1. Study of Hardware devices like keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, CD –ROM etc.

Solution:
Keyboard

A keyboard is one of the primary input devices that allows users to input text into a computer or
any other electronic machinery. It is a peripheral device that is the most basic way for the user to
communicate with a computer. It consists of multiple buttons, which create numbers, symbols,
and letters, and special keys like the Windows and Alt key, including performing other functions.
The design of the keyboard comes from the typewriter keyboards, and numbers and letters are
arranged on the keyboard in that way, which helps to type quickly.

Types of Keys:

1. Alphabet Keys

You can reach the letter or alphabet keys from A to Z now that we're talking about ordinary
keyboards. You have 26 different keys at your disposal. It's worth noting that the keys are not all
in alphabetical sequence. The symbols are included in the alphabet keys as well. In that instance,
you will have a total of 54 keys containing 76 distinct characters.

2. Number Keys

The numeric keys 0 to 9 are included in the number keys. If your keyboard has a numeric
keypad, you'll have 17 keys. The number keys, as well as the numeric keypad, are positioned at
the top of the first row.

3. Special Keys or Control Keys

The control keys and special are used to control the system and what is displayed on your
computer screen. There are various control keys; some are: The Tab key, Shift key, Caps Lock
key, Backspace, Space bar, Enter key, Ctrl key, and CapsLock keys to name just a few.

4. Function Keys

The Function keys are intended to give you access to a limited number of functions. The keys
from F1 to F12 are included in this set of function keys. Each of these keys has a different
function depending on the software. It also depends on the operating system you are using. In
some circumstances, mechanical and gaming keys may include 24 function keys.

5. Navigation Keys

The navigation keys have specific navigational functions. The cursor keys, such as down, up,
left, and right, fall within this category. Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, and Delete are just a
handful of the navigational keys you should think about.
 Keyboard Part Function

Keycaps Visible keys that activate underlying switches

Switches Transfer keystrokes to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Case Holds everything together and protects internal components. It can be

made up of a top case that sits below the switches, or only have a bottom
case.

Gaskets Protect internal components from dust and liquids

Plate Aligns and stabilizes switches

Printed Circuit Converts keystrokes into electrical signals and sends them to a computer.
Board (PCB) Some have diodes for RGB backlighting

Power Cable Plugs into the computer with a USB connection

Sound-Absorbing Absorbs sound and minimizes noise

Foam

Mouse:
The mouse is a hand-held device that transmits your commands to the computer by controlling
the movement of the cursor/pointer on the computer screen. As you move the mouse, the pointer
on the screen moves in the same direction. documents or web pages.
 Function of Mouse:
Move the mouse cursor - The primary function is to
move the mouse pointer on the screen.
2. Point - Once the mouse is moved, you can point
something out for another user or point a digital object. For example, in a game you can
use the mouse to point a gun in the direction to shoot.
3. Open or execute a program - Once you've moved the pointer to an icon, folder, or
another object clicking or double-clicking that object opens the document or executes the
program.

4. Select - A mouse also allows you to select text or a file or highlight and select multiple
files at once.
1. Drag-and-drop - Once something is selected, it can also be moved using the
drag-and-drop method.
2. Hover - Moving the mouse cursor over objects with hover information helps discover
each object's function. For example, hover the mouse over the "hover" link to see an
example.
3. Scroll - When working with a long document or viewing a long web page, you may
need to scroll up or down. To scroll, rotate the mouse wheel, or click-and- rag the scroll
bar.
Monitor:
A monitor is an electronic output device. It is used to display images, text, video, and graphics
information generated by a connected computer via a computer's video card. The first computer
monitor was introduced on 1 March 1973, which was part of the Xerox Alto computer system.
Older monitors were built by using a fluorescent screen and Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), which
made them heavy and large in size and thus causing them to cover more space on the desk.
Nowadays, all monitors are made up by using flat-panel display technology, commonly backlit
with LEDs. These modern monitors take less space on the desk as compared to older CRT
displays.

CD-ROM:
A CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) is a type of compact disc that can only be read,
not written to. It is a digital storage medium that can hold large amounts of data, including text,
images and audio.
The data on a CD-ROM is encoded in a spiral track that begins at the center of the disc and
extends to the edge. This track is read by a laser, which is reflected back to a sensor in the CD
drive.

2. Study of Motherboard and its components.

Solution:The motherboard is a circuit board for the computer system, called a logic board or
mainboard. In the computer system, the biggest component is the motherboard, which controls
all the components of the computer system and establishes a link between all components. The
motherboard connects components such as ROM, CPU, RAM, PCI slots, USB ports, and other
peripherals. It also attaches devices like a DVD drive, hard drive, mouse, and keyboard to the
controller. The computer system starts using the motherboard, and these components act as the
backbone for starting the system.

Components of Motherboard

1. Keyboard and mouse

There are mainly two types of mouse and keyboard connectors. The first connector is known as

PS/2 & the second connector is known as USB.

2. Universal Serial Bus (USB)

The USB port is used for connecting the computer system. Various devices are connected to the

USB port in the computer system, like a keyboard, mouse, camera, scanner, printer, and other

devices. The main use of a USB port is to connect the peripheral devices and computer
motherboards. The peripheral device connected to the computer system can be inserted or

removed without system restarts, which can be the main advantage of a USB port.

3. Parallel port
The old printers used in the past used the parallel port to connect with the computer system. In

the parallel port, multiple wires send or receive various data bits simultaneously. On the other

hand, serial ports use only one wire at a time. In the parallel port, 25 pins female DB-type

connector is used.

4. CPU chip
The central processing unit is the processor that controls all computer system functions. The

central processing unit controls the overall flow of tasks and functions. For the computer system,

the central processing unit is called the brain of the computer system.

5. RAM slots
The RAM slots connect the RAM (memory) in the computer system. There are mainly two RAM

slots in the general computer system, but sometimes, there can be four-plus slots in the

motherboard to increase the computer system’s memory.

6. Floppy Controller
The older motherboard chip contains a 34-pin ribbon cable connecting the computer system with

a floppy drive. In this ribbon cable, one end is directly connected to the computer system, and

one end is connected to the motherboard.

7. IDE controller
The integrated drive electronics, also known as ATA or Parallel ATA, represent the type of

component responsible for hard drive control. In today’s computer systems, there is no support

for IDE controllers.

8. PCI slot
The full form of PCI is a peripheral component interface. The PCI slot primarily serves as the

insertion point for a computer’s expansion cards. It can also connect other PCI devices such as

sound cards, network cards, video cards, modems, and other peripherals. In today’s computer

system, support for PCI expansion slots is not there.

9. ISA slot
Industry-standard architecture (ISA) defines a standard architecture for expansion buses. The

ISA slot serves as a connection point for input devices and modems.

10. CMOS Battery

The CMOS battery stores the BIOS settings on the motherboard. The CMOS battery can also

store the time and data in it.

11. AGP slot

The AGP (Accelerated Graphics slot) is a type of computer slot used to attach the video card to

the system. This slot facilitates high-speed data transfer.