GEOLOGÍA

DE BOLIVIA
 Petroleum Geology &
Geophysics
Mega-Regional

Present Circulation Plate Reconstructions Maps showing Features

Local

Outcrops
Cores Logs Well-Seismic Ties
From a basin-wide scale analysis to a field-depletion scale
study, we want to integrate all available information from as
many data sources as possible
Regional Analysis Mega-Regional
Basin Analysis

Block Analysis
Prospect Analysis
Field Analysis
Compartment Analysis
Fine-Scale
• Geologic Maps • Maast. to Present Open marine

• Plate Tectonics • Cen. to Maastrictian

Mega-Regional Data
M
A
R A

• Gravity & Magnetics I

N
E
N
O
X

• Regional Seismic Lines I

C
C
• Albian to Cenomanian
• Tectonic Evolution M
A
A
R
R B

• Stratigraphic Charts I O
N N
E A

• Paleogeographic Maps
T
E

• Aptian
• Etc. G
U
L
Mitchum et al., 1977b F

• Late Jurassic to Aptian

R
I
F
T

AAPG©1977 reprinted with permission of the AAPG

whose permission is required for further use.
Por lo general, los análisis mega regionales se realizan para:

 Decidir qué cuencas tienen el mayor potencial para el

descubrimiento y la producción de petróleo o gas natural.
 Determinar cuánto ofertar por los bloques que están abiertos (o
estarán abiertos) para el arrendamiento.
 Proporcionar el entorno regional de una cuenca o subcuenca
para ayudar a comprender las características de la región.
 Para guiar los pozos de salida, es decir, aquellos que se
extienden más allá de un campo conocido en busca de una
acumulación de HC similar.
Surface Measurements/Observations Measured
Sections
– Topographic/Bathymetric maps
Local Data - Surface

– Surface geology (structure & stratigraphy)

– Nearby outcrops (or analogs)
– Heat flow measurements
– HC seeps
– Etc.

Outcrop Studies 20 ft
Subsurface Measurements/Observations Local Data - Subsurface

Data from Wells

cores, cuttings, logs
lithology, ages, geochem, etc.
Geophysical Data
Seismic (2D, 3D, 4D)
Gravity & Magnetics

Logging a Well

Vibroseis – Seismic Sources

 Data from Wells

Samples
Conventional Cores
Sidewall Cores
Cuttings
Measurements
Wire-line Logs
Pressure
Temperature
Fluid samples
Flow Properties
Vertical Seismic Profiles (VSP)
Coring apparatus positioned at the
bottom of the drill stem Well Samples:
Conventional Cores
Often gets intact samples of >1 meter
Good for analyzing lithology, sedimentary
features, porosity, permeability,
paleontology (ages, environments)
Interval is cored ‘blind,’ i.e., before the
interval is logged
Expensive (2 round trips for the drill stem
= lots of rig time)
 Step 1:
Gun in position
Small samples (1 x 2.5 inches)
Well Samples: Sidewall
30 samples per run Cores
Sampling based on logs

Step 2:
Shot fired

Gun Body

Step 3:
Core Barrels Core retrieved

Stabilizer
 Los “recortes" que suben por los lados del pozo perforan
con el fluido circulante Puede proporcionar muestras para
ciertos tipos de análisis, por ejemplo, litología,
paleontología.
No apto para porosidad, permeabilidad, estructuras
sedimentarias (las rocas se pulverizan)
Muy económico: sin pérdida de tiempo en la plataforma
PROBLEMA: no hay control sobre la profundidad de donde
provienen las muestras; podría ser de cualquier zona no
revestida (encerrada por cemento)
A well log is a record of one or
more physical measurements as

Depth
Gamma Ray Resistivity Density
Well Measurements:
a function of depth in a borehole Wire-line Logs
Examples of Logging
Tools
Property What Logs Measure

• Lithology/Mineralogy • Stratigraphy
• Porosity • Downhole Pressure
• Fluid Type • Density
• Fluid Saturation • Acoustic Velocity
• Permeability
Objective:
Take measurements at the surface that give us an image
of the subsurface

Analogy: Geophysical Data

A sonogram
 Energy An Explosion! Listening Seismic
Devices .1
.2
0 sss
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.4 s Data
Source

.8 s

Some Energy is Reflected

Most Energy is Transmitted

Some Energy is Reflected

Most Energy is Transmitted

 Device Device
#1 #2 For the explosion we just considered ...
Time

Raw Seismic Data

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 Listening device #1 records a reflection
0.5 starting at 0.4 seconds
0.6
0.7
0.8 Listening device #2 records a reflection
starting at 0.8 seconds

To image the subsurface, we use many shots (explosions)

and many receivers (listening devices) arranged in
lines either on land or offshore
 Data Courtesy of TGS
Data Processing
Stream

Field Record
(marine)
Subsurface
‘Image’