CE 1213

Building and Construction Materials

Slide 10
Non-structural Materials

--
Md. Kawsarul Islam Kabbo
Dept. of BECM, KUET
 PLYWOOD
INTRODUCTION
Plywood is a panel product
consisting of thin wood
veneers (plies) glued together
so that the grain direction of
each layer of veneer is
perpendicular to that of the
adjacent layers.
An uneven number of veneer
s is required to form balance
in the sheet and keep the
sheets flat and stable.
 Plywood
• Both decorative and structural
• Sheet product suitable for
– panelling
– structural flooring
– bracing
– webs in composite beams
Photo: Plywood Association
Australia

• Standard size sheet

– 2700  1200 mm
– 2400  1200 mm
– 1800  1200 mm Aboriginal Studies building,
Curtin University, Perth, WA
Photo: Geoff Boughton
 Manufacture

Photo: Geoff Boughton

• Made by gluing and pressing thin

laminates together to form a sheet
• Grain in laminates in alternate directions
- strength in two directions
face grain direction

Seven laminates
prior to gluing
and pressing grain in face laminate
Final plywood sheet
 Uses
• Panels (decorative, acoustic or bracing)
• Sheets - plate bending (flooring, formwork)
• Webs (I-beams, box beams)
• Structural or appearance function for all of
the above
 Colour-matched
ceiling panels

National wine Centre, Adelaide

Photo: Trevor Fox Australian Timber Design:
11
 Sydney Opera House
Photo: Geoff Boughton

Extensive use of wall and ceiling panels with decorative and

acoustic functions.
Chairs also feature plywood.
 Decorative plywood with structural
function

Exhibition buildings, Homebush, Sydney

Observation deck, Sydney Showgrounds
Photos: Geoff Boughton
Photos: Geoff Boughton
Decorative panels also have bracing
function Handrails are structural
 Sheets
Acts in minor axis bending in
• Flooring
– Can span in two directions
– High strength material can be used for
low profile floors

Photo: Plywood Association Australia

 Sheets

• Formwork – requires:
– Good surface finish
– Water tight construction Photo: Geoff Boughton

– Glues must be water resistant

– Strength and stiffness to prevent
failure and sagging under wet
concrete loads

Photo: Geoff Boughton

BENEFITS OF PLYWOOD
Renewable Resource - A product from a renewable resource

Beautiful - Preferred because of its warmth and natural marking

Strength - Unique cross-layered structure makes it kilo for kilo,

stronger than steel.
Efficiency - Uses more of the log than timber.
Versatility - Can be bent and formed to meet various sizes
and shapes.
Durability - Long-lasting and good resistance

TYPE OF PLYWOOD
Plywood can be broadly classed as either ‘Exterior’ plywood or ‘
Interior’ plywood. Veneer quality, glue type and timber species
are the major contributing factors that determine the application
of a plywood panel.
 Decorative Quality A

Veneer Quality
• Veneer Quality A
– High quality appearance grade Sports stadium floor

– Suitable for clear finishing Photo: Plywood Association Australia

– Specified when surface appearance critical

• Veneer Quality S
– Appearance grade
– Natural characteristics decorative feature
• Veneer Quality B
– Appearance grade suitable for high quality paint finish
• Veneer Quality C
– Non-appearance grade with solid (filled) surface
– Suitable for flooring that will have decorative overlay
• Veneer Quality D
– Non-appearance grade with open imperfections
– Suitable for structural plywood bracing
 Bond Quality
Four types of glue bonds are defined and specified in Code
Adhesives for plywood Manufacture. The bond types are A, B, C and
D, in decreasing order of durability under conditions of full weather
exposed.

A Bond Phenol, Resorcinol or Fully weather resistant

Tannin Formaldehyde
B Bond Melamine fortified Urea Partially weather resistant (2-5
Formaldehyde years exposed)
C Bond Urea Formaldehyde Interior glue - high humidity
applications
D Bond Extended Urea Interior glue - low humidity
formaldehyde applications
 Structural Plywood

Structural Plywood is manufactured to

code from softwood veneers. It is
available in grades based on face and
back veneer quality from A to D, with a
minimum F8 stress grade. Structural
Plywood is a very stable and workable
type of plywood, with numerous
applications for the building, shop
fitting, and cabinet-making industries.
The most common grades of structural
F8 Stress grade: working stress in
plywood available are CD and DD. bending is approximately 8 MPa
 Properties of Plywood
• Low variability in properties - reliable
• Usually graded as F-grade products
– (see Table 5.1 in AS1720.1 for plywood properties)
• Specify:
– Stress grade
– Thickness and number of plies
– Glues – interior, exterior, marine
– Quality of face finishes
– Species used on face and other plies
 PLASTIC-WOOD COMPOSITE
• Plastic-wood composite (PWC) consists of
two main constituent materials which are
plastic and wood.
• It is also referred to as natural fiber plastic
composite or recycled wood fiber in plastic
matrix.
• It is composed of wood from recovered
sawdust and virgin or waste plastics.
 APPLICATIONS OF PLASTIC-WOOD
COMPOSITE

Others are: park benches, pavilions, wall boards, roof boards,

decorated boards, window frames, door frames, and indoor
furniture
 Significance of Wood Plastic
• To control thermoplastic and wood wastes through
recycling process (waste management).
• Low cost and light weight tiles are produced instead of
the expensive and heavy ceramic or porcelain tiles.
• Air pollution from burning of sawdust and
thermoplastic wastes will be reduced.
• Environmental pollution caused by land-filled disposal
of spent pure water sachets will be reduced.
 What are geotextiles?
• As we know, the prefix of geotextile, geo,
means earth and the ‘textile’ means fabric.
Therefore, according to the definition of ASTM
4439, the geotextile is defined as follows:

“A permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of

textiles. Geotextiles are used with foundation,
soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical
engineering-related material as an integral part
of human-made project, structure, or system.“
• They are used to improve the performance
and reduce costs of virtually all civil
engineering structures, including subsurface
drains, roadways, railroads, erosion control
embankments, landfills, and retaining wall
systems.
• Geotextiles offers a wide variety of woven
and nonwoven paving products which are
superior in performance even under the most
demanding construction conditions which
instead make the work impossible.
Geogrids
 THE BASIC PROPERTIES OF
GEOTEXTILE
• The material should be light, thick, cheap,
strong and flexible.
• The material should be rot resistance.
• The material should have good tensile,
tearing, and bursting strength.
• It must be permeable.
• It should be inert and U.V. resistant.
• It must be compatible with constructional
material like cement, clay, lime bricks, gravel,
stones, etc.
 Application area of geotextile
Construction engineering includes:
▪ Road
▪Embankment
▪Railroads
▪Airfields
▪Retaining structures
▪Canal
▪Damp
▪Bank protection
▪Costal engineering
▪Building foundation improvement
 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)

•Fibre-reinforced plastic is a composite

material made of a polymer matrix reinforced
with fibres. The fibres are usually glass,
carbon, aramid, or basalt.

•Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), a new

construction materiel with proven structural
application.
THE DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF FIBERS AND
MATRIX
• Fiber Reinforcements: The most common types of
fibers used in advanced composites for structural
applications are:

• Glass Fibers
• Carbon Fibers
• Aramid Fibers
• Glass Fibers: The glass fibers are divided into three
classes - E-glass, S-glass and C-glass.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber

Typical Properties E-Glass S-Glass

Density (g/cm3) 2.60 2.50

Young’s Modulus 72 87
(GPa)

Tensile Strength (GPa) 1.72 2.53

Tensile Elongation (%) 2.4 2.9

• Carbon Fibers: There are many carbon fibers
available on the open market, they can be arbitrarily
divided into three grades as shown in Table

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber

Typical Properties High High Ultra-High
Strength Modulus Modulus

Density (g/cm3) 1.8 1.9 2.0 - 2.1

Young’s Modulus 230 370 520 - 620

(GPa)
Tensile Strength 2.48 1.79 1.03 - 1.31
(GPa)
Tensile Elongation 1.1 0.5 0.2
(%)
• Aramid Fibers: The aramid fibers have excellent fatigue and
creep resistance. the two most common ones used in structural
applications are Kevlar 29 and Kevlar 49.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Aramid Fiber

Typical Properties Kevlar 29 Kevlar 49

Density (g/cm3) 1.44 1.44

Young’s Modulus (GPa) 83/100 124

Tensile Strength (GPa) 2.27 2.27

Tensile Elongation (%) 2.8 1.8

• RESIN SYSTEM: The most common resins
used in composites are:

• Unsaturated Polyesters

• Epoxies

• Vinyl Esters

• Polyurethane

• Phenolics
 ADVANTAGES OF FRP

• High specific stiffness and significant chemical

adhesion
• Strong: high strength to weight ratio
• It has good fatigue, low thermal conductivity, non-
electrical and non-magnetic conductance.
• FRP allows low labour and equipment cost, lesser
time and installation cost.
• FRP availability in rolls makes it easy to transport.
• FRP

• Fibers
 APPLICATIONS OF FRP IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

• Under water repair of corroded piles:

The availability of resins that can cure in water has made it possible
to repair the corrosion-damaged piles.

• Short Span Bridges:

Many pedestrian bridges have been constructed using FRP. The
span of these bridges vary from 7 to 10 mtrs.

• Tunnel Lining:
FRP grids could be extremely effective as reinforcement for tunnel
lining using short Crete technique to form the skin surface.

• Marine Structures:
Fiberglass boats, fiberglass pretensioned piles are the common
applications in the field of marine structures
• Repair or strengthening of Structures:
A number of chimneys, columns, slabs and girders have
been repaired and strengthened with CFRP products due
to earthquake damage and/or structural needs to increase
their capacity.

• Long Span Bridges:

FRP provide unique alternative to steel and concrete
materials to construct long span bridges, which can not be
built by conventional materials.
 WHAT IS FERROCEMENT?
• Ferrocement is a form of
reinforced concrete using closely
spaced multiple layers of mesh
and/or small diameter rods
completely infiltrated with, or
encapsulated in, mortar.
• In 1940 Pier Luigi Nervy, an
Italian engineer, architect and
contractor, used ferrocement first
for the construction of aircraft Section of ferrocement
hangars, boats and buildings and
a variety of other structures.
• It is a very durable, cheap and
versatile material.
Typical section of ferrocement.

435
• While the mortar provides the mass, steel fiber
imparts tensile strength and ductility to the
material.

• More accurately, FERROCEMENT may be

considered as a special form of reinforced
concrete construction with more closely layered
wire meshes than a material of construction.

• Due to the distribution of a small diameter wire

mesh reinforcement over the entire surface, and
sometimes over the entire volume of the matrix, a
very high resistance to cracking is obtained.

• Also, toughness, fatigue resistance,

impermeabilty etc. are considerably improved. 436
 Mixture of Ferrocement
• The FC composite is a rich cement-mortar
matrix of 10 mm to 60 mm thickness with a
volume reinforcement consisting of either
welded mesh or mild steel bars.

Skeleton of ferrocement

437
• The matrix is typically rich in cement,
i.e. a cement-sand ratio of 1:1.5 or 1:2 is used.

• Portland cement, with or without pozzolana, is

generally used for FC.

• Plasticizers and other admixtures may also be

added to improve the workability.

• Therefore, sands with maximum sizes of 2.36 mm

and 1.18 mm are recommended for FC mixes.

• A water/cement ratio of 0.3 to 0.4 is

recommended.
438
 Reinforcement For Ferrocement
• Skeleton Steel Frame: It is made confirming exactly to the geometry and
shape of the structure. It comprises relatively large diameter (about 3 to
8 mm) steel rods spaced typically 70 to 100 mm. It may be tied
reinforcement or welded wire fabric.

• Wiremesh: Consists of galvanized wire of diameter 0.5 to 1.5 mm

spaced at 6 to 20 mm center-to-center, is formed by welding or twisting.

• The required number of layers of wire mesh are fixed on both sides of
the skeleton frame.

• A spacing of at least 1 to 3 mm is left between two mesh layers.

Wherever two pieces of the mesh are joined, a minimum overlap of 80
mm should be provided and tied at a close interval of 80 to 100 mm
center-to-center.

439
 Ferrocement Properties
• Ferro cement has very high tensile strength- to
weight ratio and a superior cracking behavior
• Low w/c ratio produces an impermeable structures
• Ferro cement structures have high durability ,less
shrinkage, and low weight.
FERROCEMENT COMPOSITES HAVE:
• Thickness 6 to 50 millimeters
• Steel cover 1.5 to 5 millimeters
• Ultimate tensile strength up to 34 MPa
• Allowable tensile stress up to 10 MPa
• Modulus of rupture up to 55MPa
• Compressive strength up to 28 to 69MPa
 ADVANTAGES
• Its basic raw materials are readily
available in most countries.
• It can be fabricated into any
desired shape.
• The skills for ferrocement
construction can be acquired
easily.
• Heavy plants and machinery are
not involved in ferrocement
construction.
• Being labor intensive, it is
relatively inexpensive in
developing countries.
• It is widely used due to the low
self weight, durability & versatility.
 Applications
⦿FC is a popular structural composite to manufacture
many precast products, such as watertanks, silos and
bins, pipes, shell roofs, floor units, wind tunnel,
permanent forms of concrete columns.

The major advantages are as follows;

⦿FC structures are thin and light.
⦿30% reduction in dead weight on supporting structure,
15% saving in steel consumption and 10% in roof cost
has been estimated.
⦿suitable for manufacturing the precast units which can be
easily transported.
⦿The construction technique is simple and does not
require highly skilled labour.
⦿Partial or complete elimination of formwork is possible.
⦿FC construction can be easily repaired in case of local
damage due to abnormal loads.
 Timber
Definition:
• Timber denotes wood which is suitable for
building or carpentry and for various
engineering and other purposes.

• Timber is available in a
diverse array of products and
species, including solid sawn,
moulded, and laminated
timber, as well as veneer,
plywood, and wood panels.
 Characteristics of good timbers
• Appearance: A freshly cut surface of timber should
exhibit hard and of shining appearance.
• Color: A color should preferably be dark
• Defects: A good timber should be free from series
defects such as knots, flaws, shakes etc
• Durability: A good timber should be durable and
capable of resisting the action of fungi, insects,
chemicals, physical agencies, and mechanical
agencies.
 Characteristics of good timbers

• Elasticity: The timber returns to its

original shape when load causing its
deformation is removed.
• Fire resistance: A dense wood offers
good resistance to fire.
• Hardness: A good timber should be hard.
• Mechanical wear: A good timber should
not deteriorate easily due to mechanical
wear or abrasion
 Characteristics of good timbers
• Shape: A good timber should be capable of
retaining its shape during conversion or
seasoning
• Smell: A good timber should have sweet
smell. Unpleasant smell indicates decayed
timber
• Sound: A good timber should give a clear
ringing sound when struck
• Strength: A good timber should be
sufficiently strong for working as structural
member such as joist, beam, rafter etc.
 SEASONING OF TIMBER
As fresh timber which is obtained from trees
contains about 30 to 40 % sap or moisture.
This sap is very harmful for the life of a timber.
Therefore, it is necessary to remove that sap
by applying some special methods. All those
methods which are used for removing the sap
from timber are collectively termed as
seasoning of timber.
 Advantages of seasoned timber
• It has reduced weight,
• It is strong and durable,
• It has resistance to decay or rot,
• It takes a high polish,
• It is easier to work,
• Its usability is more lengthy.
 Types of Timber Seasoning
The main types of timber seasoning are as-

(1) Natural Seasoning

(2) Artificial Seasoning

(a) Kiln Seasoning, (b) Chemical Seasoning,
(c) Electric Seasoning,

(3) Water Seasoning

 USES OF TIMEBR

• Timber is used in:

1.Building construction,
2.Construction of house posts,
3.Construction of beams,
4.Construction of rafters,
5.Construction of bridges,
6.Construction of piles, poles and railway
sleepers,
 USES OF TIMEBR

6. For furniture making.

7. For light packing cases,
8. For high packing cases (for machinery and
similar stores),
9. For manufacturing of agricultural
implements,
10. For making toys, etc,
11. For manufacturing of veneers and ply
woods.
 Preservation of Timber

• It means protecting from fungi and insects

attack so that its life is increased. The
following are the widely used:
1. Tar
2. Paints
3. Chemical salt
4. Creosote
5. ASCU
 GLASS PRODUCTION
❑Glass production involves 2 main methods:
•the float glass process which produces sheet glass
• Glassblowing which produces bottles and other containers.

❑ GLASS CONTAINER FACTORIES :-

✓ Modern glass container factories are 3 part operations: -
the batch house, the hot end, and the cold end
• The batch house handles the raw materials
• The hot end handles the manufacture proper — the furnaces,
annealing ovens, and forming machines
•The cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging
equipment.
GLASS COMPONENTS

❑Glass is an amorphous (non-

crystalline) solid material which is
often transparent and has
widespread practical, technological,
and decorative usage in things like
window panes, tableware, and
optoelectronics.

❑ The most familiar, and historically

the oldest, types of glass are based
on the chemical
compound silica (silicon dioxide), the
primary constituent of sand.
 ADVANTAGES & DIS-ADVANTAGES OF
GLASS
Advantages :-
-Can be made in different sizes
-Can be coloured or colourless
-Does not rust
-Waterproof

Disadvantages :-
-An expensive material
-Breaks easily-Melts in high
temperatures
-When broken, the pieces may
be sharp
Types Of glass
Float glass
Is Made up of floating molten glass on a bed of
molten tin.

This method gives the sheet uniform thickness

and very flat surfaces. Modern windows are
made from float glass.
Types Of Glass
Laminated Glass
Type of safety glass that holds together when
shattered
Held in place by interlayer, typically of polyvinyl
betrayal, between its two or more layers of glass
Interlayer keeps it bonded when broken.
Produces spider web pattern when broken.
Types Of Glass
Stained Glass

The term explains a glass

generally refers to glass
that has been coloured by
adding metallic salts during
the manufacture.

The coloured glass is

crafted into stained glass
windows in which small
pieces of glass are
arranged to form patterns
or pictures, held together
by strips of lead and
supported by a rigid frame.
Types Of Glass
Tinted Glass
There are many varieties into this type like tinted
float glass, including colors of dark blue, French
green, dark green, dark grey, bronze and pink.
Types Of Glass
Figured Glass
They are of two types.
1)Clear
2)Colored
The patterns are of flora, kasumi,
mistlite, Pin Head, Reeded,
Yozura, Konoha, Karatachi etc,
Types Of glass
Beveled Glass
Usually made by taking one
quarter inch thick clear glass
and creating a one inch bevel on
one side around the entire
periphery.

This bevels act like prisms in

sunlight creating interesting
color diffraction which both
highlights the glasswork and
provides a spectrum of colors
which are usually absent in float
glass.
Types Of Glass

Toughened Glass
Types Of Glass

Insulated Glass
Consists of two or more
lites of glass separated by
a hermitically sealed space
for thermal insulation and
condensation control.

Used Specially for

windows, curtain walls and
skylights.
Types Of Glass
Wired Glass
Involves steel wires
rolled into sheets of
glass.
A wire mesh is
inserted during the
manufacturing of plate
glass, allowing the
glass to adhere
together when
cracked.
Can Be qualified as
safety glass for some
applications.
USE OF GLASS IN EXTERIOR & INTERIOR
USE OF GLASS FOR WALL
Rubber
 Types of Rubber
There are two types of rubber: natural and synthetic.
Natural rubber is produced from the latex (juice) of
the Hevea Brasiliensis tree. It is, therefore, a
renewable resource, unlike synthetic rubber, which is
manufactured from petrochemicals.
➢ Compounding Heating the rubber with sulfur
or other chemical agents. This
➢ Mixing step cross-links the polymer
chains, improving the rubber's
➢ Shaping strength, elasticity, and
resistance to heat and
➢ Vulcanizing chemicals.
 Natural rubber properties
• Ease of processing
• Excellent dynamic performance with a low
hysteresis loss
• Limited high temperature resistance (max. +70C)
• Good low temperature properties (-50C)
• Ability to bond strongly with metal parts
• High resistance to tear and abrasion, can be self-
healing
• Poor resistance to sunlight, oxygen, ozone,
solvents and oils.
 Natural rubber application
• NR now finds extensive use in soil
stabilization, in vibration absorption and in
road making.
• Uses of NR in hoses, footwear, battery boxes,
foam mattresses, toys etc., are well known.
• Rubber gaskets, seals and rolls
• Electrical components
• Hose and tubing
• Vibration isolators
• Shock mounts
 Synthetic rubber
• Synthetic rubber is manufactured from oil by-
products using either solution or emulsion
polymerization techniques.

Synthetic rubber can have the following

advantages over natural rubber
•More resistant to oil, certain chemicals and
oxygen
• Better aging and weathering resistance
• Resilience over a wider temperature range.
 Plastic
• A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or
semi-synthetic organic solids that are mouldable.
• Plastics are typically organic polymers of high
molecular mass, but they often contain other
substances.
• They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived
from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.

• In Plastics, the arrangement of the individual units may be

linear or cross linked Linear or lightly cross-linked polymers
form a class of plastics called thermoplastics Heavy cross-
linking plastics are called thermosetting plastics
 TYPES OF PLASTIC MATERIALS
• Plastics, depending on their physical properties, may be
classified as thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic
materials.

• Thermoplastic materials can be formed into desired

shapes under heat and pressure and become solids on
cooling. If they are subjected to the same conditions of
heat and pressure, they can be remolded.

• Thermosetting materials which, once shaped, cannot

be softened/remolded by the application of heat.

• Out of the total uses of plastic, 80% are Thermoplastic,

and 20% are Thermosetting.
 WHAT IS CORROSION ??
• Corrosion is defined as the slow and steady
destruction of a metal by the environment.
• It results in the deterioration of the metal to
form metal compounds by means of
chemical reactions with the environment.
Thank you