COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
ARCHITECTURE
ARC 074 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2
RESEARCH WORK
● Compile your research works from P1 to P3. Make a summary
of your key learnings of all the Research you have done for
the semester.
• OCTOBER 21, 2024 •
HAZEL YMAS DE GUZMAN
S T U D E N T
MARIE ALYSSON DELA CRUZ MEJIA
I N S T R U C T O R
COMPARE / CONTRAST (SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES)
BETWEEN CONCRETE, STEEL, AND WOODEN FRAMING SYSTEM
Concrete, wood, and steel framing each have unique advantages and
disadvantages. Concrete is highly durable and fire-resistant but has a high carbon
footprint. Wood is economical and sustainable but vulnerable to fire and pests. Steel is
strong, lightweight, and recyclable but can be costly and energy-intensive to produce.
The choice of framing material depends on the specific requirements of the project,
including structural needs, environmental considerations, and budget constraints.
Types and Uses of Shallow Foundations
Shallow foundations are used when the load-bearing soil is near the surface,
typically within 1.5 meters. Their depth is usually less than their width. Different types of
shallow foundations include:
Strip Footing: Supports load-bearing walls or closely spaced
columns. More economical than multiple spread footings.
Spread or Isolated Footing: Supports individual columns.
Can be circular, square, or rectangular, and sometimes stepped
to distribute load.
Combined Footing: Supports two columns. Used when
columns are close together or near property lines to
distribute load evenly.
Strap or Cantilever Footing: Connects two isolated
footings with a strap, acting as a single unit. More
economical when soil pressure is high, and columns are far
apart.
Mat or Raft Foundation: A large slab supporting multiple columns and walls. Reduces
differential settlements and handles low soil pressure.
Types and Uses of Deep Foundations
Deep foundations transfer loads to deeper, stronger soil or rock layers, used
when surface soil cannot support the load. Typical depths are more than 3 meters.
Types include:
Basements: Provide underground working or storage space. Designed based on
functional requirements.
Buoyancy Rafts: Hollow substructures that reduce net loading on soil. Can be sunk as
caissons.
Caissons: Hollow structures constructed on the surface
and sunk to the required level.
Cylinders: Small single-cell caissons.
Drilled Shafts: Constructed in deep excavations, filled with concrete or prefabricated
units.
Pile Foundations: Long, slender members driven or drilled to
the desired depth and filled with concrete.
Key Learnings
Foundation Selection: Crucial for stability and longevity of structures.
Load Distribution: Different foundations distribute loads based on soil characteristics
and structural requirements.
Cost Efficiency: Choosing the right foundation can be more economical and effective.
Construction Methods: Knowledge of construction techniques is essential for proper
foundation implementation.
Soil and Environmental Factors: Understanding soil properties and environmental
conditions helps in selecting the appropriate foundation type.
DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT MATERIALS USED IN PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL
UTILITIES. ELABORATE HOW THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS AFFECT THE
OVERALL AESTHETIC AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF A BUILDING.
Summary:
In modern construction, the materials used for plumbing and electrical utilities are
crucial for both functionality and aesthetics. Common plumbing materials include PVC,
copper, and PEX, while electrical utilities often use copper, aluminum, and various types
of insulation materials.
Key Learnings:
Material Choice & Durability: Selecting durable materials like copper for plumbing and
electrical wiring can extend the lifespan of a building’s utilities, reducing maintenance
costs.
Aesthetics: Visible pipes and wiring should complement the building's design. For
instance, exposed copper pipes can add a vintage touch.
Structural Integrity: The right materials ensure that the building remains safe and
functional. For example, PVC is resistant to corrosion and can handle high water
pressure, enhancing the building's structural integrity.
Safety: Using proper insulation materials for electrical wiring prevents fire hazards and
ensures the safety of the occupants.
