Translated from Japanese to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

com

NG WDM alarm signal processing analysis

 Introduction

⚫
With the introduction of the OTN series ITU-T recommendations, the monitoring and maintenance capabilities of WDM

networks have been effectively improved. With the technological advancement of OTN, the alarm and performance

transmission mechanism of WDM networks has become more flexible but complicated. This course teaches you how to

analyze the WDM alarm signal flow and how to utilize the flexible alarm mechanism to identify faults.

1 Huawei Confidential
 the goal

⚫
Upon completing this course, you will be able to:

-
To understand the mechanism of electrical layer alarm in NG WDM system and explain the signal flow of

electrical layer alarm.

-
To understand the optical layer alarm mechanism in NG WDM systems and explain the signal flow of the optical layer

alarm.

-
Be able to use common NG WDM alarms to identify common faults.

2 Huawei Confidential
 table of contents

1. Overview

2. Electrical Layer Alarm Analysis

3. Optical layer alarm analysis

3 Huawei Confidential
overview

⚫
OTN network hierarchy

IP ATM Ethernet STM-N

OPUk:Optical channel payload unit k
ODUk:Optical channel data unit k
OPUk
Electricity OTUk:Fully standardized optical channel unit OTUkV:
air ODUk (ODUkP, ODUkT)
Optical channel unit with standardized functions OCh:
layer
OTUk OTUkV OTUk OTUkV
Optical Channel Outbound
OCh OChr OChr:Simplified optical channel
light
OMSn OMS:Optical multiplex section
OPSn
layer

OTSn OTS:Optical relay section

OPS:Photophysics Section

4 Huawei Confidential
Electrical Layer Overhead Frame Structure

3824
3825

4080
14
15
16
17
1

7
8
Frame OTUk
1Alignment overhead

OPUkoverhead
2 OTUk
Kura
OPU Good
kP AroT Signal
Hmm
3
ODUk FEC
cost
4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 FAS MFAS S.M. GCC0 RES RES J.C.
TCM
2 RES ACT TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 FTFL RES J.C.
3 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 PM EXP RES J.C.
4 GCC1 GCC2 APS/PCC RES PSI N.J.O.

Client Signals k:
OPUk - Optical Channel Payload Unit 1-2.5G
ODUk - Optical Channel Data Unit 2-10G
OTUk - Optical Channel Transport Unit 3-40G
Frame alignment overhead 4 to 100G

5 Huawei Confidential
OTN Network Hierarchy (1)
⚫
Path Hierarchy in WDM Networks

Client Path
ODUk Path
OTUk Path

OCh Path

OMS Path

OTS Pass

OTU OTU

MUX/
MUX/
OTU Office Automation Office Automation
DMUX OTU
DMUX

OTU OTU

6 Huawei Confidential
OTN Network Hierarchy (2)
⚫
Electrical layer path hierarchy (e.g. N210 and T130)

TX1 T130 T130 TX1

RX1
N N RX1

2 2

30X ODU1

30X ODU1

...
...
30XAny

30XAny
1 1
TX30 TX30
0 0
RX30 RX30

OCh Path

OTU2 Path

ODU1 Path

Client Path

7 Huawei Confidential
 table of contents

1. Overview

2. Electrical Layer Alarm Analysis

◼ Basic Concepts

▫ Electrical Layer Alarm Signal Flow

▫ General Maintenance Signals

▫ Electrical Layer Alarm Case Study

3. Optical layer alarm analysis

8 Huawei Confidential
Basic Concepts
⚫
WDM Side: The WDM side of the OTU board.

⚫
Client Side: The service on the client side of the OTU board that accesses the client's equipment.

⚫
Intermediate part: This part is located between the WDM side and the client side. It is a virtual part and is not

displayed in the network management system. Only the alarm detection mechanism is explained here.

⚫
N#1: represents the client side optical port N of the OTU board, and represents channel 1. 3#1 represents the

first channel of the client side optical port 3.

⚫
1#N: Channel N of optical port 1 on the WDM side of the OTU board. 1#3 represents channel 3 of optical port 1 on

the WDM side.

9 Huawei Confidential
Electrical Layer Overhead Processing - Source Function

⚫
The processing of the electrical layer overhead is all completed in the wavelength conversion unit or branching and line unit, and

the overhead processing function can be divided into two: source function and sink function.

: Noh
Source machines by level

BIP-8 calculation,
PM post,
mapping,
OCh
BIP-8 Count BIP-8 calculation,
Client GCC 1/2
SM, GCC0,
Frequency Tuning
Which over Calculation, TCMi
F.A.S.,
Adjustment, bit head, write
MAFS etc.
Rate Conformance ODUk frame
Write
Structure Generation

OPUk ODUkP ODUkT OTUk

(option)

10 Huawei Confidential
Electrical Layer Overhead Processing - Sink Function (1)

detection detection detection mapping

OCh Client
S.M. TCM PM Cancellation

OTUk ODUkT ODUkP OPUk

(option)

1. Detecting overhead bytes such as FAS, MFAS, SM, etc.

2. Reporting defect information for LOM, LOF, TIM, DEG, BDI,
BEI, BIAE, IAE
3. Interpolation of BEI, BIAE, and BDI
4. Down-interpolation of TIMs and DEGs

5. Alarm Suppression
6. Report bit errors

11 Huawei Confidential
Electrical Layer Overhead Processing - Sink Function (2)

detection detection detection mapping

OCh Client
S.M. TCM PM Cancellation

OTUk ODUkT ODUkP OPUk

(option)

1. Detect bytes such as TCMACT and TCMi in the TCM sublayer

2. Reporting defect information: TIM, DEG, BIAE, OCI, LCK, AIS
3. Interpolate or down-interpolate the signal based on the defect information

4. Alarm Suppression
5. Bit Error Performance Event Reporting

12 Huawei Confidential
Electrical Layer Overhead Processing - Sink Function (3)

detection detection detection mapping

OCh Client
S.M. TCM PM Cancellation

OTUk ODUkT ODUkP OPUk

(option)

1. Detecting PM byte information of ODUkP sublayer

2. Reporting defect information: TIM, DEG, OCI, LCK, AIS
3. Interpolate or down-interpolate signals based on defect information: BEI,
DEG, path impairment information
4. Alarm Suppression
5. Bit Error Performance Event Reporting

13 Huawei Confidential
Electrical Layer Alarm Hierarchy

hierarchy Alarm Name

OTUk OTUk_LOF,OTUk_AIS,OTUk_LOM,OTUk_TIM,
k=1,2,3,4 OTUk_DEG,OTUk_EXC,OTUk_BDI,BEFFEC_EXC

ODUk_PM_TIM,ODUk_PM_DEG,ODUk_PM_EXC,
ODUk_PM
k=flex,0,1,2,3,4
ODUk_PM_BDI,ODUk_PM_LCK,ODUk_PM_OCI,
ODUk_PM_AIS,ODUk_LOFLOM

ODUk_TCMi_TIM,ODUk_TCMi_DEG,ODUk_TCMi_EXC,
ODUk_TCMi
k=flex,0,1,2,3,4
ODUk_TCMi_BDI,ODUk_TCMi_LCK,ODUk_TCMi_OCI,
ODUk_TCMi_AIS,ODUk_TCMi_LTC

OPUk
k=flex,0,1,2,3,4
OPUk_PLM,OPU2_MSIM,OPU3_MSIM,OPU4_MSIM

14 Huawei Confidential
 table of contents

1. Overview

2. Electrical Layer Alarm Analysis

▫ Basic Concepts

◼ Electrical Layer Alarm Signal Flow

▫ General Maintenance Signals

▫ Electrical Layer Alarm Case Study

3. Optical layer alarm analysis

16 Huawei Confidential
Electrical Layer Alarm Signal Flow

1 SDHNon-convergence for standard signal processingOTU

Electricity 2 O TNNon-convergence for standard signal processingOTU

air
layer

a 3 S DHConvergence to process standard signalsOTU

La
- 4 O TNStandard signal processing convergenceOTU
M
Processing

Reason 5 SuccessorOTU
Medium

of
Minutes

Category 6 nine
With Loss Connect functionOTU

7 Processes Ethernet traffic signalsOTU

stomach

17 Huawei Confidential
Non-converging OTU (1) processing SDH standard signals
Site A Site B
Client Side WDM side WDM side Client Side Client Device
R_LOS R_LOS
REM_SF R_LOF
R_LOF R_LOF REM_SF R_LOF
MS AIS
MS_AIS REM_SF MS_AIS
BIerror
B1_EXC REM_SD B1Bit Errors
BIerror
B1_SD B1error
SD
PM BIP8Bit Errors ODUk_PM_DEG/ Bit Errors
ODUk PMRemote Bit ODUk_PM_EXC
Ra performance event SD
SM BIP8BitEra - OTUk_DEG/ Bit Errors
OTUk_EXC
OTUkRemote Bit Error
Performance Events
OTUk_AIS
science fiction

OTUk_AIS R_LOF
ODUk_PM_BDI
&OTUk_BDI science fiction

OTUk_LOM OTUk_LOM R_LOF

ODUk_PM_BDI
&OTUk_BDI

18 Huawei Confidential
Non-converging OTU (2) processing SDH standard signals
Site A Site B
Client Side WDM side WDM side Client Side Client Device
MFAS frames are not consecutive science fiction

OTUk_LOM
ODUk_PM_BDI TIMWhen follow-up is enabled science
&OTUk_BDI science fiction fictionis generated
PMTTIPart-time job discrepancy Match
ODUk_PM_TIM R_LOF
ODUk_PM_BDI TIMWhen follow-up is enabled science
science fiction
fictionis generatedR
OTUk_TIM R_LOF
S.M.TTIPart-time job discrepancy Match

OTUk_BDI
ODUk_PM_BDI
ODUk_PM_BDI
OTUk_BDI
OTUk_BDI
FECBit error before error correction
Exceeding the limit before correction
BEFFEC_EXC
OTUk_LOF science fiction
OTUk_LOF R_LOF
ODUk_PM_BDI
OTUk_BDI science fiction

ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS
ODUk_PM_OCI ODUk_PM_OCI R_LOF
ODUk_PM_LCK ODUk_PM_LCK
ODUk_PM_BDI
R_LOS science fiction

R_LOS R_LOF
ODUk_PM_BDI
&OTUk_BDI

19 Huawei Confidential
OTNNon-convergence for standard signal processingOTU(1)

Site A Site B
Client Side WDM side WDM side Client Side Client Device
R_LOS science fiction

R_LOS ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS

OTUk_BDI SD
PM BIP8 Error - ODUk_PM_DEG ODUk_PM_DEG/
ODUk_PM_EXC PM BIP8Bit Errors
ODUk_PM_EXC
S.M.B.IP8 Error OTUk_DEG SD
OTUk_EXC SM BIP8 Error OTUk_DEG
OTUk_EXC
OTUkRemote Bit Error
OTUkRemote Bit Error -
Performance Events
Performance Events
SD
PM BIP8 Error ODUk_PM_DEG/
PM BIP8Bit Errors
ODUk_PM_EXC
science fiction
O.T.Uk_LOF
OTUk_LOF ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS
OTUk_BDI
science fiction
OTUk_LOM
OTUk_LOM ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS
OTUk_BDI science fiction

OTUk_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS

OTUk_AIS OTUk_LOF
OTUk_BDI OTUk_LOM science fiction

OTUk_LOF
OTUk_AIS OTUk_LOM ODUk_PM_AIS
OTUk_AIS
OTUk_BDI

20 Huawei Confidential
OTNNon-convergence for standard signal processingOTU(2)
Station A Station B

Client Side WDM side WDM side Client Side Client Device
TIMFollow-up enabled
SM TTIByte Mismatch science fiction science fiction
When it becomesscience fictionis generated
OTUk_TIM ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS
TIMFollow-up enabled
OTUk_BDI
SM TTIByte Mismatch
science fiction When it becomesscience fictionis generated

OTUk_TIM ODUk_PM_AIS
OTUk_BD I
OTUk_BDI
OTUk_BDI OTUk_BDI
OTUk_BDI
PMAll signals are transmitted transparently

ODUk_PM_AIS science fiction

ODUk_PM_LCK
ODUk_PM_OCI ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS
ODUk_PM_LCK ODUk_PM_LCK ODUk_PM_LCK
ODUk_PM_OCI ODUk_PM_OCI ODUk_PM_OCI
R_LOS
science fiction

R_LOS ODUk_PM_AIS

OTUk_BDI

twenty one Huawei Confidential

Convergence OTU (1) for processing SDH standard signals

Site A Site B
Client Side On-board Module WDM side WDM side On-board Module Client Side Client Device

R_LOS
N#1 R_LO S N#1 REM_SF N#1 R_LOF
R_LOS
N#1 R_LO S N#1 REM_SF N#1 R_LOF
R_LOS
N#1 R_LO S science fiction N#1 REM_SF N#1 R_LOF
R_LOS
N#1 R_LO S N#1 REM_SF N#1 R_LOF

R_LOS
N#1 R_LOS N#1 REM_SF N#1 R_LOF
R_LOF
N#1 R_LOF N#1 REM_SF N#1 R_LOF
R_LOC N#1 REM_SF
N#1 R_LO C SD N#1 R_LOF
Bit Errors 1#NBit Errors
N#1Bit Errors Bit Errors
A
N#1 A 1#NA A
B
N#1 B 1#NB B
C
N#1 C 1#NC C
D
N#1 D 1#ND D

twenty two Huawei Confidential

Convergence OTU (2) for processing SDH standard signals

Site A Site B
Client Side On-board Module WDM side WDM side On-board Module Client Side Client Device
science fiction

R_LOS R_LOF
R_LOS
OTUk_LOF
OTUk_LOF R_LOF
OTUk_LOM OTUk_LOM
OTUk_AIS OTUk_AIS R_LOF
ODUk_PM_BDI
&OTUk_BDI science fiction R_LOF
ODUk_PM_AIS
ODUk_PM_AIS R_LOF
ODUk_PM_LCK
ODUk_PM_LCK
ODUk_PM_OCI R_LOF
ODUk_PM_OCI
ODUk_PM_BDI Bit Errors
SD
PM_BIP bit error
ODUk_PM_DEG/
Bit Errors
ODUk_PM_EXC
ODUk_PMRemote Bit Bit Errors
Ra performance event
SD Bit Errors
SM_BIP bit error
OTUk_DEG
OTUk_EXC Bit Errors
OTUkRemote Error Bit Error
Bit Errors
Ra performance event

twenty three Huawei Confidential

Convergence OTU (1) for processing OTN standard signals

Site A Site B
Client Side On-board Module WDM side WDM side On-board Module Client Side Client Device
R_LOS
science fiction

OTUk_BDIInterpolate N#1 R_LOS N#1 ODUk_PM_AIS N#1 ODUk_PM_AIS

OTUk_LOM science fiction

N#1 N#1 ODUk_PM_AIS N#1 ODUk_PM_AIS

OTUk_BDIInterpolate
OTUk_LOM
OTUk_LOF
science fiction

N#1 ODUk_PM_AIS N#1 ODUk_PM_AIS

N#1
OTUk_BDIInterpolate
OTUk_LOF science fiction

N#1 ODUk_PM_AIS N#1 ODUk_PM_AIS

ODUk_PM_AIS
N#1 ODUk_PM_AIS

A 1#NA
N#1 A 1#NA
B
N#1 B 1#NB # 1 NB
C N#1 C 1#NC 1#NC
BITBit Errors SD
N#1Bit Errors
1#NBit Errors N#1Bit Errors

twenty four Huawei Confidential

Convergence OTU (2) for processing OTN standard signals
Site A Site B
Client Side On-board Module WDM side WDM side On-board Module Client Side Client Device
science fiction

R_LOS R_LOS ODUk_PM_AIS

O.T.Uk_LOF OTUk_LOF ODUk_PM_AIS
OTUk_LOM OTUk_LOM
OTUk_AIS OTUk_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS
ODUk_PM_BDI
&OTUk_BDI science fiction
ODUk_PM_AIS
ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS
ODUk_PM_LCK ODUk_PM_LCK
ODUk_PM_OCI ODUk_PM_OCI ODUk_PM_AIS
ODUk_PM_BDI SD Bit Errors
ODUk_PM_EXC
PM_BIPBit Errors ODUk_PM_DEG Bit Errors

ODUk_PMRemote Error Bit Errors

Performance Events SD
OTUk_EXC Bit Errors
SM_BIPBit Errors OTUk_DEG
Bit Errors
OTUkRemote Bit Error
Performance Events Bit Errors

twenty five Huawei Confidential

Relay OTU alarm signal processing

siteA siteB(relay) siteC

WDMside WDMside1 WDMside2 WDMside
MFAS frames are not consecutive
OTUk_LOM
OTUk_BDI
PM TTI byte mismatch PM_TTI byte mismatch
ODUk_PM_TIM ODUk_PM_TIM

SM TTI byte mismatch Enabling TIM Follow-up

OTUk_TIM ODUk_PM_AIS
OTUk_BDI
ODUk_PM_BDI ODUk_PM_BDI
ODUk_PM_BDI
OTUk_BDI
OTUk_BDI
OTUk_LOF
OTUk_LOF ODUk_PM_AIS
OTUk_BDI
ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS ODUk_PM_AIS
ODUk_PM_OCI ODUk_PM_OCI ODUk_PM_OCI
ODUk_PM_LCK ODUk_PM_LCK ODUk_PM_LCK
PM BIP 8 bit error ODUk_PM_DEG ODUk_PM_DEG
ODUk_PM_EXC ODUk_PM_EXC
SM BIP 8 bit error OTUk_DEG
OTUk_EXC
Bit errors before FEC error correction
BEFFEC_EXC
R_LOS R_LOS ODUk_PM_AIS
OTUk_BDI

26 Huawei Confidential
OTU Alarm Signal Processing with Cross-Connect Function

Site A Site B
Client Side WDM side WDM side Client Side

R_LOS 3#1(RX1 )1#3 1#33#1(TX1 )REM_SF

4#1(RX2 ) 1(OUT) 1(IN)
Bit Errors 4#1(TX2 )REM_SD
1#4 1#4
5#1(RX3 ) 5#1(TX3 )REM_SF
1#5
science fiction
1#5
SD 6#1(RX4 ) 6#1(TX4 )REM_SD
1#6 1#6
Direct Method

3#1(RX1)1#3 1#33#1(TX1) REM_SF/SD

SF/SD 4#1(RX2)1#4 1#44#1(TX2)
1(OUT) 1(IN)
5#1(RX3)1#5 1#55#1(TX3)
6#1(RX4 )1#6 1#66#1(TX4) REM_SF/SD

SF/SD Cross-connect method

3#1(RX1) 1#3
4#1(RX2) 1#4
5#1(RX3) 1#5
6#1(RX4) 1#6

27 Huawei Confidential
OTU for processing Ethernet traffic signals
Site A Site B
Client Side On-board Module WDM side WDM side On-board Module Client Side Client Device
R_LOS
R_LOS REM_SF LINK_ERR
scenario1: Non-autonegotiation mode
LINK_ER R REM_SF
LINK_ERR NONE

R_LOS R_LOS REM_SF LINK_ERR

LINK_ERR
scenario2: Auto negotiation mode
LINK_ERR LPT Disable
LINK_ERR NONE NONE

LINK_ERR LINK_ERR
SD
PM BIP8Bttera - ODUk_PM_DEG Bit Errors
ODUk PMRemote Bit
ODUk_PM_EXC
Ra performance event
SD
SM BIP8BSet Error OTUk_DEG Bit Errors
OTUk PMRemote Bit
OTUk_EXC
Ra performance event
science fiction

R_LOS R_LOS GEbutOTNEncapsulated in a frame structure

OTUk_LOF OTUk_LOF Handling of alarm signals in case
LINK_ERR
OTUk_LOM OTUk_LOM
OTUk_AIS OTUk_AIS
ODUk_PM_BDI
&OTUk_BDI

28 Huawei Confidential
 table of contents

1. Overview

2. Electrical Layer Alarm Analysis

▫ Basic Concepts

▫ Electrical Layer Alarm Signal Flow

◼ General Maintenance Signals

▫ Electrical Layer Alarm Case Study

3. Optical layer alarm analysis

29 Huawei Confidential
General Maintenance Signals
Network Hierarchy
Management Features signal
OTUk ODUkP ODUkT
Positioning monitoring LOF/LOM Y Y ‒
Connectivity monitoring TTI Y Y Y
AIS Y Y Y
OCI ‒ Y Y
LCK ‒ Y Y

LTC ‒ ‒ Y
Maintenance Information

BDI Y Y Y

BEI Y Y Y

IAE/BIAE Y ‒ Y

Based on BIP-8 calculation

Signal Quality Monitoring Y Y Y
Performance Measurement

30 Huawei Confidential
Relationship between OTN maintenance signals and alarms (1)

⚫ Relationship between LCK and general alarms

- The LCK maintenance signal is used to lock onto the user access point signal during testing and is typically

manually down-interpolated at the source.

- After locking, the STAT byte is set to "101" and the corresponding segment layer at the receiving end reports an LCK alarm.

N210 N210
1#ODU1 O O O O 1#ODU1
2#ODU1 D T
E O
T D 2#ODU1 4ODU 1_PM_AIS detection and reporting
…… / / ……
U U U U
O E
40#ODU1 22 2 240#ODU1

1Down-interpolating ODU 2_PM_LCK 2ODU 2_PM_LCKDetect and report 5ODU 2_PM_BDIReport

6ODU 2_PM_BDIDetect and report 3DownstreamODU 1toAISAutomatic Interpolation of

31 Huawei Confidential
Relationship between OTN maintenance signals and alarms (2)

⚫
OCI common alarm hierarchy and reporting mechanism.

Electrical cross-connects not configured Electrical cross-connects are configured

TTA X UNQ2 N210 X T130

OCh λ1
C C
ODU 0_LOFLOMDetect and report
S S

Other
No optical cross-connect is set Other Optical cross-connect is configured
direction direction

N210 R R N210
O FIU FIU O
N210 A A N210
D D
N210 M FIU FIU M N210
OCh_OCIDetect and report

32 Huawei Confidential
Relationship between OTN maintenance signals and alarms (3)

⚫ TTI related alarm reporting mechanism

- The SM TTI detection mode of both Site A and Site B is enabled, and TIM subsequent response is enabled.

- If the TTIs in the A->B SM fields do not match.

Site A Site B

M F F D
OTU 4
Office Automation
I I Office Automation 4 OTU
0 U U 0

OTU 2_BDIDetect and report

OSC OTU 2_TIMDetect and report

Detect and report ODU 2_PM_BDI Detect and report ODU 2_PM_SSF

Reports if TIM subsequent responses are enabled

33 Huawei Confidential
 table of contents

1. Overview

2. Electrical Layer Alarm Analysis

▫ Basic Concepts

▫ Electrical Layer Alarm Signal Flow

▫ General Maintenance Signals

◼ Electrical Layer Alarm Case Study

3. Optical layer alarm analysis

34 Huawei Confidential
Figure legend

node Optical Fiber

⚫ XXXX=Italics - preconditions (fiber is broken, user is interpolating LCK, etc.)

⚫ XXX Subsequent Actions (AIS, automatic BDI interpolation, etc.)

⚫ XXX Detected defects (e.g. R_LOS, ODUK_PM_AIS)

⚫ The following prerequisites apply to all scenes:

- Enable AIS Interpolation for TIM, Enable TIM Alarm Suppression

- TIM detection mode detects both SAPI and DAPI

- Prohibition of ALS and IPA functions

35 Huawei Confidential
Scenario ‒ Point-to-Point ODU2
⚫
A single bidirectional client signal,A,communicates at node C using a normal OTU board, and after long-distance

transmission,,node B performs electrical relay processing using a relay-type OTU board.

ODU2P

OTU2 OTU2

Site A Site B Site C

36 Huawei Confidential
Point-to-point ODU 2- nodeAToLCK Interpolate

ODU2_PM_LCK

ODU2_LCK ODU2_PM_aBDI

Site A Site B Site C

ODU2_PM_BDI

37 Huawei Confidential
Point-to-point ODU 2-AB fiber break

R_LOS ODU2_PM_AIS

ODU2_aAIS

OTU2_aBDI ODU2_PM_aBDI

Optical fiber is broken

X

Site A Site B Site C

OTU2_BDI

ODU2_PM_BDI

38 Huawei Confidential
Point-to-point ODU 2-AB fiber degradation

OTU2_DEG ODU2_PM_DEG

OTU2_aBEI ODU2_PM_aBEI

Deterioration of optical fiber

Site A Site B Site C

OTU2_BEI

ODU2_PM_BEI

39 Huawei Confidential
summary

⚫
NG WDM uses overhead to monitor the signal from sender to receiver, i.e., monitor
the relevant path.
⚫
At the transmitting end, the signals are mapped and multiplexed, and overhead is written. At the receiving end, the

signals are demultiplexed and demapped, the overhead is processed, and an alarm is reported if there is an

abnormality. Alarms are generally processed, detected, and reported at the receiving end.

⚫
The person who processes it will detect it and report it.

⚫
A higher level alarm can cause a lower level alarm.
⚫
When a fault occurs, it first identifies the affected paths, and then checks where each path begins and ends. It
detects signals at the termination points, and issues an alarm if the signals are abnormal.

⚫
Let us analyze the following two overhead application scenarios:

40 Huawei Confidential
High fiber degradation between point-to-point ODU 2-AB
⚫
In the above point-to-point ODU2 network, if the fiber between A and B is significantly degraded, which

paths will be affected? Which alarms will be reported and which will be backhauled for the path

termination overhead?

ODU2P

OTU2 OTU2
The optical fiber is severely deteriorated.

I am

Site A Site B Site C

41 Huawei Confidential
Example of using overhead with OADM node (1)
Site A Site B Site C
T130 N210 N210 T130 N210 N210 T130

ODU1 ODU1
P-Sync P source

ODU1 nine ODU2 OTU2 OTU2 ODU2 nine ODU2 OTU2 OTU2 ODU2 nine ODU1
P source RO P source sauce sink P-Sync RO P source sauce sink P-Sync RO P-Sync
S.D. S.D. S.D.
Ko U Ko U Ko U
Ne 1 Ne 1 Ne 1
ODU1 nine ODU2 OTU2 OTU2 ODU2 nine ODU2 OTU2 OTU2 ODU2 nine ODU1
P-Sync to P-Sync sink sauce P source to P-Sync sink sauce P source to P source

ODU1 ODU1
P-Sync P source
OTU2 OTU2

ODU2P ODU2P

ODU1P (AB) ODU1P (BC)

ODU1P (AC)

42 Huawei Confidential
Example 2: Using overhead with OADM nodes
Site A Fiber break Site B Site C
T130 N210 X N210 T130 N210 N210 T130

ODU2P ODU2P

ODU1P (AB) ODU1P (BC)

ODU1P (AC)

R_LOS/OTU 2_SSF detection ①

Interpolate OTU 2_BDI ② Interpolated ODU 2_PM_AIS ②

③ OTU 2_BDI detection
③ ③
③ Interpolate ODU 2_PM_BDI Interpolated ODU 1_PM_AIS Interpolated ODU 1_PM_AIS

④ ODU 2_PM_BDI detection

ODU 1_PM_SSF detection ④ ODU 1_PM_SSF detection ④

Interpolate ODU 1_PM_BDI ⑤ Interpolate ODU 1_PM_BDI ⑤

⑤ ODU 1_PM_BDI detection

⑥ ODU 1_PM_BDI detection

43 Huawei Confidential
Example of using overhead with OADM node (3)
Site A Deterioration of optical fiber Site B Site C
T130 N210 N210 T130 N210 N210 T130

ODU2P ODU2P

ODU1P (AB) ODU1P (BC)

ODU1P (AC)

① Detect OTU 2_BIP-8

Detect OTU 2_DEG ②

②
② Interpolate OTU 2_BEI Detect ODU 2_PM_BIP-8

③ ③ ③ ③
③ OTU 2_BEI detection Interpolate ODU 2_PM_BEI Detect ODU 1_PM_BIP-8 Detect ODU 2_PM_DEG Detect ODU 1_BIP-8

④ ODU 2_PM_BEI detection Interpolate ODU 1_PM_BEI Detect ODU 1_PM_DEG Interpolate ODU 1_PM_BEI

④ ④ ④
⑤ Detect ODU 1_PM_BEI

⑤ Detect ODU 1_PM_BEI ④ Detect ODU 1_PM_DEG

44 Huawei Confidential
 question

1. (Multiple Choice) Next, which of the following is a correct statement regarding the source function of electrical layer overhead processing?

A. The OPUk performs mapping, frequency adjustment, and rate adaptation of client signals in the transmit direction.

B. ODUkP calculates overhead such as BIP-8, write PM, GCC 1/2, etc.

C. The ODUkT calculates the BIP-8 and writes it to TCMi.

D. The OTUk calculates BIP-8 and writes SM, GCC 0, FAS, MAFS, etc.

45 Huawei Confidential
 table of contents

1.overview

2.Electrical Layer Alarm Analysis

3.Optical Layer Alarm Analysis

46 Huawei Confidential
Optical layer alarm detection mechanism

⚫
OSC overhead structure

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 … TS14 TS15 TS16 … TS31

1 E1 Business Telephone Channel

2 F1 Unidirectional 64kb/s data channel

3-13, 15 D1 to D12 DCC channel transporting OAM information between sites

14 ALC ALC Protocol Channel

17 F2 User Channel Bytes

18 F3 User Channel Bytes

19 E2 Business Telephone Channel

Optical overhead bytes that carry OTN optical overhead

21〜23 OOS
information

others RES Reserved Bytes

47 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 1(1)

OTU OTU

O O
nine M
Office Automation Office Automation
D nine
La La
stomach
OTU OTU stomach

a F a
hmm F hmm
to SC1 I I SC1 to
side side
of U of
D U D
OTU OTU
B B
stomach O O stomach

D M
Office Automation Office Automation
vinegar vinegar

OTU OTU

Site A Site B

48 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 1 (2)

⚫ Fiber cut from site A to site B

- The FIU board at Site B reports an OTS_LOS alarm, and at the same time the FIU board at Site A reports an
OTS_BDI alarm.

⚫ Optical amplifier failure in the direction from A to B at site A

- The site BFIU board reports an OTS_LOS_P alarm and at the same time the site AFIU board reports an OTS_BDI_P
alarm.

⚫ Input optical loss of optical amplifier from A to B at site A

- The FIU board at Site A down-interpolates the OTS_PMI and the FIU board at Site B does not report an OTS_LOS_P alarm.

⚫ Fiber disconnection from SC1 to FIU at Site A

- The FIU board at Site B reports an OTS_LOS_O alarm, and the FIU board at Site A reports an OTS_BDI_O
alarm.
49 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 1 (3)

⚫ The TTI configuration that Site B should receive does not match the TTI sent by Site A

-The FIU board at Site B reports an OTS_TIM alarm and the FIU board at Site A reports an OTS_BDI alarm.

⚫ Site A Multiplexer (OM) Failure

- The Site B demultiplexer (OD) reports an OMS_LOS_P alarm and the Site A multiplexer (OM) reports
an OMS_BDI_P alarm.

⚫ OTU unit failure at Site A

- The OTU board at Site B reports an OCh_LOS_P alarm.

50 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 2(1)

OTU OTU

O O
nine M
Office Automation Office Automation Office Automation
D nine
La La
stomach
OTU OTU stomach

a a
hmm F F F F hmm
to SC1 I I SC2 I I SC1 to
side side
of U U U U of
D OTU OTU D
B B
stomach O O stomach

D M
Office Automation Office Automation Office Automation
vinegar vinegar

OTU OTU

Site A Site B Site C

51 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 2(2)

⚫ Fiber cut from site A to site B

- The Site B FIU board reports an OTS_LOS alarm, and the Site C demultiplexer (OD) reports an
OMS_FDI or OMS_SSF alarm; the Site A FIU board reports an OTS_BDI alarm, and the multiplexer
(OM) reports an OMS_BDI alarm.

⚫ Optical amplifier failure in the direction from A to B at site A

- The Site B FIU board reports an OTS_LOS_P alarm, the Site C demultiplexer (OD) reports an
OMS_FDI_P alarm or an OMS_SSF_P alarm, the Site A FIU board reports an OTS_BDI_P alarm,
and the multiplexer (OM) reports an OMS_BDI_P alarm.

⚫ Input optical loss of optical amplifier from A to B at site A

- The FIU board at Site A down-interpolates the OTS_PMI and the FIU board at Site B does not report an OTS_LOS_P alarm.

52 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 2 (3)

⚫ Fiber cut from site SC1 to FIU

- The Site BFIU board reports an OTS_LOS_O alarm, the Site C demultiplexer (OD) reports an
OMS_FDI_O or OMS_SSF_O alarm, the Site AFIU board reports an OTS_BDI_O alarm, and the
multiplexer (OM) reports an OMS_BDI_O alarm.

⚫ The TTI configuration that site B should receive does not match the TTI configuration that site A sends

- The Site B FIU board reports an OTS_TIM alarm, the Site C demultiplexer (OD) reports an
OMS_FDI or OMS_SSF alarm, the Site A FIU board reports an OTS_BDI alarm, and the multiplexer
(OM) reports an OMS_BDI alarm.

53 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 2 (4)

⚫ Site A Multiplexer (OM) Failure

- The Site C demultiplexer (OD) reports an OMS_LOS_P alarm and the Site A multiplexer (OM)
reports an OMS_BDI_P alarm.

⚫ OTU unit failure at Site A

-The OTU board at Site C reports an OCh_LOS_P alarm.

54 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 3 (1)

West client side East client side

Site BO O O O
T T T T
OTU OTU
U U U U
O O
nine M
Office Automation Office Automation
D nine
La La
stomach
OTU WSD9
Office Automation RMU9 Office Automation OTU stomach

a a
hmm F F F F hmm
to SC1 I I SC2 I I SC1 to
side side
of U U U U of
D OTU RMU9 WSD9 OTU D
B B
Office Automation Office Automation

stomach O O stomach

D M
Office Automation Office Automation
vinegar vinegar

OTU O O O O OTU
T T T T
U U U U
Site A West client side East client side Site C

55 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 3 (2)

⚫ Fiber cut from site A to site B

- The FIU board at site B reports an OTS_LOS alarm, and at the same time the FIU board at site A reports
an OTS_BDI alarm. Node C reports an OCh_FDI alarm or an OCh_SSF alarm (for the wavelengths that
apply from A to C).

⚫ Fault in the optical amplifier section in the direction from A to B at Site A

- The site BFIU board reports an OTS_LOS_P alarm, and at the same time the site AFIU board reports an
OTS_BDI_P alarm. Node C reports an OCh_FDI_P alarm or an OCh_SSF_P alarm (for the wavelengths
that apply from A to C).

⚫ Input optical loss of optical amplifier from site AA to site B

- The FIU board at Site A down-interpolates the OTS_PMI and the FIU board at Site B does not report an OTS_LOS_P

alarm.

56 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 3 (3)

⚫ Fiber disconnection from SC1 to FIU at Site A

- The FIU board at Site B reports an OTS_LOS_O alarm, and the FIU board at Site A reports an OTS_BDI_O
alarm. Node C reports an OCh_FDI_O alarm or an OCh_SSF_O alarm ( Afrom
C The wavelengths applied to
(Regarding the above)

⚫ The TTI configuration that Site B should receive does not match the TTI sent by Site A

- The FIU board at site B reports an OTS_TIM alarm, and the FIU board at site A reports an OTS_BDI
alarm. Node C reports an OCh_FDI or OCh_SSF alarm (for the wavelengths that apply from A to C).

⚫ Site A Multiplexer (OM) Failure

- The Site B demultiplexer (OD) reports an OMS_LOS_P alarm, the Site A multiplexer (OM) reports
an OMS_BDI_P alarm, and Node C reports an OCh_FDI_P or OCh_SSF_P alarm (for the
wavelengths that apply from A to C).

57 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 3 (4)

⚫ OTU unit failure at Site A

- The OTU board at site B reports an OCh_LOS_P alarm (for the wavelength that applies from A to B). The OTU
board at site C reports an OCh_LOS_P alarm (for the wavelength that applies from A to C).

⚫ Fiber optic cut from Site B to Site C

- The FIU board at Site C reports an OTS_LOS alarm, and at the same time the FIU board at Site B reports an
OTS_BDI alarm.

⚫ Optical amplifier unit failure in the direction from B to C at node B

- The FIU board at Site C reports an OTS_LOS_P alarm, and at the same time, the FIU board at Site B reports an
OTS_BDI_P alarm.

⚫ Optical amplifier input loss from node BB to node C

- The FIU board at Site B down-interpolates the OTS_PMI, and the FIU board at Site C does not report an OTS_LOS_P

alarm.

58 Huawei Confidential
OTN Optical Layer Alarm Signal Processing - Scenario 3 (5)

⚫ Fiber cut from SC1 to FIU at Node B

- The FIU board at Site C reports an OTS_LOS_O alarm, and the FIU board at Site B reports an OTS_BDI_O
alarm.

⚫ The TTI configuration that node C should receive does not match the TTI that node B should transmit.

-The FIU board at Site C reports an OTS_TIM alarm, and the FIU board at Site B reports an OTS_BDI alarm.

⚫ Node B Multiplexer (OM) failure

- The Site C demultiplexer (OD) reports an OMS_LOS_P alarm and the Site B multiplexer (OM)
reports an OMS_BDI_P alarm.

⚫ OTU unit failure at Node B

-The OTU board at Site C reports an OCh_LOS_P alarm (for the wavelength that applies from B to C).

59 Huawei Confidential
Alarm analysis of Och layer (1)
⚫
If OCh λ2 receiver payload is lost:

T130 X N210 OCh λ1 N210 X T130

C C
T130 S N210 OCh λ2 N210 S T130

Detect and report R_LOS

OTU 2_BDIDetect and report OTU 2_SSFDetect and report

Detect and report ODU 2_PM_BDI

ODU2_PM_SSFDetect and report

60 Huawei Confidential
Alarm analysis of Och hierarchy (2)

Site A Site B

T N N T
1 2 M F F D 2 1
3 1 4 X Office Automation
I I
Office Automation
4 1 3
0 0 0 U U 0 0 0

OSC
OTU 2_BDIDetect and report R_LOSDetect and report

ODU 2_PM_BDIDetect and report OTU 2_SSFDetect and report

ODU 1_PM_BDIDetect and report ODU2_PM_SSFDetect and report

ODU 1_PM_BDIDetect and report ODU 1_PM_SSFDetect and report

ODU 1_PM_SSFDetect and report

61 Huawei Confidential
OMS Hierarchical Alarm Analysis

Site A Site B

M F F D
OTU I I OOAA 4 OTU
X
4 Office Automation
0 U U 0
Detect and report R_LOS
Detect and report MUT_LOS
Detect and report MUT_LOS
Detect and report MUT_LOS

Detect and report MUT_LOS

62 Huawei Confidential
OSC Layer Alarm Analysis

Site A Site B

M F F D
OTU 4 Office Automation I I OOAA 4 OTU
0 U U 0

OSC X OSC

OSC_RDIDetect and report Detect and report OSC_LOS

63 Huawei Confidential
OTS Layer Alarm Analysis (1)

Site A Site B

Detect and report R_LOS

M F F D
OTU 4
0
Office Automation I
U X I
U
Office Automation 4
0
OTU

Detect and report MUT_LOS

OSC OSC
Detect and report MUT_LOS
Detect and report OSC_RDI Detect and report OSC_LOS

Detect and report MUT_LOS

64 Huawei Confidential
OTS Layer Alarm Analysis (2)

MUT_LOSDetect and report

MUT_LOSDetect and report

M F F D
Site A OTU 4
0
Office Automation
X I
U
I
U
Office Automation 4
0
OTU Site B

OSC OSC
R_LOSDetect and report
MUT_LOSDetect and report

65 Huawei Confidential
 question

1. If a fiber break occurs between the amplifier OA and the FIU, what alarm will the system detect and

report?

A. MUT_LOS

B. R_LOS

C. OTS_LOS

D. OMS_LOS

66 Huawei Confidential
 Summary

⚫
Main contents of alarm signal flow analysis

-
Optical layer alarm signal flow analysis

-
Electrical Layer Alarm Performance Signal Flow Analysis

-
Other alarm signal flows and their handling methods

67 Huawei Confidential
Thank you. Enter the world of numbers for each person, each family,

Each structure is a mutually intelligent world.

Bring digital to every person, home, and
organization for a fully connected,
intelligent world.

Copyright©2021 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive statements

including, without limitation, statements regarding the future
financial and operating results, future product portfolio, new
technology, etc. There are a number of factors that could cause actual
results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or
implied in the predictive statements. Therefore, such information is
provided for reference purpose only and constitutes neither an offer
nor an acceptance. Huawei may change the information at any time
without notice.