Aim:
Introduction to digital electronics lab-nomenclature of digital ICs, specification, study
of the data sheet, concept of Vcc and ground, verification of the truth tables of logic gates
using TTL ICs.
Apparatus Required:
Digital lab kit, single strand wires, breadboard, TTL IC’s
Gates IC NO.
AND 7408
OR 7432
NOT 7404
NAND 7400
NOR 7402
XOR 7486
Theory:
Logic gates are idealized or physical devices implementing a Boolean Function, which
it performs a logical operation on one or more logical limpets and produce a single output.
Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for instance
zero rise time and unlimited fan out or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device.
The main hierarchy is as follows:
1. Basic Gates
2. Universal Gates
3. Advanced Gates
Basic Gates
1. AND Gate: Function of AND gate is to give the output true when both the inputs are
true. In all the other remaining cases output becomes false.Following table justifies
the statement:
Input A Input B Output
Applications: The main AND gate application is in digital electronics and in
data transmission. It is also used in digital measuring devices, alarm circuits,
Automatic temperature-regulating circuits, Freezer warning buzzer devices
2. OR Gate: Function of OR gate is to give output true when one of the either inputs are
true. When both inputs are false, OR gate will give false. Following statement
justifies the statement:
Input A Input B Output
Applications: An OR Gate is used for circuits where multiple power sources can
power the same thing. Wherever the occurrence of any one or more than one event is
needed to be detected or some actions are to be taken after their occurrence, in all
those cases OR gates can be used.
3. NOT Gate: Function of NOT gate is to reverse the nature of the input. It converts
true input to false and false input to true. Following table justifies the statement:
Input Output
Applications: A NOT gate is Used in daily usage devices like desktops, a
crystal oscillator, tablets, and mobiles; Employed in temperature detection devices.
Complex devices such as decoders, state machines, and multiplexers also use inverter
circuits.
Universal Gates
1. NAND Gate: Function of NAND gate is to give true output when one of the two
provided input are false. In the remaining cases the output is false. Following
table justifies the statement:
Input A Input B Output
Applications: A NAND gate is used in alarm circuits through light detection
radiation, burglar alarms, NAND logic gates are utilized in automatic temperature
regulation circuits. Used for analysing the status of the sensor that is connected to
various doors and windows.
2. NOR Gate: Function NOR is to give the output true when both the two provided
inputs are false. In all the other cases output remains false. Following table
justifies the statement:
Input A Input B Ouput
Applications: NOR gates are used in combinational circuits such as multipliers,
multiplexers, half and full adders, and in ripple-carry adders. Also used in sequential
circuits and in shift registers also.
Advanced Gates
XOR Gate: Function of XOR gate is to give output true only when one input is true and
another input is false. In all the remaining cases the output is false. Following table justifies
the statement:
Input A Input B Ouput
Applications: XOR gates are used in error detection and correction in digital data
transmission, encryption and decryption in security systems, generation of control
signals, creation of adders and digital arithmetic circuits.
Procedure:
Place the breadboard gently on the observation table.
Fix the IC which is under observation between the half shadow line of breadboard,
so there is no shortage of voltage.
Connect the wire to the main voltage source (Vcc) whose other end is connected to
las pin of the IC (14 place from the notch).
Give the input at any one of the gate of the ICs i.e.1st,2nd,3rd,4th gate by using
connecting wires (In accordance to IC provided).
Connect output pins to the LED on digital lab kit.
Switch on the power supply.
If LED glows red then output in true, if it glows green output if false, which
is numerically denoted as 1 and 0 respectively.
The color can change based on the IC manufacturer it’s just verification of the
truth table not the color change
Repeat the steps for different gates.
Record the observations
Result:
All gates are verified. Observed output matches theoretical concepts.
Precautions:
All connections should be made neat and tight.
Digital lad kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
Never touch live and naked wires.
