МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И

РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего образования Кабардино-Балкарский государственный
университет им. Х.М.Бербекова (КБГУ)

Социально-гуманитарный институт

Кафедра иностранных языков

ФОНД ОЦЕНОЧНЫХ СРЕДСТВ

По дисциплине
«Иностранный (английский) язык»

Направление подготовки

09.03.03 «Прикладная информатика»

27.03.04 «Управление в технических системах»
10.04.01 «Информационная безопасность»
09.03.01 «Информатика и вычислительная техника»

сост.: Цеева З.А.

Нальчик 2019
РАННЕЕ ИЗУЧЕННЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ
 TEXT 1: Computer literacy

Informed citizens of our information-dependent society should be computer-

literate, which means that they should be able to use computers as everyday
problem-solving devices. They should be aware of the potential of computers to
influence the quality of life.
There was a time when only privileged people had an opportunity to learn the
basics, called the three Rs: reading, writing, and arithmetic’s. Now, as we are
quickly becoming an information-dependent society, it is time to restate this right
as the right to learn reading, writing, and computing. There is little doubt that
computers and their many applications are among the most significant technical
achievements of the century. They bring with them both economic and social
changes. “Computing” is a concept that embraces not only the old third R,
arithmetic’s, but also a new idea — computer literacy.
In an information society a person who is computer-literate need not be an
expert on the design of computers. He needn't even know much about how to
prepare programs, which are the instructions that direct the operations of
computers. All of us are already on the way to becoming computer-literate. Just
think of your everyday life. If you receive a subscription magazine in the post
office, it is probably addressed to you by a computer. If you. buy something with a
bank credit card or pay a bill by check, computers help you process the
information. When you check out at the counter of your store, a computer assists
the checkout clerk and the store manager. When you visit your doctor, your
schedules and bills and special services, such as laboratory tests, are prepared by
computer. Many actions that you have taken or observed have much in common.
Each relates to some aspect of a data processing system.
 TEXT 2: What is a computer?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that
operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are
capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or
demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers,
letters, and characters (symbols).
The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we
want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or
magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason,
computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of
instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical
and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these
operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do, and
the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are
kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However,
most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.
First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such
as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, and exponentiation.
Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if
we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be
of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to
use terminals, diskettes, disks, and magnetic tapes. The computer’s input device (a
disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting
information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information
on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like
screen.
 Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds
of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: “Who would
win the war between two countries?” or “Who is the richest person in the world?”
Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number
less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than
another?
A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical
decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction
of the time it takes a human being to do the job.
A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according
to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate
like a mechanical “brain,” but its achievements are limited by the minds of human
beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives
it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of
light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations
almost instantaneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person
would be dead long before the job was finished.
 Text 3. THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES
Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very
first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is
why today we still count in tents and multiples of tens.
Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus
well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world
because it can be understood without knowing how to read.
During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of
calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying and
dividing, which is now the modem slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s
ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today.
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by
both Sir Isaak Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician.
The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s
experiments.
In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician proposed to build
a generalpurpose problem-solving machine that he called “the analytical engine.”
This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an
attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine
with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this
work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.
Fig. 2. Ch. Babbage’s analytical engine
By the early part of the 20th century electromechanical machines had been
developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a
young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890
census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into
cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others to tabulate the collected
data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own tabulating
machine company. Through a series of merges, the company eventually became
the IBM Corporation.
 Until the middle of the 20th century machines designed to manipulate
punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early
electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each
punched card contained a unit of data.
In the mid-1940s electronic computers were developed to perform
calculations for military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s
commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific
computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their
input data from punched cards. By the late 1970s punched cards had been almost
universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that time advances in science
have led to the proliferation of computers throughout our society, and the past is
but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the future.
 TEXT 4: The first computers
In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American
named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns.
Many technical developments of electronic digital computers took place in
the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was
completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention was Professor Howard
Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical
problems at a very fast rate.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsilvania, J. Eckert, and J.
Mushily, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new
invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).
Another important achievement in developing computers came in
1947. when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the
computer inside the computer's memory. The contribution of John von Neumann
was particularly significant. As contrasted with Babbage's analytical engine,
which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's machine, called the
Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data
and instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in
a binary code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer
design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage and low voltage, to
translate the symbols by which we communicate into unique combinations of
electrical pulses. We refer to these combinations as codes.
Neumann's stored program computer as well as other machines of that
time were made- possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control
and amplify electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could
perform computations in thousandths of seconds, called milliseconds, instead of
seconds required by mechanical devices.
 Text 5. MEMORY
It is interesting to note that memory, one of the basic components of the
computer, is often called storage. It stores calculation program, the calculation
formulae, initial data, intermediate and final results. Therefore, the functions of the
computer memory may be classified in the following way. Firstly, the computer
memory must store the information transmitted from, the input and other devices.
Secondly, memory should produce the information needed for the computation
process to all other devices of the computer.
Generally, memory consists of two main parts called the main, primary or
internal, memory and the secondary, or external memory. The advantage of the
primary memory is an extremely high speed. The secondary memory has a
comparatively low speed, but it is capable of storing far greater amount of
information than the main memory. The primary storage takes a direct part in the
computational process. The secondary storage provides the information necessary
for a single step? in the sequence of computation steps.
The most important performance characteristics of a storage unit are speed,
capacity, and reliability. Its speed is measured in cycle time. Its capacity is
measured by the number of machine words or binary digits. Its reliability is
measured by the number of failures (oTKa3) per unit of time.
 TEXT 6: Central processing unit
It is well-known in computer science that the words “computer” and
“processor” are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, “computer” refers
to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal
memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer
system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions
for their particular computer.
The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the
computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order.
The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other
parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required, it reads
information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the
data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory, and
moves information between memory levels or through the inputoutput ports.
In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called
the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). These two units are
made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two
states, either on or off.
The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit
coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that part of the
computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects
instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and
controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logic unit.
The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual
arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.
Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in
internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory
devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal
memory.
 TEXT 7: Input devices
It is well-known in computer science that the words “computer” and
“processor” are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, “computer” refers
to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal
memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer
system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions
for their particular computer.
The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the
computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order.
The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other
parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required, it reads
information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the
data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory, and
moves information between memory levels or through the inputoutput ports.
In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called
the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). These two units are
made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two
states, either on or off.
The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit
coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that part of the
computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects
instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and
controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logic unit.
The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual
arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.
Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in
internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory
devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal
memory.
 TEXT 8: Personal computers
Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. One of the first
and most popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977
by Apple Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and
competitive operating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1^81, IBM entered
the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC
quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal
computer manufacturers fell by the wayside. One of the few companies to survive
IBM’s onslaught was Apple Computer, which is sure to remain a major player in
the personal computer marketplace. In less than a decade the microcomputer has
been transformed from a calculator and hobbyist’s toy into a personal computer for
almost everyone.
What is a personal computer? How can this device be characterized?
— First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based, its central
processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single
silicon chip.
— Second, a PC has a memory and word size that are smaller than those of
minicomputers and large computers. Typical word sizes are 8 or 16 bits, and main
memories range in size from 16 K to 512 K.
— Third, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive, and less powerful
input, output and storage components than do large computer systems. Most often,
input is by means of a keyboard, softie-copy output being displayed on a cathode-
ray tube screen. Hardcopy output is produced on a low-speed character printer.
— A PC employs floppy disks as the principal online and offline storage
devices and also as input and output media.
— Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system that can begin to
work when plugged in and be moved from place to place.
Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal computer is that it is
used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose
for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business
applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer.
 Text 9: APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
l. At present a great deal of the work force of most countries is engaged
in creating, processing, storing, communicating, and just working with in-
formation. Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores,
schools, research institutes, plants.
The use of computers in business, industry, and communication ser-
vices is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the
quality of manufactured products and to increase the productivity of industry.
Computers can control the work of power stations, plants, and docks.
They help in making different decisions and in management of ec6nomy.
The work of banks depend upon computer terminals for millions of daily
operations. Without these terminals, records of deposits and withdrawals
would be difficult to maintain, and it would be impossible to make inquiries
about the current status of customer accounts.
Computers form a part of many military systems including communication and
fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation.
Space exploration depends on computers for guidance, on-board environment and
research.
2. Computers find application in astronomy and upper atmosphere research.
Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.
It is interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They became
valuable medical diagnostic tools. Computers are used for optical scanning and
image processing, ranging from pattern recognition to image processing.
Technicians can operate computer tomography scanners, which combine x-rays
with computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. The
views then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.
It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend
more time with computer-aided instruction performing the assigned task, as
compared with conventional classroom.
 At last air traffic control is impossible without computer application. It fully
depends upon computer-generated information.
Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become
commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post-industrial, or information,
society.

Text 10: FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first-generation
computers, and the approximate period of their use was from 1950 to
1959. UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) is an example of these com-
puters which could perform thousands of calculations per second. Those de-vices
were not only bulky, they were also unreliable. The thousands of vacuum tubes
emitted large amounts of heat and burned out frequently.
The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was
invented in 1948. So-called second-generation computers, which used large
numbers of transistors were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds
to microseconds, or millionths of seconds. Second-generation computers were
smaller, faster, and more reliable than first-generation computers.
Advances in electronics technology continued, and microelectronics made it
possible to reduce the size of transistors and integrate large numbers of circuit
elements into very small chips of silicon. The computers that were designed to use
integrated circuit technology were called third-generation, computers, and the
approximate time span of these machines was from 1960' to 1979. They could
perform many data processing operations in nanoseconds, which are billionths of
seconds.
Fourth-generation' computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that
are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to
microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than. before;
as many as 100 tiny circuits are placed now on a single chip. A chip is a square or
rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch, upon; which several
layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is
encapsulated in plastic or metal.
 ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЯ

Text 1. А NOTEBOOK OR А MODERN LAPTOP

А notebook is considered to be а personal computer designed for mobile use
that is small and light enough for а person to rest on their lap. А laptop integrates
most of the typical components of а desktop computer,
including а display, а keyboard, а pointing device (а touchpad, also known
as а trackpad, and/or а pointing stick), and speakers into а single unit, А laptop is
powered by mains electricity via an АС adapter, and can be used away from an
outlet using а rechargeable battery. А laptop battery in new condition typically
stores enough energy to run the laptop for three to five hours, depending on
the computer usage, configuration, and power management settings. The laptop
being plugged into the mains, the battery charges, whether or not the computer is
running.
Modern laptops weigh 1.4 to 5.4 kg. Most laptops are designed in the flip form
factor to protect the screen and the keyboard when closed. Modern tablet laptops
have а complex joint between the keyboard housing and the display permitting the
display panel to swivel and then lie flat on the keyboard housing.
Portable computers, originally monochrome CRT-based and developing into
the modern laptop, were originally used mostly for specialized field applications
such as the military, accountants, and sales representatives. Portable computers
becoming smaller, lighter, and cheaper, and screens becoming larger and of better
quality, laptops found very wide application for all purposes.
History of laptops
As the personal computer became feasible in the early 1970s, the idea of
а portable personal computer appeared. А "personal, portable information
manipulator' is known to be imagined and described by Alan Kay in 1972. The
1ВМ 5100, the first commercially available portable computer, appeared in
September 1975, and was based он the SCAMP project (Special Computer АРI
Machine Рогtable) prototype.
8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables having
increased rapidly. We know, the first laptop to use the flip form factor was
demonstrated in the еаrlу 1980s. It was the Ерson НХ-20 which had а LCD
screen, а rechargeable battery. and а calculator-size printer in а 1.6 kg chassis.
From 1983 onward several new input techniques were developed and
involved in laptops, including с1-е touchpad (in 1983), the pointing stick (in
1992), and handwriting recognition (in 1987). Some CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel
i386SL, лere designed со use minimum power to increase battery life of portable
computers.
Classification
The general term "laptop" сап be used to refer со а number of classes of small
portable computers:
Full-size laptop — а laptop which measures at least 11 inches across, which is
the minimum specialized field applications: I CD screen; width to allow а full-size
keyboard. The first laptops were the size of a standard U.S. "А-size' notebook
sheet of paper, but later "А4-size" 1ар-tops were introduced, which were the width
of а standard ISO 216 А4 sheet of paper (297 mm), and added a vertical column of
keys to the right and wider screens.
Netbook — а smaller, lighter, more portable laptop. It is also usually cheaper
than а full-size laptop, but has fewer features and less computing power. Smaller
keyboards can be more difficult to operate.
Ultra-thin laptop — а newer class of laptops which аге very thin and light.
Tablet РС — these have touch screens. There аге "convertible tablets" with
а full keyboard where the screen rotates to be used atop the keyboard, and "slate'
form-factor machines which are usually touch-screen only.
Rugged laptops — engineered to operate in tough conditions such
as mechanical shocks, ехtreme temperatures, wet and dusty environments.

Text 2. CLASSES OE LAPTOPS

Desktop replacement computer
А desktop-replacement computer is а laptop that provides most of the
capabilities of a desktop computer, with а similar level of performance. Desk-top
replacements seem to be larger and heavier than standard laptops. They
contain тоге powerful components and have а 15" or larger display. They
are bulkier and not as portable as other laptops, and their operation time on
batteries is typically shorter; they are intended to be used as compact and
transportable alternatives to а desktop computer.
Some laptops in this class use а limited range of desktop components to
provide better performance for the same price at the expense of battery life, а few
of those model» having по battery. These, and sometimes desktop-replacement
computers in general, are sometimes called desknotes, а portmanteau of "desktop"
and "notebook".
In the early 2000s desktops were тоге powerful, easier to upgrade, and much
cheaper than laptops, but in later years laptops have become much cheaper
and тоге powerful. Most peripherals are available in laptop-compatible USB
versions which minimize the need for internal add-on cards
Subnotebook
А subnotebook or ultraportable is а laptop designed and marketed with
an emphasis on portability (small size, low weight, and often longer battery
life) that retains performance close to that of а standard notebook. Subnotebooks
are usually smaller and lighter than standard laptops, weighing between 0.8 and 2
kg; the battery life can exceed 10 hours when а large battery or an additional
battery pack is installed.
То achieve the size and weight reductions, ultraportables use 13"
and smaller screens (down to 6.4"). have relatively few, ports, employ
expensive components designed for minimal size and best power efficiency, and
utilize advanced materials and construction methods. Most subnotebooks
achieve а further рогtability improvement by omitting an optical / removable
media drive. In this case they may be paired with а docking station that contains
the drive and optionally more ports or an additional battery.
The term "'subnotebook" is reserved to laptops that run general-purpose
desktop operating systems.
 Netbooks
Netbooks (sometimes also called (mininotebooks or ultraportables)
are а branch of subnotebooks, а rapidly evolving category of small, lightweight,
economical, energy-efficient, and especiallv suited for wireless communication
and Internet access. The origins of the netbook can be traced to the Network
Computer (NC) concept of the mid-1990s. In March 1997 Apple Computer
introduced the e-mail 300 as а subcompact laptop that was а cross between the
Apple Newton PDA and a conventional lарtор computer.
Netbooks are intended to rely heavily on the Internet for remote access to web
-based applications and are targeted increasingly at
cloud computing users who rely on servers and require а less powerful client
computer.
Ne1books tурiсllу have less powerful hardware than larger laptop computers.
Some netbooks do поt even have а conventional hard drive. Such netbooks use
solid-state storage devices instead, as they require less power, are faster„ lighter,
and generally more shock-resistant, but with much less storage capacity.
Netbooks in education.
Netbooks offer several distinct advantages in educational settings. First, their
compact size and weight make for an easy fit in student work areas. Similarly, the
small size make netbooks easier to transport than heavier, larger-sized traditional
laptops. Despite the small size, netbooks are fully capable of accomplishing most
school-related tasks, including word processing, Power Point presentations, access
to the Internet, multimedia playback, and photo management.
Netbooks have the potential tо change the way students and teachers interact,
and have many practical applications in the classroom setting. One major
implication of netbooks in schools is cloud computing. Cloud computing
eliminates many of the technology related headaches that we have be-
соте accustomed tо, including incompatability between home computers and
school computers, "data loss" due to computer crash, and printer failure. Virtually
all netbooks have wireless Internet connections, allowing complete access to
free online applications and servers.
It is well-known that students with laptops do more and higher quality writing,
have access to more information, which improves data analysis skills, and that
student-centered learning is more easily accomplished. Student-centered learning,
a growing trend in education recently, increases student motivation, cultivates
critical thinking and problem solving, and fosters positive student collaboration.

TEXT 3. Tablet personal computers

A tablet PC is a laptop PC equipped with a stylus or a touchscreen. Tablet
PCs may be used where notebooks are impractical or unwieldy, or do not provide
the needed functionality.
The term tablet PC was made popular in a product announced in 2001 by
Microsoft. Tablet PCs are personal computers where the owner is free to install
any compatible application or operating system. Other tablet computer devices,
such as eBook readers or PDAs, do not provide this option and are generally
considered another category.
Tablet PCs typically incorporate small (21 — 36 cm) LCD screens and are
popular in health care, education, hospitality, and field work. Applications for field
work are sure to often require a tablet PC that has rugged specifications ensuring
long life by resisting heat, humidity, and drop / vibration damage.
Booklets.
Booklet PCs are dual screen tablet computers that fold like a book. Typical
booklet PCs are equipped with multi-touch screens and pen writing recognition
capabilities. They are designed to be used as digital day planners, Internet surfing
devices, project planners, music players, and displays for video, live TV, and e-
reading.
Slates.
Slate computers, which resemble writing slates, are tablet PCs without a
dedicated keyboard. For text input, users rely on handwriting recognition via an
active digitizer, touching an on-screen keyboard using finger-tips or a stylus, or
using an external keyboard that can usually be attached via a wireless or USB
connection.
Convertibles.
Convertible notebooks have a base body with an attached keyboard. They
more closely resemble modern laptops, and are usually heavier and larger than
slates. Typically, the base of a convertible attaches to the display at a single joint
called a swivel hinge or rotating hinge. The joint al-lows the screen to rotate
through 180 and fold down on top of the keyboard to provide a flat writing surface.
Convertibles are by far the most popular form factor of tablet PCs, because they
still offer the keyboard and pointing device (usually a trackpad) of older
notebooks, for users who do not use the touch-screen display as the primary
method of input.
Hybrids.
 Hybrids share the features of the slate and convertible by using a detachable
keyboard that operates in a similar fashion to a convertible when attached. Hybrids
are not to be confused with slate models with detachable keyboards; detachable
keyboards for pure slate models do not rotate to allow the tablet to rest on it like a
convertible.

Text 4. PORTABLE COMPUTERS

VERSUS DESKTOPS

The basic components of laptops are similar in function to their desktop

counterparts, but arc miniaturized, adapted to mobile use, and designed for low
power consumption. Because of the additional requirements, laptop components
are usually of inferior performance compared to similarly priced desktop parts.
Furthermore, the design bounds on power, size, and cooling of laptops limit the
maximum performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components.
 The following list summarizes the differences and distinguishing features of
laptop components in comparison to desktop personal computer parts:
Motherboard — Laptop motherboards are highly model specific, and do not
conform to a desktop form factor. Unlike a desktop board that usually has several
slots for expansion cards (3 to 7 are common), a board for a small highly integrated
laptop may have no expansion slots at all, with all the functionality implemented
on the motherboard itself; the only expansion possible in this case is via an
external port such as USB. Other boards may have one or more standard, such as
Express Card, or proprietary expansion slots. Several other functions (storage
controllers, networking, sound card and external ports) are implemented on the
motherboard.
Central processing unit (CPU) — Laptop CPUs have advanced power-saving
features and produce less heat than desktop processors, but are not as powerful.
There is a wide range of CPUs designed for laptops available. Some laptops have
removable CPUs, although support by the motherboard may be restricted to the
specific models. In other laptops the CPU is soldered on the motherboard and is
non-replaceable.
Memory (RAM) — SO-DIMM memory modules that are usually found in
laptops are about half the size of desktop DIMMs. They may be accessible from
the bottom of the laptop for ease of upgrading, or placed in locations not intended
for user replacement such as between the keyboard and the motherboard.
Expansion cards — A PC Card or Express Card bay for expansion cards is
often present on laptops to allow adding and removing functionality, even when
the laptop is powered on. Some subsystems (such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or a cellular
modem) can be implemented as replaceable internal expansion cards, usually
accessible under an access cover on the bottom of the laptop.
Power supply — Laptops are typically powered by an internal recharge-able
battery that is charged using an external power supply. The power supply can
charge the battery and power the laptop simultaneously. The battery being fully
charged, the laptop continues to run on AC power. The charger adds about 400
grams to the overall "transport weight" of the notebook.

TEXT 5: Advantages of portable computers

Portability is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops
versus desktop PCs. Portability means that a laptop can be used in many places —
not only at home and at the office, but also during commuting and flights, in coffee
shops, in lecture halls and libraries, at clients' location or at a meeting room, etc.
The portability feature offers several distinct advantages:
Productivity — Using a laptop in places where a desktop PC can't be used,
and at times that would otherwise be wasted.
Immediacy — Carrying a laptop means having instant access to various
information, personal and work files. Immediacy allows better collaboration
between coworkers or students, as a laptop can be flipped open to present a
problem or a solution anytime, anywhere.
Up-to-date information — If a person has more than one desktop PC, a
problem of synchronization arises: changes made on one computer are not
automatically propagated to the others. There are ways to resolve this problem,
including physical transfer of updated files using synchronization software over the
Internet. However, using a single laptop at both locations avoids the problem
entirely, as the files exist in a single location and are al-ways up-to-date.
Size — Laptops are smaller than desktop PCs. This is beneficial when space is
at a premium, for example in small apartments and student dorms. When not in
use, a laptop can be closed and put away.
Low power consumption — Laptops are several times more power-efficient
than desktops. A typical laptop uses 20 — 90 W, compared to 100— 800 W for
desktops. This could be particularly beneficial for businesses which run hundreds
of personal computers and homes.
Battery — A charged laptop can continue to be used in case of a power outage
and is not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts. A desktop PC needs
a UPS to handle short interruptions, blackouts, and spikes; achieving on-battery
time of more than 20 — 30 minutes for a desktop PC requires a large and
expensive UPS.
All-in-one — Designed to be portable, laptops have everything integrated in to
the chassis. For desktops (excluding all-in-ones) this is divided into the desktop,
keyboard, mouse, display, and optional peripherals such as speakers.
 TEXT 6: Disadvantages of portable computers
Compared to desktop PCs, laptops have disadvantages in the following fields:
Performance. The upper limits of performance of laptops remain much lower
than the highest-end desktops (especially "workstation class" machines with two
processor sockets), and "bleeding-edge" features usually appear first in desktops
and only then, as the underlying technology matures, are adapted to laptops.
Laptops processors can be disadvantaged when dealing with higher-end
database mathematics, engineering, financial, software, virtualization, etc. Also,
the top-of-the-line mobile graphics processors (GPUs) are significantly behind the
top-of-the-line desktop GPUs to a greater degree than the processors, which limits
the utility of laptops for high-end 3D gaming and scientific visualization
applications.
Upgradeability of laptops is very limited compared to desktops, which are
thoroughly standardized. In general, hard drives and memory can be upgraded
easily. Optical drives and internal expansion cards may be upgraded if they follow
an industry standard, but all other internal components, including the motherboard,
CPU, and graphics, are not always intended to be upgradeable. The reasons for
limited upgradeability are both technical and economic.
Durability. Due to their portability, laptops are subjected to more wear and
physical damage than desktops. Components such as screen hinges, latches, power
jacks, and power cords deteriorate gradually due to ordinary use. They say that a
laptop is three times more likely to break during the first year of use than a
desktop.
Battery life of laptops is limited; the capacity drops with time, necessitating an
eventual replacement after a few years. The battery is often easily replaceable, and
one may replace it on purpose with a higher-end model to achieve better battery
life.

Text 7: HISTORY OF MOBILE PHONES

A mobile phone (also called mobile, cellular phone, cell phone, or hand phone)
is an electronic device used for full duplex two-way radio telecommunications over
a cellular network of base stations known as cell sites. Mo-bile phones are sure to
differ from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within limited
range through a single base station attached to a fixed landline, for example, within
a home or an office.
A mobile phone allows its users to make and receive telephone calls to and
from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed line
phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by
a mobile network operator. A key feature of the cellular network is that it enables
seamless telephone calls even when the user is moving around wide areas via a
process known as handoff or handover.
 In addition to being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many
additional services and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, e-mail,
Internet access, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera, MMS messaging, MP3
player, radio, and GPS. Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature
phones, high-end mobile phones that offer more advanced computing ability being
referred to as smartphones.
Radiophones have a long and varied history. It goes back to Reginald
Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony through
the Second World war with military use of radio telephony links and civil services
in the 1950s.
In 1960 the world's first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A
(MTA) was launched in Sweden. MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes
and relays, and had a weight of 40 kg. In 1962 a more modern version called
Mobile System B (MTB) was launched. It was a push-button telephone, which
used transistors in order to enhance the telephone's calling capacity and improve its
operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for
several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.
Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher is considered to be the inventor of the
first practical mobile phone for hand-held use in a non-vehicle setting. Using a
modern, though somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a
hand-held mobile phone in April, 1973.
The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G — first gen-
eration) was launched in Japan in 1979. Within five years the network had been
expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nation-wide
1G network. This was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile
Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. NMT
appeared to be the first mobile phone network featuring international roaming. The
first network technology on digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology
appeared in Finland on the GSM standard. One of the newest 3G technologies to
be implemented is mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed
Packet Access (HSPA) family. It allows networks based on Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and
capacity.

Text 8: MOBILE PHONES FEATURES

All mobile phones are known to have a number of features in common, but
manufacturers also try to differentiate their own products by implementing
additional functions to make them more attractive to consumers.
The common components found on all phones are:
-a rechargeable battery providing the power source for the phone
functions;
-an input mechanism and display to allow the user to interact with the
phone. The most common input mechanism is a keypad, touch screen
being also found in some high-end smart phones;
-basic mobile phones services to allow users to make calls and send text
messages;
-All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped
among devices, some CDMA devices also having a similar card called a R-
UIM;
-Individual GSM, iDEN, and some satellite phone devices are uniquely
identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number.
 Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones and offer basic
telephony, as well as functions such as playing music and taking photos. Handsets
with more advanced computing ability through the use of native software
applications became known as smartphones. The first smartphone was the Nokia
9000 Communicator in 1996, which added PDA functionality to the basic mobile
phone at the time. Miniaturization and increased processing power of microchips
having enabled ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of
the smartphone has evolved, and what was a smartphone five years ago, is a
standard phone today.
Several phone series have been introduced, such as the RIM BlackBerry
focusing on enterprise / corporate customer e-mail needs; the Sony Ericsson
Walkman series of music phones and Cybershot series of cameraphone; etc.
Other features that may be found on mobile phones include GSM navigation,
music (MP3) and video (MP4) playback, RDS radio receiver, alarms, memo
recording, personal digital assistant functions, ability to watch streaming video,
video download, video calling, built-in cameras and camcorders (video recording),
with autofocus and flash, ringtones, games, instant messaging, Internet e-mail and
browsing, and serving as a wireless modem.
The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is sure to be SMS
text messaging. The first SMS text message is supposed to be sent from a
computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person
SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.
Other non-SMS data services used on mobile phones include mobile music,
downloadable logos and pictures, gaming, gambling, adult entertainment, and
advertising.
It should be noted that GSM mobile phones require a small microchip called a
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card to function. The SIM card is approximately
the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the battery in
the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the ser-vice-subscriber key (IMSI)
used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices, such as mobile phones
and computers. The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing
the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or
broadband telephony device.
T

Text 9: THE iPHONE DEVICES

The iPod
The iPod is a portable media player (PMP) designed and marketed by Apple
and launched in October 2001. As of June 2010, the product line up includes the
hard drive-based iPod Classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, the video-capable
iPod Nano, and the compact iPod Shuflle. iPod Classic models store media on an
internal hard drive, while all other models use flash memory to enable their smaller
size. As with many other digital music players, iPods can also serve as external
data storage devices.
Apple's iTunes software can be used to transfer music to the devices from
computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows
operating systems. For users who choose not to use Apple's soft-ware or whose
computers cannot run iTunes software, several open source alternatives to iTunes
are also available. iTunes and its alternatives may also transfer photos, videos,
games, contact information, e-mail settings, web bookmarks, and calendars to iPod
models supporting those features.
The iPhone
The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled smartphones
designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first iPhone was introduced in
2007. An iPhone functions as a camera phone, including text messaging and visual
voicemail, a portable media player, and an Internet client with e-mail, web
browsing, and Wi-Fi connectivity. The user interface is built around the device's
multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard rather than a physical one. Third-
party applications, launched in mid-2008, have diverse functionalities, including
games, reference, GPS navigation, social networking, and advertising for
television shows, films, and celebrities.
There have been four generations of iPhone hardware, and they been
accompanied by four major releases of iOS. The iPhone 3G brought 3G cellular
network capabilities and A-GPS location. The iPhone 3GS brought a compass,
faster processor, and higher resolution camera, including video. The iPhone 4 has
two cameras for face time video calling and a higher resolution display. It was
released in June 2010.
The iPad
The iPad is a tablet computer designed and developed by Apple. It is
particularly marketed as a platform for audio and visual media such as boo s,
periodicals, movies, music and games, as well as web content. Its size and weight,
about 700 grams, are between those of most contemporary smart-phones and
laptop computers. Apple released the iPad in April 2010.
The iPad runs the same operating system as the earlier iPod and iPhone. It can
run its own applications as well as ones developed for the iPhone. Like
the iPhone and iPod Touch, the iPad is controlled by a multitouch display sensi-
tive to up to eleven fingers. The iPad uses Wi-Fi or a 3G mobile data connection to
browse the Internet, load and stream media, and install software. The device is
managed by iTunes on a personal computer via USB cable.
 TEXT 10: Computers
Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions called
program and then carry out them. The modern world of high technology could
not be possible without computers. Different types and sizes of computers find
uses throughout our society. They are used for the storage and handling of data,
secret governmental files, information about banking transactions and so on.
Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they have
enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost
every field of research, from constructing models of the universe to producing
tomorrow's weather reports. Using of different databases and computer networks
make available a great variety of information sources.
There are two main types of computers, analog and digital, although the term
computer is often used to mean only the digital type, because this type of
computer is widely used today. That is why I am going to tell you about digital
computers.
Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability
to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage or — in the case of numbers
— 0 or 1 or do-called binary code. The speed at which the computer performs
this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in
Hertz or cycles per second. A computer with a «clock speed» of 2000 MHz is a
fairly representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing 2000
million discrete operations per second. Nowadays microcomputers can perform
from 800 to over 3000 million operations per second and supercomputers used
in research and defense applications attain speeds of many billions of cycles per
second.
Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the
amount of data handled during each cycle. Except two main types of computers,
analog and digital there are eight generations of digital computers or processing
units. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086.
The second generation central processing unit was represented by processing
unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. The third generation is Intel 80386,
used in IBM PC AT 386. The microprocessors of the fourth generation were
used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central processing units of
the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central
processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75,
90,100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and
eighth generations. They are much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to
over 3000 million operations per second.
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ИЗ РАНЕЕ ИЗУЧЕННЫХ ТЕКСТОВ
ДЛЯ ПЕРЕВОДА С РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА НА
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ
 COMPUTER LITERACY
1. Было время, когда только 1. There was a time when only
привилегированные люди имели priviliged people had an opportunity to
возможность изучать основы, learn the basics, called the three R's:
называемые тремя «Эр»: чтение, reading, writing, and arithmetics.
письмо и арифметика.
2. Сейчас, поскольку мы быстро 2. Now, as we are quickly becoming an
становимся информационным information-becoming society, it is time
обществом пришло время to restate this right as the right to learn
переосмыслить это право как право reading, writing and computing.
изучать чтение, письмо и
вычисление.
3. Они приносят с собой как 3. They bring with them both economic
экономические, так и социальные and social changes.
изменения.
4. "Вычисление" – концепция, 4. "Computing" is a concept that
которая охватывает не только старые embraces not only the old third R,
три «Эр», арифметику, но также и arithmetics, but also a new idea —
новую идею – компьютерную computer literacy.
грамотность.
5. В информационном обществе 5. In an information society a person
человек, который является who is computer-literate need not be an
компьютерно грамотным не должен expert on the design of computers.
быть экспертом в разработке
компьютеров.
6. Ему не нужно даже много знать о 6. He needn't even know much about
том как готовят программы которые how to prepare programs which are the
являются инструкциями, instructions that direct the operations of
управляющими работой computers.
компьютеров.
7. Все мы уже на пути к 7. All of us are already on the way to
компьютерной грамотности. becoming computer-literate.
8. Просто подумайте о вашей 8. Just think of your everyday life.
каждодневной жизни.
9. Если вы покупаете что-то с 9. If you buy something with a bank
помощью банковской кредитной credit card or pay a bill by check,
карты или оплачиваете счет чеком, computers help you process the
компьютеры помогут вам обработать information.
информацию.
10. Каждый относится к некоторому 10. Each relates to some aspect of a data
аспекту системы обработки данных. processing system.
 WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
1. Компьютер - это машина со 1. A computer is a machine with an
сложной сетью электронных схем, intricate network of electronic circuits
которые управляют переключателями that operate switches or magnetize tiny
или намагничивают крошечные metal cores.
металлические ядра.
2. Переключатели, как и ядра, могут 2. The switches, like the cores, are
находиться в одном из двух capable of being in one of the two
возможных состояний: включено, possible states: on or off, magnetized or
или выключено, намагничено или demagnetized.
размагничено.
3. Основная идея компьютера состоит 3. The basic idea of a computer is that
в том, что мы можем заставить we can make the machine do what we
машину делать то, что мы хотим, want by inputting signals that turn
вводя сигналы, которые включают certain switches on and turn others off.
определенные переключатели и
выключают другие.
4. Основной задачей компьютеров 4. The basic job of computers is the
является обработка информации. processing of information.
5. Программа которая сообщает 5. The program, that tells the computers
компьютерам, что делать, и данные what to do and data is stored inside the
хранятся внутри компьютера в месте, computer in a place called memory.
называемом памятью.
6. Компьютеры обладают тремя 6. Computers have three basic
основными возможностями. capabilities.
7. Во-первых, компьютеры имеют 7. First, computers have circuits for
схемы для выполнения performing arithmetic operations, such
арифметических операций, таких как as: addition, subtraction, division,
сложение, вычитание, деление, multiplication and exponentiation.
умножение и возведение в степень.
8. Во-вторых, компьютеры имеют 8. Second, computers have a means of
средства связи с пользователем. communicating with the user.
9. В-третьих, у компьютеров есть 9. Third, computers have circuits which
схемы, которые могут принимать can make decisions.
решения.
10. Компьютер не может ничего 10. A computer cannot do anything
сделать, если человек не скажет ему, unless a person tells it what to do and
что делать, и не предоставит ему gives it the appropriate information.
соответствующую информацию.
 APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
1. Компьютеры стали обычным 1. Computers have become
явлением в домах, офисах, магазинах, commonplace in homes, offices, stores,
школах, научно – исследовательских schools, research institutes, plants.
институтах, заводах.
2. Использование компьютеров в 2. The use of computers in business,
бизнесе, промышленности и услуг industry and communication services is
связи широко распространенно widespread today.
сегодня.
3. Компьютеры могут 3. Computers can control the work of
контролировать работу power stations, plants and docks.
электростанций, заводов и портов.
4. Они помогают в принятии 4. They help in making different
различных решений и в управлении decisions and in management of
экономикой. economy.
5. Компьютеры являются 5. Computers form a part of many
неотъемлемой частью многих military systems including
военных систем, включая communication and fire control.
коммуникации и управление огнем.
6. Освоение космоса зависит от 6. Space exploration depends on
компьютеров для управления, computers for guidance, on-board
бортового окружения и environment and research.
исследования.
7. Компьютеры находят применение 7. Computers find application in
в астрономии и исследовании astronomy and upper atmosphere
верхнего слоя атмосферы. research.
8. Интересно отметить, что 8. It is interesting to note that computers
компьютеры широко используются в are widely used in medicine.
медицине.
9. Следует отметить, что обучение на 9. It should be noticed that learning on a
компьютере может быть веселым. computer can be fun.
10. Учащиеся проводят больше 10. Students spend more time with
времени с компьютерными computer-aided instruction performing
инструкциями, выполняя the assigned task, as compared with
поставленные задачи, по сравнению с conventional classroom.
обычными классами.
 DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS
1. Электроника - это область 1. Electronics is a field of engineering
инженерной и прикладной физики, and applied physics dealing with the
занимающаяся проектированием и design and application of electronic
применением электронных схем. circuits.
2. Работа цепей зависит от потока 2. The operation of circuits depends on
электронов для генерации, передачи, the flow of electrons for generation,
приема и хранения информации. transmission, reception and storage of
information.
3. Сегодня трудно представить нашу 3. Today it is difficult to imagine our
жизнь без электроники. life without electronics.
4. Автоматизация производственных 4. Automatization of production
процессов и исследований на живых processes and studies on living
организмах стали возможны organisms became possible due to
благодаря электронике. electronics.
5. Изобретение вакуумных трубок в 5. The invention of vacuum tubes at the
начале 20-го века было отправной beginning of the 20th century was the
точкой быстрого роста современной starting point of the rapid growth of
электроники. modern electronics.

6. Вакуумные трубки помогали 6. Vacuum tubes assisted in

манипулировать сигналами. manipulation of signals.
7. Ранние транзисторы могли 7. Early transistors could respond at a
реагировать на скорость несколько rate of a few million times a second.
миллионов раз в секунду.
8. Появилась новая область науки - 8. There appeared a new field of science
интегрированная электроника. integrated electronics.

9. Суть этого – серийная обработка. 9. The essence of it is batch processing.

10. Вместо того, чтобы 10. Instead of making, testing and

изготавливать, тестировать и assembling descrete components on a
собирать отдельные компоненты на chip one at a time, large groupings of
микросхеме по одному, these components together with their
одновременно делались большие interconnections were made all at a
группировки этих компонентов time.
вместе с их взаимосвязями.
 MICROELECTRONICS AND MICROMINIATURIZATION
1. Эволюцию электронных 1. The evolution of electronic
технологий иногда называют technology is sometimes called a
революцией: количественные revolution: a quantitative change in
изменения в технологии привели к technology gave rise to qualitative
качественным изменениям в change in human capabilities.
человеческих возможностях.
2. Появилась новая отрасль науки - 2. There appeared a new branch of
микроэлектроника. science - microelectronics.
3. Микроэлектронная технология 3. A microelectronic technology
позволила уменьшить размеры reduced transistors and other circuit
транзисторов и других элементов elements to dimensions almost invisible
схемы до размеров, практически to unaided eye.
невидимых невооруженным глазом.
4. Известно, что скорость отклика 4. It is known that the speed of response
зависит от размера транзистора: чем depends on the size of transistor: the
меньше транзистор, тем он быстрее. smaller the transistor, the faster it is.
5. Еще одним преимуществом 5. One more advantage of
микроэлектроники является то, что microelectronics is that smaller devices
меньшие устройства потребляют consume less power.
меньше энергии.
6. На космических спутниках и 6. In space satellites and spaceships this
космических кораблях это очень is a very important factor.
важный фактор.
7. Появился новый тип интегральных 7. There appeared a new type of
микросхем, микроволновая integrated circuits, microwave
интегральная схема. integrated circuit.
8. Микроэлектронная техника 8. Microelectronic technique is
продолжает вытеснять другие моды. continuing to displace other modes.
9. Электроника расширила 9. Electronics has extended man's
интеллектуальную силу человека. intellectual power.
10. Микроэлектроника расширяет эту 10. Microelectronics extends that power
мощь еще больше. still further.
 TRANSISTORS
1. Хорошо известно, что быстрое 1. It is well known that the quick
развитие электроники началось с development of electronic began with the
изобретения транзистора. invention of transistor.
2. Они заменили электронные трубки 2. They replaced electronic tubes due to
из-за их многочисленных their numerous advantages
преимуществ.
3. Одним из главных преимуществ 3. One of the main advantages of the
транзисторов по сравнению с transistors in comparison with the vacuum
вакуумной лампой является tube is absence of filament power loss.
отсутствие потерь мощности нити
накала.
4. Одной из основных причин 4. One of the principal causes of damages in
повреждений электронных схем electronic circuitry is high temperature.
является высокая температура.
5. Тепло вызывает пробой труб и 5. The heat causes breakdown of tubes and
других элементов схемы, которые other circuit elements that are very sensitive
очень чувствительны к этому to this influence.
воздействию.
6. С другой стороны транзистор не 6. The transistor, on the other hand, does
нагревает то что находится вокруг not heat its surroundings.
него.
7. Другое преимущество транзистора 7. Another advantage of the transistor is its
в том что у него долгий срок службы. long life
8. Срок службы среднего транзистора 8. The life of the average transistor is more
составляет более десяти тысяч than ten thousand operating hours.
рабочих часов.
9. Из-за своей длинной 9. Because of its long lifetime and
продолжительности жизни и raggedness, the transistor is very reliable
неровности, транзистор очень and has much better efficiency in
надежен и имеет гораздо лучшую professional equipment.
эффективность в профессиональном
оборудовании.
10. Одним из преимуществ 10. One of the advantages of the transistor
транзистора являются его небольшие is its small dimensions.
габариты.
 THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES
1. Давайте посмотрим на историю 1. Let us take a look at the history of
компьютеров, которые мы знаем computers that we know
сегодня. today.
2. Вот почему сегодня мы все еще 2. This, in fact, is why today we still
считаем десятками и кратными count in
десяткам. tens and multiples of tens
3. Затем был изобретен абакус. 3. Then the abacus was invented
4. В течение 17-го и 18-го веков 4. During the 17th and 18th centuries
многие люди пытались найти легкие many people tried to find easy
способы вычисления. ways of calculating.
5. Первая реальная вычислительная 5. The first real calculating machine
машина появилась в 1820 году в appeared in 1820 as the result of several
результате экспериментов нескольких people's experiments.
людей.
6. Самым первым вычислительным 6. The very first calculating device used
устройством, которое использовалось, was the ten fingers
были десять пальцев мужских рук. of a man's hands.
7. В 1830 году Чарльз Бэббидж, 7. In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted
талантливый английский математик, English mathematician,
предложил построить машину общего proposed to build a general-purpose
назначения для решения проблем problem-solving machine
которую он назвал "аналитическим that he called "the analytical engine".
двигателем".
8. Он так и не закончил эту работу, но 8. He never finished this work, but many
многие из его идей легли в основу of his ideas were the basis for building
создания современных компьютеров. today's computers.
9. К началу двадцатого века 9. By the early part of the twentieth
электромеханические машины были century electromechanical
разработаны и использовались для machines had been developed and were
бизнес-данных. used for business data
processing.
10. Он построил одну машину, чтобы 10. He built one machine to punch the
пробивать отверстия, и другие - holes and others —
для табуляции собранных данных. to tabulate the collected data.
 THE FIRST COMPUTERS
1. В 1930 году первый аналоговый 1. In 1930 the first analog computer was
компьютер был построен built by American named Vannevar
американцем по имени Ванневар Bush.
Буш.
2. Это устройство использовалось во 2. This device was used in World War II
Второй мировой войне, чтобы to help aim guns.
помогать целиться.
3. Многие технические разработки 3. Many technical developments of
электронных цифровых компьютеров electronic digital computers took place
были проведены в 1940-х и 1950-х in the 1940s and 1950s.
годах.
4. Марк 1, имя, данное первому 4. Mark 1, the name given to the first
цифровому компьютеру, был digital computer, was completed in
завершен в 1944 году. 1944.
5. Ответственным за это изобретение 5. The man responsible for this
был профессор Говард Айкен. invention was Professor Howard Aiken.
6. Это была первая машина, которая 6. This was the first machine that could
могла очень быстро составлять figure out long lists of mathematical
длинные списки математических problems at a very fast rate.
задач.
7. В 1946 году два инженера из 7. In 1946 two engineers at the
Университета Пенсильвании, Дж. University of Pennsilvania, J. Eckert
Экерт и Дж. Маушли, создали свой and J. Maushly, built their digital
цифровой компьютер с вакуумными computer with vacuum tubes.
трубами.
8. Они назвали свое новое 8. They named their new invention
изобретение ENIAC (электронный ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical
числовой интегратор и калькулятор). Integrator and Calculator).
9. Еще одно важное достижение в 9. Another important achievement in
разработке компьютеров произошло developing computers came in 1947,
в 1947 году, когда Джон фон Нейман when John von Neumann developed
разработал идею хранения the idea of keeping instructions for
инструкций для компьютера в памяти the computer inside the computer’s
компьютера. memory.
10. Вклад Джона фон Неймана был 10. The contribution of John von
особенно значительным. Neumann was particularly significant.

FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

1. Такие устройства были не только 1. Those devices were not only bulky,
громоздкими, но и ненадежными. they were also unreliable.
2. Тысячи вакуумных ламп излучали 2. The thousands of vacuum tubes
огромное количество тепла и часто emitted large amounts of heat and
перегорали. burned out frequently.
3. Компьютеры второго поколения 3. Second-generation computers were
были меньше, быстрее и надежнее, smaller, faster and more reliable than
чем их предшественники. first-generation computers.
4. Транзистор, меньший по размеру, 4. The transistor, a smaller and more
изобретенный в 1948 году, являлся reliable successor to the vacuum tube,
еще более ненадежным преемником was invented in 1948.
вакуумной трубки.
5. Достижения в электронной 5. Advances in electronics technology
технологии продолжились, и continued, and microelectronics made it
микроэлектроника сделала possible to reduce the size of transistors
возможным уменьшение размера and integrate large numbers of circuit
транзисторов и объединение elements into very small chips of
большого количества элементов схем silicon.
в очень маленькие кремниевые
пластины.
6. Они могли проводить множество 6. They could perform many data
операций по обработке данных за processing operations in nanoseconds,
наносекунды, которые являются which are billionths of seconds.
миллиардными долями секунд.
7. Сейчас появились компьютеры 7. Fourth generation computers have
четвертого поколения, и now arrived, and the inte-grated circuits
разрабатываемые интегральные that are being developed have been
схемы значительно уменьшились в greatly reduced in size.
размерах благодаря
микроминиатюризации.
8. Это означает, что сейчас схемы 8. This is due to microminiaturization,
намного меньше, чем раньше. which means that the circuits are much
smaller than before.
9. Первые компьютеры с 9. The first vacuum tubes computers are
вакуумными трубами называются referred to as first generation computers,
компьютерами первого поколения, and the approximate period of their use
примерный период их использования was from 1950 to 1959.
с 1950 до 1959.
10. Компьютеры, изобретенные с 10. The computers that were designed to
целью использовать технологии use integrated circuit technology were
интегральных схем, назывались called third generation computers, and
компьютерами третьего поколения, the approximate time span of these
которыми пользовались примерно с machines was from 1960 to 1979.
1960 до 1979.
 ТЕРМИНЫ:

1. computer literacy- компьютерная грамотность

2. problem-solving device – устройство, обеспечивающее решение задачи
3. application – применение, использование
4. computing – вычесление, счет
5. dimension – измерение
6. instruction – команда, инструкция, указание
7. to direct the operation – направлять работу
8. data processing system – система обработки данных
9. to have much in common – иметь много общего
10.technical achievements – технические достижения
11.intricate – сложный, запутанный
12.electronic circuit – электронная цепь (схема)
13.to operate switches – приводить в действие переключатели
14.to store numbers – запоминать числа
15.to manipulate – управлять, обращаться, преобразовывать
16.to input/to feed in – вводить (информацию)
17.to turn on/to switch on – включать
18.to turn off/ to switch off – выключать
19.to process data – обрабатывать данные
20.to supply – подавать, вводить, снабжать, обеспечивать
21.addition – сложение
22.subtraction – вычитание
23.division – деление
24.multiplication – умножение
25.exponentiation – возведение в степень
26.user – пользователь
27.input device – устройство ввода
28.disk drive – дисковое запоминающее устройство, дисковод
29.tape drive – запоминающее устройство на магнитной ленте
30.cathode-ray tube – электронно-лучевая трубка
31.to make decisions – принимать решения
32.manipulation – управление, обработка, преобразование
33.to replace vacuum tubes – заменять электронные лампы
34.a piece of semiconductor – полупроводниковый кристалл
35.solid body – твердое тело, кристалл; полупроводник
36.at a rate – со скоростью
37.integrated circuit (IC) – интегральная схема
38.batch processing – пакетная обработка
39.to assemble – собирать, монтировать
40.to increase reliability – увеличивать надежность
41.branch of science – область науки
42.circuit assembly – сборка схемы
43.film technique – пленочная технология
44.invisible to unaided eye – невидимый невооруженному глазу
45.speed of response – скорость реакции
46.advantage – достоинство, преимущество
47.disadvantage – недостаток
48.packing density – плотность упаковки
49.small-scale integrated circuit (IC) – малая интегральная схема (МИС)
50.medium scale IC – средняя интегральная схема (СИС)
51.large - scale IC – большая интегральная схема
52.very – large – scale IC – сверхбольшая интегральная схема (СБИС)
53.transmission line – линия передачи
54.waveguide – волновод
55.pattern – шаблон, образец, образ, изображение
56.power – мощность, энергия, питание
57.calculating device – вычислительное устройство
58.multiple – кратный
59.abacus – счеты
60.slide rule – логарифмическая линейка
61.logarithm table – логарифмическая таблица
62.calculus – исчисление, математический анализ
63.means of coding – средства кодирования (шифровки)
64.punched card – перфокарта
65.unit of data – единица информации
66.keyboard terminals – терминал (вывод) с клавишным управлением
67.analog computer – аналоговый компьютер
68.digital computer – цифровой компьютер
69.to figure out – вычислять
70.memory/storage – запоминающее устройство
71.to store data and instructions – запоминать информацию и команды
72.stored program computer – компьютер с занесенной в память
программой
73.binary code – двоичный код
74.to perform computations – выполнять вычисления
75.to convert – преобразовывать
76.to house – помещать, размещать
77.resourсe – ресурс, средство, возможность
78.equipment – оборудование, аппаратура, приборы, устройства
79.display – дисплей, устройство отображения
80.sequence – последовательность
81.data storage hierachy – иерархия запоминания информации
82.to enter – входить, вводить
83.item – элемент, составная часть
84.record – запись, регистрация
85.file – файл, заносить в файл
86.data base – база данных
87.manual – ручной, выполняемый вручную
88.capability – способность, возможность, характеристика
89.to eliminate – устранять, удалять, отменять, ликвидировать
90.to make errors – допускать ошибки
91.invalid data – неверные, несправедливые, недопустимые данные
92.communications networks – сети передачи данных, сети связи
93.instance response – мгновенный ответ (реакция)
94.capacity of storage – объем (емкость) памяти
95.to retrieve – извлекать, выбирать (данные); восстанавливать (файл)
96.value – значение, величина, значимость, ценность
97.architecture – архитектура, структура
98.architect – разработчик архитектуры (системы, структуры)
99.unit – устройство, модель
100. accessory equipment - вспомогательные устройства
101. engineering background – техническая подготовка, квалификация
102. application programmer – прикладной программист
103. to simulate – моделировать, имитировать
104. voltage – напряжение
105. pressure – давление
106. digital computer – цифровой компьютер
107. hybrid computer – компьютер смешанного типа, аналого-
цифровой компьютер
108. discrete – дискретный, отдельный
109. continuous quantity – непрырывная величина
110. to install – устанавливать, размещать, монтировать, настраивать
111. houshild appliances – домашние приборы, устройства
112. microwave oven – микроволновая печь
113. indoor climate control system – система регуляции температуры в
доме
114. hardware – аппаратное обеспечение, аппаратура, оборудование
115. software – програмное обеспечение, программные средства
116. system software – системное программное обеспечение
117. application software – прикладное программное обеспечение
118. firmware – встроенное, микропроцессорное программное
обеспечение
119. visible units – видимый блок, устройство
120. procedure – процедура, процесс, метод, методика, алгоритм
121. to associate – соединять, объединять, связывать
122. to execute applications programs – выполнять прикладные
программы
123. to protect – защищать
124. read-only memory – постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ)
125. to refer – относиться к, ссылаться на
126. to substitute – заменять, замещать
127. to accomplish – завершать, заканчивать, выполнять, осуществлять
128. performance – производительность, быстродействие, рабочая
характеристика
129. operation – операция, работа, действие, срабатывание
130. to relate – связывать, устанавливать отношения
131. unit – устройство, модуль, блок, узел, элемент, ячейка
132. input – ввод, устройство ввода, вводить, подавать на вход
133. to insert – вставлять, вносить, включать
134. storage=memory – память, запоминающее устройство
135. arithmetic- logical unit – арифметико-логической устройство
136. output – вывод, устройство вывода, выводить, подавать на выход
137. to issue commands – выдавать команды
138. pulse – no-pulse – импульс – холостой импульс
139. large-scale – большой, крупномасштабный
140. flip-flop – триггер
141. circuit – цепь, контур, схема
142. logic gates – логический элемент, схема пропускания (сигналов),
проход
143. feasible – возможный, выполнимый, осуществимый
144. interpret orders – интерпритировать, истолковывать команды
145. operate switches – приводить в действие переключатели
146. to convey – передавать, сообщать
147. correсt operand – нужный операнд
148. original input data – исходная вводимая операция
149. room – (свободное) место, свободная память
150. primary storage – первичное запоминающее устройство
151. secondary storage – вторичное запоминающее устройство
152. main storage – основная память, оперативное запоминающее
устройство
153. internal storage – внутреннее ЗУ
154. sequence – последовательность, порядок следования
155. ongoing process – продолжающий, постоянный процесс
156. to retain – сохранять, удерживать
157. to locate – размещать, распологать
158. value – значение, величина, значимость, ценность, оценка
159. binary digit – двоичная цифра, двоичный знак
160. strings of characters – последовательность символов
161. medium – носитель, среда
162. capacity – умкость, объем (памяти), пропускная способность
163. media capacity – емкость носителя
164. data access time – время доступа к данным
165. per bit – на единицу информации
166. to transfer – передавать, переносить, пересылать
167. archival storage – архивное ЗУ, архивная память
168. to depend – зависеть, полагаться, рассчитывать на
169. to rotate – вращать, чередовать, сменять
170. solid-state device – твердотельный прибор
171. magnetic core – магнитный сердечник
172. bipolar semiconductor – биполярный полупроводник
173. metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) – структура металл – оксид-
полупроводник
174. randomly – произвольно
175. random – acess memory (RAM) – оперативное запоминающее
устройство (ОЗУ)
176. sound recording – звукозапись
177. tape device – ЗУ на магнитной ленте
178. to range – классифицировать, располагать в порядке, лежать в
диапазоне
179. magnetic disk storage – ЗУ на магнитном диске
180. moving head device – устройство с двигающейся головкой
181. predominant – преобладающий, доминирующий
182. flexible – гибкий, настраиваемый, изменяемый
183. floopy (disk) – гибкий диск (дискета), ЗУ на гибком диске
184. to meet the demands – удовлетворять потребности
185. central processing unit (CPU) – центральный процессор (ЦП)
186. internal memory – внутренняя память, внутренне ЗУ
187. activity – деятельность, работа, действия операции
188. to issue – посылать (сигнал), выводить, выдавать (сообщение)
189. to interprete - интерпритировать, истолковывать
190. according to – согласно, в соответствии с
191. level – уровень, степень, мера, выравнивать
192. input-output port – порт ввода-вывода
193. control unit – устройство управления
194. switch – переключатель, коммутатор, переключать, переходить
195. direct – направлять, адресовывать, указывать, прямой,
непосредственный
196. step – by – step operations – пошаговые операции
197. to load – загружать, выполнять загрузку
198. to manage – управлять, организовывать, справляться
199. to obtain – получать, достигать, добиваться
200. flow – поток, ход (выполнения программы); последовательность
201. counter – счетчик
202. register – регистр, устройство регистрации, счетчик, датчик
203. instruction register – регистр команд
204. storage register – регистр памяти, запоминающий регистр
205. address register – адресный регистр
206. decoder – дешифратор
207. operand address – адрес (хранения) операнда
208. mark – отметка, маркер, знак
209. timing mark – отметка времени
210. accumulate – накапливать(ся), суммирова, собирать(ся)
211. accumulator – сумматор, накапливающий регистр, устройство
суммирования
212. compare – сравнивать, соотносить
213. comparer – компаратор, устройство сравнения
214. content – содержимое, смысл, объем, количество
215. involve – включать, содержать, заключать в себе
216. core – суть, основная часть, ядро, оперативная память
217. add – складывать, суммировать, прибавлять, присоединять
218. adder – сумматор, блок суммирования
219. metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) – структура металл – оксид-
полупроводник, МОП структура
220. p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) – р-МОП-структура
221. complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) –
комплементарная МОП-структура (КМОП)
222. environment – среда, окружение, режим работы
223. external environment – внешняя среда
224. human related – связанный с человеком
225. human independent – независимый от человека
226. remote terminal – удаленный терминал
227. reel of magnetic tape – бобина с магнитной лентой
228. input – output interface – интерфейс ввода-вывода
229. scan - просматривать, сканировать, развертывать
230. scanner – сканер, устройство оптического считывания
231. bar-code scanner – устройство считывания штрих-кода
232. to match characteristics – сопоставлять параметры
233. to fall between – падать, попадать в интервал между
234. card reader – устройство считывания платы (карты)
235. line printer – построчный принтер, принтер печатания строки
236. page printer – принтер с постраничной печатью
237. character printer – принтер с посимвольной печатью
238. optical character reader – оптическое считывающее устройство
текста
239. optical mark reader – оптическое считывающее устройство знаков
240. visual display – визуальный индикатор
241. digitizer – аналого-цифровой преобразователь, сканер
242. keyboard input device – клавишное устройство ввода
243. plotter – графопостроитель
244. keyboard – клавиатура
245. key – клавиша, кнопка, переключатель
246. manipulator – манипулятор, блок обработки
247. trackball – трекбол
248. touch panel – сенсорная панель
249. graphic plotting tables – графические планшеты
250. sound card – звуковая карта (панель)
251. enable – разрешать, позволять, допускать, делать возможным
252. operating mode – режим работы
253. press a button – нажать на кнопку
254. keep buttons depressed – удерживать кнопки в нажатом состоянии
255. double click – двойное нажатие
256. erase images – удалять, стирать изображение
257. roller – ролик, валик
258. track – следить, прослеживать, проходить, след, траектория, путь
259. by means of – посредством
260. permitting capacity – разрешающая способность
261. human-readable form – удобная для чтения форма
262. performance – характеристика,производительность,
быстродействие, скорость работы, пропускная способность
263. character printer – принтер с посимвольной печатью, символьный
принтер
264. line printer – принтер с построчной печатью
265. page printer – принтер с постраничной печатью
266. non impact printer – (бес) контактный принтер
267. letter quality printer – принтер с типографическим качеством
печати
268. dot matrix printer – точечно-матричный принтер
269. ink-jet printer – струйный принтер
270. laser-beam printer – лазерный принтер
271. to identify – идентифицировать, распознавать, обозначать
272. approach – подход, метод, принцип, приближение
273. at a time – за один раз, одновременно
274. to strike against a ribbon – ударять по ленте
275. typewriter – печатное устройство
276. to spray drops of ink – распылять капли чернил
277. printer output – вывод на печать, распечатываемые данные
278. personal computers – персональные компьютеры
279. competitive operating system – конкурирующая операционная
система
280. IBM (international business machine) – фирма по производству
компьютеров
281. computer of choice – лучший компьютер
282. to survive onslaught – выдерживать конкуренцию
283. word size – рамер слова, разрядность двоичного слова
284. soft-copy output – вывод «твердой» печатной копии
285. hard copy output – вывод «твердой» печатной копии
286. online storage – неавтономное хранение данных в ЗУ
287. offline storage – автономное хранение данных отдельно от
компьютера
288. input media – носитель для входных данных
289. output media – носитель для выходных данных
290. general purpose – универсальный, общего назначения
291. stand-alone – автономный
292. to plug in – подключать, подсоединять
293. leisure activities – досуговая деятельность
294. word processing – обработка текста
295. telephone dialing – набор номера телефона
296. security – безопасность, охрана
297. appliance –устройство, прибор
298. maintenance – поддержание, сожранение, эксплуатация
299. application software – прикладные программы
300. to delete – удалять, стирать, очищать память
301. to move paragraphs around – менять местами обзацы
302. accountant – бухгалтер
303. accounting – бухгалтерский учет
304. income tax – подоходный налог
305. worksheet – элетронаая таблица
306. scheduling – составление расписания (графика)
307. computer assisted instructions – компьютерные команды
308. to meet the demands – удовлетаорять потребности
309. record keeping – регистрация, ведение записей
310. grading – оценивание, классификация
311. equation – уравнение, приравнивание
312. list of instructions – перечень команд
313. guard – защищать, предохранять, завершать, заканчивать
314. appropriate sequence – необходимая (требуемая)
последовательность
315. program logic – логическая последовательность выполнения
программы
316. flowchart – блок-схема; составлять блок-схему
317. flowcharting – построение блок-схемы
318. predefined symbols – заранее заданные символы
319. specifics – специальные черты, характерные особенности
320. emplate – шаблон, маска, образец, эталон
321. pseudocode – псевдокод, псквдограмма
322. burden – нагрузка
323. programming rules – правила программирования
324. consume – потреблять расходовать
325. top-down approach – принцип нисходящей работы
326. looping logic – логическая схема выполнения (операций) в цикле
327. programming language – язык программирования
328. coded form – кодированный вид, кодированное представление
329. to convey – передавать, сообщать
330. to improve – улучшать, совершенствовать
331. machine oriented language – машинно-ориентированный язык
332. business oriented language – язык для программирования
экономических задач
333. problem oriented language – проблемно-ориентированный язык
334. string of binary – строка двоичного представления
335. dsta handling – обработка данный, работа с данными
336. field – name length – длина имени поля
337. incorporate features – включать свойства, особенности
338. versatile – многофункциональный, разносторонний,
универсальный
339. mathematical relationship – математическая связь (соотношение)
340. printing direction – направление печати
341. disk hard – жесткий диск
342. duplicator – копировальное устройство
343. error handling – обработка ошибок
344. error trapping – ловушка для ошибок
345. access error – ошибка доступа
346. common error – типичная ошибка
347. data fault – ошибка в данных
348. data file – файл/картотека данных
349. user file – файл пользователя
350. help file – файл подсказок