powerful
Study the photograph of Mount Fuji, the largest neighbor, China. Early Japanese culture
mountain in Japan. Based on this photograph, and society often borrowed from China and
how might Japan’s landscape have shaped life in Japan’s other neighbor, Korea. But Chinese
that country? and Korean cultures were not the only influ-
ences on Japan. Geography also had great
GUIDING QUESTIONS effects on the island nation.
• How did geography affect the development of
Japanese culture? How Did Geography Set
• What actions did Prince Shotoku take to
strengthen Japan as a kingdom?
Japan Apart?
Japan is an archipelago (ahr kuh PEL uh
• How did Chinese culture, ideas, and
goh), or chain of islands. To Japan’s west
technologies influence Japan?
is the continent of Asia. To the east lies the
TAKE NOTES broad Pacific Ocean. In ancient times, the
Literacy Skills: Sequence Japanese believed that theirs was the first
Use the graphic organizer in your  Active Journal land to see the sun rise in the morning. They
to take notes as you read the lesson. called their country Nippon, which means
“land of the rising sun.” In Japanese tradi-
PRACTICE VOCABULARY tion, the Sun Goddess was the country’s
Use the vocabulary activity in your  Active Journal special protector.
to practice the vocabulary words.
What Is Japan’s Land and Climate
Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary
Like? Japan is made up of four large islands
archipelago kami unify and thousands of smaller ones. Its total land
mainland regent tradition area is about the size of the state of California.
clan

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 The archipelago is very long from north to south. Honshu (HAHN
shoo), the main island, is much larger than the others.  INTERACTIVE
A ridge of volcanic mountains runs the length of the island chain. Geography of
Mount Fuji is the highest peak. It rises more than 12,000 feet above sea Japan
level. Because of Mount Fuji’s beauty, it has always been an important
symbol for the Japanese people.
Japan is so mountainous that less than 15 percent of its land can be
farmed. Most people live on plains or along the coastline. The Japanese
take much of their food from the ocean.
The Ring of Fire Japan sits at the border between two plates, or sec-
tions, of Earth’s outer crust. The border forms part of the Ring of Fire.
This region of volcanoes and earthquakes circles the Pacific Ocean.
Japan and Its Neighbors Korea and China are Japan’s
neighbors on the Asian mainland. A mainland is an area that
is a part of a continent. GEOGRAPHY SKILLS
About 120 miles of open water separates Korea from Japan.
Japan is an island chain
China is farther away. Still, waves of migrants from the mainland
stretching south to north,
settled in Japan. Over time, Japan felt the influence of Korean
to the east of China and
and Chinese cultures. Many Chinese and Koreans migrated to
Korea.
Japan in search of refuge or opportunity, especially during times
of disruption. As the migrants came to Japan, they brought with 1. Location What bodies
them knowledge about Buddhism, writing systems, and making of water separate Japan
metal, paper, and silk. from other countries?
2. Use Visual Information
 READING CHECK Draw Conclusions Why was Japan’s culture
What route would traded
able to grow in isolation for so long?
goods and ideas need to
take to reach Japan?

Japan’s Physical Features

Sea of
N
Okhotsk 40°
Hokkaidō
Island
Showa Volcano
160° E 170° E
Sea of Japan
(East Sea)
Japanese Honshū PACIFIC KEY
KOREA Alps Island
OCEAN
Elevation
Yellow Heian Edo (Tokyo) Feet Meters
t

Sea (Kyoto)
rai

CHINA Mt. Fuji 15,000 4,572

St

Cheju a 12,388 ft. (3,776 m) 10,000 3,048

Island Kore Inland Sea 6,000 1,829
Mt. Unzen Shikoku Island 3,000 914
Chugoku N 30° N 1,000 305
Kyūshū Island Mountains 500 152
East E Sea level Sea level
ds

China W
an

Sea l 0 500 mi
Is
yu S
uk 0 500 km
Ry 150° E
Conic projection
120° E TR
OPIC OF CANCER 130° E 140° E

MGWH19_SE_T12TI_M0000672
First Proof
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 Japan’s Early History
The first groups of humans in Japan arrived many thousands of years
ago. Historians have identified one culture group, the Jomon (JOH
mun), by their distinctive pottery. The Jomon migrated to Japan some
11,000 years ago. They lived by hunting and fishing.
The Yayoi By 250 bce a new group had appeared in Japan—the Yayoi
(YAH yoy). They probably came from mainland Asia. In time, the Yayoi
merged with or pushed out the Jomon. Unlike the Jomon, the Yayoi
wove cloth and worked bronze and iron.
Most important, the Yayoi introduced the technique of growing rice in
irrigated fields. Rice became Japan’s most important crop. A diet based
on seafood and rice helped boost the population.
The Yamato Clan Triumphs Local clans ruled Japan by the 200s
ce. A clan is a group of people with a common ancestor. The head of
a clan was also a religious leader. Part of his job was to show respect to
the clan’s kami so they would have good harvests. A kami (KAH mee)
Analyze Images This is a holy being that represents a spirit of nature, sacred place, ancestor,
piece of pottery dates
or clan in Japanese culture. Each clan also had its own land.
from the Jomon period.
Use Visual Information From the 200s to the 400s, warlike clans competed for land and power.
What makes this pottery The winner of this struggle was the Yamato clan from the plains of
different from the Chinese central Honshu.
pottery pictured in previous
lessons? Riding horses and fighting with swords and with
bows and arrows, the Yamato first gained control
over lands to the north and west. They eventually
built a small state. Sometimes they went to war
against neighboring clans. More often they made
alliances through marriage or other ties.
The Yamato applied new technology in their ter-
ritory. They used iron tools to till the land. They
also found better ways to level and flood rice fields.
These improvements added to their wealth and
power.
Yamato emperors claimed descent from their kami,
the Sun Goddess. Even today, Japan’s imperial
family traces its descent from the Sun Goddess
and the Yamato clan. It is the world’s oldest ruling
royal family.
Yamato Society The most powerful members of
Yamato society were clan leaders. Beneath them
was a large class of free farmers, with free craft
workers ranking below farmers. The lowest rank
was held by enslaved Japanese people.
Family life in Yamato times involved different roles
for men and women. Males in farming families
received a plot of land at the age of 6 to farm the

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 rest of their lives. Males also had to provide military service
to clan leaders. Women had an important role in religion,
communicating with kamis. Women were able to hold prop-
erty, like men. Women could also hold power. There were
several female Yamato rulers.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did

the Yamato clan gain control of much of Japan?

How Did Shotoku Strengthen Japan?

Even after the Yamato clan gained power, Japan was not
fully united. Clan leaders saw little reason to obey a distant
government. In 593, Prince Shotoku took power. He was not
an emperor. Instead, he was a regent for the empress, his
aunt. A regent is someone who governs a country in the
name of a ruler who is unable to rule, often because of age.
Support for Buddhism Shotoku began the difficult task
of unifying Japan. He had to strengthen the central govern-
ment and reduce the power of clan leaders. One way he did
this was by supporting Buddhism, which arrived in Japan
from Korea in 538.
Shotoku hoped that the new religion would unite the
Japanese people. However, clan leaders opposed the new
religion because they were also religious leaders. If people
stopped worshiping their kami, clan leaders would lose
▲ Prince Shotoku
importance.
Guidelines for Government Japanese leaders also
learned about Chinese government and the teachings
of Confucius. Shotoku studied these. He believed that
Confucianism, like Buddhism, could unify Japan. Shotoku’s Academic Vocabulary
moral code is laid out in a document known as the unify • v., bring together
Constitution of Seventeen Articles.
This document was not like modern constitutions. It was not a
plan for government. Instead, it was a set of guiding principles
for people, rulers, and the government itself. It was based on
Confucian and Buddhist thought. A section of the first article
laid out the Confucian idea of harmony. It read, “Harmony
should be valued and quarrels should be avoided.”
The second article called for respecting Buddhism. A later CONNECTIONS
article said that clan heads should not be allowed to tax the CONNECTIONS
people. That power, it suggested, belonged only to the central How does the quote
government. from the first article
of the Constitution
Missions to China In 607, Shotoku sent official represen- of Seventeen Articles
tatives to China to study arts and government. This was the show Chinese influence?
first of several official missions to the Chinese mainland. A Record your thoughts in
mission is a group of people sent to represent their country. your  Active Journal.
The mission included scholars, artists, and Buddhist monks.

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 When they returned, these experts helped make Japan’s government
Quick Activity more like that of Tang China. For example, Japanese rulers began using
a system of official ranks and duties like those in the Chinese court.
Explore the guidelines for
Officials could be recognized by the color of their caps.
government in your
 Active Journal.  READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did Prince
Shotoku attempt to unify Japan?

Later Reforms
Prince Shotoku died in 622. Japan was still ruled by clans, but other
reformers continued efforts to create a strong government. In 646,
they enacted a program known as the Taika Reform. Taika means
“great change.”
The most important new laws said that all land belonged to the
emperor and that everyone was his subject. Some clan leaders became
local officials. They were responsible for collecting taxes, which were
based on the number of people who lived in an area. These changes
made Japan more like Tang China.
In 702, a new law code for the entire country made the leader of the
Yamato clan the official emperor and said that he should be called “son
of Heaven.” The new laws also defined crimes and punishments. These
criminal laws applied equally to everyone in Japan.
The rulers continued to strengthen their power. In 710 they built a new
capital city at Nara.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did Taika Reform

increase government’s power?

Political Reform in Japan, 646

Structure of
Land Ownership
Local Government

• Abolishing all titles held by • Placing the capital under an

imperial princes administrative system
• Abolishing title to lands held • Appointing governors and
directly by the imperial court prefects in other areas of the
Analyze Charts In 646, country
Emperor Kōtoku began • Abolishing private titles to lands
a set of political reforms. and works held by ministers and • Forming a village out of every 50
These Taika Reforms were “functionaries” of the court, local households and appointing an
based on Confucianism nobles, and village chiefs alderman for each village who
and other Chinese political was responsible for assigning the
philosophies. Infer How did sowing of crops and collecting
these reforms strengthen taxes, among other things
Japan’s government?

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 Analyze Images
Borrowing From Neighbors Japanese calligraphy is
pictured on the left, and
Chinese culture of the Tang dynasty strongly influenced Japan and
Chinese calligraphy on
Korea. As you learned, early Japanese rulers looked to China as a
the right. Synthesize
model for government. Japanese scholars organized an official history Visual Information How
of Japan, just as Chinese rulers arranged histories of China. Japan also did Chinese writing affect
adopted the Chinese calendar. written Japanese?
In the time of the first Yamato emperor, Japanese had only been spo-
ken, not written. Contact with the mainland changed that. Around 500,
the Japanese began to adapt China’s writing system. They used Chinese
characters, with some changes, to write the Japanese language.
Japan and Korea also developed ties. Buddhist monks arrived in Japan
from Korea in 538. Most Japanese practiced Shinto, a mix of ancient
beliefs and traditions. Over time, Japan’s practice of Buddhism would
absorb many of the Shinto spirits and traditions. You will read more Academic Vocabulary
about these religions in Lesson 6. tradition • n., a practice or
belief handed down from
one generation to another
 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details What did most
Japanese practice before Buddhism arrived? How did religion in
Japan change after Buddhism’s arrival?

 Lesson Check
Practice Vocabulary 5. Infer Why did Japanese rulers send
missions to China?
1. What is an archipelago?
6. Writing Workshop: Find and Use Credible
2. What was the role of a kami in Japanese
Sources Use tips in your  Active Journal
culture?
to conduct research to learn more about
3. What is a regent? how technology affected agriculture in
Japan under the Yamato.
Critical Thinking and Writing
4. Identify Cause and Effect How did
Japanese emperors increase their power?

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 LESSON 5

Japanese Feudalism

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START UP Prince Shotoku and other reformers tried to
Study the picture of the samurai. Samurai had a unify Japan. They had only limited success.
similar role to knights in medieval Europe. How did Over time, the power of the emperor faded
knights help to maintain a system of feudalism? and Japan became a violent land ruled
by rival warriors. Peace was only restored
GUIDING QUESTIONS around 1600.
• Why did Japanese emperors lose power to
rival clans? Power Shifts in Japan
• How did feudalism structure society in By tradition, each Yamato ruler set up
medieval Japan? court in his own territory. Then, in 794, the
• What influence did samurai values have on imperial court settled in a new capital city,
medieval Japan? Heian (HAY ahn). The name meant “capital
TAKE NOTES of peace and tranquility.” It later became
known as Kyoto. It was modeled after the
Literacy Skills: Analyze Cause and Effect
Chinese city of Chang’an. Emperors lived in
Use the graphic organizer in your  Active Journal
Heian for more than a thousand years. But
to take notes as you read the lesson.
during that time, their power began to shift
PRACTICE VOCABULARY into other hands.
Use the vocabulary activity in your  Active Journal The Imperial Court The imperial court
to practice the vocabulary words. was divided into different ranks, or levels,
of nobles. Privileges and influence depended
Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary
mainly on one’s rank. Unlike China, Japan
figurehead daimyo constantly did not give out government jobs based on
shogun samurai factor merit. Most officials were sons from noble
feudalism bushido families.

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 The emperor and nobles of the court appeared to live wonderful
lives. Their nights and days were filled with dinner parties, dances,
poetry contests, music, and religious rituals. They also produced
magnificent art and literature. Among these nobles, the Fujiwara
family grew in power.
The Fujiwara Take Over By 860, the emperor was no longer the
true ruler. The Fujiwara family was running the country. Behind
the scenes, they controlled the government for some 300 years. The
emperor was a figurehead, which means that he was only a symbolic
leader, while someone else was really in control.
The Fujiwara rose to power by having their daughters marry emper-
ors. The sons of these marriages often became emperors. They made
sure that members of the Fujiwara clan got high positions in the
government.
In the late 800s, the Fujiwara moved closer to taking complete power.
They persuaded several emperors to retire. The position of emperor
went to the child who was next in line for the throne.
A Fujiwara leader then became regent for the child. He was now the ▼ Minamoto Yoritomo
power behind the throne. When the young emperor was finally old was a military leader who
enough to rule, the leader became his advisor, thus holding on to defied the emperor and the
power. The Fujiwara repeated this process again and again. Fujiwaras.
Fortunately for Japan, most of the Fujiwara were able
rulers. But their long rule marked a shift in power. Japan
remained unified, but the Fujiwara family was in charge,
not the emperor. In addition, nobles came to own most
of the land.
Japan also began to trade with its neighbors, China and
Korea. Merchants from both nations traded luxury goods
for Japanese timber, copper, silver, and steel swords.
These connections helped China dominate the region
economically and culturally by 1300.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How

did social interactions allow the Fujiwara to gain power
in Japan’s government?

Rival Clans Battle for Power

Outside the capital, other clans envied and resented the
Fujiwaras’ power. Some clan leaders began to raise their
own private armies. Those leaders became warlords. The
warriors that they trained were fiercely loyal to their
own clans, not to the Fujiwara or the emperor.
Military Leaders Gain Strength The most powerful
of these warrior clans were the Taira (TY rah) and the
Minamoto (mee nah MOH toh). They worked together
just long enough to push the Fujiwara out of power.

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 Then they turned against each other. Over long years of war, power
moved between the Taira and Minamoto clans. The violence eventually
reached Kyoto. In 1159, Minamoto forces stormed into the capital. They
burned the emperor’s palace and killed many court officials. Japan had
entered a long period of warfare and suffering. A poet expressed his
sadness this way:

Primary Source

“All hung about with cloud,

The distant mountain meadows
Are in autumn and
All I do recall
Is sadness.”
—Saigyo, translated by Thomas McAuley

The First Shogun In 1185, Minamoto warriors defeated Taira forces

in a final clash at sea. As a result, Minamoto Yoritomo (yoh ree TOH
moh) became the most powerful person in Japan.
Minamoto received the title of shogun (SHOH gun), or supreme
Analyze Images A scroll military commander. The position was supposed to be temporary, but
from the 1200s shows Minamoto wanted to keep the title permanently. In theory, Minamoto
Minamoto forces attacking
served as advisor to the emperor. In reality, he ruled Japan. Shoguns
the capital. Use Visual
held true power in Japan for hundreds of years.
Information Based on
the details in the picture,
how well-equipped do you  READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details What effect did war
think the Minamoto were between rival clans have on Japan?
for battle?

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 Feudalism in Japan
Minamoto’s rule marked the beginning of military rule by
local lords and their fighters. The central government became
weak. Life was often lawless and violent under the shoguns.
Local nobles owned much land and fought for power. The
result was a new set of social, political, and economic relation-
ships known together as feudalism.
Daimyo, Samurai, and Peasants Feudalism was a
social system in which landowners granted people land
or other rewards in exchange for military service or labor.
Landowners, warriors, and peasants served one another’s
needs. This system spelled out relationships among those
different classes of people.
In the Japanese feudal system, people had clearly defined
roles. By the 1400s, protecting people had become the respon-
sibility of daimyo (DY myoh), or local land-owning lords.
Each daimyo relied on peasants to work the land. In exchange
for a share of the crop, he promised to protect them.
The daimyo usually had a large wooden castle, surrounded by
a strong wall. It offered some safety from attack. The daimyo
also provided protection through a small army of samurai
(SAM uh ry), or highly trained warriors. In Japanese, samurai
means “those who serve.” In exchange for their military ser-
vice, the daimyo paid his samurai a salary.
The Code of Bushido Two values guided samurai. One
was loyalty to one’s lord. The other was personal honor. These
formed the heart of a set of rules called bushido (BOO shee
doh)—“the way of the warrior.” This strict code of conduct
guided samurai behavior. It became an official code in the
1600s and influenced Japan into the 1900s. Analyze Images Samurai
The code of bushido governed a samurai’s life. He trained hard, fought warriors wore armor like
bravely, and died with honor. “A man born a samurai should live and this. Compare and Contrast
Compare this armor to
die sword in hand,” one warrior advised.
images you have seen of
Under the code of bushido, loyalty to one’s lord was more important medieval knights in Europe.
than loyalty to family, religion, or even the emperor. If a samurai’s lord
was in danger, he would follow the lord, even if it meant certain death.
An old story relates a conversation between two samurai whose lord
is losing a battle. “The general is surrounded by rebels,” the first
samurai reported. “It is hard to see how he can get away.” The second
samurai replied:

Primary Source

“If he must die, I intend to share his fate and go

with him to the underworld.”
—from Tale of Mutsu, translated by Helen Craig McCullough

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 Personal honor was also important. Riding into battle, a samurai
 INTERACTIVE shouted out his name and family. He wanted everyone to see his cour-
Feudal Society in age and skill. A samurai was also careful about his appearance. His
Japan robe, his armor, and even his horse reflected his pride.
Comparing European and Japanese Feudalism
European and Japanese feudalism shared some features. Both began
during a time of violence and warfare. Both involved an exchange of
land for services. Both knights and samurai were expected to follow
codes of conduct that emphasized honor, bravery, and loyalty.
The two forms of feudalism had a major difference: religion. Most
Europeans were Christian. Japanese feudalism was influenced by ideas
from Buddhism, Shinto, and Confucianism.

 READING CHECK Compare and Contrast Compare the systems of

feudalism in medieval Europe and Japan.

Mongols Threaten Japan

Mongols took over China in the 1200s. Their ruler, Kublai Khan, sent
officials to Japan to demand tribute. They said that there would be
war if Japan did not pay for the Khan’s friendship. The shogun’s
government sent the officials away.
In November 1274, the Khan sent hundreds of ships across the sea. They
Analyze Diagrams carried more than 25,000 troops, along with horses and weapons. This
Japanese and European was the first experience Japanese warriors had with gunpowder weapons.
feudalism had similar Yet the samurai fought bravely and held off the invaders’ first attack.
structures. Infer Which
The invaders returned to their ships. That night, a fierce storm shat-
group shown on the
diagram had the most
tered the ships. Nearly 13,000 men drowned. Kublai Khan sent more
people for both societies?

EMPEROR SHOGUN DAIMYO SAMURAI PEASANTS

looked on by the a military leader powerful military lowest class
Japanese as a god with absolute power landowners nobility of society

COMPARING
JAPANESE
AND

EUROPEAN
FEUDALISM

considered God's monarchs who ruled powerful military lowest class

ruler on Earth specific countries landowners nobility of society

THE POPE REGIONAL KINGS THE NOBILITY KNIGHTS PEASANTS

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 Analyze Images This
artwork depicts the
officials to Japan to demand tribute. This time, the shogun had them typhoon that helped
the Japanese defeat a
beheaded on the beach. In 1281, Kublai Khan tried again, with almost
Mongol and Chinese
140,000 soldiers. The samurai held off the invaders for nearly two invasion. Identify
months. Supporting Details Why
The Japanese prayed to their gods, the kami, for help. A typhoon, a violent did the Japanese call this
tropical storm, came roaring across the sea. Thousands of Mongol and typhoon kamikaze?
Chinese soldiers drowned. More were stranded on shore, where Japanese
warriors killed them. The Japanese believed that the kami had sent the
typhoon to save them. They called it kamikaze (kah mee KAH zay), or the
“wind of the gods.”

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details Why is the kamikaze

remembered?

Japan’s Reunification
The end of the Mongol threat did not bring peace to Japan. With weak
shoguns, the clans continued to fight among themselves. Hundreds of
years passed before Japan was unified again.
Strong Leaders Emerge During the 1400s and 1500s, Japan was
controlled by daimyo who constantly fought for land and power. Academic Vocabulary
Historians call this violent period the “Era of the Warring States.” constantly • adv., again
and again
Finally, in the 1500s, three ambitious leaders managed to end the
constant warfare. The first, Oda Nobunaga, worked all his life to bring
Japan “under a single sword.” Nobunaga did not fully succeed, but he
reduced the power of the warlords.
The second great leader, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, unified Japan in 1590. He
achieved peace only because the daimyo pledged loyalty to him. When
Hideyoshi died, clans began to quarrel once more.

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 Tokugawa Ieyasu Brings Peace The third
leader, Tokugawa Ieyasu (toh koo GAH wah ee
YAY ah soo), united the country again in 1600. He
took the title of shogun, then founded a new capital
at Edo (present-day Tokyo). Ieyasu made laws that
finally brought peace to Japan.
He ordered the daimyo to destroy their castles and
spend much of the year in Edo, where he could
watch them. When they left, they had to leave their
families behind. Edo grew to be a huge city.
Ieyasu officially divided society into four classes,
ranked from top to bottom: samurai, farmers, arti-
sans, and merchants. Only samurai were allowed
to own weapons. Farmers produced food. Artisans
made the goods people needed, such as cloth, pot-
tery, and weapons. Merchants traded goods.
Ieyasu’s measures ended the violence at last. The
Tokugawa family ruled a peaceful, unified Japan
until 1868.
▲ A Japanese artist created
Life in Peacetime Once Japan was at peace, Japanese life changed.
this woodblock of Matthew
Merchants became wealthy as the country’s population began to grow.
Perry (center), an American
naval officer who arrived in The new economic forces caused the daimyo, samurai, and peasants to
Japan in 1852, and two of become less prosperous. Many samurai took government jobs, but oth-
his men. ers could not support themselves. Meanwhile, famines hurt peasants.
Unrest among these groups led, in part, to the end of the Tokugawa
shoguns.
Another factor was the arrival of Western traders. Since the 1500s,
Japanese leaders had tried to limit the influence of Europeans and other
outsiders. In 1853, however, American warships arrived and forced
Japan to accept trade. In 1868, the last shogun-led government fell.

Academic Vocabulary
factor • n., cause
 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did the
Tokugawa shoguns bring peace to Japan?

 Lesson Check
Practice Vocabulary 5. Infer Why did Tokugawa Ieyasu force the
daimyo to leave their families in Edo?
1. Who were the daimyo?
6. Writing Workshop: Cite Sources As
2. What was the code of bushido?
you continue to research the effects of
3. What were the duties of the samurai? technology and innovation on Japan, be
sure to properly keep track of the sources
Critical Thinking and Writing you will cite in your final essay.
4. Identify Cause and Effect How did the
rise of the Fujiwara lead to feudalism?

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  Primary Sources

The Tale of the Heike

The Tale of the Heike is a classic of medieval Japanese
literature that describes in the warrior culture of that time
and place. This passage tells the story of Kumagai Naozane,
an older warrior from the Heike clan who must decide
whether or not to slay a younger warrior he encounters.
It highlights Japanese military values, the importance of
samurai ethics, and the role of religion.
▶ Samurai were celebrated in art, both through paintings such as this
one and stories like The Tale of the Heike.

Quickly hurling the warrior to the ground, Kumagi sprang upon the Reading and
warrior and tore off his helmet to cut off his head, when he beheld the Vocabulary Support
face of a youth sixteen or seventeen. . . .
1 What conflict does
“Though he is one of their leaders,” mused Kumagai, “if I slay him it will Kumagai experience
not turn victory into defeat, and if I spare him, it will not turn defeat when about to kill the
into victory. When my son Kojirû was but slightly wounded at Ichi no soldier?
tani this morning, did it not pain me? How this young man’s father 2 What do you think
would grieve to hear that he had been killed! I will spare him.” 1 the phrase there was no
help for it means?
Just then, looking behind him, he saw Doi and Kajiwara coming
up with fifty horsemen. “Alas! Look there,” he exclaimed, the tears
3 A brocade bag
running down his face, “though I would spare your life, the whole
is made of heavily
embroidered cloth
countryside swarms with our men, and you cannot escape them. If you
must die, let it be by my hand, and I will see that prayers are said for
your rebirth in Paradise.” . . .

Kumagi’s eyes swam and he hardly knew what he did, but there was
no help for it 2 . . . . He pressed his face to the sleeve of his armor
and wept bitterly. Then, he was stripping off the young man’s armor
when he discovered a flute in a brocade 3 bag. “Ah,” he exclaimed,
“it was this youth and his friends who were amusing themselves with
music within the walls this morning. Among all our men of the Eastern
Provinces I doubt if there is any who has brought a flute with him.”
—The Tale of the Heike, from Anthology of Japanese Literature from the Earliest Era
to the Mid-Nineteenth Century, edited by Donald Keene

Analyzing Primary Sources

Review the passage to find details for your answers.

1. Infer Why did Kumagi still kill the young warrior?

2. Analyze Author’s Purpose What point does the author make by

including Kumagai finding the flute?

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 Analysis Skills

Recognize the Role of Chance,  INTERACTIVE

Anayze Cause and
Error, and Oversight Effect
Follow these steps using the sources below to
recognize the role of chance, oversight, and error.

1 Identify the topic. Begin by identifying the

topic you are studying. 3 Identify any unexpected outcomes. As
you consider the event or time period,
ask: Did events happen as you expected?
a. Is the second passage about a military Did something go wrong? Did key people
campaign or the rise of a new leader? achieve their original goals? Did the
b. Where did the event happen? goals of the key individuals change as the
circumstances changed?
c. Who were the key figures?

2 Identify the goal or expected outcome.

In the second passage, two leaders are
4 Analyze the cause of the unexpected
outcomes. Look for explanations for
unexpected outcomes.
mentioned, Kublai Khan, the leader of the
a. Did something that nobody could have
Mongols, and the shogun of Japan. What
predicted go wrong—a storm or illness,
is each leader trying to accomplish? What
for example?
is likely to happen if everything goes as
planned? b. Did a person make a key mistake?
c. Was the unexpected outcome the cause
of chance, oversight, or error?

Secondary Source Secondary Source

The Unexpected Ancient peoples The Mongol Invasions Mongol

often blamed the gods when bad invaders took over China in the 1200s.
things happened. Historians, however, The Mongol ruler, Kublai Khan, soon
look for human causes of unexpected ruled all of East Asia—except Japan.
events. Many things go wrong because
In 1268, Kublai Khan sent official
of oversight or error. An oversight is
representatives to demand tribute from
a mistake people make by not paying
Japan. They promised war if Japan did
attention to something. An error is an
not pay for Kubilai Khan’s friendship.
action that people intend to do but
However, the shogun’s government
that turns out to be a mistake.
refused. This so angered the Great
Some events are caused by things that Khan that he began to build a fleet of
happen by chance. The sudden death ships to invade Japan. This effort was
of a leader due to an accident is an a spectacular failure, in part because
example of a chance event. No one terrible storms disrupted the Great
can plan for such events, but they do Khan’s invasion plans.
change history.

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 LESSON 6

Japanese Society and Culture

BOUNCE
TO ACTIVATE  VIDEO

GET READY TO READ

START UP China had a strong influence on Japan.
Look at the photo of a modern Kabuki play. List But the Japanese added their own ideas
several ways the performing arts can enrich a and values to whatever they borrowed from
culture. China. The result was a country that shared
much with its mainland neighbor, but still
GUIDING QUESTIONS had its own unique culture and society.
• What forms of literature, drama, and art
flourished at the Heian Court? Japan’s Golden Age
• What values shaped Japanese culture? Many historians call the Heian period
• How did Shinto and Buddhism influence Japan? Japan’s golden age. Lasting from 794
to 1185, it was a time of great cultural
TAKE NOTES
flowering in Japan. Japanese culture today
Literacy Skills: Identify Main Ideas
still reflects developments from this period.
Use the graphic organizer in your  Active Journal
to take notes as you read the lesson. Literature Nobles of the Heian court wrote
journals, poems, and stories. They wrote in
PRACTICE VOCABULARY a script called kana, adapted from Chinese
Use the vocabulary activity in your  Active Journal characters. Each symbol represented a sound
to practice the vocabulary words. in Japanese. In the past, Japanese writers
Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary had written in Chinese.
Noh Shinto despite One lengthy story, The Tale of Genji, still
Kabuki shrine exclude entertains readers today. The story describes
the romantic adventures of a prince named
consensus mantra
Genji. Murasaki Shikibu, the story’s author,
joined the Heian court around 1005.

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 While serving the emperor’s wife, she wrote her tale, which is now
 INTERACTIVE praised as a great masterpiece of Japanese literature.
Japanese Art and Many regard this work as the world’s first novel. A novel is a long
Theater fictional story, often with a complex plot and many chapters.
Murasaki’s work, though fiction, has provided scholars with many
details about life in the Heian court.
Art and Architecture Japanese artists and architects added their
CONNECTIONS own ideas to styles borrowed from China. Heian artists admired
CONNECTIONS Chinese scroll painting, but they developed scrolls with a distinctively
Japanese style.
Look at the two photos
of the Japanese and Homes of nobles looked similar in Japan and China. They included
Chinese buildings. several buildings around a garden. But facing the garden, Japanese
Describe their similarities homes had sliding doors instead of fixed walls. In warm weather the
and differences in your
doors were removed and the rooms became part of the garden.
 Active Journal.
The art of gardening also came from China. The Japanese garden
usually had flowering trees and a small stream or pond. It might also
have a teahouse. A practice borrowed from China, the formal tea
ceremony was designed to calm the mind and heart.
Drama In the 1300s in Japan, well after the Heian period, a new kind
of drama developed. Noh was drama that appealed to the nobles and
samurai. It is serious and intense. A Noh play takes place on a simple,
almost bare stage. The players wear colorful costumes and masks. They
dance and chant to the music of flutes and drums. Through movement
and words, they tell a story.
The early 1600s saw the rise of a new form of drama, Kabuki. Like Noh,
it uses music and dance to tell a story. Unlike Noh, Kabuki was aimed
at farmers, merchants, and other common folk. Its stunning sets and
flashy costumes excite the senses. During performances, viewers even
▼ Both of the buildings
yell out the names of favorite actors.
shown here are temples.
The one on the left is in  READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details What influences did
Japan, while the one on the China have on Japanese architecture, art, and literature?
right is in China.

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 Japanese Society
The nobles at the Heian court enjoyed a life of luxury and
leisure. Most other people in Japan did not. Yet as the
economy grew, the lives of most Japanese improved.
One thing that did not change was the society’s
shared values.
Family Loyalty and Harmony In Japan, family
loyalty was a basic value. Following Shinto tradition,
people honored their ancestors. The head of a family
or clan put the welfare of the group ahead of other
concerns. Individuals put family interests above
personal interests.
This devotion to family remained strong through the
feudal age and beyond. A modern historian wrote,

Primary Source

“The keys to the continuity and toughness

of Japanese society have been the family and ▲ An illustration from a
traditional religion. The clan was the enlarged Japanese legend shows
samurai who were so loyal
family, and the nation the most enlarged family to their leader that they
of all.” plotted for two years to kill
the official who caused his
—J. M. Roberts, History of the World death. Whether in battle
or at home, the concept of
Confucianism also introduced the value of harmony to Japanese loyalty was highly valued in
society. Concern for harmony led to the practice of seeking consensus. Japanese culture.
Consensus is agreement among the members of a group.
Economic Life Most people lived in rural areas, away from cities.
Local daimyo kept order. Most rural people worked the land as tenant
farmers. They paid rent with crops. As long as they kept up with the
rent, the daimyo usually let them run their own affairs. A village
assembly made most local decisions.
Despite the violence of the feudal age, Japan’s economy grew. Farmers Academic Vocabulary
produced more crops, thanks to improved tools and techniques. despite • prep., even with or
Craftworkers made more goods to meet the demands of farmers, in spite of
warriors, and wealthy daimyo. A merchant class arose to carry on the
increased trade in goods. Merchants often set up markets near temples
and within castle walls. Towns sprang up from these sites and along
important travel routes.
Trade with China expanded as well. At first, Japan exported raw
materials such as copper, pearls, and wood. In exchange for these
items, Japan acquired books, silk, coins, and other manufactured
goods. Then the Japanese began to make goods for export, including
the world’s finest swords. One shipment to China included 37,000
shiny samurai swords.

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 BIOGRAPHY

5 Things to Know About LADY MURASAKI SHIKIBU

Author about 978–about 1014

• Murasaki Shikibu’s real name is not known. She may have

adopted the name Murasaki from a character in her novel.

• Her father insisted that she receive an education, and she learned
Chinese, usually forbidden to women.

• She started to write The Tale of Genji after her husband died. It
may have taken her as many as nine years to complete.

• Her Buddhist faith is reflected in the novel, as she wrote about

the dark side of vanity.

• In addition to The Tale of Genji, she kept a detailed diary that

reveals important information about Japanese life at the time.

Critical Thinking Why are Murasaki Shikibu’s writings important to modern scholars?

Status of Women Early in Japanese history, women headed clans

and ruled as empresses. That changed, however, as Confucianism took
root. Men dominated Confucian relationships. A woman was expected
to obey first her father and then her husband.
Some forms of Buddhism held a similar view of women. According to
one Buddhist scripture, or sacred writing, “no women are to be found”
Academic Vocabulary in paradise. Women were excluded from some temples. As Murasaki
exclude • v., to keep out Shikibu wrote in The Tale of Genji, “. . . [W]omen are bound to have a hard
lot, not only in this life but in the world to come.”

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details What forms of inequality

existed during the Heian era?

Shinto
Shinto is the traditional religion of Japan. It means “the way of
the gods.” After Buddhism entered Japan, many elements of Shinto
merged into that new religion. Shinto lost many followers, especially
in the cities. But it remained strong in rural areas. Today, Shinto
and Buddhism exist side by side in Japan. Many Japanese think of
themselves as followers of both religions.
Shinto had no known founder. It had no scripture. It had no permanent
set of gods. For centuries, it didn’t even have a name. Yet it was a vital
force in everyone’s life.
Creation Myths Traditional Shinto stories describe how various
aspects of Japanese life came to be. The Sun Goddess plays a central
role in these creation stories.
One story explains how Japan came to be ruled by an emperor. It explains
how the Sun Goddess and her brother, the Storm God, often quarreled.
Each supported different clans who were fighting to rule Japan. The Sun
Goddess won the conflict. She sent her grandson Ninigi to rule Japan.

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 The Sun Goddess gave Ninigi three treasures. The first, a bronze
mirror, symbolized truth. The second, an iron sword, stood for wisdom.
The third, a string of jewels, represented kindness.
Ninigi passed down all three treasures to his great-grandson, Jimmu.
According to myth, Jimmu became Japan’s first emperor in 660 bce.
As a result, all Japanese emperors came to be thought of as living
gods on Earth.
Honoring Local Spirits Under Shinto, each clan worshiped its
own local kami, a spirit that the Japanese believed could be found in
mountains, trees, rivers, and other natural objects. Through the kami,
they learned proper behavior and values.
The Japanese built Shinto shrines, or places of worship, wherever they
felt the power of kami. Thousands of such shrines still exist throughout
Japan. Many people visit them each year. Shinto has grown and
changed, but it still influences how the Japanese think and act.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did Shinto and

Buddhism coexist in Japan?

Japanese Buddhism
Buddhism originated in India. It attracted a large following in China
and Korea before it appeared in Japan. As it spread, this religion
changed to meet the needs of different peoples. Analyze Images A Shinto
Spread of Buddhism When Buddhism arrived in Japan, some shrine is still in use in
people opposed it. They feared that the new faith would offend Kyoto, Japan. Compare
and Contrast How does
the Shinto gods. Over time, more and more Japanese accepted the
the architecture of this
Buddha’s teachings. Yet even as the Japanese turned to Buddhism, they shrine compare to that of
did not completely give up their Shinto beliefs. Buddhism was able to the Chinese-influenced
adapt to Japanese needs, in part, because it adopted Shinto gods. buildings pictured earlier in
the lesson?

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 New Sects Emerge Long before it appeared in
Japan, Buddhism had split into different schools
of thought. The most popular in Japan, the
Mahayana school, teaches that all living beings
have the potential to be enlightened. No one is too
bad or lowly to be saved.
Within the Mahayana school, Buddhist monks in
Japan founded different sects, or forms, of Buddhism.
Each sect taught its own way to enlightenment.
One monk started the Shingon, or “true word,”
form of Buddhism in the 800s. Followers of the
Shingon sect recited “true words” in the form of
mantras. A mantra is a sacred word, chant, or
sound that is repeated over and over to advance
one’s spiritual growth.
Another sect, Pure Land Buddhism, centered
on the concept of the bodhisattva (boh di SAHT
vah), a merciful being who has gained
enlightenment but chooses to remain on Earth to
help others.
Analyze Images This Zen Buddhism Probably the most famous Buddhist sect is Zen.
artwork shows people
Known in China as Chan, this sect came to Japan in the 1100s. The
enjoying a stroll among
blossoming cherry trees. central practice of Zen Buddhism is meditation. For Zen followers,
Infer How does this scene meditation means the emptying of the mind of thoughts in order to aid
reflect both Chinese spiritual growth.
influence and Japan’s To find enlightenment through Zen Buddhism, individual efforts, not
unique culture?
prayers or rituals, are required. That focus on self-control and discipline
had great appeal among samurai. Samurai used Zen meditation to
help them drive all fear of danger and death from their minds. Its
popularity among samurai helped shape Japanese Zen.

 READING CHECK Draw Conclusions Why might Buddhism have

appealed to people from different parts of Japanese society?

 Lesson Check
Practice Vocabulary 5. Draw Conclusions Why did Zen Buddhism
appeal to samurai?
1. How is Noh drama different from Kabuki?
6. Writing Workshop: Organize Your Essay
2. What is a consensus?
Now that you’ve gathered evidence to
3. Describe the role of a mantra in Buddhism. support your thesis, choose an organizing
strategy and outline your essay in your
Critical Thinking and Writing  Active Journal.
4. Use Evidence Explain why people can
follow both Buddhism and Shinto.

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 Analysis Skills

Distinguish Cause and Effect  INTERACTIVE

Follow these steps to distinguish cause and effect in the chart. Analyze Cause
and Effect

1 Understand the relationship between

causes and effects. Causes are events that
lead to other things happening. Effects
3 Study later events or conditions as
possible effects. Effects must follow the
key event. They may include short-term
are the things that happen as a result of a effects or longer-lasting ones. To find
cause. Knowing the cause or causes of an later events, ask, “What did the key event
event enables you to understand why it lead to?” or “What was a result of the key
happened. It helps you make connections event?” You may also find clue words or
between things that occur in history. phrases, such as brought about, led to, as a
Sometimes, you will have to pick out result, or therefore.
causes and effects from what you read. In
other cases, tables such as the one below a. What is one example of an effect of the
present causes and effects for you. key event in this source?

2 Identify the key event. Choose one event b. What are some other examples of
or condition in the table below as a starting effects of the key event in this chart?
point. Once you know the starting point,
you can look for possible causes and effects
of that event. The chart is about the effect
of Buddhism on Japan. What is the starting
point of Buddhism’s influence on Japan?

The Effect of Buddhism on Japan

Buddhism came to Japan in the 500s CE from Korea. Buddhism went through
a series of changes, each having a lasting effect on the country.

Cause Effect

• Government support • The government builds temples called kokubunji.

of Buddhism
• Increase in the • Six schools of Buddhism emerge; beliefs brought to Japan from
number of monks China.
• Introduction of • Two new schools of Buddhist thought are introduced,
Tendai Buddhism overshadowing the six previous schools.
• Introduction of • Buddhist thought is now classified into two parts, one for highly
Shingon Buddhism trained and learned people and one for everyday worshippers.
• Development of • Buddhism becomes popular with the common people, not just
Popular Buddhism the elites.

Analysis Skills • Distinguish Cause and Effect   537

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w

LESSON 7

Korea and Southeast Asia

BOUNCE
TO ACTIVATE  VIDEO

GET READY TO READ

START UP For most of its history, Korea has been influ-
Look at the image of the Buddhist temple in Korea. enced by its larger neighbor to the west—
What details of this building’s design remind you of China. Still, the Koreans created their own
Chinese architecture in this topic? distinct and separate culture. China, along
with India, also had a profound impact on
GUIDING QUESTIONS the many cultures of Southeast Asia.
• How did powerful neighbors influence the
cultures of Korea and Southeast Asia? Korea’s Geography
• What dynasties developed in Korea? Korea is located on a peninsula extending
• What unique cultures emerged in Southeast from the Asian mainland into the Sea of
Asia? Japan (also called the East Sea). The Yalu
River and mountains located in the north
TAKE NOTES
separate Korea from China.
Literacy Skills: Analyze Text Structure
Use the graphic organizer in your  Active Journal Among the Sea and Mountains Most
to take notes as you read the lesson. of Korea, nearly 70 percent, is covered by
low and steep mountains. The T’aebaek (ta
PRACTICE VOCABULARY bak) mountain range runs along the eastern
Use the vocabulary activity in your  Active Journal seaboard. Smaller mountain chains extend
to practice the vocabulary words. throughout the rest of the country. Farming
Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary has always been difficult in the mountains.
Hangul descendant As a result, most people settled along
the western coastal plains, Korea’s rich
celadon conglomeration
farming region.
monsoon
stupa

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 With 5,400 miles of coastline, Koreans have always turned to the sea
for food and commerce. Fish and other seafood are still staples of
the Korean diet, and South Korea’s fishing industry is still among the
world’s largest. South Korea is also a leader in shipping.
A Cultural Bridge Because of China’s closeness, the Chinese have for
centuries played a critical role in Korean politics, culture, and technol-
ogy. As a result, Korea acted as a bridge through which culture and
technology passed from China to Japan. For their part, the Koreans
adapted Chinese traditions to forge their own unique culture. Korea’s
own culture also influenced Japan.
China’s second imperial dynasty, the Han, were the first to take note of
Korea because of its strategic location. The most famous Han emperor,
Wudi (woo dee), expanded China’s borders by invading Manchuria,
Korea, northern Vietnam, Tibet, and Central Asia. Chinese soldiers,
traders, and settlers moved into these conquered regions, bringing with
them ideas about government, writing, and farming.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How has Korea’s Academic Vocabulary
geography affected its history? descendant • n., a person
related by birth to another,
such as a child or grandchild
The Silla Unite Korea
Three ancient kingdoms ruled Korea from 100 bce to 676 ce. The
Koguryo ruled the north, the Paekche the southwest, and the Silla the
southeast. Each expanded its borders by conquering neighbors. Each
also had an organized military and a king who passed on his rule to
a descendant. Aristocracies, made up of tribal chiefs, developed in Analyze Images Most
each kingdom, dividing society into distinct social classes. Although of Korea is covered in
the three kingdoms had many things in common, they often fought mountains like these.
one another. Draw Conclusions
How might this kind of
landscape have affected
life in Korea?

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w

How Did Buddhist Monks Spread

Ideas? During this period, Chinese culture
spread into the Korean kingdoms, partly
through the travels of Buddhist monks. These
Chinese monks arrived on the peninsula,
hoping to share the teachings of Buddhism.
The religion appealed to Koreans, especially
to people of the elite and ruling classes.
Korean monks, influenced by China’s brand
of Buddhism, then traveled to both China and
India to learn more. When they returned, they
brought with them Chinese learning.
The Silla Take Control By the late 600s, the
Silla, with the help of China’s Tang emperor,
were able to conquer and defeat the Paekche
and the Koguryo. Silla’s conquests helped unify
the peninsula under one government and
social structure. The Silla were so closely con-
nected to the Tang dynasty that Korean elites
used Chinese as their written language.

▲ Pottery from the Silla Economic and Cultural Powerhouse The Silla turned Korea into
period an economic and cultural center, one of the most advanced civilizations
in the world at the time. The Silla established trade networks between
Japan, China, and India. The rich and powerful who lived in Silla’s
capital were learned in Buddhist teachings and high culture. Medicine,
astronomy, metal casting, and textile manufacturing also flourished.
Politics in Silla The Silla also instituted a series of policies to govern
Korea. Aristocrats in the government were given a salary and land.
However, they had to turn over their property to the government once
they left office. The measure was a way to reduce aristocratic control
over land and people. It also made the monarchy stronger.
The Silla set up an academy to train government officials based on the
philosophy of Confucianism. They offered a civil service test based on a
similar Chinese test. Only aristocrats were eligible.

 READING CHECK Identify Main Ideas What role did religion play in
China’s influence on Korea?

Koryo Culture
In 918, the Koryo dynasty replaced the Silla. The modern name “Korea”
comes from the Koryo. Under the Koryo, Buddhism and Confucianism
were powerful forces. Civil service examinations and official jobs were
opened to all Koreans. Koreans used the Chinese method of block
printing to produce Buddhist texts. At first, Koreans used the Chinese
alphabet, but by 1443, they had established their own system of writing—
Hangul. The Koreans also learned to make porcelain, a staple of

540   Lesson 12.7 • Korea and Southeast Asia

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 Chinese culture. The Koreans even developed their own secret technique
of making celadon, a blue-green glaze, or coating, for porcelain.
While the Koryo enjoyed good relations with the Chinese, the Mongols
invaded in 1231. The invaders destroyed parts of cities and town in
Korea, including the celadon factories. The Koreans fought for more
than 25 years, but eventually made peace with the Mongols. By 1392, a
lack of tax revenue had weakened the Koryo. The Choson dynasty, led
by General Yi Song-gye (yee sung gyeh), came to power. It would rule
Korea for more than 500 years.
Academic Vocabulary
 READING CHECK Identify Supporting Details How did the Koreans conglomeration • n.,
grouping of different parts
put their own mark on Chinese influences?

Southeast Asia as a Crossroads

Southeast Asia is a conglomeration of several peninsulas GEOGRAPHY SKILLS
located between China and India and more than 20,000
islands between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Today, The empires and kingdoms
the nations of Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, of Southeast Asia were
and part of Malaysia are part of mainland Southeast Asia. The located on peninsulas and
modern-day nations of Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, and the islands.
Philippines are also part of Southeast Asia, located on archi-
1. Location What bodies
pelagos. An archipelago is an island chain.
of water separated the
Although the Southeast Asian mainland is separated from the islands of Southeast Asia
rest of Asia by high mountains and plateaus, traders, invaders, from China and India?
and monks were able to travel overland into the region. Each
group influenced the region’s culture. 2. Draw Conclusions Which
empires and kingdoms
Trade routes across the southern seas were even more impor-
would you expect to be
tant to the region’s development. Ships sailing between China
most heavily influenced
by China?

Empires and Kingdoms of Southeast Asia

CHINA
ed
R

R.
N
Pagan
W E
INDIA Bay
of S
Bengal
Me

Angkor
kong R.

Chao Phraya Wat Manila Philippine

R. South Islands
China PA C I F I C
Gulf
of Sea OCEAN
Thailand

KEY
St r
ait

Pagan kingdom, 0 600 mi

of

1044–1287 CE
M

0 600 km
ala

Khmer empire, a
cc

Malacca Miller Cylindrical

800–1350 CE Projection
Su

INDIAN Borneo
Srivijaya empire,
m

OCEAN
at

600s–1200s CE
ra

Vietnam kingdom, The

939–883 CE Palembang Moluccas
Sunda Strait (Spice
Mongol invasion, Islands)
1287 CE Java

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 and India had to pass through either the Strait of Malacca or the Sunda
 INTERACTIVE Strait. Whatever power commanded these waterways controlled rich
Angkor Wat trade routes. Trade routes also developed depending on the monsoon,
or rainy, season. Ships traveled depending on the direction of these
seasonal winds.
Merchants docked their vessels in port cities between monsoons,
turning these ports into important centers of trade and culture. Trade
networks throughout Southeast Asia linked India, China, East Africa,
and the Middle East.

 READING CHECK Draw Conclusions Why was control of the sea so

important to the region of Southeast Asia?

How Did Indian and Chinese Culture Spread?

Traveling along these trade routes, Indian merchants and Hindu priests
fanned out across Southeast Asia, especially during the Gupta empire,
which ruled India from the 300s through the 500s. As the priests and
traders moved across the region, they spread Indian culture. Buddhist
monks and nuns soon followed, spreading Buddhism to such places
as Srivijaya (modern-day Indonesia), Java, and the Khmer Empire
(modern-day Cambodia and Thailand). Scholars also traveled the trade
routes, bringing with them new ideas. As elsewhere, the local people
▼ These Hindu temple blended these ideas with their own traditions and beliefs.
ruins are in what is today
Vietnam.
Indian Influences As more and more Indian
traders settled in the port cities of Southeast Asia,
India’s influence spread. The Indians formed close
ties with local leaders. Trade with India meant
prosperity. Goods such as cotton cloth, jewels, and
other commodities were traded for raw materi-
als such as spices, gold, and timber. People trav-
eled to India to study, bringing back ideas. Some
Southeast Asians saw adopting features of Indian
culture as a sign of status. As a result, Indian styles
of art and architecture deeply influenced artwork
and buildings in Southeast Asia.
China’s Role in Vietnam China also influenced
Southeast Asian culture. In 111 bce, Han rulers
sent their armies to conquer territory in what is
today northern Vietnam. The Chinese dominated
Vietnam for nearly 1,000 years. The Vietnamese
adopted the Chinese civil service system and mim-
icked China’s bureaucracy. The Vietnamese aris-
tocracy spoke and wrote the Chinese language.
Yet, despite China’s influence, the Vietnamese
preserved their own identity.

 READING CHECK Identify Supporting

Details What kinds of people spread ideas into
the Southeast Asia?

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 The Kingdoms of
Southeast Asia
The kingdoms of Southeast Asia
were as diverse as the region was
large. The kingdom of Pagan,
for example, prospered in the
Irrawaddy Valley, in what is today
Myanmar. By 1050, Buddhism had
spread across the kingdom, mak-
ing Pagan one of the world’s larg-
est Buddhist centers. Pagan’s King
Anawrahta (uh NAW yuh tah), a
devout Buddhist, built magnificent
dome-shaped shrines called stu-
pas. The Mongols would conquer
Pagan in 1287. Analyze Images This
stupa was built in what is
The Khmer Empire The Khmer empire reached its peak in the 1300s, today Myanmar. Compare
when it stretched from modern-day Cambodia into Thailand and and Contrast How
Vietnam. Heavily influenced by India, the Khmer adapted Indian systems does this stupa differ
of writing, architecture, and mathematics. Many Khmer rulers became in appearance from the
Hindus and saw themselves as god-kings. Suryavarman II built the great Japanese shrine pictured
in the previous lesson?
temple Angkor Wat in the early 1100s to honor the Hindu god Vishnu.
Most of the common people, however, continued to practice Buddhism.
The Srivijaya Empire Beginning in the 600s and lasting to the
1200s, the Srivijaya empire flourished in what is today Indonesia.
The empire controlled the all-important Strait of Malacca, creating a
wealthy and culturally diverse region. Although India’s influence was
evident, the local people, as they did elsewhere, blended their own
beliefs with Hinduism and Buddhism from India.

 READING CHECK Identify Cause and Effect How did Indian culture
influence rulers of the Khmer empire?

 Lesson Check
Practice Vocabulary 4. Draw Conclusions Why did Korea’s
location have strategic importance to both
1. What did the Koreans use celadon for?
China and Japan?
2. What was the purpose of Hangul?
5. Writing Workshop: Draft Your Essay
Revisit your thesis one more time in light
Critical Thinking and Writing
of the new information in this lesson. Then
3. Revisit the Essential Question What begin writing! Remember to support your
motivated the movement of people who key points with evidence and cite your
spread ideas into Korea and Southeast sources properly.
Asia?

Lesson 12.7 • Korea and Southeast Asia   543

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 TOPIC

12  Review and Assessment

VISUAL REVIEW
COMPARING BUDDHISM, DAOISM, CONFUCIANISM

Buddhism Daoism Confucianism

• Founded by Siddhartha • Founded by Laozi • Founded by Confucius
Gautama • Emphasized spiritual • Valued order, harmonious
• Originated in India growth and harmony relationships, and respect
• Goal is to attain spiritual with nature for authority
enlightenment from • Popular, but did not • Viewed as both a
within enjoy government philosophy and religion
• Most popular during support • Neo-Confucianism rose in
Tang dynasty the later part of the Tang
era, incorporating ideas
from Buddhism and Daoism
• Backed by most dynasties

JAPANESE FEUDALISM

Emperor (highest rank in society, but no political power)

Shogun (actual ruler)

Daimyo (large landowners)

Samurai (warriors loyal to daimyo)

Peasants, merchants, and artisans

READING REVIEW FINDINGS

FINDINGS
Use the Take Notes and Practice Vocabulary activities in your
 Active Journal to review the topic. Write Your
Explanatory Essay
 INTERACTIVE Get help for writing
your essay in your
Practice vocabulary  Active Journal.
using the Topic
Mini-Games.

544   Topic 12 • Civilizations of East Asia and Southeast Asia

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 ASSESSMENT
Vocabulary and Key Ideas
1. Define What is a bureaucracy? 4. Identify Cause and Effect Why is so little of
2. Explain How did the Silk Road help the Tang Japan’s land suitable for farming?
dynasty capital, Chang’an, flourish? 5. Identify Cause and Effect Why did Prince
3. Draw Conclusions How did the merit system Shotoku encourage the spread of Buddhism?
contribute to good government in the Song 6. Draw Conclusions What role did Korea play
dynasty? in spreading Chinese culture throughout
Southeast Asia and Japan?

Critical Thinking and Writing

7. Compare and Contrast How was the feudalism existed in both Japan and Europe
Chinese government during the Yuan in the Middle Ages?
physically different than it was during the 11. Revisit the Essential Question Trace the
Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties? movement of one cultural influence between
8. Compare and Contrast How did physical the countries of China, Japan, and Korea.
features affect the development of China, 12. Writing Workshop: Write a Research
Japan, and Korea in similar ways? What were Paper Using the thesis statement and
the key differences? details you recorded in your  Active
9. Identify Main Ideas How did the people of Journal, complete your research paper on
medieval Japan borrow parts of other cultures this question: How did new technology and
and then change them? innovations affect China, Japan, Korea, and
10. Classify and Categorize What features of Southeast Asia?

Analyze Primary Sources

13. Read this excerpt from the Constitution of the Earth, and the vassal is like the Earth,
Prince Shotoku. What is the prince’s general which bears up Heaven. When Heaven and
attitude about vassals?
Earth are properly in place, the four seasons
A. They are inferior.
B. They are wise. follow their course and all is well in Nature.
C. They are the backbone of society. But if the Earth attempts to take the place of
D. They should be treated with respect. Heaven, Heaven would simply fall in ruin.”
“Do not fail to obey the commands of your —Constitution of Prince Shotoku
Sovereign. He is like Heaven, which is above

Analyze Maps ▼ Southeast Asia

Use the map at the right to answer the following A
questions. PACIFIC N
Bay of OCEAN
14. Which letter is on part of China on this map? Bengal
B Philippine E
Islands W
15. What letter represents the Khmer empire?
Gulf of
16. Which body of water separated the kingdoms C Thailand S
of Southeast Asia from India? The Moluccas 0 600 mi
D (Spice
INDIAN Islands) 0 600 km
OCEAN Equal-Area
Sunda Strait Projection

MGWH19_SE_T12AS_M0000679
Second Proof
Review and Assessment   545

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