1. Responsabilidades como Ingeniero.

To develop the cementing job design to meet customer requirements.

Develops and maintains personal relationships with the technical customer base in designated area to effectively sell
tailored cement solutions.

Sells new technology.

Provides technical support at the well site as required by the customer or PSL.

Provides chemical and casing equipment forecasts in sufficient time for deliveries to meet forecasted job dates while
helping to maintain inventory targets (inventory levels, turn rates, slow moving, excess etc).

Performs assignments requiring knowledge and application of basic engineering and commercial principles.

Mentors junior members of the Cementing Team.

2. Objetivos de la cementacion.

Oilwell cementing occurs throughout the world and has become increasingly more complex. The basic functions of
primary cementing, however, have remained the same:

 Cement supports the casing, so the cement should completely surround the casing; this is where
centralizers on the casing help. If the casing is centered in the hole, a cement sheath should completely envelop the
casing.

 Cement seals off formations to prevent fluids from one formation migrating up or down the hole and polluting the
fluids in another formation (also know as zonal isolation). For example, cement can protect a freshwater formation (that
perhaps a nearby town is using as its drinking water supply) from saltwater contamination.

 Cement helps prevent blowouts by setting rapidly

 Cement protects the casing from the corrosive effects that formation fluids (as salt water) may have on it.

 Cement protects casing from shock loads when drilling deep.

 Cement seals off formation areas that might allow fluids to leak off (lost circulation or thief zones)

 Cement protects the environment by controlling the flow of fluids.

 Cement can be used to plug an old well (abandonment) or to plug a depleted zone.

3. Funciones de cementar los Revestidores.

Conductor Casing: The conductor casing prevents washouts of poorly consolidated surface soil and rock while drilling the
surface hole. Should the surface erode, or become unstable, drilling rig stability is compromised.

Surface Casing: The surface casing string is designed to protect formations near the surface from deeper drilling
conditions. The surface casing string has several important functions. First, it protects shallow freshwater sands from
contamination by drilling fluids and produced fluids. Surface casing is cemented back to the surface so freshwater zones
will have a cement sheath and a steel casing to protect them. Depth and cement requirements are mandated by
regulatory agencies.

Surface casing allows you to drill to the next casing seat. BOPs are nippled up on the surface casing; the well can be
controlled if abnormal conditions cause an inflow of formation fluid to the wellbore. The surface casing is designed so
that the casing can be totally shut in using surface equipment. When drilling into abnormal pressure, casing seats must
be able to withstand increasing mud weights. Casing should be set deep enough to prevent broaching to the surface.
Finally, surface casing supports all casing strings run in the well.

Intermediate Casing: A protective casing string allows you to control the well when encountering subsurface pressure
higher than the mud weight. If this takes place, and fluid (or gas) enters the wellbore, drilling fluid will be forced from the
wellbore at surface. The petroleum industry refers to this as a "kick". In order to stop the formation-to-wellbore fluid
flow, the surface control equipment must be closed or partially choked off. A positive surface pressure will result. The
protective casing is designed to withstand this pressure. Since it covers low fracture gradient formations, it maintains
wellbore integrity during wellkicking.

Protective casing also allows you to control the well if it is swabbed in, or if gas purges all drilling fluids form the well.
One major advantage of protective casing is that it allows underbalanced drilling of deeper formations and isolates
troublesome ones. It allows you to isolate sloughing shales, abnormally pressured saltwater flows, and formations that
contaminate the mud to prevent interference during drilling operations.

Production Casing: The production casing string (oil string) is set and cemented through the producing zone and acts as a
backup for the tubing string during production. It is the primary string responsible for isolating the desired
production interval(s). This string must be able to withstand full wellhead shut-in pressure if the tubing leaks or fails.

Liners: is a string of casing that is hung from a drilling liner or casing in the producing formation This type of liner is then
cemented and perforated like any other completion string. It provides isolation and support when casing has been set
above the production zone.

4. Cuales son las Técnicas de cementación Primaria?

Single Stage, Double or multistage, Stab In, Liners.

5. Cuales son los tipos de cementaciones Secundarias?

Tapones, Squeeze o cementaciones remediales.

6. Double Stage or Multistage.

During multiple-stage cementing, cement slurry is placed at predetermined points around the casing string in
several cementing stages. Multiple-stage cementing can be used for the following applications:

• Cementing wells with low formation pressures that will not withstand the hydrostatic pressure of a full
column of cement.
• Cementing to isolate only certain sections of the wellbore.
• Placing different blends of cement in the wellbore.
• Cementing deep, hot holes where limited cement pump times restrict full-bore cementing of the casing string in a
single stage.

7. What is a DV Tool? (Downhole Valve)

A DV tool is a specialized downhole equipment used in cementing operations to isolate and control the flow of cement
slurry within the wellbore. It's essentially a valve located within the casing string, allowing for the placement of cement
in specific sections of the well.

Why are DV Tools Necessary?

DV tools provide numerous advantages in cementing operations:
  Stage Cementing: They allow for the placement of cement in stages, effectively isolating different sections of the
wellbore. This is crucial for complex wells with multiple zones that require different cementing strategies.
 Improved Cement Quality: By isolating zones, DV tools prevent cross-contamination of cement slurries and
ensure optimal cement placement within each designated section.
 Enhanced Wellbore Integrity: Proper cementing with DV tools creates a robust barrier between different
formations, preventing fluid migration and improving wellbore stability.
 Reduced Risk of Blowouts: DV tools enhance control over the cementing process, minimizing the risk of
uncontrolled cement flow and potential blowouts.

How DV Tools Work:

DV tools consist of a valve mechanism that can be activated through hydraulic pressure. They are typically deployed as
part of a cementing string and are activated after the cement slurry is pumped into the well. When activated, the valve
closes, isolating the cemented section and allowing further cementing in other stages.

Types of DV Tools:
There are various types of DV tools available, each with specific features and applications. Some common types include:
 Hydraulically Set DV Tools: These are activated using hydraulic pressure, offering precise control and reliability.
 Mechanical DV Tools: These rely on mechanical components like a spring mechanism for activation, often
simpler and less expensive.
 Disposable DV Tools: These are designed for single use, eliminating the need for retrieval after cementing.

Conclusion:
DV tools are essential components in modern oil and gas cementing operations. Their ability to stage cement placement,
ensure quality, and enhance wellbore integrity makes them critical for safe and efficient production. As the industry
continues to explore challenging reservoirs, the role of DV tools will only become more prominent, contributing to the
successful extraction of valuable resources.

8. Tecnicas de Stab-In.

 Method 1—Sealing adapter and special float equipment with a built-in sealing sleeve
 Method 2—Sealing adapter and special float equipment with a built-in extended sealing sleeve
 Method 3—Sealing adapter and special float equipment with a latch down dart and sealing sleeve
 Method 4—Flat-face sealing adapter with standard float equipment

9. Por que utilizar o realizar cementaciones Inner String?

Inner-string cementing equipment allows you to cement large-diameter casing strings through drill pipe or tubing that is
inserted and sealed in floating equipment. This method is sometimes less costly than cementing large casing using the
conventional plug displacement method.

10. Mention 3 safety tool in the bulk plant.

 PPE.
 11. Clases de Cemento.

12. Por que añadir silica al cemento.

In Portland cements, a phenomenon known as strength retrogression occurs when the cement is exposed to elevated
temperatures. To quote Lea’s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, “Portland cements suffer from strength retrogression
at temperatures above ca. 100- 120°C and also a loss in impermeability owing to the formation of large crystals of ά-
dicalcium silicate hydrate [Ca2(HSiO4)OH]. Additions of, say, 35 per cent silica sand or silica flour favour the formation of
tobermorite [Ca5(H2Si6O18)4h2O], a good, strong binder of high impermeability which has a smaller crystal size and
overcomes the problems of strength retrogression.”

In other words, strength retrogression in Portland cement is described as a phenomenon whereby cement exhibits lower
compressive strength and higher permeability than would otherwise be expected. These detrimental properties of the
cement are caused by the formation of lime rich crystalline phases, such as alpha-dicalcium silicate hydrate, which
are known to weaken the mechanical strength of cements and cement-based materials.

This is a purely temperature related phenomenon. The exact temperature under which strength retrogression occurs is
dependent on the type and purity level of the cement used, but typically at temperatures greater than 230°F, measures
must be taken in cement design in order to avoid strength retrogression.

To combat strength retrogress in Portland cements, crystalline silica is added to the cement blend. The addition of the
silica allows for the formation of silica rich cement phases such as tobermorite and xonotlite which do not result in
strength retrogression in the cement.

Historically, the amount of silica added to the cement has been set at a value of 35-40% by weight of cement (bwoc). This
amount was based on research conducted at temperatures at or near 230°F or at higher temperatures for relatively short
periods of time. This value is based on the stoichiometry found in Portland cements whereby 35% silica bwoc should
result in the formation of a roughly 1:1 ratio of Ca/Si in the cement blend. This allows for the formation of the silica rich
cement phases.

13. What are Downhole Tools?

Downhole Tools are pieces of oilfield equipment that are used during well drilling, completion and intervention or well
workover activities and helps the oil well in optimizing the production levels and maintain a continuous flow from a
reservoir.
There are many types of downhole tools that are used to conduct well activities such as slickline tools & equipment,
wireline tools & equipment, example, drilling jars, fishing tools, pushing tools, drill pipes, tubular tools, centralizers, etc.

14.