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19K views77 pages

120 Rules of Grammar by Nimisha Mampdf PDF

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL
In sentence (I), “each” performs the function
of Adjective (words used to describe or modify
nouns or pronouns). The word it describes is
the noun “student”.
In sentence (II), “each” performs the
function of Pronoun (word that is used instead
of a noun or noun phrase).
RULE01: Difference between “Each” and In both the cases, we use the singular
“Every” verb “is”.
1.They are always followed by a singular
verb.
*NOTE: Each refers to a plural number of
people or items, but it considers each person or
Examples:- item as an individual or dissimilar unit, it does
not consider the group collectively.
(I)Each student is very talented.
[Individualistic Approach]
[Singular verb is used]
(II)Each of my students is very talented.
[Singular verb is used]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

Every also refers to a multiple number of In sentence (I), “Every” is used as an

people or items; but it considers these people or Adjective. The word it describes is the noun
items as part of a similar collective group. “student”.
[General Approach] In sentence (II), “Every” is used as a Pronoun
which is incorrect.
*NOTE: “Each” can play the role of both
“Pronoun” and “Adjective”. However, *NOTE: “Each” is used for two or more than
“Every” is used as an “Adjective” only. two items or people but “Every” is used only
for more than two items or people. We cannot
Examples:- use “every” for exactly two things (In such
case, “every” can be replaced by “both”).
(I)Every student is very talented. [Correct]
(II)Every of my students is very
Examples:-
talented. [Incorrect (X)]
Each person on this earth has to die one
day. [more than two persons]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

Every person I know has watched the They have each reason to be happy with
movie. [more than two persons] their new home. [Incorrect]
He has a book in each hand. [Correct]
He has a book in every hand RULE02: “Both” and “not” cannot be used
[Incorrect](Every cannot be used with two together. In such case, we can use
things] “Neither…nor” which is used when we want
to say that two or more things are not true.

*NOTE: "Every", but not "each", can be

used with abstract nouns. Examples:-
Both Ram and Shyam are not going to visit
Examples:- this place. [Incorrect]
Neither Ram nor Shyam is going to visit
They have every reason to be happy
this place. [Correct]
with their new home. [Correct]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

This is a war which both sides cannot used to refer to animals that are mentioned
win. [Incorrect] by name and domesticated by people (i.e.
This is a war which neither side can win. Domestic Animals).
[Correct]
Examples:-
*NOTE: “Neither” allows us to make a The witnesses whom I interviewed gave
negative statement about two people or conflicting evidence. [Used for people]
things at the same time. “Neither” goes before The people who just boarded the plane are in
singular countable nouns. We use it to say
a rock band. [Used for people]
“not either” in relation to two things.
The vacuum scared our dog Rocky, who
was sleeping on the rug. [Used for a pet]
RULE03: Usage of Relative Pronouns –
who, whom, which and that.
(2) “Which” is used for animals in general or
(1) “Who” and “whom” are mainly used for
things (i.e. Non- domestic Animals and Non-
people. However, these pronouns can also be living things).

The musician that won the award is

Examples:- Indian. [Used for a person]
The dog that is chasing the squirrels
Vinita visited the park with a dog, which
likes to chase squirrels. [Used for an animal] belongs to Brijesh. [Used for an animal]

The bomb, which killed 15 people, was the

worst of a series of terrorist outrages. [Used *NOTE: All, any, the only , the same, none,
for a non-living thing] much, none , much, no, the little, the few,
something, anything, nothing and superlative
degrees are all followed by “that” only. They
(3) “That” can be used for people, animals or cannot be followed by “who” or “which”
things (i.e. No restrictions)

Examples:-
Examples:-
This is the same book which you were
The car that Jasprit bought runs on
reading. [Incorrect]
electricity and gas. [Used for a thing]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

This is the same book that you were Whoever is hungry can have the leftover
reading. [Correct] pizza. (Whoever is the subject of the verb
This is the same person that I want to marry. is, like "He is hungry.")
Give the package to whoever comes for it.
He spent up the little amount which he
(Whoever is the subject of the verb
had.[Incorrect]
comes, like "He comes for it.")
He spent up the little amount that he had.
I am happy with whoever wins. (Whoever is
[Correct]
the subject of the verb wins, like "He wins.")
This is the best that I can do for you .
*NOTE: “Whoever” vs. “Whomever”:
Whoever is also correct as a subject
(1)Whoever is a subjective pronoun. It serves complement, with linking verbs such as is,
as a subject of a verb. are, and will be.

Examples:- Examples:-
Whoever it was did not leave her name.

Whoever they are, I like their confidence. object of the verb selects, like "Dales
selects her.")

(2) Whomever is an objective pronoun. It

serves as an object of a verb or a preposition. RULE04: There are three types of
conditional sentences:

Examples:-
Please invite whomever you choose. TYPE CONDITION
(Whomever is the object of the verb choose,
like "You choose him.") I condition possible to fulfill
Whomever Kate marries is none of our
business. (Whomever is the object of the II condition in theory possible to
verb marries, like "Kate marries him.") fulfill
I am eager to work with whomever Dale
III condition not possible to fulfill
selects as my partner. (Whomever is the

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

(too late) could/might/should

+ V1

Let’s understand their form: III Past Perfect would + have + past
participle (V3) or,
could/might/should
+ have + past
TYPE IF - MAIN CLAUSE
CLAUSE participle (V3)

I Simple will-future or
Present Examples:-
(Modal + infinitive)
If I study, I will pass the exam. [Type I]
shall/can/may/must
If I studied, I would pass the exam. [Type II]
+ V1
If I had studied, I would have passed the
II Simple Past would + V1 or, exam. [Type III]

If your files are in order you may/can leave

at once. Examples:-
If you want to lose weight you must eat less
If water reaches 100 degree celcius, it boils.
fat diet .
[Universal truth]
If I lived near my metro station I would be
If you heat water, it turns into vapour.
in time for work.
[Universal truth]
If I were you I would plant some
saplings round the house.
If we had found him earlier we could have
arrested him saved the crime. RULE05: The general rule for usage of the
phrase "one of the" is:
Had you obeyed orders this fire accident
would have been averted.
“One of the + PLURAL NOUN + that/who
etc. + SINGULAR/PLURAL VERB”
*NOTE: The given rule is not applicable
in the case of universal truth.

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

So, the noun following the phrase "one of

the" is always a plural noun (2) When the relative pronoun “who/that”
The RELATIVE PRONOUN is used – i.e. if "one of the NOUNs" is not
(WHO/THAT/WHICH) is absolutely actually the SUBJECT of the verb - then we
crucial here: use a plural verb.

(1)When the relative pronoun “who/that” is Examples:-

not used – i.e. if "one of the NOUNs" is (I)That is one of the birds that fly over my
actually the SUBJECT of the verb - then
house at night.
we use a singular verb.
(II)She is one of the mothers who are really
working hard to make both ends meet.
Examples:-
There are many birds on the tree. One of the
In sentence (I), “that” acts as the subject for
birds is red. [“One of the birds” is used as
the verb "fly", and “that” in this sentence
the Subject]

refers to birds (plural noun) and thus, This is the only one of the novels which
“fly” (plural verb) is used. is interesting. [Singular verb]
In sentence (II), “who” acts as the subject for
the verb "are", and “who” in this sentence RULE06: If there is a combination of
refers to mothers (plural noun) and thus, “Number + Unit + Noun” or, “Number +
“are” (plural verb) is used. Unit + Adjective” in a sentence, we
always use the singular form of the Unit.
(3)If the sentence follows the form, “The only
one of the + PLURAL NOUN + WHO/THAT Examples:-
etc.”, a SINGULAR verb is required.
He saw a ten inch snake. [Unit – Singular]
She gave me two five hundred rupee notes.
Examples:-
[Unit – Singular]
Rina is the only one of the girls who has
ever been to India. [Singular verb]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

*NOTE: In a sentence, if there is more

than one Unit, Units are always arranged in
ascending order.
*NOTE: If there is a combination of “Number
+ Unit” in a sentence, a singular Unit will
be used if the sentence is not self Examples:-
explanatory , otherwise a plural Unit will be Thousands of lakhs of students took the
used if the sentence is self explanatory. test. [Units arranged in ascending order]
Note:
Examples:- Students take a test and teachers give a test.
He had five dozen. [Singular Unit]{ Not self *NOTE: Use of words like “handful,
explanatory, hence we have used a glassful and fistful” as measuring units:
singular noun}
Such units are called arbitrary units
I have five rupees. [Plural Unit]{Explanatory
Singular Plural
; hence we have used a plural noun}
Handful Handfuls

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

Glassful Glassfuls Drink a glassful of water with this medicine.

Fistful Fistfuls [Unit – Singular]
She drank two whole glassfuls of orange
Spoonful Spoonfuls
juice. [Unit – Plural]
Mouthful Mouthfuls
He has a fistful of acting awards. [Unit
Cupful Cupfuls – Singular]
All of a sudden we just started having
fistfuls of money. [Unit – Plural]
Examples:-
He pulled out a handful of coins from RULE07: Expressions of time, money, speed,
his pocket. [Unit – Singular] weight, height and distance, when used or
covered in one way, usually take a Singular
I use two handfuls of pasta per person.
verb. However, when these expressions are
[Unit – Plural]
used or covered in various ways, a Plural
verb is used.

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

Examples:- (III)Five thousand rupees is his

(I)Ten miles needs to be covered salary. [Singular verb]
completely on foot. [Singular verb] (IV)Five thousand rupees were spent on
(II)Ten mile need to be covered partly by car food and entertainment. [Plural verb]
and rest on foot. [Plural verb] (V)Six weeks is not long enough. [Singular
verb]

In sentence (I), the complete distance (i.e. ten (VI) Five kilograms is his weight.
miles) has to be covered by just one means
(i.e. on foot), thus a singular verb “needs” is
used.
In sentence (II), the complete distance (i.e. ten
miles) has to be covered by two means (i.e. by
car and on foot), thus a plural verb “need” is RULE 08: Certain cases of comparisons:
used.

Examples:- means gold is precious than any metal other

(I)Gold is more precious than all than gold. This makes the statement
metals. [Incorrect] meaningful and logical.

(II)Gold is more precious than any

other metals. [Correct] (III)Diamond is more precious than
all metals. [Correct]

Look at the above two examples carefully; in

the first sentence, “Gold” is itself a metal and The above sentence is correct as Diamond
is being compared with all metals which being a non-metal is compared to all metals.
include even gold as a metal. Thus, at a point
of time, the meaning of the sentence becomes
– “Gold is more precious than gold”, (IV)Kalidasa was more famous than
which makes the sentence wrong. all English poets. [Correct]
However, in the second case, gold is (V)Kalidasa was more famous than all
compared with any other metals, which poets. [Incorrect]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

In sentence (IV), Kalidasa is compared with The words “for” and “since” are used in
all English poets, which is correct as Kalidasa sentences where the speaker wants to talk
was not an English poet. about something that started in the past and
However, in sentence (V), Kalidasa is continues into the present.
compared with all poets, which include
even Kalidasa. This makes the sentence The preposition “for” is used to talk about
wrong or meaningless. an amount of time or space. The amount of
time could be seconds, minutes, hours, days,
months or even years. The amount of time
does not need to be exact.
For is used for “duration”
Since is used to denote “Point of start”
RULE09: Prepositions of Time: “Since”
and “For”.

The preposition “since” is used to refer to a He has been learning English

point of time. “Since” can refer to a point since childhood.
after a specific time or event in the past or, it
can refer to a particular point beginning
sometime in the past and continuing until *NOTE: “for” is used to specify a period of
the present time. The particular point in time while “since” is used to specify a
time could be anything – last Tuesday, 2008 particular point in time.
or midnight.
*NOTE: Only the Perfect Tense or Perfect
Examples:- Continuous Tense is used before “since” and
“for” when they denote time..
He has been here for 6 months and still
cannot speak a word of German. [for + a
period of time] Examples:-
I've only known her since the beginning of It has been raining since 8 a.m. [Present
last week. [since + a particular point in time] Perfect Continuous Tense]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

I have had this watch since 1965. [Present RULE10: When two actions occurred in past,
Perfect Tense] the action which happened earlier is denoted
by using Past Perfect Tense and the action
which happened later is denoted by using
*NOTE: “since” is always followed by “Simple
Simple Past Tense.
Past” tense.

Examples:-
Examples:-
He had finished the work after we had met
I had been waiting for him since the time I
him. [Incorrect]
had completed my graduation. [Incorrect]
He finished the work after we had met
I had been waiting for him since the time I him. [Correct]
completed my graduation. [Correct]
The patient died before the doctor
arrived. [Incorrect]
The patient had died before the doctor
arrived. [Correct]

I finished the book after I had returned possessives. The book and the idea belong
from college. to me.
RULE11: We use a Possessive Adjective (my, “Me” is the objective case of the pronoun.
our, his, her, their, your) before a Gerund. Thus, the second example is correct—the
sentence that uses the possessive “my”
because we use a possessive before a Gerund
Examples:-
and “borrowing” is a gerund. Here
I hope you don’t mind me borrowing “borrowing” plays the role of a noun.
your car. [Incorrect]
“Gerund” ------------> When V1+ING is used
I hope you don’t mind my borrowing
as a noun
your car. [Correct]

I know his reading every night has helped

In the above examples, notice that the only him pass the test. [Possessive and Gerund –
difference is ‘me’ versus ‘my’. “My” is the focus is on reading]
possessive form of the pronoun ‘I’ or ‘me’.
For example, “my book” and “my idea” are

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

I hope you don’t mind my staying with you (2)Complete Inversion

next week. [Possessive and Gerund – focus
is on staying]
Structure of Sentence (Normal Sentence):
My father doesn't like my going outside with
“Subject + helping verb + Main verb + …”
Ram.

Examples:-
RULE12: Law of Inversion:
My students are working very hard. [Normal
Inversion means putting the verb before the
sentence]
subject. It is a literary technique in which the
normal order of words is reversed, generally I have never seen such a beautiful place.
for emphasis or special effect. [Normal sentence]

Two types of Inversion: In case of inversion, we start a sentence with

the helping verb instead of the Subject.
(1)Partial Inversion

Structure of Sentence (Inversion): “Helping Examples:-

verb + Subject + Main Verb + …” Rarely did he go there. [Adverb +
helping verb + subject + main verb + …]
Examples:- Seldom have I seen such a beautiful view.
Never have I seen such a beautiful place. [Adverb + helping verb + subject + main
verb + …]
[Inversion]

In the given example, inversion is used to Consider the above two examples, whenever
we begin a sentence with an Adverb, Law of
emphasize the fact that in my whole lifetime
Inversion is followed, according to which
I have not seen such a beautiful place.
Adverb will always be followed by a helping
verb.
We generally use Inversion when we begin And whenever the Adverb is followed by a
the sentence with an Adverb. helping verb, we call that a Partial Inversion.

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

In the case of Complete Inversion, a

main verb is used after the Adverb. In the above two examples, “No sooner” is
used as an Adverb which is followed by a
Examples:- helping verb “had”. But it is to be noted that
“No sooner” always comes with “than” and
Here comes the King! [Adverb + main verb +
not with “when”.
…]
There goes all our money! [Adverb + main
*NOTE: Some more examples:-
verb + …]
He never goes to temple. Neither she does.
[Incorrect]
*NOTE: The case of “No sooner…than…”
He never goes to temple. Neither does she.
No sooner had I entered the class when [Correct]
it began to rain. [Incorrect]
No sooner had I entered the class than
In the above examples, the first part of the
it began to rain. [Correct]
sentence is complete. In the second part, the

sentence is starting with an adverb “Neither” Children go to school every day. [Primary
which will follow the law of inversion. Thus, purpose]
the helping verb “does” will come before the He goes to temple. [Primary purpose]
subject “she”.
His home is just beside the temple.
[Secondary purpose]
RULE13: Whenever we use normal places We go to church on fridays. [Correct]
like school, college, church, bed, table,
hospital, market, prison, jail, court, temple, We go to the church on fridays. [Incorrect]
mosque, university etc. for primary purpose The politician was sent to jail . [Correct]
(for which they are being made), the article
The politician was sent to the jail.[Incorrect]
“The” is not used before them. But when
these places are used for secondary purpose,
the article “The” is used before them. *NOTE: It is important to understand the
difference between primary purpose and
secondary purpose. The primary purpose refers
Examples:-
to work for which they are being made while

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

secondary purpose refers to any work other Examples:-

than for which are they are being made. Hardly had I begun to speak when I was
interrupted.
Examples:- Scarcely had we started our meal when the
He goes to temple. [It means he goes there to phone rang.
worship] No sooner had I arrived than they all
He goes to the temple. [It means he goes started to argue.
there to do any work other than worship]
*NOTE: Note that adverbs “hardly, scarcely
RULE14: Whenever adverbs like “No and barely” are always followed by “when”,
sooner”, “Hardly”, “Scarcely”, etc. are while “No sooner” is followed by “than”.
used in the beginning of a sentence, they
are always followed by a helping verb. RULE15: Use of Reflexive Pronoun as
the Object of a sentence.

(II)She availed herself of the opportunity

The object of a sentence is the person or thing and thus got a promotion. [Object]
that receives the action of the verb. It (III)They enjoyed picture last evening.
answers the question “whom” or “what”?. [Object]
(IV)The former IPS officer acquitted himself
There are certain words which are always effectively.
followed by an object: enjoy, avail, absent, (V)He absented himself from the class
pride, adjust, reconcile, acquit, amuse,
resign, avenge, exert, apply, adapt, etc.
When these words are not followed by an
object in the sentence, we use the reflexive In the first sentence, the reflexive pronoun
pronouns as their object. “himself” does the function of an object. It
can be understood by finding the answer
of, “He enjoyed whom?” – “himself”.
Examples:- Similarly, in the second sentence, the word
(I)He enjoyed himself at the party. [Object] “availed” is followed by the object “herself”.

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However, in the third example, the word She has qualified for the post. [Correct]
“enjoyed” is followed by the object “picture”.
Thus we do not need to put a reflexive
pronoun as its object. RULE16: There are certain words which are
never followed by Reflexive pronoun: hide,
keep, stop, turn, shave, bathe, etc.
*NOTE: There are certain words which are
not followed by reflexive pronouns as their
object: “keep, stop, turn, qualify, bathe, move, Examples:-
rest, hide, etc.” He hid himself in the cave and thus saved
his life. [Incorrect]
Examples:- He hid in the cave and thus saved his
life. [Correct]
He hid himself in the room. [Incorrect]
He hid in the room. [Correct]
She has qualified herself for the post.
[Incorrect]

In the given examples, we cannot use the Ram, as well as his friends, keeps asking
word “himself” as the word “hid” is not me many questions. [Singular verb]
followed by a reflexive pronoun. The publisher, as well as the writers,
has come. [Singular verb]
RULE17: Whenever the two subjects are The club members, along with his owner,
connected by “as well as, together with, along were arrested. [Incorrect]
with, and not, in addition to, like, unlike, with, The club members, along with his owner,
rather than, except, no less than, nothing but,
was arrested. [Correct]
more than one”, the verb agrees with the first
Subject. He, and not his friends, are found
guilty. [Incorrect]
He, and not his friends, is found guilty
Examples:-
[correct]
John, as well as Mary, wants to drop the
course. [Singular verb]
In the given examples, the Subject prior to
“as well as” is Singular, so a singular verb

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“wants” is used. Similarly, in the second case, The teachers, along with the Principal, are
“Ram” is a singular Subject which requires a entering the class. [Subject is plural in this
singular verb “keeps”. case]

*NOTE: We follow the same rule (i.e. the verb RULE18: Difference between Noun and Verb
agrees with the first Subject) when two for similar sounding words, like
subjects are connected by “governed by”, (a)Advice – Noun
“accompanied by”, “but”, “besides”, “led by”,
(b)Advise – Verb
“run by”, etc.
(a)Practice – Noun

Examples:- (b)Practise – Verb

California, along with Florida, is among (a) Belief-- Noun

the most popular US tourist destinations. (b) Believe-- Verb

Examples:-
I advise you to practise a lot since RULE19: There are three cases of pronouns
practice makes a man perfect.
I'm quite good at tennis but I need to
The Subject Objecti Possessi Possessi
practise my serve. cases of ive ve ve ve
Practice makes a man perfect Persona Pronou Pronou Adjecti pronou
l ns ns ves ns
He gave me a piece of advice Pronou
It is my belief that my students are very n
talented. First I Me My Mine
I believe my students. person we us our ours
Second You you your yours
person
*NOTE: To locate noun in the sentence, Third She Her Her Hers
we generally try to find the answer of person He Him His His
‘what’, ‘who’, or ‘whom’. It It Its ---

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They them their theirs

Consider the above examples; in the first
case, the subjective case “my parents” is
Comparisons are usually done between
compared with the subjective case “he”. If we
the same things. So whenever we compare,
elaborate the meaning of the sentence, it
we compare Subjective case to Subjective
would be – “My parents scold me more than
case and he does.”
Objective case to objective case. In the second case, the objective case “me” is
compared with the objective case “him”. If
Examples:- we elaborate the meaning of the sentence, it
would be – “My parents scold me more than
1.My parents scold me more than he. they scold him.”
[Correct]
Both sentences 1 and 2 are correct but
2.My parents scold me more than
him. [Correct] they have different meanings.
3.She is taller than me [INCORRECT]
4.She is taller than I[Correct]

She likes chocolates more than me. He is as tall as I. [Correct]

[Incorrect] He speaks more frequently than she[Correct]
She likes chocolates more than I. [Correct]

In the above examples, there is no object, so

In the first sentence, we cannot compare we cannot use an objective case.
“chocolates” with the objective case “me”.
Chocolates cannot be compared with RULE20: Who vs. Whom?
a person.
“Who” is used as a subjective pronoun, and
So “me” is wrong
“Whom” is used as an objective pronoun.
However, the second sentence compares a
subjective case with another subjective case.
She is compared to I That simply means that “who” is always as a
subject to a verb, and that “whom” is always
Hence it is correct.
working as an object in a sentence. As simple
and important as that distinction is, many

. .
ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

people have difficulty deciding on the proper Jyoti is the girl who got the job. [She got the
usage of “who” and “whom” in sentences. job.]
Whom can we turn to in a time of crisis? [Can
To clear this doubt, simply substitute the we turn to her?]
personal pronoun “he/him” or “she/her” The delegates differed as to who they
for “who/whom.” If he or she would be the thought might win. [Not “whom”. Here the
correct form, the proper choice is “who”. If entire clause is the object of the preposition.
“him” or “her” would be correct, use Substitution is particularly helpful in cases
“whom.” such as this. They thought he might win.]

Examples:- Some more examples:-

Mrs. Dixit consulted an astrologer whom She is one of the professors who I think is
she met in Sonpur. [She met him in Sonpur.] a mathematician.
Jack is the man whom I went fishing with last He is the man whom everyone admires.
spring. [I went fishing with him.]

She met the people who they say are helping

all aspirants. Consider the above two examples; in the first
They hired the man whom we interviewed case, we cannot use “your” with “separation”
last week. as “your” is a Possessive Adjective.
However, the first sentence can be
RULE21: Certain words like “separation, rewritten to make it grammatically feasible
excuse, mention, favour, pardon, leave, report, without altering its meaning, as can be seen
sight, etc.” do not take Possessive case before in the second sentence.
them.
I want your favour, will you please help me?
Examples:- [Incorrect]
I want favour from you, will you please help
Your separation pains me a lot and I become
sad. [Incorrect] me? [Correct]

Separation from you pains me a lot and

I become sad. [Correct]

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The first sentence is grammatically incorrect altering its meaning, as can be seen in
as we cannot use “your favour”. However it the second sentence.
can be written as “favour from you”, as in the
second sentence.
At his sight the robbers fled. [Incorrect]
At the sight of him, the robbers fled. [Correct]
His mention in the story received great
applause from audience. [Incorrect]
Mention of him in the story received *NOTE: Possessive Case: your, his, her, my,
great applause from audience. [Correct] their, our, its, etc.

The first sentence is grammatically incorrect RULE22: We use “each other” and “one
as we cannot use “His mention” as “his” is another” to show that each person in a group
also a Possessive Adjective. of two or more people does something to the
others. There is very little difference between
However, the first sentence can be rewritten
each other and one another. “Each other” is
to make it grammatically correct without

generally used for two people while “one Peter and Mary helped each other. [Peter
another” is used for more than two people. helped Mary and Mary helped Peter]
We sent one other Christmas cards. [We sent
Examples:- them a Christmas card and they sent us a
Christmas card]
All citizens should love each other.
[Incorrect]
*NOTE: Difference between “other” and
All citizens should love one other. [Correct]
“another”:
Other is an adjective meaning 'different' or
In the first sentence, “all citizens” refer to 'the second of two items'. Other can be used
more than two people. So, “each other” with singular or plural nouns. Other can also
should be replaced by “one another”, as be a pronoun to refer to things or people. The
in the case of second sentence. plural form is others.
However, When we use ‘an’ before ‘other’,
we write it as one word: another. It means

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'additional' or 'one more'. Another can be This place isn’t great. Is there another place
used before a plural noun when that noun is we could go to? [Another can also mean ‘an
preceded by a number, or words/phrases alternative’ or ‘different’]
such as a couple of, few etc.

RULE23: The use of “Seldom or never”:

Examples:- The word “Seldom” is an Adverb and when a
Some children learn quickly but sentence begins with “seldom”, the law of
other children need more time. inversion will be followed.
Have you got any other questions?
Only half of the guests have arrived. Where Examples:-
are the others? [Plural] (I)Seldom or never he comes to my house.
This cake is delicious. Could I have another [Incorrect]
slice please? (II)Seldom or ever he comes to my house.
The investigation will take another two [Incorrect]
weeks/couple of weeks. [Plural]

(III)Seldom, if ever does he come to my house.

[Correct] Examples:-
(IV)Seldom or never does he come to my
I can find little or nothing on this table.
house. [Correct] [Correct]
I can find little, if anything on this table
*NOTE: We can either use “Seldom or never” [Correct]
or “Seldom, if ever”, but we cannot use I can find little if nothing on this table.
“Seldom or ever”.
[Incorrect]
I can find little or anything on this table.
*NOTE: The use of phrase “Little [Incorrect]
or nothing”:
The phrase “Little or nothing” means “Hardly RULE24: Whenever we use “very” with
anything”. In this case also, we can either use
Superlative degree, article “the” is always
“Little or nothing” or “Little, if everything”,
used before “very” i.e. “the very superlative”.
but we cannot use “Little or everything”.

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“Very” modifies present participle used as He is the much best student of my class.
adjective, adverb and adjective in positive [Incorrect]
degree. He is very the best student of my class.
Eg. It is a very interesting novel. [Incorrect]
However, when we use “much” with He is the very best student of my class.
Superlative degree, article “the” is used [Correct]{ It means really}
before the superlative i.e. “much the He is much the best student of my class.
superlative”.
[Correct]{It means decidedly}
“Much” is used with comparative degree
He is much smarter than all other students.
and past participle. [Correct]
Eg. He is much interested. I was very exhausted after the
He is much smarter. match. [Correct]
RULE25: The use of “Enough”:
Examples:- “Enough” plays the role of both Adverb and
Adjective. When it is used as an Adverb, it

qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb On neither of those trips was there enough
or a word group. When it is used as an sun to get any decent photographs. [Used
Adjective, it qualifies a noun or a pronoun. as an Adjective]
Test reports indicate that it develops enough
When “enough” plays the role of an power for the job and is flexible. [Used as an
Adjective, “enough” is placed before the Adjective]
noun or pronoun i.e. “enough noun”. You are not big enough for basketball.
When “enough” plays the role of an [Used as an Adverb]
Adverb, “enough” is placed after the A landing between the ground and first
adjective i.e. “adjective enough”. floors is ample enough to be used as a study.
[Used as an Adverb]

Examples:-
RULE26: The use of Adverb “as”:
He has enough sugar. [Used as an Adjective]
She is smart enough. [Used as an Adverb]

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“as” can be used as an adverb with these She is treated as a child.

given words – “treat, define, regard, describe, She was elected Chair of the Board of
respect,depict, portray,view, know, etc.” Governors.
However, “as” cannot be used as an adverb
He has just been appointed director of the
with these two words – “elect, name, think,
publishing division.
consider, call, make, choose, appoint, etc.”
He thinks her a fool.
The teacher called him stupid.
Examples:-
Biology is defined as the science of
living beings. RULE27: The use of
Conjunction “although”:
He is regarded as God in India.
“Although”, meaning “in spite of something”,
She described Gary as shy. is a subordinating conjunction. This means
His latest film is described as a that the clause which it introduces is a
'romantic comedy'. subordinate clause, which needs a main
clause to make it complete. Sometimes

“although” as a subordinate clause may take RULE28: There are certain verbs which do
“yet” in the main clause. However, not exist in “-ing” form.
“although” as a subordinate clause never These are:
takes “but” in the main clause.
Yet is optional. It can or cannot be used.
POSSESSI PERCEPTI FEELING
ON ON
Examples:-
Although she is rich, she thinks twice Own See Love
before spending a penny. [Correct]
Although she is rich, yet she thinks twice Belong Smell Know
before spending a penny. [Correct]
Although she is rich, but she thinks twice
before spending a penny. [Incorrect]

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Notice Like
Have Taste Think
Consist

Include Hear Hate

Possess Feel Want

Owe Appear Need

Contain Seem Desire

Compromis Resemble Wish Examples:-

e I am owning a car. [Incorrect]

I own a car. [Correct] *NOTE: Sometimes the word “loving” is

I am loving it. [Incorrect] used as an adjective, which should not be
confused with a verb.
I love it. [Correct]
This sauce is tasting strange. [Incorrect]
Examples:-
This sauce tastes strange. [Correct]
He is a very loving person. [Used as an
This perfume is smelling like roses. Adjective]
[Incorrect]
He described his work in loving detail.
This perfume smells like roses. [Correct] [Used as an Adjective]
She has always been hating jazz. [Incorrect]
She has always hated jazz. [Correct] *NOTE: When “have” is used in the sense of
All the luggage is belonging to me. [Incorrect] possession or belongingness or ownership, we
cannot use “having”. However, apart from
All the luggage belongs to me. [Correct]
this, we can use “having” as perfect participle
or in other cases.

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ownership, thus “having” is correctly used

Examples:- in these two sentences.

(I)I am having a book. [Incorrect]

(II)I have a book. [Correct] RULE29: There are certain words which are
always used in Perfect Tense: “ever, never,
(III)I am having lunch now. [Correct] yet, already, now, just now, until, now, always,
(IV)Having done the work, he went to play. occasionally, often, lately, recently, so far, upto
[Correct] now, upto the present”

In sentence (I), “have” denotes possession, Examples:-

so we cannot use “having” and it should be The concert had already begun by the time we
replaced by “have” as rightly done in arrived. [Correct]
sentence (II).
I went to Paris last summer. Have you ever
In sentences (III) and (IV), “have” is not used been there? [Correct]
in the sense of possession or belongingness or
I have not spoken to her yet. [Correct]

He has gone just now. [Correct] When a collective noun denotes that the
He went there already. [Incorrect] whole group is working together on the
same task, we use a singular verb.
He had gone there already. [Correct]
Aman completed his work upto now
Examples:-
. [Incorrect]
Aman has not completed his work upto now . The audience is watching the movie. [every
audience is watching together]
[Correct]
The army is marching towards the
The train already left. [Incorrect]
Himalayas. [whole army (personnel) is
The train has already left. [Correct] moving together]
The jury is taking a decision. [all the members
RULE30: Subject-Verb Agreement with of the jury is taking decision together]
Collective Nouns:

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When a collective noun denotes that the So these words always take plural verbs.
whole group is working on different tasks,
we use a plural verb.
Examples:-
The police are investigating the case.
Examples:-
Cattle are wandering in the farm.
The audience are taking the seats.
People want to attain all worldly pleasures..
The army are changing their dresses.
The jury are divided in their opinion.
*NOTE: Sometimes the word “people” is
used in the meaning of “a country” instead
*NOTE: Words like “police, vermin, of “persons”, in that case we use a singular
cattle,clergy,gentry,poultry,folk,peasantry, verb.Peoples means countries or people
people, infantry, cavalry, etc.” are “plural belonging to different nationalities.
nouns” and not “collective nouns”. Plural “Peoples” in that case is correct.
noun always takes a plural verb.

*NOTE: Any word suffixed with “-ior” will

RULE31: There are certain words which are always be followed by the preposition “to”.
always followed by the preposition “to”.
These are: Examples:-
For babies, breastfeeding is superior to
bottle-feeding.
Prefer Superior Inferior
Too much alcohol is injurious to your health.
Injurious Junior Ancillary Would you prefer to pay by cash, cheque,
or credit card?
Addicted Senior Exterior
They promoted a man who was junior to
me and made him my boss.
Known Ulterior Posterior Paragraph 19 was merely ancillary to
paragraph 16.
I prefer tea to coffee.

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*NOTE: The words “marry” and “known” Examples:-

are always followed by the preposition “to” If we pass on the information, he's as good
in the Passive voice.
as dead.
I'm not so desperate as to agree to that.
Examples:-
Rama is married to Sita. *NOTE: “as… as” can be used to denote both
I am known to him. positive and negative sentences while “so…
I am known by him.--------> Incorrect as” can only be used only to denote negative
sentences.

RULE32: The use of phrase “as… as” and

Examples:-
“so… as”:
He is as good as Ram. [Correct]
These blanks are filled up with the adjectives
of positive degree. He is not as good as Ram. [Correct]

He is not so good as Ram. [Correct] (III)It is twice cheaper than that.

[Correct]{Times is not written , hence it
He is so good as Ram. [Incorrect]
is correct}
(IV)This book is three times as large as that
RULE33: In a sentence depicting
book. [Correct]
comparison, whenever the word “times”
(V)It is twice costlier than that. [Correct]
comes up, it is never followed by a
comparative degree. (VI)It is two times as costly as that. [Correct]

Examples:- In sentence (I), the word “times” and the

(I)This book is three times larger than that comparative degree “larger” cannot be used
together. The sentence should be rewritten
book. [Incorrect]
either as sentence (IV) to make it
(II)This book is three times heavier than
grammatically correct.
that book. [Incorrect]
In sentences (III) and (V), there is no use of
the word “times” and thus we can use the

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comparative degree to bring up the Hence a helping verb comes after a subject in
comparisons. the case of a statement and before a subject
in the case of a question.

RULE34: Some common errors of

NARRATION:
Indirect Speech is always a statement. Examples:-
Structure of a statement He asked me where are you going. [Incorrect]
Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb He asked me where I was going. [Correct]
+............. He asked me what was my name. [Incorrect]
Structure of a question He asked me what my name was. [Correct]
Wh word + Helping verb + Subject + Main
Verb +...............
She says that she is a little bit nervous. [Direct
speech was an Assertive sentence]

The teacher ordered me to shut the door. RULE35: If two subjects are connected by
[Direct speech was an Imperative sentence] the words "or," "nor," "neither/nor,"
He exclaimed with great joy that he had won "either/or," or "not only/but also", we use the
verb according to the nearest subject.
the match. [Direct speech was an
Exclamatory sentence]
We asked him if he was ill. [Direct speech was Examples:-
an Interrogative sentence] Either the bears or the lion has escaped from
He prayed that I might live long. [Direct the zoo. [Nearest subject “lion” is singular]
speech was an Optative sentence] Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped
She wished she had been rich. [Direct from the zoo. [Nearest subject “bears” is
speech was an Optative sentence] plural]
But, all the indirect speeches are Not only the teachers but also the Principal is
always statements. happy. [Nearest subject “Principal” is
singular]

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Not only dogs but also cats are available at This shirt is more white than red. [Correct]
the animal shelter. [Nearest subject “cats” is This umbrella is more beautiful than
plural] strong. [Correct]

RULE36: Comparison between two

RULE37: Whenever “more than one” or
qualities of an object: “many a” is used to quantify a noun, it is
Whenever two qualities of an object are always followed by a singular noun and
compared, we always use the word a singular verb.
“more”. We don’t use comparative degree And whenever “Many, A good many, A great
in that case. many” are used to quantify a noun, they are
always followed by a plural noun and a
Examples:- plural verb.

This pen is redder than white. [Incorrect] Example:-

This book is heavier than larger. [Incorrect] A great many devotees are protesting to
build ram mandir .

Many tigers are missing from the national Many a student is absent today.
park. [Singular verb]

Structure: *NOTE: Also consider the

More than one + singular noun + following examples:
singular verb
Many a + singular noun + singular verb One student is absent today. [Singular verb]
A great many + plural noun + plural verb A great many students are absent today.
A good many + plural noun + plural verb [Plural verb]
Many students are absent today. [Plural
verb]
Examples:-
More than one student is absent today.
RULE38: Whenever we get the word “doubt”
[Singular verb]
or “doubtful” in a sentence, we use the

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connector either “if” or “whether”. However, He has no doubt that Shyam is his best
in case we get the words “no doubt” and “not friend. [Correct]
doubtful”, we use the connector “that”.

Examples:- RULE39: NARRATION, Sequence of

I have no doubt whether it will rain or Tenses:
not. [Incorrect] The tense of the verb does not change even if
I have no doubt that it will rain or the Reporting verb is in past tense for the
not. [Correct] following cases:
There is a doubt that he goes there or (1)Universal truth:
not. [Incorrect]
There is a doubt whether he goes there or not.
Examples:-
[Correct]
(I)He told me that honey was sweet.
He has no doubt if Shyam is his best
[Incorrect]
friend. [Incorrect]

(II)He told me that honey is sweet. [Correct] statement should follow the tense form of
(III)He told me that the honey is main clause as correctly done in
sweet. [Incorrect] statement (IV).

(IV)He told me that the honey was

sweet. [Correct] *NOTE: Sequence of Tenses suggests that if
the principal clause of the sentence is in Past
Tense, subordinate clause will also be in the
In sentence (I), the sentence is incorrect Past Tense.
because “honey is sweet” is a universal
truth and should be written in Simple
Present Tense in indirect speech as well. (2)Historical Facts:
This makes the statement (II) correct.
In sentence (III), the sentence is incorrect
Examples:-
because “the honey is sweet” is not a
universal truth as “the honey” denotes a The teacher said, “Kalidas is the
particular type of honey. Thus, the indirect Shakespeare of India.” [Direct Speech]

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The teacher said that Kalidas is the Examples:-

Shakespeare of India. [Indirect Speech] He said, “I snooze my alarm every day.”
[Direct Speech]
(3)Proverbs: He said that he snoozes his alarm every day.
[Indirect Speech]

Examples:-
Rohit said, “Where there is a will there is a RULE40: Use of little, the little and a little:
way.” [Direct Speech] We use these quantifiers with uncountable
Rohit said that where there is a will there is nouns according to their following meanings:
a way. [Indirect Speech] (1)Little: Hardly any
(2)A little: Some but not much
(4)Habitual Facts: (3)The little: All that is available

Examples:- (3)The few: All that are available

I cannot make tea since there is little milk.
[Hardly any milk] Examples:-
A little knowledge is dangerous. [ Some but Few members attended the meeting.
not much] [Hardly any member attended the meeting.]
He utilized the little water that was available. There were a few members present. [Some
[ All that is available] members were present.]
He lost the few friends he had. [All those
*NOTE: Use of few, a few and the few: he had]
We use these quantifiers with countable
nouns according to their following meanings: *NOTE: Use of some and any:
(1)Few: Hardly any The general rule is that “any” is used for
(2)A few: Some but not many (It has questions and negative sentences while
a positive meaning) “some” is used for positive sentences.

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Both may be used with countable When we know that the answer will be
and uncountable nouns. yes, we can use “some” .
Eg. Do you have some water???
Examples:- It is correct because we know already
Do we need any rice? that the answer will be yes.

No, we don’t need any rice.

We have some rice in the cupboard. RULE41: Objective Case of the pronoun
comes after the Preposition.
Would you like some water?
May I have some more chocolate?
SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE
CASE CASE
But in some cases “Some” is used
with interrogative sentences I me

None but him is going to the party. [Correct]

We us
All except he liked the performance.
You you [Incorrect]
All except him liked the
They them performance. [Correct]

He him
In the first sentence, “but” plays the role of
She her preposition, so it must be followed by a
pronoun of objective case. Similarly, “except”
It it in the third sentence is a preposition which
should be followed by the pronoun of
objective case.

Examples:-
None but he is going to the party. [Incorrect] *NOTE: “But” plays the role of both
“Conjunction” and “Preposition”.

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There is good friendship between you and

Verb is also followed by the pronoun him. [Correct]
of Objective case.
It is to be noted that in the first sentence, “as
Examples:- well as” is not used as a preposition, so the
subjective case “he” is correctly used.
Let him do that work. [“Let” acts as a
In the second sentence, “between” is a
verb here]
preposition so objective case is used after it.
They agreed to let us live there rent-
free. [“Let” acts as a verb here]
RULE42: (1) In case of pronouns as the
Subject, when all the three persons are used as
Some more examples:- the Subject of the sentence and are connected
Ram as well as he is going to the party. by ‘and’, the sequence of 231 of the Pronouns
[Correct] is followed if they give a Positive

Sense to the sentence and a plural verb is

used. Examples:-
We use 2nd person, then 3rd person is
You, he and I are good friends. [the sequence
used and finally 1st person is used.
of 231 of the pronouns]

1 Speaker I (2) In case of pronouns as the Subject, when

First Person only two persons are used as the Subject of
the sentence and are connected by ‘and’, the
2 Listener You sequence of (2,3); (2,1); (3,1) of the Pronouns
Second is followed if they give a Positive Sense to the
Person sentence and a plural verb is used.

3 Non Active He
Examples:-
Third
Person You and she are good friends. [the sequence
of (2,3) of the pronouns]

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You and I are playing chess. [the sequence I, you and he are guilty. [the sequence of 123
of (2,1) of the pronouns] of the pronouns]
He and I were watching T.V. [the sequence I, you and he are robbers. [the sequence
of (3,1) of the pronouns] of 123 of the pronouns]

(3) In case of pronouns as the Subject, (4) In case of pronouns as the Subject, when
when all the three persons are used as the only two persons are used as the Subject of
Subject of the sentence and are connected the sentence and are connected by ‘and’, the
by ‘and’, the sequence of 123 of the sequence of (1,2); (2,3); (1,3) of the Pronouns
Pronouns is followed if they give a Negative is followed if they give a Negative Sense to
Sense to the sentence and a plural verb is the sentence and a plural verb is used.
used.They generally talk about some
mistake,blame or guilt.
Examples:-
I and you have committed a crime. [the
Examples:-
sequence of (1,2) of the pronouns]

You and he are sinners. [the sequence of (I)India broke all previous records in
(2,3) of the pronouns] today’s match. [Incorrect]
I and he were guilty. [the sequence of (1,3) of
the pronouns] The above sentence is Superfluous as
“records” always specifies “previous”. Using
If all the pronouns are plural , we use them together makes the statement
the order 123 in all cases. superfluous. It should be rewritten as –

We, you and they are going to watch a movie. India broke all records in today’s
match. [Correct]

RULE43: Some Superfluousness Errors:

(II)I want wet water. [Incorrect]
Superfluousness means that more than
Water is already wet and we all know it.
required is given in the sentence. It
Hence this sentence contains extra words and
means extra.
superfluousness error is there.
Consider these examples:-
I want water. [Correct]

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*NOTE: Use of “supposing if”: “If” is not

In the above example, “water” is always needed with “supposing”. It's a wrong
“wet”, so we cannot use these two words usage. Use only “supposing”.
together as it will give us the superfluous
meaning. (IV) The army retreated back from the
conflict zone in Kashmir. [Incorrect]
(III) Suppose if you won the Oscar, what The army retreated from the conflict zone in
would you do? [Incorrect] Kashmir. [Correct]
Suppose you won the Oscar, what would you
do? [Correct] Again in the above example, 'back' won't be
used here. 'Retreat' itself means – to
In the above example, the usage of 'if' with withdraw, retire etc. We use only “retreat”.
'suppose' is superfluous. Hence, either
'suppose' or 'if' should be used. (V) The sage was reborn again in
Vijayanagara. [Incorrect]

The sage was reborn in In the above example, the usage of 'as'
Vijayanagara. [Correct] should strictly be discarded. Use only
'equally' or 'as good as' separately.

*NOTE: Never use 'again' after verbs like –

Rebirth/Reborn/rebuild/regain/reiterate/recast (VII) The manager and the chairman decided
etc. on a mutual agreement on profit. [Incorrect]
The manager and the chairman decided
(VI) Manu is equally as good as Sharma. on an agreement on profit. [Correct]
[Incorrect]
Manu and Sharma are equally good. In this case the usage of 'mutual' is wrong.
[Correct] Hence, use only 'agreement'.
Manu is as good as Sharma. [Correct] “Agreement” is always mutual.

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*NOTE: 'Mutual friend' is wrong to say. He is a coward. [Correct]

Instead we can say 'common friend'.
Likewise, we should say – 'common
The usage of 'coward man' is wrong because
interest' instead 'mutual interest'.
‘coward’ itself means a person who lacks
courage. Hence, the use of 'man' is illogical.
(VIII) She forbade me not to leave her alone.
[Incorrect]
(X) She left the house with bag and baggage.
She forbade me to leave her alone. [Correct]
[Incorrect]
She left the house, bag and baggage. [Correct]
In the above example, ‘Not' is never used
after
until/unless/forbid/prohibit/prevent/dissuade/d 'Bag and baggage' is an idiom which means
eny/refuse/lest. 'with all belongings'. Hence, using ‘with’
with the idiom is wrong.

(IX) He's a coward man/person. [Incorrect]

(XI) Passing marks are thirty three. In the above example, Omit 'suddenly' as
[Incorrect] 'come across' means to meet suddenly.
Pass marks are thirty three. [Correct]
Some more superfluous errors:
The usage of 'passing marks'/'linking (1)final destination. [Destination is
language'/'linking network'/'dressing sense’ is always final]
wrong. Instead, we should use 'pass (2)rough estimate. [Estimate is always rough]
marks'/'link language'/'link network'/'dress
(3)rough approximation. [Approximation
sense'.
is always rough; not exact]
(4)past history. [History is always past]
(XII) I suddenly came across him on the
train. [Incorrect] (5)return back. [Return itself means
come back]
I came across him on the train. [Correct]
(6)coming future. [Future is always coming]

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(7)reason because. [Reason itself means cause Apostrophe (‘s) is not used with non-living
so] things.
(8)consensus opinion. [Consensus itself
means collective opinion or agreement] Examples:-
(9)final conclusion. [Conclusion is
Table’s legs. [Incorrect]
always final]
Door’s bolt. [Incorrect]
(10)Funeral service. [Funeral itself a
ceremony and service] Pen’s ink. [Incorrect]
Book’s page. [Incorrect]

*NOTE: “enter into” is also an example of Chair’s legs. [Incorrect]

superfluous error. However, when “enter into”
is used as a phrasal verb, it means
These can be rewritten as:
“investigation”.
Legs of the table. [Correct]
Bolt of the door. [Correct]
RULE44: Use of Apostrophe (‘s):

Ink of the pen. [Correct] The ship's bells. [Correct]

Page of the book. [Correct] The city's parks. [Correct]
Legs of the chair. [Correct] Malaysia's land. [Correct]
Nature’s call [Correct]
*NOTE: There are some exceptions to this At stone’s throw[ Correct]
rule. When we talk about time,
weight,distance,place, idiom, unit,
personification, or heavenly body, we can *NOTE: The following pronouns are already
use Apostrophe (‘s) with them. possessive and do not require apostrophes:
yours, ours, its, theirs, his, hers, and whose.

Examples:-
One week’s vacation. [Correct]
RULE45: Whenever a point of time in the
Four dollars’ worth. [Correct]
past is mentioned in the sentence (i.e.
Today's date. [Correct]

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yesterday, 10 days ago, etc.), we always use RULE46: There are certain words like
“Simple Past” tense. “unique, excellent, perfect, ideal, entire,
complete, etc.” which are never used
with “most”.
Examples:-
The table is as follows
I have gone to the market yesterday to
purchase a car. [Incorrect]
I went to the market yesterday to purchase a chief round uniqu total whole singul
car. [Correct] e ar
Recta squar excelle Spher extre annua
The company's shares have dived by 90p ngula e nt ical me l
to 165p on the stock market last week. r
[Incorrect] golde deaf blind right Empt circul
The company's shares dived by 90p to 165p n y ar
on the stock market last week. [Correct] Wron impos perfec Entire extern ideal
g sible t al
solar Perfec Comp

t lete RULE47: Words like “Quite” and “all”

are never used together in a sentence.

Examples:-
Examples:-
He is the most excellent student. [Incorrect]
He is quite all well. [Incorrect]
He is an excellent student. [Correct]
He is quite well. [Correct]
This is the most unique product of
He has done quite all the work. [Incorrect]
our company. [Incorrect]
This is a unique product of our He has done all the work. [Correct]
company. [Correct]
He is completely perfect. [Incorrect] *NOTE: Do not get confused with the similar
He is perfect. [Correct] sounding words like “Quiet” and “Quite”.
I think you’re the most perfect person I’ve Quiet is a Noun which means the state
ever met. [Correct] of being silent.

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Quite is an Adverb which means completely. She submitted the work five hours ago.
[Correct]
The patient died before the doctor came.
RULE48: Determination of tense based on
words like “ago” and “before”: [Incorrect]
The patient had died before the doctor
We generally use Simple Past Tense when the
word “ago” is mentioned in the sentence. came. [Correct]

In the case of “before”, we use Past

Perfect Tense. In the last sentence, two actions have
happened in the past, so for the earlier
action we use “had + V3” and for the latter
Examples:- action we use “V2”.
He had gone two seconds ago. [Incorrect]
He went two seconds ago. [Correct] RULE49: Use of Possessive sign:
She had submitted the work five hours (1)Common Possession: When two nouns are
ago. [Incorrect] closely connected or implying the common

possession, the possessive sign is put to In the second sentence, there is more than
the latter(last one). one car which belongs to both Ram and
Shyam [Common Possession]

Examples:-
(2)Split Possession: Each of two or more
1.Ram and Shyam’s car is being decorated
for Balram’s marriage. [Correct] connected nouns implying separate
2.Ram and Shyam’s cars are being possession must take the possessive sign.
decorated for Balram’s
marriage. [Correct] Examples:-
Ram’s and Shyam’s car is being decorated for
Both the sentences are correct Balram’s marriage. [Incorrect]
In the first sentence, there is one car which Ram’s and Shyam’s cars are being
belongs to both Ram and Shyam decorated for Balram’s marriage. [Correct]
[Common Possession]

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In the above examples, the possessive sign Examples:-

with each subject denotes that at least two The child is carrying it’s book. [Incorrect]
cars are being decorated one of Ram and
other of Shyam (i.e. Ram’s car and Shyam’s The child is carrying its book. [Correct]
car), so a plural noun “cars” is used and it Its called a miracle. [Incorrect]
will take a plural verb.
It’s called a miracle. [Correct]

RULE50: Some common errors of

RULE51: Rule for using “A number of”
Possession:
and “The number of”:
We often make mistake by using “it’s” in
We use the following structures with these
place of “its”. Both these terms have separate
two:
meanings.
“A number of + Plural Noun + Plural Verb”
“It’s” denotes “It is”, while “its”
denotes possession. “The number of + Plural Noun + Singular
Verb”

Similar rule is there for “A variety of” With the phrases like “It is time” and “It is
and “The variety of” high time”, we follow either of the two
conditions:

Examples:-
A number of students are waiting here. (1)The phrase should be followed by “to +
V1” if there is no Subject attached to it.
The number of students is fifty.
A number of tickets were sold almost
Examples:-
immediately.
The number of employees taking legal action It is time to work hard.

over work-related disease is increasing. It is time to ask for a raise.

RULE52: Use of the phrase “It is time” , “It (2)If the phrase is directly followed by a
is high time” or “It is about time”: Subject, we use the verb form “V2” (past
tense) after the subject.

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(1)We use the preposition “with” with

Examples:- “angry” whenever we refer a person or living
thing for the purpose.
It is time he worked hard. [followed by the
subject “he”]
Gosh! It’s almost midnight. It is time we Examples:-
went home. [followed by the subject “we”] I got really angry with her.
I am angry with Shyam because he did not go
*NOTE: We use the expression “it’s time + to the class.
subject + past verb form” to refer to the present
moment. (2)We use the preposition “at” with
“angry” whenever we refer something other
RULE53: Use of preposition with the word than person or living thing.
“Angry”:
Examples:-

The local residents were angry at the lack of I do not know what all the fuss is about.
parking spaces. I do not know how to make tea; hence
They are angry at the way they have been you should help me out.
treated. I don't know to make tea [Incorrect]

Do you know where the Post Office is?

*NOTE: We follow the same rule with word
“Annoy”.
RULE55: The adverb “else” is always
followed by “but” while the adverbs “other,
RULE54: Whenever the word “know” is and rather” are always followed by “than”.
used in a sentence, it is not directly followed
by the infinitive “to”. We use the words like
“how, when, why, where, etc.” to make the Examples:-
sentence grammatically feasible. It is nothing else but mere foolishness.
Everybody else has agreed but you.
Examples:-

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He met no other person than Ram. RULE57: Use of the prepositions

I think I would rather stay at home “in”, “Inside” and “into”:
this evening than go out. (1)The preposition “inside” implies
“movement”. Whenever we move from
outside to inside, we use “inside”.
RULE56: The words like “sort, type, kind,
etc.” are always followed by a Singular verb.
Examples:-
I came inside the class.
Examples:-
This type of articles is sold in the market. He tried to get inside her mind.

This sort of camera is very expensive.

Any kind of racism is abhorrent to me. *NOTE: “Inside out” is completely different
from “In” and “Inside”. It means if something
is inside out, it has the usual inside part on the
outside and the usual outside part on the
inside.

There is one more meaning of “Inside out” I am in the class.

which is “completely” The chlorine in the pool makes my eyes sore.

(3)The preposition “into” implies “coming

Examples:- toward something”. Whenever we move to a
I know my husband inside out. [completely] position in or inside something, we use “into”.
It is also used to show a change in state.
She had her sweater on inside out.

Examples:-
(2)The preposition “in” implies “static”.
Come into the house.
Whenever something referred is
already inside, we use “in”. He threw the letter into the fire.
Can you translate this passage into German?
Examples:- The fruit can be made into jam.

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He jumped into the well. He hit the dog with a stick. [Stick being a non-
She wove her ideas into a story. living thing]

(2) We use “by” when we refer living things.

RULE58: Use of the prepositions “with” and
“by”.
(1)We use “with” when we refer non-living Examples:-
things. The motorcycle was driven by a tiny
bald man.
Examples:- The book was translated by a well-known
We write with a pen. [Pen being a non- author.
living thing] Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune.
She wiped her lipstick off with a tissue.
[Tissue being a non-living thing] *NOTE: Whenever we talk about “watch”,
we use “by”.

What is the time by your watch? [ In your My exams start on Monday. [Correct]
watch in incorrect]

In the first sentence, the preposition “from”

Examples:- gives the meaning that my exams will start on
She had promised to be back by five o'clock. Monday, it will again start on Tuesday and it
will continue doing so. Thus, an event started
[referring time]
once cannot start again and again. To avoid
I have got to be home by seven. [referring this error, we use the correct preposition
time] “on” which implies that event has started on
Monday only.
RULE59: We do not use the preposition
“from” with the word “start”. Some more examples:-
He will start his preparation from Monday.
Examples:- [Incorrect]
My exams start from Monday. [Incorrect]

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He will start his preparation on There are certain words which always follow
Monday. [Correct] “To + V1+ing” form:-
(1)be + used + to + V1+ing
However, we can rewrite this sentence (2)accustomed to + V1+ing
using “from” this way:- (3)addicted to + V1+ing
He will prepare for the exams from Monday.
(4)with a view to + V1+ing
[Correct]
(5)look forward to + V1+ing
(6)given to + V1+ing
*NOTE: “from” implies continuation.
(7)prone to + V1+ing
(8)devoted to + V1+ing
RULE60: In a general case of infinitive we
always use the form “To + V1”. But in certain (9)in addition to + V1+ing
special cases, we use the form “To + V1+ing”. (10)confess to
(11)disposed to

(12)come to *NOTE: When we use the form “V1+ing” as

a noun, it is called Gerund.

Examples:-
She was given to staying in bed till lunchtime. RULE61: The choice between the two
indefinite articles – ‘a’ & ‘an’ – is determined
These measures have been taken with a view by sound. Words beginning with consonant
to increasing the company's profits. sounds are preceded by ‘a’ and words
I look forward to hearing from you. beginning with vowel sounds are preceded by
‘an’.
He is rather prone to making tactless
remarks. Vowels – a, e, i, o, and u

She has devoted herself to getting justice for Consonants – b, c, d, f, … z

her son.
I am not accustomed to being treated like this. Examples:-
An NCC cadet. [Vowel sounding word]

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A UNICEF participating nation. A one-rupee note

[Consonant sounding word] A Union
An umbrella. [Vowel sounding word]
A one-eyed girl
An M. Tech. graduate. [Vowel
A unanimous decision.
sounding word]
A utensil. [Consonant sounding word]
RULE62: Usage of definite ARTICLE
A university. [Consonant sounding word]
“The”:
A unicorn. [Consonant sounding word]
(1)Series of Mountains, Bays/Gulfs,Group of
A year. [exception][With every word that islands, Canals, Aeroplanes, Ships, Planes,
starts with “y” and “w” we use article “a”] Religious books, Government branches,
A European university Armed forces, Names of Deserts,Political
parties, Musical instrument, Rivers, Oceans,
A Universit Seas, and things which are “unique” in
y A Uniform themselves: These nouns are always preceded
by a definite article “The”.

The Himalayas is correct but the Mount

Examples:- Everest is wrong. We only use “Everest”

The Sahara. [Name of Desert]

(2)Names of Newspaper: These nouns are
The Pacific. [Name of Ocean]
always preceded by a definite article “The”.
The Nile. [Name of river]
The Coral sea. [Name of sea]
Examples:-
The Himalayas. [Name of mountain range]
The Times of India.
The Guitar [Musical Instrument]
The Hindu.
One important point to note is that
The Indian Express.
Names of mountain ranges are preceded by
article “THE” but mountains peaks are never
preceded by article “the” (3)Names of Countries (Only the ones which
are written in Abbreviated forms): These

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nouns are always preceded by a definite Examples:-

article “The”. The best book.
The darkest cloud.
Examples:-
The USA.
(5)Comparative Case: “The” is used in two
The UK. cases:
The UAE.
The USSR. CASE 1: The higher you go, the cooler it is.
The faster you walk, the sooner you reach.
(4)Superlative Degree: The nouns of The more sugar you put in the
superlative degree are always preceded by a dish, the sweeter it is.
definite article “The”. CASE2: He is the better of the two.
She is the poorer of the two women

He is the better candidate of the two for the job The Muslim League Party,
(6)Metaphor: Sometimes “the” is used before The New York City,
a metaphor.
In case of a metaphor one thing is treated
(8) ‘The’ is mandatory before a thing which is
as another thing.
only one of a kind in the universe.
Examples:-
He is the Mahatma Gandhi of our class.
Examples:-
Delhi is the Paris of India.
The moon is shining tonight.
(7) For a phrase which is combination of The earth is moving around the sun.
a common and proper noun, the’ is used.

(9) For the names of the government

Examples:-
organizations, ‘the’ is used.
The river Nile, Examples:-

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The Society for the protection of Child’s (3)Names of continents: Asia, Europe,
Rights Australia, Africa, South America, North
The judiciary is composed of a supreme court America, Antarctica.
of seven members, a court of chancery, a (4)Names of streets: George Street,
county court in each county, a probate court Albion Street, New town Street, etc.
in each probate district, and justices of the (5)Names of singular lakes and bays: Lake
peace. Carey, Lake Eyre, Lake Hillier, Shark
Bay, etc.
RULE63: Omission of Article “The”: We do (6)Names of Mountain Peaks: Mount
not use any article before following nouns: Everest, Mount Solitary, Mount Bindo,
(1)Names of Cities: Los Angeles, Alaska, Mount Fuji, etc.
Sydney, etc. (7) Names of single islands: Easter Island,
(2)Names of Countries: (except names of Bare Island, Bird Island, Fatima Island, etc.
countries with abbreviated form) Australia, (8)Names of languages: Spanish, Russian,
Bolivia, England, France, Spain, etc. English (When ‘the’ precedes these nouns,

they refer to the population of time “breakfast” is used , The article is used
those languages.) before it as it refers to a particular breakfast]
(9)Names of sports: cricket,
football, basketball, etc. RULE64: Use of “the + Adjective”:
(10)In normal cases, we do not use any Whenever the article “the” is used before an
article before these words – season, language,
adjective, it determines the whole group.
drinks, meals, God, life, money, etc.
However, when we use these words to
particularize the information, we use the Examples:-
article “the”. The poor – poor people
The needy – needy people
Examples:-
The brave-- brave people
Breakfast should be light but the breakfast
The rich--- Rich people
I had this morning was heavy. [The second

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The honest are respected. [‘The’+ ‘adjectives’ Books after books had been read by him.
= Plural noun]It means Honest people [Incorrect]
The poor are not always dishonest. [‘The’+ Book after book had been read by
‘adjectives’ = Plural noun] It means poor him. [Correct]
people City after city was set on fire.
Page after page was reviewed multiple times.
RULE65: Whenever same nouns are
connected by preposition, in that case we
RULE66: Certain nouns whose
use both the nouns in singular form.
plurals should be known:

Examples:-
Villages after villages were destroyed by Singular Plural Singular Plural
the terrorists. [Incorrect] Dormouse Dormice Man Men
Village after village were destroyed by Foot Feet Mouse Mice
the terrorists. [Correct] Goose Geese Tooth Teeth

Louse Lice Woman Women Examples where the second word forms
the plural :

Singular Plural
Book-case Books-case
Singular Plural
Class-fellow Class-fellows
Daughter-in-law Daughters-in-law
Race-horse Race-horses
Hanger-on Hangers-on
Step-son Steps-son
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in-chief
Castaway Castaways
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law
Grand-father Grand-fathers
Passer-by Passers-by
Horse-race Horse races
Looker-on Lookers-on
Maidservant Maidservants
Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law

Examples where both words make the plural

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Major General Major Generals

Singular Plural Lord-Justice Lord-Justices
Man-servant Men-servants Man-servant Men-servants
Woman-servant Women-servants
Lord-justice Lords-justices *NOTE: To show possession in case of
Compound Nouns, we always use apostrophe
(‘s) at the end.
The plural of some compound nouns
are below:
Examples:-
Sister-in-law’s car. [Possession of
Singular Plural
Compound Noun]
Son-in-law Sons-in-law
Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law
Passer-by Passers-by

RULE67: Whenever “male” or “female” describing the profession or post of that

is used before a noun, it means that we are noun.
describing its characteristics.

Examples:-
Examples:- Man soldier [means the soldier is a man]
Female watch [means the watches Woman student [means the student is woman]
specified for females]
Woman doctor [means the doctor is woman]
Female doctor [means the doctors specified
for females]
Male shoes [means the shoes specified Some more examples:-
for males] She went to a female doctor. [Correct]
Raj went to a female doctor to get himself
But whenever we use “man” or “woman” treated. [Incorrect]
is used before a noun, it means that we are

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Raj went to a woman doctor to get himself *NOTE: When there is no antecedent in a
treated. [Correct] sentence, we use “whoever, whomever, etc.” as
relative pronouns.

RULE68: Antecedent Rule:

The noun or pronoun that comes just before Examples:-
a Relative pronoun is called an Antecedent. Ram met whoever they has helped us.
[No Antecedent in the sentence]
He saw whomever everyone admires.
Examples:-
[No Antecedent in the sentence]
Ram met him who they say has helped us.
[“him” in this case is an Antecedent]
He saw her whom everyone admires. RULE69: Rule of Question tags:
[“her” in this case is an Antecedent] A small question is added at the end of a
statement. This is called Question Tag.

A question tag for a positive statement Examples:-

is always negative and vice-versa. I am working very hard for my
students, amn’t I? [Incorrect]
Examples:- I am working very hard for my
He has worked very hard on this project, students, aren’t I? [Correct]
hasn’t he? [Negative question tag for a I am getting better at this, aren't I? [Correct]
positive statement]
He has not worked hard on this project, has The first sentence is incorrect because there is
he? [Positive question tag for a negative no such word “amn’t”. It should be written as
statement]
“aren’t I” which means “am I not”.

RULE70: Some typical errors related to the

RULE71: Certain words like “Seldom, barely,
above rule. hardly, scarcely, never” often define a
negative meaning to the statement, thus these
should be followed by a positive question tag.

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I seldom drive my car into the city, do

Examples:- I? [Positive question tag for a negative
statement]
He seldom comes to my house, does he?
I scarcely registered the fact that he was
[Positive question tag for a negative
there, did I? [Positive question tag for a
statement]
negative statement]
They have barely enough to pay the rent this
month, have they? [Positive question tag for a
negative statement] RULE72: It is important to note that
I never realized you knew my brother, did I? question tag statement must be in same
[Positive question tag for a negative tense as the main statement.
statement]
We hardly ever go to concerts, do Examples:-
we? [Positive question tag for a I am doing the work which you gave
negative statement]
me, don’t I? [Incorrect]

I am doing the work which you gave

me, aren’t I? [Correct] Examples:-
Every girl is very talented, isn’t she?
The first statement is incorrect as the [Incorrect]
main statement is in Present Continuous Every girl is very talented, aren’t they?
Tense which the question tag statement
[Correct]
doesn’t follow.
Each one has to work hard to make
both ends meet, hasn’t he? [Incorrect]
RULE73: When we use “Each or Every” in a
Each one has to work hard to make
sentence, a singular noun or pronoun is
both ends meet, haven’t they? [Correct]
followed which is further followed by a
singular verb. But in the case of question
tag, noun (or, pronoun) following “Each or RULE74: When a collective noun is used in
Every” is considered plural and thus we use the main statement and depicting all its units
plural verb in question tag statement. are working together on the same thing or all

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are behaving similarly, we consider RULE75: When we talk about Imperative

everything to be singular. Sentences and that also when we talk
However, if all the units are working on about proposals, in that case we always use
different things, we consider everything to be “shall we” in question tag statement.
plural.
Examples:-
Examples:- Let us go for a walk, don’t we? [Incorrect]
The jury has taken the decision, hasn’t it? Let us go for a walk, shall we? [Correct]
[Only one decision is taken] Let us consider all the possibilities, shall we?
The audience took the seats, didn’t they? [Correct]
[Audience took their respective seats] Let us hear from Sue at our travel desk, shall
The army changed the uniforms, didn’t they? we? [Correct]
[Army changed their respective uniforms] Let us go out to dinner, shall we? [Correct]

RULE76: Use of the Prepositions “in, on, and Based on the above concept, we use these
at”: prepositions in following order:
‘In’ refers to town, cities, and countries in a Point of time < day < month <
wider sense while [ In Delhi, in Dubai, in
year At < on < in < in
Saudi Arabia ]
‘At’ is used for speaking of comparatively
smaller place. [ at Rohini in Delhi, at The above order can be understood by
Laxminagar ] this way as well:
CONCEPT:- Since “point” is smaller than “surface” which
in turn is smaller than “volume”, we follow
Preposition “in” implies Area/Volume.
the order of these prepositions in the same
Preposition “on” implies Surface. manner.
Preposition “at” implies Point.
Examples:-
At 4 pm.

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On Sunday. Bye, see you in the morning.

In 1947.
th *NOTE: There are certain words before
On 15 August.
In April. which we don’t use any preposition like “last
Monday, coming Monday, today, tomorrow,
At night. yesterday, etc.”
In the morning.

Examples:-
There's a meeting at 2.30 this afternoon. I am having dinner with Rachel tomorrow
Are you free at lunchtime? night.
Hair salons don't usually open on Sundays. I saw her yesterday afternoon.

My birthday is on 30 May. I have a checklist of things that I must

I started working here in 2009. do today.

We are going to Italy in April.

The weather forecast said it would be Both men and women have complained
fine and dry coming Monday. about the advertisement. [Correct]
I felt both happy as well as sad at the
RULE77: The conjunction “Both” is always same time. [Incorrect]
followed by “and” and not “as well as”. I felt both happy and sad at the same
time. [Correct]

Examples:-
*NOTE: The word “good” is always followed
Both Ram as well as Shyam are good at
by the preposition “at”.
English. [Incorrect]
Both Ram and Shyam are good at
English. [Correct] Examples:-
Both men as well as women have complained She is very good at geography.
about the advertisement. [Incorrect] Rohan is good at football.

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RULE78: Use of the conjunction “Lest”: RULE79: Use of “Until” and “Unless”:
Lest means otherwise.
The conjunction “lest” is always followed CONCEPT:-
either by the verb “should” or no helping Until – Time Oriented
verb at all.
Unless – Action Oriented

Examples:-
Examples:-
Work hard, lest you would fail. [Incorrect]
Wait for me until sunset. [referring Time]
Work hard, lest you fail. [Correct]
Unless the government reduces the tax, the
Work hard, lest you should fail. [Correct]
tax-payer base will not increase. [referring
He cut the remark out of the final program Action]
lest it should offend listeners. [Correct] I was up until three o'clock trying to get it
finished! [referring Time]

Unless you call me to say you're not coming, I RULE80: Error of Parallelism:
will see you at the theatre. [referring Action]

The rule of Parallelism explains that sentence

*NOTE: There is no difference in meaning elements that are alike in function should
between “till” and “until” as both mean “up to also be alike in construction. These elements
(the time that)”. However, we cannot use “till” should be in the same grammatical form so
at the beginning of the sentence which is not that they are parallel.
there with the case of “until”.

Here are some examples of parallel elements:

Examples:-
(I)Words: thinking, running, etc.
Until your next birthday, you will have to
(II)Infinitives: to see, to understand, etc.
wait for a new bike.
(III)Prepositional phrases: at the time, in the
We did not eat till past midnight.
house, etc.

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

(IV)Subordinate clauses: because I care, after He asked his mother to cook, to rest and
they met, etc. prepare the dish. [Incorrect]
(V)Linking words: not only…but also…, He asked his mother to cook, to rest and
either…or…, neither…or…, if…then…, etc. to prepare the dish. [Correct]
(VI)Nouns: honesty, originality, My friends never judged me by my words
goodness, etc. or what I did. [Incorrect]
(VII)Adjectives: charming, My friends never judged me by my words
courteous, beautiful, etc. or my actions. [Correct]
The teacher not only wants his students to
Examples:- keep quiet but also to do the task. [Incorrect]
The teacher wants his students not only to
I like singing, dancing, and to walk.
[Incorrect] keep quiet but also to do the task. [Correct]
I like to read books over watching
I like singing, dancing, and walking. [Correct]
movies. [Incorrect]

I like reading books over watching movies. This task can be done individually, in
[Correct] pairs, or in groups of four. [Correct]
I would rather pay for my education
than financial aid. [Incorrect] RULE81: Use of proper Prepositions:
I would rather pay for my education
It is important to use exact prepositions after
than receive financial aid. [Correct]
the words.
Tom is known for his honesty and
original ideas. [Incorrect]
Examples:-
Tom is known for his honesty and originality.
[Correct] He is superior to and older than me.

To learn is understanding the world. This book is different from and better
[Incorrect] than that book.
To learn is to understand the world. [Correct]
This task can be done individually, in pairs,
or can be done in groups of four. [Incorrect]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

In the first example, the word “superior” is Go to our website to get the address of your
followed by the preposition “to” and nearest branch.
“older” is followed by “than”. My reaction to it all was to try to forget it.
Similarly, in the second case, the word Her response to the criticism was very strong.
“different” is followed by “from” and
18 is the age at which you are allowed to vote.
“better” is followed by “than”.
Fisk is making his third attempt at the world
record.
Some more examples:-
The police inquiry into the theft continues.
Nobody seems to have responsibility for
the budget. She did some research into the causes of
back pain.
What’s the reason for your unhappiness?
This is an example of international
Changes in society have meant that
collaboration.
young people leave home earlier.
We need to find another way of doing things.
There’s been a steady increase in the value
of the euro. Her response to the criticism was very strong.

I saw an advertisement for a teaching job He has an amazing knowledge of European

in Malawi which looked interesting. history.
There is a growing awareness of the impact of Can anyone become a member of your book
climate change among the young. club?
Congratulations on your new job! I was a newcomer to windsurfing so I
I’d like to do a course in computer was very nervous.
programming if I could find a good one. I’d love to show you some of the nice places in
Do you have any previous experience of my hometown.
working with children? The visit to the temple was the high point
He seems to have less interest in everything of the holiday.
these days. I need some lessons in how to set up
Can you give us some information on/about a website.
bus tours, please? Changes in our diet have meant that more
The invitation to the reception at the embassy and more people suffer heart disease.
arrived the next day. [Changes that happen]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

The director of studies must be informed of If the quantity becomes too big, much is
any changes to the timetable. [Changes that preceded by “TOO”: TOO MUCH +
people purposely make] uncountable noun = an excessive quantity.
Another construction describing an excessive
RULE82: Use of “too much” and “much too”: quantity is less frequent and is built with an
adjective: = MUCH TOO + ADJECTIVE
We use “much” and “too” together in two
In this construction, ‘MUCH’ has played
ways:
the function of ‘increasing’, amplifying the
(1)too much – we use “too much” as adverb ‘too'; it is equivalent to ‘far too
an Adjective. heavy’.
(2)much too – we use “much too” as
an Adverb.
Examples:-
He is too much strong. [Incorrect]
“MUCH” indicates a big quantity of an
He is much too strong. [Correct]
uncountable substance or element (one that
you can't count). There is much too sugar. [Incorrect]

There is too much sugar. [Correct] This car is much too expensive for me
to buy[Much too is an adverb here]
This case is much too heavy; you can't carry
In the above examples, it is to be noted that
“strong” is an Adjective and “sugar” is a it![Much too is an adverb here]
Noun. Thus, we use the Adjective “too
much” with the noun. RULE83: Possessive Case is always followed
by a Noun.
Some more examples:-
He drank too much alcohol last night, Examples:-
and this morning he feels ill. [Too much His belongings were lost. [Correct]
is an adjective here ]
His earnings are not enough. [Correct]
Too much work and not enough play make
Jack a dull boy. [Too much is an adjective His surroundings are not clean. [Correct]
here]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

*NOTE: Some Verbs play the role of

In the above examples, all three word Nouns, just by adding ‘s’ at the end.
following the possessive case “his” -
“belongings, earnings, and surroundings” are
Examples:-
nouns
Some more examples of nouns which are VERB NOUN
always plural are
Belong Belongings
Riches ,premises, spectacles, Bowels,
Valuables, Proceeds, Alms, Billiards,
Movables, Wages, Thanks, Annals, Measles, Earning Earnings
Trousers, Goods, Socks, Fetters, Shorts,
Pantaloons, Tidings, Mumps, Eatables, Surrounding Surroundings
Scissors, Stockings,
Surroundings,Breeches, Arms, Tongs”
Some more examples:-

All his goods were sold at throw away prices. His politics are different from mine.
Spectacles have been broken
Kindly give me a pair of scissors. In the first example, “politics” is used as a
whole field, so it requires a singular verb. In
the second example, “politics” is used as
RULE84: Use of the word “Politics”: political beliefs, thus it requires a plural verb.

When the word “Politics” is considered as Some more examples:-

a field or a subject, it is used as singular.
Her politics have become more liberal over
When the word “Politics” is considered as
the past few years.
a set of political beliefs, it is used as plural.
His politics are generally considered to be
right of centre.
Examples:- Politics is the main subject at Leicester
Politics is a very dirty game. University.

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

Joe is very active in left-wing politics. Mathematics is an interesting subject. [Used

as a subject]

RULE85: Usage of “Mathematics” and Mathematics are telling that he has made a lot
“Statistics”: of money. [Here it means “calculations”]
Statistics is difficult to understand. [Used as a
When these two words are used as a field or a
subject, we consider them uncountable nouns subject]
and thus a singular verb is used. Statistics tell us that it will rain today. [Here it
means “data”]

However, when the meaning of the word

“Mathematics” is “Calculation” and *NOTE: The word “Data” is plural. The
“Statistics” is “Data”, we use plural verb in singular form of “Data” is “Datum”.
both the cases.

Examples:-
Examples:-

Data warns us and we will have to change RULE86: We use the article “A” when we
our strategy. [Incorrect] mean “One of many” and the article “The”
Data warn us and we will have to change when we mean “only one”. Moreover, we use
the article “A” with the possessive case and
our strategy. [Correct]
“The” with the objective case.

*NOTE: The word “Summons” is a singular

Examples:-
noun but “Summon” is a verb. The plural
form of “Summons” is “Summonses”. The brother of me is a scientist. [Objective
case]
A brother of mine is a scientist. [Possessive
Examples:-
case]
Two summons were issued. [Incorrect]
Two summonses were issued. [Correct]
In the first sentence, “The brother of me”
suggests that there is only one brother. In the

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

second example, “A brother of mine” RULE87: Usage of “too”, “as well” and
suggests that there are many brothers. “also”:
When we have to denote some extra thing in
Some more examples:- a sentence, we use these three words. It is to
be noted that “also” cannot be used at the
A servant of theirs lives in Delhi. end of the sentence. However, “too” and “as
The servant of them lives in Delhi. well as” can be used at the end of the
sentence.

*NOTE: We can rewrite these phrases:

Examples:-
My car – The car of me
I have brought a bag too. [Correct]
My brother – The brother of me
I have brought a bag as well. [Correct]
One of my brothers – A brother of mine
I have brought a bag also. {Incorrect]
I have also brought a bag. [Correct]

*NOTE: In normal cases, “too” and “so” are RULE88: Optative Sentences:
used to give negative sense to the sentence. The sentence which expresses a prayer, keen
When we use “too” with the meaning of wish, curse etc. is called an optative
“addition”, we can use it at the end. However,
sentence. This kind of sentence generally
when we use “too” with the meaning of “high
starts with ‘may’ and ‘wish’. Sometimes,
intensity”, we cannot use it alone.
‘may’ remains hidden.
In the case of optative sentences, whether the
She is too beautiful. [Incorrect because subject is singular or plural, we use the base
the sentence is incomplete] form of the verb (i.e. V1).
She is very beautiful. [Correct]
It is too hot to go outside. [Correct] Examples:-
It is so hot that I cannot go outside. [Correct] May God bless you!
The question was too difficult to solve. Long live the king.
[Correct]

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

May the almighty help in this tragedy! It being a rainy day, I did not go to
school. [Correct]
Wish you a happy journey together.

In the above example, there is no Subject of

RULE89: Pseudo Subjects:
“rainy day”, “I” is the main Subject and has
When in a sentence, irrespective of the no relation with “rainy day”. So to add a
presence of main subject, we have to talk Subject, we use “It” as a Pseudo Subject.
about something which is not related to the
main subject, in that case we use “pseudo
subject”. Being ill, he did not come to class. [Correct]

Examples:- In the above example, there is no need of

Being a rainy day, I did not go to school. pseudo subject as “ill” in the first part
refers to the main subject “he”.
[Incorrect]

Being vacant, I did not enter the room. The child has no bed to sleep in. [Infinitive is
[Incorrect] used to talk about the noun “bed”]
It being vacant, I did not enter the room. I have a pen to write with. [Infinitive is used
[Correct] to talk about the noun “pen”]
In the above example, there is no subject of The child wanted a toy to play with.
“vacant” which has no relation with the [Infinitive is used to talk about the
main subject “I”, thus we need a Pseudo noun “toy”]
subject “It” to make the sentence
grammatically correct.
RULE91: When two different helping verbs
are required in a sentence, we always use the
RULE90: Whenever infinitive (to + V1) in main verb in both the cases.
a sentence talks about a noun, it is always
followed by a preposition.
Examples:-
I have never and will never watch this movie.
Examples:-
[Incorrect]

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I have never watched and will never All proceeds from the auction are donated to
watch this movie. [Correct] charity.
His belongings were lost.
RULE92: Certain words like “belongings, These scissors are for cutting paper.
savings, congratulations, scissors, proceeds, Your clothes are dirty.
surroundings, regards, pliers, tongs, jeans,
pyjamas, pantaloons, shorts, contents, Have you seen my glasses? I want to read the
outskirts, glasses, clothes, thanks, goggles, newspaper.
premises, surroundings, belongings, earnings, The table of contents should not contain
earrings, tidings etc.” are considered Plural, any pictures.
so they always take plural verbs.
I live on the outskirts of the city.
My trousers are dirty. I need to wash them.
Examples:-
Her thanks were clearly sincere.
His regards were conveyed to his parents.
If your clothes are wet you can dry them
upstairs.

Are those your belongings? always considered Singular and thus they
I would like two glasses of orange juice always require singular verbs.
please. (a) Mathematics are difficult
Pass me that pair of pliers, please. subject. [Incorrect]

You can get rid of that old pair Mathematics is a difficult subject. [Correct]
of headphones. (b) Politics are a game of
My spectacles have been broken. compromise. [Incorrect]

Kindly give me a pair of scissors. Politics is a game of compromise. [Correct]

Riches have wings . (c)These news were broadcast from All India
Radio only yesterday. [Incorrect]
This news was broadcast from All
RULE93: Certain words like “Mathematics, India Radio only yesterday [Correct]
Physics, Statistics, News, Economics, Innings,
Note
Politics, Athletics, Gymnastics, Gallows,
Mechanics, Summons, Classics etc.” are

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

Exceptions of Mathematics, Statistics and He has given me good information.

Politics have been studied earlier. [Incorrect]
He has given me a good
RULE94: Certain words like “equipment, information. [Correct]
furniture, jewellery, luggage, machinery, The poetries Society was founded
poetry, scenery, information, advice, baggage, in 1909. [Incorrect]
hair, etc.” do not exist in their plural forms The Poetry Society was founded in
because they all are uncountable nouns.
1909. [Correct]
His luggages was booked. [Incorrect] Here is a list of stationeries. [Incorrect]
His luggage was booked. [Correct]
Here is the list of stationary. [Correct]
Furniture sets off the beauty of a house.
RULE95: Rules of Conditional Sentences:
[Incorrect]
Furniture set off the beauty of a
house. [Correct] Types of Conditional Sentences:

+ have + past
CONDITION RESULT
participle (V3)
Simple Present will-future or
(Modal + infinitive)
or, Examples:-
shall/can/may/must As soon as he comes, I will ask him this
+ V1 question.
When he comes, I will ask him this question.
Had he come earlier, I would have asked him
Simple Past would + V1 or,
this question.
could/might/should
+ V1 If he studied, he would pass the exam.

Past Perfect would + have + past

RULE96: Use of Possessive case in a
participle (V3) or,
sentence:
could/might/should

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Possessive case is used after “all” and “both”. RULE97: Superfluous Sentences:

Consider these examples:- (1) “As soon as” is not followed by

My all students are very talented. [Incorrect] “than”. “than” is used after “No sooner”

All my students are very talented. [Correct]

My both friends are very talented. Examples:-
[Incorrect] As soon as I complete the work than I will
Both my friends are very talented. [Correct] go to his house. [Incorrect]
As soon as I complete the work I will go to
his house. [Correct]
In the above examples, the possessive case
No sooner had I started mowing the lawn
“my” should be placed after “all” and
than it started raining. [Correct]
“both” respectively.

(2) “As” is not used with “so”.

He did not come to the class due to sickness.

Examples:- [Correct]

As he was unwell, so he didn’t come to

the class. [Incorrect] RULE98: Usage of the word “quantity”:
As he was unwell, he didn’t come to the When the word “quantity” is used in the
class. [Correct] sentence, we cannot use “little”, “few”, etc.
with it. We can only use “small” with it.

(3) “Due to” is not used with “the reason”

and vice versa. Examples:-
Little quantity of food was wasted. [Incorrect]
Examples:- Few quantity of food was wasted. [Incorrect]
Due to the reason that he is not well, he did Small quantity of food was wasted. [Correct]
not come to the class. [Incorrect]

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RULE99: Different forms of some confusing ner) Hung Hung

Verbs:
Hang(Othe
r things)

V1 V2 V3 Examples:-
The water overflown from the
Fly Flew Flown
banks. [Incorrect]

Flow Flowed Flowed The water overflowed from the banks.

[Correct]
Find Found Found The secretary has found this organization.
[Incorrect]
Found Founded Founded The secretary has founded this
organization. [Correct]
Hang(Priso Hanged Hanged
The prisoner was hanged till death. [Correct]

The clock was hung on the wall. [Correct]

S. V1 V2 V3
No.
In the fourth sentence, it is to be noted that
we use the word “founded” when 1. Lie Lied Lied
something is established or discovered.
2. Lay Laid Laid
In the second last sentence, we use the word
“hanged” whenever we talk about the
3. Lie Lay Lain
prisoner. But when we talk about the clock,
we use “hung” i.e. V2 form of the verb as can
be seen in the last sentence.
(1) We use this “Lie” to say or write
something that is not true in order to deceive
RULE100: Different forms of the verb “Lie”: someone.
(2) We use “Lay” to put something in
especially a flat or horizontal position,
usually carefully or for a particular purpose.

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(3) We use this “Lie” to be in or move into a

horizontal position on a surface. (3) He lies awake at night, worrying. [V1]
A pen lay on the desk. [V2]
Examples:-
Women have lain down their
(1) I suspect he lies about his age. [V1] lives throughout history. [V3]
She lied to her parents about her new
car. [V2] RULE101: Use of preposition with the word
He has never lied to me before, so I have “Die”:
no reason to doubt his word. [V3] We use either the preposition “of” or “from”
with the word “Die”.
(2)He lays the old man on the table. [V1]
She laid the baby on the bed. [V2] We use “Die of” whenever it is talked about a
He has laid his bag on the ground. [V3] disease.

We use “Die from” whenever it is talked Besides is a linking adverb, which means
about the reason. in addition to; also.

Examples:- Examples:-
She died from overwork. [Reason] Come and sit here beside me.
He died of cancer. [Disease] She knelt down beside the child.
He died of tuberculosis. [Disease] Do you play any other sports
Trees are dying from acid rain. [Reason] besides basketball?
Besides being a doctor, he is also an actor.

RULE102: Difference between “Beside”

and “Besides”: RULE103: Certain words like “friendly,
Beside is a preposition, which means at miserly, cowardly, monthly, yearly, weekly,
manly, orderly, etc.” are adjectives and can
the side of, next to.

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

only be used as an adjective. We cannot use The workers are paid a miserly $2 a day.
them as adverb. [Adjective]
She put the letters in three orderly piles.
Examples:- [Adjective]
There was a weekly dance on Wednesdays.
He behaved friendly. [Incorrect]
[Adjective]
He behaved in a friendly manner. [Correct]
One quality she especially likes to reward is
thus held to be manly courage. [Adjective]
In the first example, “friendly” is used as Newspapers are constrained by a yearly
an adverb, which is incorrect. It should be license required from the Home Ministry.
rewritten as the second statement where [Adjective]
“friendly” is used as an adjective.
Other than the monthly meeting, not much
is going on at the association. [Adjective]
This was a particularly brutal and cowardly
attack. [Adjective]
RULE104: Position of Adverbs:

We place an adverb generally at three

different positions in a sentence: In the first sentence, “comes” is the main
verb and “often” is an adverb. So we cannot
(a)Starting of Sentence place adverb between the main verb and the
object.
(b)Between helping verb and main verb
The second sentence is the correct order of
(c)At the end the sentence structure.

*NOTE: An adverb can never be He tells always the truth. [Incorrect]

placed between main verb and object.
He always tells the truth. [Correct]

Examples:-
In the above example, “always” is an adverb
He comes often to my house. [Incorrect] and “tells” is the main verb. So “always”
He often comes to my house. [Correct] should be placed before the main verb.

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Adverb of Manner ---> Adverb of Place ---

Suddenly the phone rang. [Correct] > Adverb of Time [MPT order]

He was probably late for the interview.

[Correct] Examples:-
They ate dinner quietly. [Correct] I walked yesterday slowly. [Incorrect order]
I walked slowly yesterday. [Correct order]
There are few exceptions to this rule. I have to run quickly (manner) down the street
Adverbs like too, even , only can be (place) each morning (frequency) after
breakfast (time). [Correct order]
placed anywhere in a sentence.
Impatiently (manner), I waited by the
bank (place) yesterday (time) for my
RULE105: Whenever we place multiple father to arrive. [Correct order]
adverbs in a sentence, in that case we follow a
particular order:
RULE106: Usage of “very” and “much”:

In a sentence, both these terms are used The weather changes very quickly.
differently. I am much better now.
They both talk too much.
“Very” is preceded by Adjective’s positive
He is much interested in the project.
degree. Very emphasizes the exact identity of
a particular person or thing. Thank you so much for your help.

“Much” means ‘large in amount or extent’.

It is preceded by comparative degree and *NOTE: We do not usually use very to modify
past participle. superlative adjectives. Instead, we use much or
by far. But note that very can be used to
emphasize superlatives. It is also used with
Examples:-
first, next and last.
It is very interesting.
He is much weaker than Shyam.
Examples:-
The girl is very beautiful.

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This is the very best wine I have tasted in my

life. RULE108: Generally, Uncountable nouns
This is your very last chance. cannot be converted into their plural.
However, there are certain uncountable
nouns which are found with “s” or “es”
RULE107: “Between” is always followed by added to the end. These nouns do not form
“and” and not “to”. their plurals, rather they give a different
meaning to the word.
Examples:-
He will distribute these sweets between 4 Examples:-
pm to 5 pm. [Incorrect] Advice means suggestion.
He will distribute these sweets between 4 Advices means information.
pm and 5 pm. [Correct]
Air means the mixture of gases
He will distribute these sweets from 4 pm to 5
that surrounds the earth.
pm. [Correct]
Airs means arrogance

Wood means timber. men

Woods means forest. Issue i) Result Issues Results
ii)
Iron means a chemical element.
Offspring
Irons means fetters, chain. Wood i) Timber Woods Forests
ii) Forest
Light i) Lamp Lights Lamps
The Noun Its The noun Its ii)
Singular meaning in plural meaning( Brilliance
in (two) Only one)
Gain i) Profit Gains Profits
Abuse i) Wrong Abuses Wrong ii)
use practices( Acquisitio
ii) Evils) n of
Reproach wealth
Force i) Forces Troops People i) Persons Peoples Nations
Strength ii) Nations
ii) Body of
armed

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Examples:- He was standing with his arms cigarette

Wood is used in almost all wooden between his lips.
houses. (Timber) Pakistan is buying arms from USA.
He lives in a wood. (Forest) Every letter of a language expresses a
Woods are fast disappearing from particular sound.
india. (Forests) Please write your telegram in capital letters.
Force should be met with force.(Strength) He is a man of letters.
A force of ten persons attacked him .(Body The spectacle was horrible.
of armed men) My spectacles have broken.
The Indian Forces are known for their
bravery and loyalty. (troops)

Examples:-
He caught the old man by the arm.

The Noun Its The noun Its Letter Alphabet Letters i)

is meanings in plural Meaning Alphabet
Singular (Only (two) ii)
One) Learning
Arm Upper Arms i) Spectacle Sight Spectacles i) Sights
limb(Part Weapons ii) Eye-
of the ii) Upper glasses
body) limbs Colour Hue Colours i) Hues
Pain Ache Pains i) ii) Flags
Troubles Minute A unit of Minutes i) Units of
ii) Care time time
Manner Method Manners i) ii) The
Methods proceedin
ii) gs of a
behaviour meeting
Custom Habit Customs i) Habits Moral Lesson Morals i) Moral
ii) Duties Lesson
on goods Conduct

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ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

ii)
Conduct

Examples :-
Nouns in Their Their Nouns in
It is shameful for a man to use force with a Singular meaning Plural
meaning
woman . (Strength) Advice Counsel Advices
Informati
The forces on the border have been on
alerted. (Army) Air Atmosphe Airs Proud
re Behaviour
I shall return within three hours. (Come
Authority Comman Authoritie Persons in
back)
d s Power
Iron is useful metal. (Metal) Good Nice Goods Property(
The judge ordered that the irons of the things)
under trial should be removed. (Chains) Iron Metal Irons Fetters,
chains

Force Strength Forces Army Examples :-

Content Satisfactio Contents Things (a) He is my younger brother. ( Brother
n Contained - a singular Noun )
Respects Regards Respects Complime We are four brothers. (Brothers- sons of
nts
same parents)
Work job Works Compositi
on We are brethren of the same profession
factories .(Brethren- person engaged in the same
profession)
Examples :-
(b) The cloth from Ahmedabad is
Iron is a useful metal.
sold everywhere in India. (Cloth-
The judge ordered that the irons of the kind of cloth)
under trial should be removed. A man needs many clothes.
It is shameful for a man to use force with (Clothes-garment)
a woman.
I shall return within three hours.

. .
ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

(c) It is not possible to master of mathematics cloth

without learning formulae that govern it. Die Dies Stamps Dice Small
(Formulae- the rules of mathematics) for cubes for
A number of formulas were offered. Coining playing
(Modes of Application) Genius Geniuse Talente Dice Small
s d cubes for
Persons playing
The Plural Its Plural Its Index Indexes Table Indices Signs of
Noun of the meanin of the meaning of Algebra
Singular Noun I g Noun II content
Brothers Brother Sons of Brethre Members s
s the n of a Shot Shots Balls of Shots Firing
same community Iron from the
parents or society throw, gun
Cloth Cloths Kind or clothes Garments stroke
pieces or hit in
certain
of a
games.

Fish Fish Conside Fishes Considere or country

red d 2. House It is a This house is made
collecti separately Home building to of brick and stone.
vely live in You should go
Penny Pennies Separat Pence A It is a home now.
e coins collective particular
noun house in
which one
is living
3. Cause ‘Cause’ The scientists have
produces a not been able to tell
Nouns (in Their Examples Reason result the cause of an
pairs) proper use earthquake .
1. Habit It belongs Mohan is a victim ‘Reason’ You have good
Custom to of many bad habits. explains or reason for going to
individuals The Nigerains have justifies a the court .
It belongs strange customs. cause
to a society 4. Air ‘Air’ is Water and air

. .
ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

Wind what we sustain life. 7. Cost Amount The cost of

breathe Everyone longs for paid by the production in every
‘Wind’ is a cool wind in shopkeeper field have gone up.
what makes summer. Price
the leaves Amount What is the price of
of the trees paid by the this pen ?
move. customer.
5. Men The plural Only men of 8. Customer A buyer of Gandhi used to say
of man. It is character can make goods that a customer is
used in a nation great. Client like a God for a
People ordinary One who shopkeeper.
sense Most of the people avails That lawyer has
are superstitious oneself of plenty of clients.
persons services ?
6. Man Used in The man in the red 9. Shade A place The peepal tree
Gentlema ordinary dress is my cousin sheltered makes a nice
n sense Mr. sohanlal is a from the shadow.
Man of gentleman Shadow sun.
character The shadow The lion saw its

of a distinct shadow in the water

form or and roared at it. In the first example, “English teacher”
object . denotes “teacher from England”. In the
10. Ground It is outside The ground was second case, “Mathematics teacher” denotes
Floor the house. slippery. “teacher made up of Mathematics” and in the
It is a part I saw my books
of the lying on the floor. third example, “family members” denotes
“members made up of family”. Thus, all these
room.
sentences are not meaningful.
To correct them, we may rewrite these
RULE109: Consider these errors:
sentences in the following ways:

I am an English teacher. [Incorrect] I am a teacher of English. [Correct]

He is a Mathematics teacher. [Incorrect] He is a teacher of Mathematics. [Correct]
All his family members were going to All the members of his family were going
the temple. [Incorrect] to the temple. [Correct]

. .
ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

● ‘Alphabet’ is generally used in the

*NOTE: There is no such words “pick- singular sense. But it can also be used
in the plural sense. When different
pocketer, cousin brother, cousin sister, etc.”
languages are referred to at the same
We use “pick-pocket” and “cousin” to mean
time.
the same.
● ‘Inning’ is no word. The actual word is
Some important points ‘Innings’ and is always used in the
● Brother or sister never follows cousin. singular sense.
● Boarding is wrong use. It should ● ‘English teacher’ is slang .It should
be boarding house. be ‘the teacher of English’.
● Poor people is slang use. It should be ● ‘Agendum’ is not used in Enlgish.
the poor. Agenda (Programme-of a meeting) is
● Signature should be used in place of treated as singular in English.
the abbreviation sign. ● ‘Mankind’ is not used in the plural sense.
● Food taken once is meal and not meals. ● ‘Room’ in a compartment or on a
Meals means both lunch and dinner bench, etc. means ‘unoccupied seat’.
and we cannot take them together .

● ‘Witness’ means knowledge brought in RULE110: Use of ‘Possessive Adjectives:

proof. ‘Evidence’ denotes means of Possessive adjectives refer to words
proving an unknown or disputed fact.
which modify a noun by showing a form
● ‘Family members’ is a slang use. The
of possession or a sense of belonging to a
correct form is ‘members of the family’.
particular person or thing.
● ‘Goodnight’ is a parting salutation,
but ‘Good evening’ is a meeting Table of Possessive Adjectives and Possessive
salutation from evening till midnight. Pronouns
● ‘Wage’ when used in the singular form
means ‘punishment’ but when used in the
plural sense it means charges for the
‘labor’. Examples:-
● The use of double possessive should be Everyone should do one’s duty. [Incorrect]
avoided. It is better to write the ‘son of
Everyone should do his duty. [Correct]
my uncle’s friend’ than ‘my uncle’s
friend’s son’. One should do his duty. [Incorrect]
One should do one’s duty. [Correct]

. .
ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

when gender is not clear we give the priority

In the above examples, it is to be noted that to “his”.
words like “one’s” and “his” are not used
as possessive pronouns. These are RULE111: Use of “fewer” and “less”:
possessive adjectives as they are describing
“Fewer” is used with Countable subjects.
the noun “duty” respectively.
We use “one’s” only when the Subject is “Less” is used with Uncountable subjects.
“One” and if the subject is “Every, each,
etc.”, we use “his”or “her” accordingly. Examples:-
No less than 50 students completed the
Every girl should do her duty. work. [Incorrect]
No fewer than 50 students completed
In the above example “gender” is clearly the work. [Correct]
mentioned. In such cases, we use “her” and There is no fewer than five liters of water in
the vessel. [Incorrect]

There is no less than five liters of water in A friend of mine in my company is older
the vessel. [Correct] than me. [Correct]
The elder son of King John, Henry was
RULE112: Difference between “Elder” and nine when his father died. [Correct]
“Older”:
In a sentence, “elder” is used for someone *NOTE: Difference between “Later” and
who is in our family. “Latter”:
“older” is used for someone who is not We use later when referring to time while we
in family. use latter when referring to the second of
two persons or things mentioned previously.

Examples:- Examples:-
Bran said that he would call me later.
A friend of mine in my company is elder than
me. [Incorrect] There are two kinds of worries: those you can
do something about and those you can’t.
Don’t spend any time on the latter.

. .
ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

In a sentence, “Nearest” is used for space

Difference between “Farther” and or distance .“Next” is used for in order or
position
“Further”:-
Examples :-
In a sentence, “farther” is used for more
distant object . “further” is used for extra Delhi railway station is nearest to my house.
or additional distance Mr. gupta lives in the next house.
Examples:-
Villagers saw a temple on the farther side of Difference between “Latest” and “Last”:-
the river.
In a sentence, “Latest” is used word opposite
Suman has appealed in the high court
to Earliest, it denotes time . “Last” is word
for further judgement. opposite to first and it denotes order or
position.
Difference between “Nearest” and “Next”:- Examples:-
She is the last girl to stay in the office

What is the latest news today ? Difference between “Less” and “Lesser”:-
In a sentence, “Less” is used to denote
Difference between “Less” and “Fewer”:- something smaller in size,
measurement, duration, number etc.
In a sentence, “Less ” is used to denote
“Lesser” is used to denote something not so
quantity and is used as Singular Uncountable
Noun .“Fewer” is used to denote number and great as the other one.
is used as Plural Countable Noun. Examples:-
Maths is less difficult than Enlgish.
Examples:- She agreed to plead guilty to a lesser charge.
He has less money than I . [Correct]
He has fewer money than I . [Incorrect]
RULE113: While making comparisons, it
Money is an Uncountable noun. Notes and is necessary to look at the things being
coins are countable nouns. compared:

. .
ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

Examples:- The apples of Shimla are tastier than

The weather of Delhi is far better than Ooty. [Incorrect]
Mumbai. [Incorrect] The apples of Shimla are tastier than those of
The weather of Delhi is far better than the Ooty. [Correct]
weather of Mumbai. [Correct]
The weather of Delhi is far better than that of RULE114: The words “One of the, either of,
Mumbai. [Correct] neither of, and each of” are always followed
by plural nouns.

In the above examples, the first sentence is

incorrect as we are comparing “the weather Examples:-
of Delhi” with “Mumbai”. The comparisons One of the student was selected to
should be made on common grounds. In this
visit NASA. [Incorrect]
case, it should be compared with “the weather
of Mumbai” instead of “Mumbai”. One of the students was selected to visit
NASA. [Correct]

A person can turn on either of the light There is friendship between you and me.
bulb. [Incorrect] [Correct]
A person can turn on either of the light All but he are going to the party. [Incorrect]
bulbs. [Correct] All but him are going to the party. [Correct]
Do you go to each of the meetings? [Correct]
Let he do the work. [Incorrect]// Let is a
verb and we use objective case after a verb
RULE115: When “but, except, or between” Let him do the work. [Correct]
are used as preposition, it must followed by All except him are going to the
the objective case of pronoun (me, him, her,
party. [Correct]
you, us, them, etc.) and not the subjective
case (I, he, she, you, we, they, etc.).
RULE116: Whenever we use the pseudo
subject in a sentence, the pronoun following
Examples:-
the pseudo subject should always be in
There is friendship between you and I. subjective case and not in objective case.
[Incorrect]

. .
ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

It is a lovely day. [Correct]

Examples:- It is us who have defeated the champion.
It is him who should be blamed. [Incorrect] [Incorrect]

It is he who should be blamed. [Correct] It is we who have defeated the champion .

[Correct]
It is me who am guilty. [Incorrect]
*NOTE: Pseudo subject takes the place of
subject but cannot perform the role of subject. It is I who am guilty. [Correct]
A subject is the combination of syntax (study
of structure) and semantics (study of Here subject is day. So, ‘it’ which works as
meaning). Pseudo subject can only fulfill the
an introductory subject, is a Pseudo subject.
requirement of syntax. As Pseudo subject
semantically fails, it is called Pseudo subject.
RULE117: When we use the word “such” as
a determiner, we will only use “as” as its
Examples:-
connector.

‘Else’ should be followed by ‘but’ RULE118: While showing possession with a

‘Other’ and ‘otherwise’ are followed by plural noun, we should make sure that we
do not put apostrophe (‘s) in such a way that
‘than’
it creates a hissing sound. In English, words
creating a hissing sound are avoided.
He is such a person that you Exception:- “else’s” is grammatically correct
mentioned. [Incorrect] in spite of the hissing sound.
He is such a person as you Examples:-
mentioned. [Correct]
Government girls’s school. [Incorrect]
Such a book as this is referred by a teacher.
Government girls’ school. [Correct]
[Correct]
They want nothing else but to have
their honor and dignity .[Correct] In the first case, “girls’s” is incorrect as it
It was nothing else but sheer madness creates the hissing sound. It should be
rewritten as “girls’”.
[Correct]

. .
ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL

Some more examples:- Yours friendly. [Correct]

Jesus’ sake The kids are yours and mine. [Correct]
For peace’ sake We shall finally have what is rightfully
Residents’ Welfare Association ours. [Correct]
The ring is hers. [Correct]
Pythagoras’ theorem
The bag is theirs. [Correct]
For goodness’ sake
Their mother gets along well with
For justice’ sake
yours. [Correct]
RULE119: We never use apostrophe (‘s)
with pronouns to show possession. It is only
used with nouns. RULE120: There are certain words which
are never followed by Noun. These are
“afraid, asleep, due, ready, unable, alike,
Examples:- aware, glad, sorry, well, alone, ill, sure,
Your’s friendly. [Incorrect] worth. etc.

Examples:-
We were unable to contact him at the time.
The army is said to be ready for action.
I am glad to know the parcel arrived safely.
He likes being alone in the house.
Your painting has come out really well.
He has proved his worth to the team.

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