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 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. • www.NortonEbooks.com

AMERICA
A NARRATIVE HISTORY
SEVENTH EDITION
Volume Two

George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi

AMERICA


D E TA I L O F E N G R AV I N G B A S E D O N

T H E C H A S M O F T H E C O LO R A D O

BY THOMAS MORAN
AMERICA
A N A R R A T I V E H I S T O R Y

Seventh Edition
Volume Iwo
G E O R G E B R O W N T I N DA L L

DAV I D E M O R Y S H I

W . W . NORTON & COMPANY . NEW YORK . LONDON

Copyright © 2007, 2004, 1999, 1996, 1992, 1988, 1984 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

Composition by TechBooks
Manufacturing by Quebecor, Taunton
Book design by Antonina Krass
Editor: Karl Bakeman
Manuscript editor: Abigail Winograd
Project editor: Lory A. Frenkel
Director of Manufacturing, College: Roy Tedoff
Editorial assistant: Rebecca Arata
Cartographer: CARTO-GRAPHICS/Alice Thiede and William Thiede

Acknowledgments and copyrights continue on page A104,

which serves as a continuation of the copyright page.

The Library of Congress has cataloged the one-volume edition as follows:

Tindall, George Brown.
America : a narrative history / George Brown Tindall,
David E. Shi.—7th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 13: 978-0-393-92820-4
ISBN 10: 0-393-11091-5
1. United States—History. I. Shi, David E. II. Title.
E178.1 .T55 2006 2006047300
973—dc22
ISBN 13: 978-0-393-92733-7
ISBN 10: 0-393-11091-5
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
F OR B RUCE AND S USAN
AND FOR B LAIR

F OR
J ASON AND J ESSICA
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923,
when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published
lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of
New York City’s Cooper Union. The Nortons soon expanded their program
beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America
and abroad. By mid-century, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing
program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s,
the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and
today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, col-
lege, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton & Company
stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.
 
CONTENTS

List of Maps • xix

Preface • xxi

18 | RECONSTRUCTION: NORTH AND SOUTH 659

THE WAR’S AFTERMATH 659 • THE BATTLE OVER RECONSTRUCTION 664

• RECONSTRUCTING THE SOUTH 673 • THE RECONSTRUCTED SOUTH 679
• THE GRANT YEARS 686 • FURTHER READING 698

Part Five / GROWING PAINS

19 | THE SOUTH AND THE WEST TRANSFORMED 705

THE NEW SOUTH 706 • THE NEW WEST 721 • FURTHER READING 742

20 | BIG BUSINESS AND ORGANIZED LABOR 743

THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS 743 • ENTREPRENEURS 753 • LABOR
CONDITIONS AND ORGANIZATION 760 • FURTHER READING 777

xiii
xiv • Contents

21 | THE EMERGENCE OF URBAN AMERICA 779

AMERICA’S MOVE TO TOWN 780 • THE NEW IMMIGRATION 786
• POPULAR CULTURE 793 • EDUCATION AND THE PROFESSIONS 801
• THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE 804 • THE SOCIAL GOSPEL 810
• EARLY EFFORTS AT URBAN REFORM 812 • FURTHER READING 818

22 | GILDED AGE POLITICS AND AGRARIAN REVOLT 819

PARADOXICAL POLITICS 820 • CORRUPTION AND REFORM 822 • THE FARM
PROBLEM AND AGRARIAN PROTEST MOVEMENTS 838 • THE ECONOMY
AND THE SILVER SOLUTION 846 • FURTHER READING 853

Part Six / MODERN AMERICA

23 | AN AMERICAN EMPIRE 859

TOWARD THE NEW IMPERIALISM 860 • EXPANSION IN THE PACIFIC 862
• THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 865 • IMPERIAL RIVALRIES IN EAST ASIA 878
• BIG STICK-DIPLOMACY 880 • FURTHER READING 889

24 | THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 890

ELEMENTS OF REFORM 891 • 893
FEATURES OF PROGRESSIVISM
• ROOSEVELT ’S PROGRESSIVISM 898 • ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM 902
• FROM ROOSEVELT TO TAFT 910 • WILSON’S PROGRESSIVISM 916
• LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISM 927 • FURTHER READING 928

25 | AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 930

WILSON AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS 931
• AN UNEASY NEUTRALITY 934
• AMERICA’S ENTRY INTO THE WAR 944 • “THE DECISIVE POWER” 950
• THE FIGHT FOR THE PEACE 955 • LURCHING FROM WAR TO PEACE 962
• FURTHER READING 967
 Contents • xv

26 | THE MODERN TEMPER 968

REACTION IN THE TWENTIES 969 • THE ROARING TWENTIES 975
• THE CULTURE OF MODERNISM 984 • FURTHER READING 990

27 | REPUBLICAN RESURGENCE AND DECLINE 991

“NORMALCY” 992 • THE NEW ERA 1000 • PRESIDENT HOOVER,
THE ENGINEER 1010 • FURTHER READING 1021

28 | NEW DEAL AMERICA 1022

FROM HOOVERISM TO THE NEW DEAL 1023 • RECOVERY THROUGH
REGULATION 1032 • THE HUMAN COST OF THE DEPRESSION1038
• CULTURE IN THE THIRTIES 1043 • THE SECOND NEW DEAL 1046
• ROOSEVELT ’S SECOND TERM 1052 • THE LEGACY OF THE NEW DEAL 1059
• FURTHER READING 1062

29 | FROM ISOLATION TO GLOBAL WAR 1063

POSTWAR ISOLATIONISM 1063 • WAR CLOUDS 1069 • THE STORM IN
EUROPE 1078 • THE STORM IN THE PACIFIC 1084
• FURTHER READING 1090

30 | THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1091

AMERICA’S EARLY BATTLES 1092 • MOBILIZATION AT HOME 1094
• SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR1096 • THE ALLIED DRIVE TOWARD BERLIN 1102
• LEAPFROGGING TO TOKYO 1114 • A NEW AGE IS BORN 1118
• THE FINAL LEDGER 1129 • FURTHER READING 1130

Part Seven / THE AMERICAN AGE

31 | THE FAIR DEAL AND CONTAINMENT 1137

DEMOBILIZATION UNDER TRUMAN 1138 • THE COLD WAR 1143 • CIVIL
RIGHTS DURING THE 1940S 1152 • THE COLD WAR HEATS UP 1160
• FURTHER READING 1170
xvi • Contents

32 | THROUGH THE PICTURE WINDOW: SOCIETY AND CULTURE,

1945–1960 1171
PEOPLE OF PLENTY 1172 • A CONFORMING CULTURE 1179 • CRACKS IN THE
PICTURE WINDOW 1184 • ALIENATION AND LIBERATION 1187
• A PARADOXICAL ERA 1193 • FURTHER READING 1194

33 | CONFLICT AND DEADLOCK: THE EISENHOWER YEARS 1195

“TIME FOR A CHANGE” 1196 • EISENHOWER’S HIDDEN-HAND PRESIDENCY 1198
• FOREIGN INTERVENTION 1203 • REELECTION AND FOREIGN CRISES 1209
• FESTERING PROBLEMS ABROAD 1215 • THE EARLY YEARS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS
MOVEMENT 1218 • ASSESSING THE EISENHOWER YEARS 1223
• FURTHER READING 1225

34 | NEW FRONTIERS: POLITICS AND SOCIAL CHANGE

IN THE 1960S 1226
THE NEW FRONTIER 1227 • EXPANSION OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1232
• FOREIGN FRONTIERS 1238 • LYNDON JOHNSON AND THE GREAT SOCIETY 1244
• FROM CIVIL RIGHTS TO BLACK POWER 1251 • THE TRAGEDY OF VIETNAM 1254
• SIXTIES CRESCENDO 1260 • FURTHER READING 1264

35 | REBELLION AND REACTION IN THE 1960S AND 1970S 1266

THE ROOTS OF REBELLION 1267 • NIXON AND VIETNAM 1283 • NIXON AND
MIDDLE AMERICA 1290
• NIXON TRIUMPHANT 1295 • WATERGATE 1299 •
AN UNELECTED PRESIDENT 1303 • THE CARTER INTERREGNUM 1306
• FURTHER READING 1311

36 | A CONSERVATIVE INSURGENCY 1313

THE REAGAN REVOLUTION 1314 • REAGAN’S FIRST TERM 1319
• REAGAN’S SECOND TERM 1324 • THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION 1334
• FURTHER READING 1341
 Contents • xvii

37 | TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY:

AMERICA AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY 1342
AMERICA’S CHANGING MOSAIC 1343 • CULTURAL CONSERVATISM 1347
• BUSH TO CLINTON 1349
• DOMESTIC POLICY IN CLINTON’S FIRST TERM 1353
• 1356 • ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL TRENDS OF
REPUBLICAN INSURGENCY
THE 1990S 1360 • FOREIGN-POLICY CHALLENGES 1365 • THE ELECTION
OF 2000 1369 • COMPASSIONATE CONSERVATISM 1372 • GLOBAL
TERRORISM 1374 • A STALLED PRESIDENCY 1389 • FURTHER READING 1390

GLOSSARY A1

APPENDIX A43

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE A45 • ARTICLES OF

CONFEDERATION A50 • THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES A58
• PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS A80 • A88
ADMISSION OF STATES
• POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES A89 • IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED
STATES, FISCAL YEARS 1820–2005 A90 • IMMIGRATION BY REGION AND
SELECTED COUNTRY OF LAST RESIDENCE, FISCAL YEARS 1820–2004 A92
• PRESIDENTS, VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND SECRETARIES OF STATE A99

CREDITS A104

INDEX A108
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The Mysterious Card Unveiled!

There will shortly be published in The Black Cat, under the above title, a sequel
to “The Mysterious Card,”—the startling tale which aroused more universal
interest, and caused a greater sensation than any other story of recent years.
The entire first edition (150,000 copies) of The Black Cat for February, in which
“The Mysterious Card” appeared, was sold out in three days, and a second edition
was also disposed of in less than a week.
The sequel to this marvelous story graphically unveils one of the darkest
mysteries surrounding a human life, and reveals, for the first time, the contents of
the accursed piece of pasteboard which caused Richard Burwell the loss of
friends, fortune, wife, and home.

Buy The Black Cat of your newsdealer for five cents a copy, or send fifty
cents for a full year’s subscription to the Shortstory Publishing Company,
Boston, Mass.
 Waverley Bicycles
ARE THE CHOICE
OF EXPERIENCED RIDERS.
Those who have learned to know the difference between a wheel that actually is
high grade, and one that is simply claimed to be. Others may be good, but the
Waverley is the Highest of all High Grades. REWARD of a new Waverley
Scorcher is offered to each person who recovers a stolen ’96 Waverley during
1896, payable upon presentation to us of satisfactory proof of the facts and the
sentence of the thief. This reward is open to everyone excepting the owner of the
stolen wheel, but is not payable to more than one person in any case.
ART CATALOGUE FREE BY MAIL. INDIANA BICYCLE CO., Indianapolis, Ind.

SUCCESSFUL SPECULATION.
If you want to learn how to make money in Wall Street, send for a copy of my
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E. MORTIMER PINE, Banker and Broker,
Rooms 127, 128, 129, and 130 Manhattan Building, 66 Broadway, New York.
MEMBER NEW YORK MINING EXCHANGE.

Great Innovations 1896

’96 brings to the front many bicycles having valuable improvements, born of
experience and demanded by the cyclist. To keep up with the times and demand,
the manufacturers of the “Search Light” have produced for 1896 a Bicycle Lantern
full of innovations which experience has shown were necessary to constitute a
first-class lantern and give satisfaction.

The introduction of the patent attachment for either head or fork—the

packed-oil pot whereby either kerosene or naphtha may be used and
spilling prevented—the protection of the reflectors from tarnishing or
blackening—the addition of a new and successful device which absolutely
prevents either blowing or jarring out—makes the 1896 Search Light
immeasurably superior to all others and a comfort to the user, because it
will not betray his confidence.
Sold by all cycle dealers or delivered free for the price, $5.00.

Bridgeport Brass Co.,

Bridgeport, Ct.
or 19 Murray St., N. Y.
85-87 Pearl St., Boston.
17 No. 7th St., Phila.
Send for Catalogue No. 2.

PABST
MILWAUKEE
 Thrice Blessed ...
Is He Who Takes His Own Advice
You’ve got sense. You know it. You have told yourself a dozen times you needed a
spring medicine. Were going to get that “Best” Tonic. Well, why in the name of
good sense, don’t you do it. Trot out now and get it. It may save doctors’ bills, to
say nothing of a severe sickness.
PABST
Malt Extract
will brace, build. Give vim and bounce. Get it and thus take your own advice.

Lafayette, Ind., 8-22,’95.

Ever since your excellent “Best” Tonic has been placed upon the market,
my family has been a big consumer of this preparation and I have found it
a grateful stimulant, appetizer, tissue builder and tonic. I consider it one of
the very few preparations that really do all that is claimed for it and
unhesitatingly recommend it to my patients.
DR. CHAS. HUPE.

SUPREME AWARD WORLDS FAIR

THE ART OF BREWING WAS
DEVELOPED BY THE GERMANS
MILWAUKEE BEER FAMOUS
PABST HAS MADE IT SO
 TALLY-HO
The most powerful light and the light which is thrown the greatest distance
ahead of the bicycle is that from the Tally-Ho Bicycle Lantern. It will not jar out or
blow out. Made of brass, finished in black japan and nickel like a coach-lamp, or in
full nickel. Burns kerosene. It locks on the head of your bicycle. Try one. Beautifully
Illustrated Booklet of Bicycle Sundries Free.
 THE BRIDGEPORT GUN IMPLEMENT CO.
313 & 319 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

What is the use of Patent Leather?

When I can polish my shoes with
Brown’s French Dressing
SOLD EVERYWHERE
Superior to all others for the following reasons:
1. It gives a superior Polish.
2. It does not crack or rub off on the skirts.
3. Unlike all others, it does not crack or hurt the leather, but on the contrary acts as
a preservative.
4. Has been manufactured over forty years and always stood at the head.
Ask your dealer for ...
Brown’s French Dressing
And be sure to accept no other.

To Lovers of Fascinating Tales Cleverly Told.

We will mail, postage paid, upon receipt of 25 cents, the first five numbers of
The Black Cat, from Oct., ’95, to Feb., ’96 (third edition), inclusive, containing
thirty-nine

Stories of Adventure
Stories of Mystery
Stories of Detective Life
Stories of Love
Stories of Pathos
Stories of Humor

All these stories are original, complete, captivating, and copyrighted,—“the

cleverest tales that genius can produce and money can buy.”
Address, The Shortstory Publishing Co., 144 High St., Boston, Mass.
 The Black Cat
FOR MAY,
Which will contain the following extraordinary stories, all original, complete, and
copyrighted, will be
“The Banner Number.”
For Fame, Money, or Love?—By R. Ottolenghi. The startling story of a
mysterious invention that threatened the entire destruction of spoken
language, and which did destroy three men’s belief in womankind.
A No Account Niggah.—By Leonard M. Prince, U.S.A. How a despised coffee-
colored mulatto recruit in the regular army, alone and unaided, intercepted a
band of hostile Apaches, is told in this touching tale by an officer experienced
in Indian campaigns.
A Hundred Thousand Dollar Trance.—By Eugene Shade Bisbee. The thrilling
recital of the most costly and astounding hypnotic experiment ever made, told
just as it happened in the famous Bohemian Club of a well-known city.
The Misfit Gown.—By Elmer Cook Rice. In this strikingly original and humanly
interesting tale are described for the first time the wire pullings, heart
burnings, and white-hot excitement attending an election in a modern
woman’s club.
The Shifting Sand.—By C. C. Van Orsdall. A marvelous treasure-trove,
revealed first by the wind-blown sands of the Northwest to a man engaged in
digging his own grave, but concealed again for eighteen years by the same
agency, forms the pivotal point around which moves this exciting tale of love
and adventure.
The above will positively be
THE GREATEST STORY MAGAZINE EVER ISSUED
at any time or at any price, and the publishers earnestly invite a comparison of The
Black Cat for May with any issue of any magazine or volume of short stories ever
published, either in this country or abroad.
As their present facilities for production are limited to 225,000 copies per month,
all orders for this “Banner Number” of The Black Cat should be placed at once
with newsdealers. Those who have no newsdealer should send five cents in
stamps for a copy, or fifty cents for a full year’s subscription, direct to The
Shortstory Publishing Co., Boston, Mass.
 There is only one best braid.—You will know it by the clasp—GOFF’S. Sold
everywhere or will be masked to match any goods in color—3 yds. roll 5 cents; 3¼
yds. roll 6 cents.
D. GOFF & SONS, Pawtucket, R. I.
 O TO O
Everything in Carpets, Rugs, Hangings, and Upholstery, from the Oriental to the
Occidental, from the superb antique to the attractive modern, from the choicest
luxury to the plainest every-day necessity—if it’s worth having, you’ll find it among
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John H. Pray, Sons & Co., 658 Washington St., opposite Boylston St., Boston,
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The Orient
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Graceful, Easy Running, Safe
Built like this.
An embodiment of all the most desirable features.
A Most Desirable Wheel.
WRITE FOR CATALOGUE.
Waltham Mfg. Co.,
240 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

About Lamps
(Something you may not know)
Would you care to have a lamp that you could sit by without the least uneasiness,
and safely leave in the room for hours without fear of flame-climbing—a lamp that
is odorless—will not soil table covers—run over in filling—nor bother you with
loose chimney springs?
And would it please you to know about all the latest things in lamps, and why no
one now has any excuse for using old-fashioned Illuminators when ’tis easy to
get modern lamps of brass that are as perfect as science and skill can make
them?
If so, please send for our beautiful Illustrated catalogue, free to all, of THE “NEW”
ROCHESTER LAMP [made at Bridgeport].
Bridgeport Brass Co., Bridgeport, Conn., or 19 Murray St., N. Y.
A lamp such as is described above will be delivered free for $1.20, or with
Chimney and Shade $1.75. Address 19 Murray St., N. Y., 85-87 Pearl St., Boston,
17 No. 7th St., Phila., or Bridgeport, Conn.
BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO.
 American People Read Standard Newspapers
That’s why
The Boston Daily Standard
Has the LARGEST CIRCULATION of any REPUBLICAN NEWSPAPER in New
England, a
 Fact
THAT ANY NEWSDEALER WILL PROVE.
Its CONSTANTLY INCREASING advertising patronage shows for itself how
It Pays
To interest STANDARD readers. If you are not one, WHY NOT?
Send for sample copy.

Stock Buyers and Bankers

Take care of money—subject to check—give interest on deposits.
Buy and sell for cash or margin ONLY the securities listed on New York Stock
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Investors of money
Givers of stock information, by mail or wire.
A member of our firm always on floor of Stock Exchange.
Wayland Trask & Co.,
18 Wall St., New York.

Puritana
It Cures from head to foot.
It makes the Weak Strong.
Nature’s Cure
Puritana cures disease by naturalizing and vitalizing the Power Producer of the
human system,—the stomach.
PRIZE FORMULA OF
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DARTMOUTH COLLEGE
It cures case after case, from head to foot, whether the suffering is due to
disordered Blood, Liver, Stomach, Kidneys, Lungs, Brain, Nerves, or Skin.
If you are a sufferer get of your druggist this great disease-conquering discovery,
(the price is $1 for the complete treatment, consisting of one bottle of Puritana, one
bottle of Puritana Pills, and one bottle of Puritana Tablets), all inclosed in one
package, or write to the undersigned, and you will bless the day when you heard of
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 This BLACK CAT
sees itself everywhere
and is surprised at its large number of copies.
Sapolio
brightens
everything—
 Floors, Walls,
Tins, Woodwork
Oilcloths, Metals,
All hard surfaces
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BLACK
CAT, VOL. I, NO. 7, APRIL 1896 ***

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