UNIT II- BENDING OF BEAMS

PART-A
1. Define Beam.
Beam is a structural member which is supported along the length and subjected to
external loads acting transversely i.e., perpendicular to the center line. Beam is
sufficiently long when compared to the lateral dimensions.

2. What are the types of Beams?

1. Cantilever Beam 3. Over hanging beam 5. Continuous beam
2. Simply supported beam 4. Fixed beam
3. What is cantilever beam?
A beam with one end free and the other end fixed is called
cantilever beam which is shown in Fig 2.1 Fig.2.1 Cantilever Beam

4. What is simply supported beam?

A beam supported or resting freely on the supports at its both ends

is called simplysupported beam which is shown in Fig.2.2
Fig.2.2 simply supported Beam
5. What is over hanging beam?

If the one of the end portions are extended beyond the support, then
it is called overhanging beam which is shown in Fig.2.3
Fig.2.3 Over hanging Beam
6. What is Fixed beam?

A beam whose both ends are fixed is known as a fixed beam.

Fixed beam is also called as built-in or encased beam. Ref Fig 2.4
Fig.2.4 Fixed Beam

7.What is Continuous beam?

A beam which has more than two supports is known as

continuous beam. Ref Fig.2.5
Fig.2.5 Continuous beam Beam

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 1

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 8. What is meant by Transverse loading on beams?
A load which is acting vertically downward on the horizontal beam is called transverse
load
9. What are the types of Transverse load?

1. Point load or Concentrated load

2. Uniformly distributed load (udl)
3. Uniformly varying load (uvl)

10. Define Point load or Concentrated load.

A load (W) which is acting at a particular point is called Point
load. Fig.2.6 Point Load

11. What is uniformly distributed load?

A load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that

the rate of loading ’w’ is uniform throughout the length.
Fig.2.7 Uniformly Distributed Load

12. What is uniformly varying load?

A load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that the
rate of loading uniformly varies from point to point along the
beam. The load is zero at one end increases uniformly to the
other end. It is also called as triangular load. Fig.2.8 Uniformly Varying Load

13. Define shear force and Bending moment at a section. (N/D 2023, A/M 2018, N/D 18)
Shear force: Shear force at any cross section is defined as the algebraic sum of all the
forces acting either side of a beam.
Bending moment: Bending moment at a cross section is the algebraic sum of the moment
of all the forces which are placed either side from that point

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 2

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 14. What are shear force and bending moment diagrams?

• Shear force diagram shows the variation of forces along the length of the beam.
• Bending moment diagram shows the variation of bending moment along the
length of the beam

15. What is meant by positive or sagging bending moment?

Bending moment is said to positive or sagging if the moment
of the force in the left side of the beam is clockwise or right side
of the beam is counter clockwise. Otherwise, the beam tends to
bend like concave manner.
Fig.2.9 Positive Moment

16. What is meant by negative or hogging bending moment?

Bending moment is said to negative or hogging if the moment
of the force in the left side of the beam is counter clockwise
or right side of the beam is clockwise. Otherwise, the beam
tends to bend like convex manner.
Fig.2.10 Negative Moment

17. Derive the relation between bending moment and shear force. (or) What is the
relationship between SF and BM (A/M 2023, 2012, N/D-2016)
The rate of change of Bending moment is equal to the Shear force at the section,

dM/ dx = (-F)

18.How bending moment, shear force and intensity of loading are related? (N/D 2015)
(M/J-2016,)
When the shear is zero the bending moment is maximum and the shear force and
bending moment will increase when the intensity of loading is increased

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 3

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 19. Draw the rough sketch of SF and BM for the cantilever beam with point load acting
at the end.

Fig.2.11 SFD & BMD

20. Draw the rough sketch of SF and BM for the cantilever beam with uniformly
distributed load.

Fig.2.12 SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 4

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 21. What will be the SF and BM diagrams for simply supported beam of length ‘L’
subjected to central point load ’W’?

Fig.2.13 SFD & BMD

22. What are the SF and BM diagrams for the beam given below?

Fig.2.14 SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 5

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 23. Draw the SFD and BMD for the overhanging beam carrying UDL throughout its
length and supported at ‘a’ distance from end A and ‘b’ distance from end D.

Fig.2.15 SFD & BMD

24.What is the maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam subjected to
uniformly distributed load and where it occurs? (A/ M 2010)
Maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam when subjected to uniformly distributed
wl2
load is M max = and it always occurs on the middle of the span.
8

25.A simply supported beam of span 5m carries a UDL of 4 kN/m over the entire span.
Determine the maximum bending moment (A/M-2018)

wl2 4x52
M max = = = 12.5kN.m
8 8
26.When will be the Bending moment is maximum?
Bending moment will be maximum when the Shear force changes its sign.

27.Define point of contra flexure. (N/D 2010)

The point where the Bending moment changes its sign or zero is called point ofcontra
flexure.
CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 6
Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 28.A simply supported beam of 10m span is subjected to a UDL of 2kN/mthroughout its
entire span. Draw the shear force diagram. (A/M 2011, N/D 2020)

Fig.2.16 (a)

Taking moment about A,

 10 
R B x10 = 2x10x  
 2
R B = 10kN
Fig.2.16(b) SFD & BMD
R A = 10kN
Shear forceat B = −10kN
Shear forceat A = 10kN

29.A cantilever beam of length 5m carries a concentrated load of 15kN at 3m from the
free end. Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram. (N/D 2010)

Shear force calculations:

SF at C= 0
SF at B= 15kN
SF at A= 15kN

Bending moment calculations:

BM at C= 0
BM at B= 0
BM at A= -15 × 2 = -30kNm

Fig.2.17 SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 7

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 30.Draw the BMD for a cantilever of 1m span carrying couple of 1 kN/m at itsfree end.
(N/D-2017)

Fig.2.17 BMD
31. Define the term ‘simple bending’. (N/D 2011)
If a beam is bend not only due to application of constant bending moment and not due to
shear, then simple bending

32.What are the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending? (N/ D2013,2016)
The following are the assumptions in the theory of simple bending.
1. The material is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic. It obeys Hooke’s law.
2. The value of Youngs modulus is same in tension as well as in compression
3. Transverse section which are plane before bending, remains plane after bending.
4. The radius of curvature of the beam is very large compared to the cross-sectional
dimension of the beam.
5. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independently of the layer,
above or below it.
6. The resultant force on a transverse section of the beam is zero.
33.Write the theorem of bending equation. (A/M 2023)
M f E
The bending equation is = =
I y R
where, M : Bending moment
I : Moment of inertia of the section
f : Bending stress at that section
y : Distance from the neutral axis
E : Young’s modulus of the material
R : Radius of curvature of the beam

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 8

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 34. What is moment of resistance of the section?
It is the product of section modulus and the bending stress at that section.
M =f x z

35. A steel wire of 10mm diameter is bent into a circular arc of 20m radius. Determine
the maximum stress induced in it. Take E= 2 x 105 N/mm2. (N/ D 2013)
M f E
From bending equation = =
I y R
E 2x105  d 10 
f= x y max = x 5 = 50 N / mm 2  Where, y max = = = 5mm 

3
R 20x10 2 2

36.What is meant by section modulus? (M/J 2012, N/D-2018)

It is the ratio of moment of inertia of the section to the distance of plane from neutral axis.
 I
Section Modulus (Z) =  
 y
37.Compute the elastic sectional modulus of a square section of side 200mm.(A/M11)
a3 2003
Section Modulus (Z) = (for square);  Z = = 80x105 mm3
6 6
38.What is the section modulus for a circular and a hollow circular section?
 D3
i) For circular sec tion, Z =
32
  D4 − d 4 
ii) For hollow sec tion, Z =   ; Where, D = outer diameter , d = inner diameter
32  D 

39. Define shear centre. (N/D 2010)

The shear centre is the point of interaction of the bending axis and the plane of the
transverse section. It is also known as centre of twist.

40. What do you mean by shear flow? (N/D 2010)

Shear flow is the gradient of a shear stress force through the body.
41.Define shear stress. & shear stress distribution. (A/M 2010)
It is defined as the ratio of the shear force to the resisting area. The variation of shear
stress along the depth of the beam is called shear stress distribution.
FAy
Shear stress distribution = q =
Ib

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 9

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 42. Sketch the shear stress distribution across a rectangular beam section. (N/D-2017)

Fig.2.18 Shear Stress Distribution- Rectangular beam

43. Sketch the shear stress distribution of a hollow circular section. (N/D 2011)

Fig.2.19 Shear Stress Distribution- Hollow circular section

44.Sketch the shear stress distribution for a symmetrical I section and circular
section. (A/M 2011, M/J-2016)

Fig.2.20 Shear Stress Distribution- Circular section Fig.2.21 Shear Stress Distribution- ‘I’ section

45.Define flitched beam or Composite beam.

• Sometimes, the section of a beam may be constructed by
two different materials.
• This is mainly used to strengthen the material,
• E.g. Presence of steel strips in wooden beams or steel
bars in concrete beams. Fig.2.22 Composite beam
• These beams are called flitched beams or composite beams.
46. State the condition for no tension in section of a beam. (A/M 2023)
If the load acting in the middle third area or core of the section, then the material
experiences only compressive stress without producing tensile stress. i.e. Direct stress is equal
to bending stress. Minimum stress is zero, such condition is said to be no tension condition.

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 10

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 IMPORTANT POINTS TO CALCULATE SHEAR FORCE BENDING MOMENT:
SIGN CONVERSION FOR SHEAR FORCE:

i. Positive Shear Force:

If the external loads on the left of the section are acting ‘upward’ or right portion
‘downward’, it is called Positive shear force.

Fig.2.23(a) (+) ve Shear Force

ii. Negative Shear Force:
If the external loads on the left of the section are acting ‘downward’ or right portion
‘upward’, it is called Negative shear force.

Fig.2.23(b) (-) ve Shear Force

SIGN CONVERSION FOR BENDING MOMENT:

i. Positive Bending Moment/ Sagging moment:

Bending moment is said to positive or sagging if the moment of the force in the left side of
the beam is clockwise or right side of the beam is counter clockwise.

Fig.2.24(a) (+) ve Bending Moment

ii. Negative Bending Moment/ Hogging moment:

Bending moment is said to negative or hogging if the moment of the force in the left side of
the beam is counter clockwise or right side of the beam is clockwise. Otherwise, the beam tends
to bend like convex manner.

Fig.2.24(b) (-) ve Bending Moment

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 11

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE TO CONSTRUCT A SFD & BMD:

Step1: Support Reaction:

To find reaction at the support (RA & RB) in case of simply supported beam & over
hanging beams only.
 MA = 0 or  MB = 0

Step 2: Shear force calculation:

i) Point load = Load(W) in kN
ii) udl = Load(W) x Distance(L) in terms of kN
Step 3: Bending Moment calculation: (Consider the force and Distance)
i) For Point load, BM = Load(W) x Perpendicular distance(L) in kN.m
ii) For udl, BM = Load(W) x Distance(L) x Distance (L/2) in terms of kN.m
Step 4: To find maximum Bending Moment at the section: (only for Simply supported
beam & over hanging beams)
i) The bending moment will be maximum when the shear force changes its sign or zero
ii) The point where the Bending moment changes its sign or zero.
Step 5: Construct SFD and BMD

Important points to construct SFD & BMD:

(i) Shear Force Diagram
• For point load and uniformly distributed load = SFD will be Straight line
• For point load and uniformly varying load = SFD will be a Parabolic curve
(ii) Bending Moment Diagram
• For point load, BMD will be Sloping straight line
• For uniformly distributed load, BMD will be a Parabolic curve
• For uniformly varying load, BMD will be a cubic curve
(iii) Positive SF & BM
If the value of Shear and Bending Moment is positive, mark the values above base line.
(iv) Negative SF & BM
If the value of Shear and Bending Moment is negative, mark the values below base line.

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 12

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 PART-B
1. A cantilever of span 5m carries concentrated loads of 1kN, 3 kN and 2kN at 2m,3m
and 5m from the fixed end respectively. Draw SFD and BMD. (A/M 2023, 2018)
Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.25 (a)

Step 2: Shear Force

SF at D = 2kN
SF at C = 2 + 3 = 5kN
SF at B = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6kN
SF at A = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6kN
Step 3: Bending Moment
BM at D = 0
BM at C = − 2x2 = −4kN.m
BM at B = (−2x3) + (−3x1) = −9kN.m
BM at A = (−2x5) + (3x3) + (−1x2) = −21kN.m
Step 4: Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

Fig.2.25 (b) SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 13

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 2. A cantilever 6m long carries loads of 30,70,40 and 60kN at distance of 0,0.6, 1.5 and
2.4m respectively from the free end. Draw SFD and BMD for the cantilever. (A/M 2023)

Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.26 (a)
Step 2: Shear Force
SF at E = 30kN
+ ve sign indicates force acting downward at rights side
SF at D = 30 + 70 = 100 kN
SF at C =100 + 40 = 140kN
SF at B =140 + 60 = 200kN
SF at A = 200kN

Step 3: Bending Moment

BM at E = 0
BM at D = − 30X0.6 = −18kN.m
BM at C = ( −30x1.5 ) + ( −70x0.9 ) = −108kN.m
BM at B = ( −30x2.5 ) + ( −70x1.8 ) + ( −40x0.9 ) = −234kN.m
BM at A = ( −30x6 ) + ( −70x5.4 ) + ( −40x4.5 ) + (−60x3.6) = −954kN.m

Step 4: Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

Fig.2.26 (b) SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 14

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 3. A cantilever beam of 3m long carries a UDL of 2 kN/m over a length of 2m from the free
end. Draw SFD and BMD for the beam. (N/D 2008)

Step 1: Diagram

Step 2: Shear Force: Fig.2.27 (a)

SF at C = 0
SF at B = 2x2 = 4kN
SF at A = 4kN

Step 3: Bending Moment:

SF at C = 0
 2
SF at B = −2x  2x  = −4kN.m
 2
 2
SF at A = − 2 x2x 1 +  = −8kN.m
 2
Step 4: Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

Fig.2.27 (b) SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 15

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 4. A cantilever of length 3m carries an udl of 3kN/m over a whole length and a point load
of 2kN at the free end. Draw SFD and BMD diagram.

Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.28 (a)

Step 2: Shear Force:

SF at B = + 2kN
SF at A = 2 + (3x3) = +11kN

Step 3: Bending Moment:

SF at B = 0
 3
SF at A = −2 x3 +  −3x3x  = −19.5kN.m
 2

Step 4: Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

Fig.2.28 (b)SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 16

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 5. A beam freely supported over an effective span of 5m carries point loads 3kN, 4.5kN and
7kN at 1,2.5 and 3.5m respectively from the left-hand support. Construct SF and BM
diagrams.(N/D 2023)
Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.29
(a)
Step 2: Reactions at supports RA and RE:
Taking moment about A,
R E x 5 = ( 3x1) + ( 4x2.5 ) + ( 7x3.5 )
R E x 5 = 3 + 11.25 + 24.5
R E x 5 = 38.75kN
38.75
RE = = 7.75kN
5
R E = 7.75kN

We know that,
R A + R E = 3 + 4.5 + 7 = 14.5kN
7.75 + R A =14.5
R A =14.7 − 7.75 = + 6.75kN
R A = + 6.75kN

Step 3: Shear force calculation:

SF at E = − R E = −7.75kN  − ve sign indicates right side upward force

SF at D = − R E + 7 = −7.75 + 7 = −0.75kN
SF at C = − R E + 7 + 4.5 = −7.75 + 7 + 4.5 = 3.75kN
SF at C may be calculated by adding SFat D and load at C.
i.e., SFat C = − 0.75 + 4.5 = 3.75kN
SFat B = − R E + 7 + 4.5 + 3kN
= − 7.75 + 7 + 4.5 + 3 = 6.75kN
or
SFat B = 3.75 + 3kN = 6.75kN
SFat A = 6.75kN = R A
Step 4: Bending Moment Calculation:
CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 17
Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Taking moment about respective cross section to the right side.
BM at E = 0
BM at D = + R E x1.5 = 7.75x1.5 = 11.625kNm
BM at C = + R E x2.5 − 7x1 = 7.75x2.5 − 7 = 12.375kNm
BM at B = + R E x4 − 7x2.5 − 4.5x1.5
= 7.75x4 − 17.5 − 6.75 = +6.75kNm
BM at A = 0
Maximim BM will occur where the SFis zero or sign changes.
Here the max imum BM is12.375 kN.m where the SFis zero.

Step 5: Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram:

Fig.2.29 (b)SFD & BMD

6. A simply supported beam of span 10m carries a concentrated load of 10 kN at 2 m from

the left support and a uniform
ly distributed load of 4 kN/m over the entire length. Sketch the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the beam. (A/M 2023, N/D- 2016)
Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.30(a)
(a)

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 18

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step 1: Reactions RA & RC
Taking moment about A,
 10 
R C x10 =  4x10x  + (10x2 )
 2
R C x10 = 220
220
RC = = 22kN
10
R A + R C = ( 4x10 ) + 10 = 50kN
R A = 50 − R C = 50 − 22 = 28kN
 R A = 28kN
Step 2: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at B(without point load) = −22 + 4x8 =10kN
SF at B(with point load) = 10 + 10 = 20kN
SF at A = R A = 28kN
Step 3: Bending Moment Calculation:
BM at C = 0
8
BM at B = Rc x8 − 4 x8 x = 48kN .m
2
BM at A = 0
The SF changes its sign at a dis tan ce of ' x ' fromC .
SF equation at that po int is
SFx = −22 + 4 x = 0
x = 5.5 fromC
5.5
The max imumBM , M max = 22 x5.5 − 4 x5.5 x = 60.5kN .m
2
Step 4: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.30(b) SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 19

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 7. A beam 8m long is simply supported at the ends and carries a uniformly distributed load
of 1500N/m and three concentrated loads of 1000N,2000N and 4000N acting respectively at
the left quarter point, center point and right quarter point. Draw SFD and BMD.
Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.31(a)
(a)
Step 1: Reactions RA & RC
Taking moment about A,
 8
R E x8 = 1500x8x  + (1000x2 ) + ( 2000x4 ) + ( 4000x6 )
 2
R E x8 = 82000N
82000
RE = = 10250kN
8
R A + R E = (1500x8 ) + 1000 + 2000 + 4000
R A + R E = 19000kN
R A = 19000 − R E = 19000 − 10250
 R A = 8750N

Step 2: Shear Force Calculation:

SF at E = −R E = −10, 250N
SF at D (without point load)
= − R E + 1500x2
= − 10250 + 1500x2
= − 7250N
SF at D(with point load)
= −7250 + 4000
= − 3250N
SF at C(without point load)
= −3250 + 1500x2
= − 250N

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 20

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 SF at C(with point load)
= − 250 + 2000 = 1750N
SF at C(without point load)
=1750 + 1500x2 = 4750N
SF at B(with point load)
= 4750 + 1000 = 5750N
SF at A = R A = 8750N

Step 3: Bending Moment Calculation:

BM at E = 0
2
BM at D = R E x2 − 1500x2x
2
BM at D = 10250x2 − 3000 = 17500Nm
4
BM at C = R E x4 − 1500x4x − 4000x2 = 21000Nm
2
6
BM at B = R E x6 − 1500x6x − 4000x4 − 2000x2
2
= 14500Nm
BM at A=0
Step 4: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.31(b) SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 21

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 8. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam of span
9m. The beam carried a UDL of 10kN/m for a distance of 6m from the left support. Find the
maximum value and their position. Give the values at important points in the diagram.(N/D
2008)
Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.32(a)
(a)
Step 1: Reactions RA & RC
Taking moment about A,
6
R C x9 = 10x6x = 180kN
2
180
RC = = 20kN
9
R A + R C = 10x6 = 60kN
R A = 60 − R C = 60 − 20 = 40kN
 R A = 40 kN
Step 2: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at C = −R C = −20kN
SF at B = −20kN
SF at A = R A = 40kN
Step 3: Bending Moment Calculation:
BM at C = 0
BM at B = R C x3 = 20x3 = 60kN.m
BM at A = 0
Join all the values between A& B by parabolic curves as shown in Figure.
BM will be maximum when SF is zero. The SF is zero at a point ‘x’ distance from A
The SF equation when it is zero,
SFx = RA − 10 x x = 0
40 − 10 x = 0
40
x= = 4m
10
The max imum BM ,
4
M max = RA x 4 − 10 x 4 x
2
= 40 x 4 − 80
M max = 80kN .m

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 22

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step 4: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.32(b) SFD & BMD

9. Analyze the simply supported beam shown in figure and sketch the SF and BM diagram.
Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.33(a)
(a)
Step 2: Reactions RA & RC
Taking moment about A,
4 
R D x7 = 20x4x  + 2  + 36x2
2 
R D x7 = 392
392
RD = = 56kN
7
R A + R D = ( 20x4 ) + 36
R A + R D = 116kN
R A = 116 − R D = 116 − 56
 R A = 60kN

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 23

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step 3: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at D = −R D = −56kN
SF at C = − 56kN
SF at B(without point load) = − 56 + 20x4 = 24kN
SF at B(with point load) = 24 + 36 = 60kN
SF at A = R A = 60kN
Step 4: Bending Moment Calculation:
BM at D = 0
BM at C = R D x1 − 56x1 = 56kNm
4
BM at B = R D x5 − 20x4x
2
BM at B = 56x5 − 160 = 120kN.m
BM at A = 0
Join all the values between A& B by parabolic curves as shown in Figure.
SF is zero at x dis tan ce from D
SF equation at that po int is
SFx = −56 + 20( x − 1) = 0
x = 3.8m from D
BM is maximum where the SF changes its sign.
 3.8 − 1 
Maximum BM, M max = 56x3.8 − 20x ( 3.8 − 1) x  
 2 
Maximum BM, M max = 134.48kN.m

Step 5: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.33(b) SFD&BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 24

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 10. A simply supported girder 9m long is loaded with a udl of 1800N per meter over a
length of 4m from the left end. Draw BM and SF diagrams for the girder and calculate the
magnitude and position of the maximum.
Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.34(a)
Step 2: Reactions(a)
RA & RC
Taking moment about A,
4
R D x9 = 1800x4x
2
R C = 1600 N
R A + R C = 1800x4 = 7200kN
R A = 7200 − 1600 = 5600N
Step 3: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at C = −R C = −1600N
SF at B = − 1600N
SF at A = R A = 5600N
Step 4: Bending Moment Calculation:
BM at C = 0
BM at B = R C x5 = 1600x5 = 8000Nm
BM at A = 0
Join all the values between A& B by parabolic curves as shown in Figure.
SF changes its sign at x dis tan ce from end C.SF equation at that po int is
SFx = −1600 + 1800( x − 5) = 0
x = 5.89m
BM at that point is the max imum,
 5.89 − 5 
M max = R c x5.89 − 1800x(5.89 − 5)  
 2 
 0.89 
= 1600x5.89 − 1800x0.89x  
 2 
M max =8711.11Nm

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 25

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step 5: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.33(b) SFD & BMD

12. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the beam shown in Figure indicating principal values of BM.
Step 1: Reactions RA & RC
Taking moment about A,
Fig.2.35(a)
1  1   8 (a)
R C x8 = x2.5x5x   x2.5  + 8  + 10x8x + 20x6
2  3   2
R C x8 = 495.2
495.2
RC = = 61.9kN
8
1
R A + R C = x2.5x5 + 10x8 + 20 = 106.25kN
2
R A = 106.25 − R C = 106.25 − 61.9
R A = 44.35kN
Step 2: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at D = 0
SF at C(without reaction R C )
1
= x2.5x5 = 6.25kN
2

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 26

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 SF at C(with reaction R C )
= 6.25 − R C = 6.25 − 61.9
= 55.65kN
SF at B(without point load)
= − 55.65 + 10x2 = −35.65kN
SF at B(with point load)
= − 35.65 + 20 = −15.65kN
SF at A = R A = 44.35kN
Join the values CD by parabolic curve and all other values by inclined straight lines as shown in Figure.

Step 3: Bending Moment Calculation:

BM at D = 0
1 1
BM at C = − x2.5x5x x2.5
2 3
BM at C = −5.208kN.m
1  1   2
BM at B = − x2.5x5x  x2.5  + 2  + 61.9x2 − 10x2x
2  3   2
BM at B = 86.09kN.m
BM at A = 0
Join all the values between AB& C by parabolic curves and CD by a cubic curve as shown in Figure.
Step 4: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.35(b) SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 27

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 13. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam loaded as shown,
locate the point of contraflexure and find the maximum and minimum values of BM.

Fig.2.36(a)
(a)
Step 1: Reactions RB& RC

Taking moment about B,

10 3
R C x8 = 6x10x − 6x3x − 6
2 2
 −6kN / m due to anticlockwise couple 
R C = 33.375kN
R B + R C = 6x13 = 78kN
R B = 78 − 33.375 = 44.625kN
R A = 44.625kN
Step 2: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at D = 0
SF at C(without reaction R C )
= 6x2 = 12kN
SF at C(with reaction R C )
= 6x2 − 33.375 = −21.375kN
SF at B(without reaction R B )
= 6x10 − 33.375 = 26.625kN
SF at B(with reaction R B )
= 6x10 − 33.375 − 44.625 = −18kN
SF at A = 6x13 − 33.375 − 44.625 = 0
Join all the values as shown in Figure.

Step 3: Bending Moment Calculation:

BM at D = 0
2
BM at C = −6x2x
2
BM at C = −12kN.m

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 28

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 10
BM at B = −6x10x + 33.375x8
2
BM at B = −33kN.m
BM at A = 0
Maximum Bending Calculation:
Taking the SF at a dis t an ce ' x ' from D.
SFx = 6 x x − 33.375 = 0
x = 5.5625m from D
5.5625
Maximum BM : M max = −6 x5.5625 x + 33.375(5.5625 − 2)
2
M max = 26.07 kN .m
Join all the values by parabolic curve as shown in Figure.

Result: Minimum value of BM =0

Maximum value of BM =26.07 kN.m

Step 4: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.36(b) SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 29

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 14. Draw the SF and BM diagrams for the beam shown below. Find the maximum
values and their positions. Give the values at important points in the diagram.(N/D
2011)

Fig.2.37(a)
Step 1: Reactions(a)RA& RB
Taking moment about A,
6
R B x4 = 2x6x + 2x6
2
R B = 12 kN
R A + R B = 2x6 = 14kN
R A = 14 − R B = 14 − 12 = 2kN
R A = 2kN
Step 2: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at C = 2kN
SF at B(without point load) = 2 + 2x2 = 6kN
SF at B(with point load) = 6 − R B = 6 − 12 = −6kN
SF at A = R A = 2kN
Join all the values as shown in Figure.

Step 3: Bending Moment Calculation:

BM at C = 0
 2
BM at B = ( −2x2 ) +  −2x2x  = −8kN.m
 2
BM at A = 0

Maximum Bending Calculation:

Taking the SF at a dis t an ce ' x ' from C.
SFx = 2 − 12 + 2 X x = 0
− 10 + 2 x = 0
2 x = 10
x = 5m from C
5
Maximum BM : M max = −2 x5 + 12 ( 5 − 2 ) − 2 x5 x
2
M max = 1kN .m
Join all the values by parabolic curve as shown in Figure.
Maximum value of BM =1 kN.m occurs at a distance of 5m from end C

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 30

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step 4: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.37(b) SFD & BMD

15. Draw the Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for the loaded beam shown in
Figure.2.38(a)

Fig.2.38(a)
Step 1: Reactions RA& RB
(a)
Taking moment about A,
11  2
R B x8 = 10x11x +  −10x2x 
2  2
R B = 73.125kN
R A + R B = 10x13 = 130kN
R A = 130 − R B
= 130 − 73.125
R A = 56.845kN
Step 2: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at D = 0
SF at B(without reaction R B ) =10x3 = 30kN
SF at B(with reaction R B ) = 30 − 73.125 = −43.125kN

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 31

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 SF at A(without reaction R A )
= 10x11 − 73.125 = 36.875kN
SF at A(with reaction R A )
= 36.875 − 56.875 = −20kN
SF at C = 0
Join all the values as shown in Figure.

Step 3: Bending Moment Calculation:

BM at D = 0
3
BM at B = − 10x3x = −45kN.m
2
11
BM at A = − 10x11x + 73.125x8 = −20kNm
2
BM at C = 0

Maximum Bending Calculation:

Taking the SF at a dis t an ce ' x ' from D.
SFx = 10 X x − RB
10 X x − 73.125 = 0
x = 7.3125m
x = 7.3125 m from D
7.3125
Maximum BM : M max = −10 x7.3125 x + 7.3125 ( 7.3125 − 3)
2
M max = 47.988 kN .m
Step 4: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.38(b) SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 32

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 16. A beam 6m long rests on supports 5m apart, the right-hand end is overhanging by
1m. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 20kN/m over the entire length of
the beam. Draw SFD and BMD indicating the maximum BM and the point of
contraflexure.
Step 1: Diagram

Fig.2.39(a)
Step 1: Reactions RA& RB
Taking moment about A,
6
R B x5 = 20x6x
2
360
RB = = 72kN
5
R A + R B = 20x6 = 120kN
R A = 120 − R B
= 120 − 72
R A = 48kN
Step 2: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at C = 0
SF at B(without reaction R B ) = 20x1 = 20kN
SF at B(with reaction R B ) = 20 − 72 = −52kN
SF at A = R A = 48kN
Join all the values as shown in Figure.
Step 3: Bending Moment Calculation:
BM at C = 0
1
BM at B = − 20x1x = −10kN.m
2
BM at A = 0

Step 4 : Maximum Bending Calculation:

Taking the SF at a dis t an ce ' x ' from C.
SFx = 20 X x − 72
x = 3.6 m
3.6
Maximum BM : M max = −20 x3.6 x + 72 ( 3.6 − 1)
2
M max = 57.6 kN .m

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 33

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step 5 : Point of Contraflexure:
Point of contraflexure is the point where BM is zero. Consider the point which is ‘y’ distance
from C where the BM is zero
Taking moment about that point.
y
M y = −20X y X + 72 ( y − 1) = 0
2
− 10y + 72y − 72 = 0
2

10y 2 − 72y + 72 = 0
+72  722 − 4x10x72
y=
2x10
 y = 6or1.2m
y = 6 is not a possible value
 The point of contraflexure is 1.2m from C.

Step 4: SF & BM DIAGRAM

Fig.2.39(b)SFD & BMD

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 34

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 SIMPLE BENDING EQUATION:
M f E
The bending equation is = =
I y R
where, M : Bending moment
I : Moment of inertia of the section
f : Bending stress at that section
y : Distance from the neutral axis
E : Young’s modulus of the material
R : Radius of curvature of the beam

MOMENT OF INERTIA(I), y and SECTION MODULUS (Z) FOR VARIOUS SECTIONS:

Section y I Z

d bd 3 bd 2
2 12 6

D BD3 − bd 3 BD3 − bd 3
2 12 6D

d  d4  d3
2 64 32

D  (D 4 − d 4 )   D4 − d 4 
x 
2 64 32  D 

1 bh 3 bh 3
from AB I AB = ZAB =
3 12 4

2 bh 3
from C ICG =
3 36

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 35

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 M f E
17. Derive an expression for = = or bending formula. (N/D 2018, A/M 12,10)
I y R

Let us consider a beam acted upon by two equal moments (M) at ends as shown in
Fig.2.40. The Bending moment induced by the moment tends to bend in a concave manner.
So, the top surfaces (AC) are subjected to compressive stresses and contract while the bottom
surfaces (BD) are subjected to tensile stresses and extend.
However, there is a layer EF in between top and bottom, which will retain its original
length even after bending (E′F′). This layer EF which is neither compressed nor stretched is
known as the neutral layer or neutral plane.
In Fig, GH represents a typical layer of material at a distance, ’y’ from neutral plane. R
is the radius of curvature of the portion of the neutral layer in the bend beam.

Fig.2.40

The following steps are involved in the development of bending theory.

a. Determination of strain in layer G′H′

b. Evaluation of stress in this layer by means of Young′s modulus.
c. Determination of load carried by the strip of cross section at a distance y from
neutral plane
d. Calculating the moment produced by this load about neutral plane, and summation of
the total moment of all such strip loads

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 36

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step(a): Determination of strain in layer G’H’
Change in length of layer GH after bending = G 'H '− GH
Change in length G 'H '− GH
Strain in layer GH = =
Original length GH
But, GH = EF and EF = E 'F'(because of neutral plane)
G 'H '− E 'F'
 Strain in layer GH =
E 'F'

Expressin g the above equation in terms of R and 

The arclength G 'H ' = ( R + Y )
The arclength E 'F' = R

 Strain in layer G 'H ' =

( R + Y )  − R
R
R + y − R
=
R
y
=
R

Step(b): Stress (σb) in layer G’H’

We know that young 's mod ulus,
Stress ( b )
E=
Strain
  b = E x Strain
y
 b = E x
R
E b
 = ...................... (1)
R y

Step©: Load carried by G’H’

Let a – Area of cross section of strip at G’H’

We know that,
Load
Stress =
Area
 Load = Stress x Area
Ey E
= x a = x ay
R R
E
 Load = x ay
R
CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 37
Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step(d): Moment of layer at G’H’
Moment (M) of the load on this strip about neutral layer

M = Load x Dis tan ce

E  E
=  x ay  x y = x a y 2
R  R

The total moment of the beam section made up of all such moments

E E
= . a y2 = .  a y2
R R

But,  a y 2 is the second moment of area and it has been defined as moment of inertia,

E
So, M= xI
R
I =  ay 2
E M
 = ............................ (2)
R I
Therefore, the equation of bending is given by

M b E
= =  Combining (1) & (2)
I y R

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 38

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 18. The cross section of the beam is shown in Fig.2.42. This
beam is of cantilever type and carries a udl of 16kN/m. If the
span of the beam is 2.5m, determine the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses in the beam.
Given: udl = 16kN/m, L=25m
Solution:
Step 1 : Area of the Section: Fig.2.41
Area of the sec tion (1),a1 = 50x10 = 500mm 2
Area of the sec tion (2),a 2 = 15x35 = 525mm 2
Step 2 :Centroid of the Section:

y1 for sec tion (1) from bottom most layer

10
y1 = 35 += 40mm
2
y 2 for sec tion (2) from bottom most layer
35
y1 =
= 17.5mm
2
For unsymmetrical section, the centre of gravity of the section is placed ‘y’ mm from the
bottom face. The y may be calculated using the following formula.
a1y1 + a 2 y 2
y=
a1 + a 2
500x40 + 525x17.5
y= = 28.47mm
500 + 525

Step 3 :Moment of Inertia of the Section:

Moment of inertia of rectangle (1) about the axis through its C.G and parallel to X-X axis
3
bd 3 50x10
IG1 = = = 4166.667mm 4
12 12
From parallel axis theorem moment of inertia of rectangle (1) from X − X axis
I1 = IG1 + a1h12
h1 = Dis ta a n ce between C.G of the sec tion(1) from reference line and the y.
h1 = y1 − y = 40 − 28.47 = 11.53mm
I1 = 4166.667 + 500x11.532
I1 = 70637.11mm 4

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 39

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Similarly for sec tion(2)
I 2 = IG 2 + a 2 h 2 2  h 2 = y − y2 
I 2 = IG 2 + a 2 ( y − y 2 )
2

15x353
I2 = + 525x ( 28.47 + 17.5 )
2

12
I 2 = 53596.75 + 63178.97
I1 = 116772.72 mm 4
Now moment of inertia of whole sec tion about x axis,
I XX = I1 + I 2
I XX = 70637.11 + 116772.72
I XX = 187409.83 mm 4

Step 4:Maximum compressive stress:

M 
We know that, = b
I y
2.5
Where, Moment, M = 16x2.5x = 50kN.m
2
The maximum compressive stress is at top most layer of the beam.
 The dis tan ce from y to top layer is,
y = 45 − 28.47 = 16.53mm
M
  b = xy
I
50
b = x16.53
187409.83
 b = 4.4x10−3 kN / mm 2
 b = 4.4x103 kN / m 2

Step 5:Maximum Tensile stress:

The maximum tensile stress is on the bottom most layer of the beam.
M
  b = xy
I
50
b = x22.47 = 7.59 x10−3 kN / mm 2
187409.83
 b = 7.59 x103 kN / m 2

1. Maximum compressive stress  b = 4.4x103 kN / m 2

Result:
2. Maximum tensile stress  b = 7.59x103 kN / m 2

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 40

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 19. Find the dimensions of a timber joist span 5m to carry a brick wall 200mm thick and
3.2m high, if the weight of brickwork is 19kN/m3 and the maximum stress is limited to
8N/mm2. The depth is to be twice the width.(N/D 2016)
Given: L=5m
Dimensions of brick wall:
Thickness, t = 200mm = 0.2m, Height, h=3.2m , Density, p=19kN/m3,σbmax=8N/mm2, d= 2b
To find: Dimensions of timber joist (i.e., b and d)

Solution:
Weight of the brick wall, W =  x t x h x l
W = 19 x 0.2 x 3.2 x 5
W = 60.8kN
The brick wall is spread over entire length of the timber joist, therefore it is considered as UDL
wl 60.8x5
Maximum BM = =
8 8
= 38kN.m = 38x106 N.mm
bd 3
I =
12
bx ( 2b )
3
8b 4 4
= = m
12 12
d 2b
y= = =b
2 2
 8b 4 
 
I  12  8b3
Section mod ulus, z = = =
y b 12
Moment of resis tan ce, M =  b x z
8b3 8 3
= 8x = b N.mm
12 6
Equating the moment of resis tan ce to max imum BM,
8b3
= 38x106
6
b3 = 28.5x106  b = 305.45mm
d = 2b = 2x305.45 = 610.9 mm

Result: Dimension of the timber joist,

Breadth, b = 305.45 mm
Depth, d = 610.9mm

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 41

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 20. Find the dimensions of a timber beam of span 4.38 m to carry a uniformly distributed
load of 20kN/m, if the width of the joist is half the depth and the permissible stress is
limited to 9Mpa. (A/M 2011)
Given: L=4.38m, udl, w = 20kN/m, width, b= ½ depth ,
d i.e., d= 2b, Bending stress, σb=9Mpa = 9 N/mm2.
To find: Dimensions of timber joist (i.e., b and d)
Solution: Fig.2.42

For the simply supported beam as shown in Fig.2.41

wl2 20x4.382
Maximum BM = =
8 8
= 47.96kN.m = 47.96x106 N.mm
d
y max = = b
2
bd 3
I =
12
bx ( 2b )
3
8b 4
= = mm 4
12 12
M 
By u sin g the relation, = b
I y
47.96x106 9
=
8 4 b
xb
12
b3 = 7.99x106  b = 199.94mm
d = 2b = 2x199.94 = 399.88mm

Result: Dimension of the timber joist,

Width, b = 199.94 mm
Depth, d = 399.88 mm

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 42

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 21. A T-section of a beam has the following dimensions. Width of flange 100mm, overall
depth 80mm, thickness of the web 10mm, thickness of flange 10mm. Determine the
maximum bending stress in the beam, when a bending moment of 200N.m is acting on the
section.
Given:
Bending Moment, M=200 N.m =200x103 N.mm

Solution:
Step 1 : Area of the Section:
Area of the sec tion (1),a1 = 100x10 = 1000mm 2
Area of the sec tion (2),a 2 = 70x10 = 700mm 2
Fig.2.43
Step 2 :Centroid of the Section:

y1 for sec tion (1) from bottom most layer

10
y1 = 70 +
= 75mm
2
y 2 for sec tion (2) from bottom most layer
70
y1 =
= 35mm
2
For unsymmetrical section, the centre of gravity of the section is placed ‘y’ mm from the
bottom face. The y may be calculated using the following formula.
a1y1 + a 2 y 2 1000x75 + 700x35
y= = = 58.53mm
a1 + a 2 1000 + 700

Step 3 :Moment of Inertia of the Section:

Moment of inertia of rectangle (1) about the axis through its C.G and parallel to X-X axis
3
bd3 100x10
IG1 = = = 8333.33mm 4
12 12
From parallel axis theorem moment of inertia of rectangle (1) from X − X axis
I1 = IG1 + a1h12
h1 = Dis ta a n ce between C.G of the sec tion(1) from reference line and the y.
h1 = y1 − y = 75 − 58.53 = 16.74mm
I1 = 8333.33 + 1000x16.742
I1 = 2.79x105 mm 4

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 43

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Similarly for sec tion(2)
I 2 = IG 2 + a 2 h 2 2  h 2 = y − y2 
I 2 = IG 2 + a 2 ( y − y 2 )
2

10x703
I2 = + 700x ( 58.53 − 35 )
2

12
I 2 = 6.73x105 mm 4
Now moment of inertia of whole sec tion about x axis,
I XX = I1 + I 2
I XX = 2.79x105 + 6.73x105
I XX = 9.52x105 mm 4

Step 4:Maximum bending stress:

M b
=
I y
200x103 b
5
=
9.52x10 58.53
 b = 12.29 N / mm 2

Result: Maximum bending stress  b = 12.29N / mm 2

21. A simply supported timber beam of span 6m carries a UDL of 2kN/m over the entire
span and a point load of 9kN at 2.5m from the left support. If the bending stress in
timber is not to exceed 8N/mm2, design a suitable section or the beam. The depth of
beam equals twice the breadth.(A/M 2011)

Given: L=6m, UDL, w1 = 12kN/m, point load, W= 9kN, Bending stress σb = 8 N/mm2, d=2b

To find: Depth and Breadth

Step 1: Reactions RA & RC
Taking moment about A,
6
R c x6 = 12x6x + 9x2.5
2
R c = 39.75kN
R A + R c = 12x6 + 9 = 81kN
R A = 81 − 39.75 = 41.25kN

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 44

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step 2: Shear Force Calculation:
SF at C = −R C = −39.75kN
SF at B(without point load)
= −R C + 12x3.5
= − 39.75 + 42
= 2.25N
SF at B(with point load)
= 2.25 + 9 = 11.25kN
SF at A = R A = 41.25kN

From SFD, SF changes it sign at a distance of ‘x’ from C. Therefore, the maximum BM lies at
that point.

Fig.2.44

Step 3: Maximum Bending Moment Calculation:

The SF equation at that po int is,
SFx = − Rc + 12 X x = 0
39.75
x= = 3.3125 m from end C.
12
Therefore max imum BM ,
x
M max = Rc X x − 12 X x X
2
( 3.3125)
2

= 39.75 X 3.3125 − 12 X
2
CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 45
Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 M max = 65.83kN .m = 65.83 X 106 N .mm
d
y = =b
2
bd 3 bX ( 2b )
3
8b 4
I = = =
12 12 12

Step 4: Dimension of the beam:

By u sin g the relation,

M b
=
I y
65.83x106 8
=
8 4 b
xb
12
b3 =12.3x106  b = 231.12mm
d = 2b = 462.24mm

Result: Dimension of the beam,

Width, b = 231.12 mm
Depth, d = 462.24 mm

22. A rectangular timber beam of span 6m and cross-sectional dimensions 200x400mm is

freely supported at the ends. It carries a UDL of 10kN/m run for the entire span and a
concentrated load of 12kN at the center. Find the maximum bending stress and draw the
bending stress diagram.
Given: Width, b= 200mm, Depth, d = 400mm
To find: Bending stress and Bending stress diagram
Solution:

Fig.2.46
Fig.2.47

The given beam is symmetric about Y-Y axis, therefore the maximum BM is acting at
center.

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 46

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step 1: Reactions RA & RC
Taking moment about A,
6
R c x6 = 10x6x + 12x3
2
R c = 36kN
R A + R c = 10x6 + 12 = 72kN
R A = 72 − R C = 72 − 36 = 36kN
RA = RC
Since the beam is symmetric about Y-Y axis.

Therefore max imum BM,

M max = R c X3 = 36x3 = 108kN.m

d 400
y = = = 200mm
2 2
bd 3 200x4003
I= = = 10.667x108 mm 4
12 12

Step 4: Maximum bending stress:

By u sin g the relation,

M b
=
I y
108x106 
8
= b
10.667x10 200
 b = 20.25N / mm 2

Result: Maximum bending stress, σb=20.25N/mm2

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 47

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 23. A beam 150mm wide and 300mm deep is simply supported over a span of 6m. Find the
maximum UDL the beam can carry if the bending stress is not to exceed 8N/mm2.
Given: Width, b= 150mm, Depth, d = 300mm, L= 6m = 6000mm, udl = w N/m, Bending stress
σb= 8N/mm2
To find: Maximum UDL the beam can carry.
Solution:
bd3 150x3003
I = = = 3.37x108 mm 4
12 12
Fig.2.48
d 300
y = = = 150 mm
2 2
Maximum BM for simply sup ported beam carrying UDL throughout the length,
wl2 wx ( 6000 )
2

M max = = = 4.5x106 x w
8 8
M 
By u sin g the relation, = b
I y
4.5x106 xw 8
 =
3.37x108 150
w = 3.99N / mm = 3.99kN / m

Result: The Maximum UDL the beam can carry, w =3.99 kN/m.

24. A simply supported beam of span 6m is subjected to UDL of 15kN/m over its entire
length. The cross-section of beam is 20cm wide and 30cm deep. Sketch the variation of
bending stress and shear stress in the beam cross section.(N/D 2023)
Given: Width, b= 20cm = 200mm, Depth, d = 30cm = 300mm, w = 15kN/m = 15N/mm,
l=6m=6000mm
To find: To draw Bending stress and Bending stress distribution.

Fig.2.49
Solution:

For the simply supported beam carrying UDL over entire length is,

wl2 15x60002
Maximum BM = =
8 8
= 67.5x10 N.mm
6

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 48

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 bd 3 200x3003
I = = = 4.5x108 mm 4
12 12
d 300
y= = = 150mm
2 2
M 
By u sin g the relation, = b
I y
67.5x106 xw  b
=
4.5x108 150
 b = 22.5N / mm 2

Shear stress calculation:

Maximum shear stress,

3 F
q max = x
2 bd
wxL 15x6000
F =Maximum shear force = = = 45x103 N
2 2
3 45x103
q max = x = 1.125N / mm 2
2 200x300

Fig.2.50

Result: The bending moment diagram and shear stress diagram are as shown in Fig.2.50

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 49

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION:
FAy
Shear stress distribution = q =
Ib
Where, F =Shear force
A = Area of C/S
Y = Centroid of the section
I = Moment of inertia
b = Width of the section
SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION OVER AN ‘I’ SECTION:

d
Case(i) When ' y ' is greater than
2
=
F 2
8I
( D − d2 )

d
Case(i) When ' y ' is less than
2
F B 2 bd 2 
 max =  (D − d ) +
2

8I  8 8 

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 50

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 25. An I-sections, with rectangular ends, has the following dimensions:
Flanges=150mmx20mm, Web = 300mmx10mm. Find the maximum shear stress
developed in the beam for a shear force of 50kN
Given: Flange width (B) = 150mm, Flange thickness = 20mm,Depth of web, (d)=300mm,
width of web = 10mm, overall depth (D)= 340mm and shearing force (F) = 50kN= 50x103N.

w.k.t Moment of inertia of the I-section about the its C.G and parallel to X-X axis

BD3 bd 3 150x3403 140x3003

I xx = − = −
12 12 12 12
I xx = 176.3x10 mm
6 4

Maximum shearing stress,

F B 2 bd 2 
 max =
Ib  8
( D − d 2
) 8
+
 Fig.2.52

150 10x ( 300 ) 

2
50x103
 max = ( 340 ) − ( 300 ) +
2 2
 
(176.3x106 ) x10  8 8 
 max = 16.8N / mm 2

26. An I-section beam 350mmx200mm has a web thickness of 12.5mm and a flange
thickness of 25mm. It carries a shearing force of 200kN at a section. Sketch the shear stress
distribution across the section.

Given: Flange width (B) = 200mm, Flange thickness = 25mm,Depth of web, (d)=300mm,
width of web = 25mm, overall depth (D)= 350mm and shearing force (F) =
200kN= 200x103N.
Solution:

Step1 : Moment of Inertia (I) : Fig.2.53(a)

w.k.t Moment of inertia of the I-section about the its C.G and parallel to X-X axis
BD3 bd3 200x3503 187.5x3003
I xx = − = −
12 12 12 12
I xx = 292.7x10 mm
6 4

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 51

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step2 : Shear stress at the joint of the upper flange and web :
We also know that shear stress at the upper edge of the upper flange is zero..
(i) shear stress at the joint of the upper flange and web :
Maximum shearing stress,
F 2 200x103 ( 350 )2 − ( 300 )2 
 max =  D − d 2  =
8I 8x ( 292.7x106 )  

 max = 2.78N / mm 2 = 2.78MPa

Step 3 : Shear stress at the junction:

The shear stress at the junction suddenly increases from

200
2.78MPa to 2.78x = 44.48MPa
12.5
Step 4 : Maximum Shear stress:

We also know that the max imum shear stress,

F B 2 bd 2 
 max =  (D − d ) +
2

Ib  8 8 
 200 12.5x ( 300 ) 
2

 max =
200x103
 ( 350 − 300 ) +
2 2

( 292.7x106 ) x12.5  8 8 
 max = 52.1N / mm 2 = 52.1MPa

Fig.2.53(b)

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 52

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 26. A T-shaped cross-section of a beam shown in Fig is subjected to
a vertical shear force of 100kN. Calculate the shear stress at
important points and draw shear stress distribution diagram.
Moment of inertia about the horizontal axis is 113.4x106mm4.(N/D
2018,A/M 2016,2012)

Given: shear force (F) = 100kN= 100x103N, Moment of Inertia(I) = 113.4x106mm4 Fig.2.54(a)

Solution:
Step1 :Centroidal distance:
For unsymmetrical section, the centre of gravity of the section is placed ‘y’ mm from the
bottom face. The y may be calculated using the following formula.
a y +a y
y= 1 1 2 2 =
( 200x50 ) x225 + ( 200x50 ) x100 = 162.5mm
a1 + a 2 ( 200x50 ) + ( 200x50 )
 Dis tan ce between the centre of gravity of the
sec tion and top of the flange,
yc = ( 200 + 50 ) − 162.5 = 87.5mm

Step2 : Shear stress at the joint of the upper flange and web :
We know that shear stress at the top of the flanges is zero. Now let us find out the shear
stress at the junction of the flange and web by considering the area of the flange of the
section. We know that the upper flange,

A = 200x50 = 10000mm 2
50
y = 87.5 − = 62.5mm
2
B = 200mm
 Shear stress at the junction of the flange and web,
Ay 10000x62.5
 =F x =100x103 x
IB (113.4x106 ) x200
 = 2.76N / mm 2 = 2.76MPa

Step 3 : Shear stress at the junction:

The shear stress at the junction suddenly increases from
200
2.76MPa to 2.76x = 11.04 MPa
50

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 53

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Step 4 : Maximum Shear stress:
Now let us find out the shear stress at the neutral axis, where the shear stress is
maximum. Considering the area of the T- section above the neutral axis of the section, we know
that

 37.5 
Ay = ( 200x50 ) x62.5 + ( 37.5x50 ) x
 2 
Ay = 660.2x103 mm3
b = 50mm
Maximumshear stress,
Ay 660.2x103
 max = F = 100x10 x
3

Ib 113.4x106 x50
 max = 11.64N / mm 2 = 11.64MPa

Step 5 : Shear stress distribution diagram:

Fig.2.54(b) Shear stress Distribution

diagram

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 54

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 27. A cast iron bracket subjected to bending, has a cross section of I-shape with unequal
flanges as shown in Fig.2.55. If the compressive stress in top flange is not to exceed 17.5
Mpa. What is the bending moment, the section can take? If the section is subjected to a
shear force of 100kN, draw the shear stress distribution over the depth of the section.(N/D
2015)

Given: Compressive Stress σc = 17.5 MPa, shear force (F) =

100kN= 100x103N.

Step 1 :Centroid of the Section:

Fig.2.55(a)
For unsymmetrical section, the centre of gravity of the section is placed ‘y’ mm from
diagram
the bottom face. The y may be calculated using the following formula.

a1y1 + a 2 y 2 + a 3 y3 ( 250x50 ) x75 + ( 250x50 ) x175 + (150x50 ) 25

y= =
a1 + a 2 + a 3 ( 250x50 ) + ( 250x50 ) + (150x50 )
y = 198mm
 Dis tan ce of centre of gravity from the upper extreme fibre,
y c = 350 − 198 = 152mm

Step 2 :Moment of Inertia of the Section:

 250x503 2  50x2503 2 150x503 2

I= + ( 250x50 )( 325 − 198 )  +  + ( 50x250 )(198 − 175 )  +  + (150x50 )(198 − 25 ) 
 12   12   12 
I = 502x10 mm
6 4

Step 3:Maximum bending at the section:

M c
=
I y
 17.5
M= c = x502x106 = 57.8x106 N.mm
yc x I 15.2
M = 57.8kN.m
Step 4 : Shear stress at the junction of the upper flange and web :
We know that shear stress at the extreme edges of both the flanges is zero. Now let us
find out the shear stress at the junction of the flange and web by considering the area of the
upper flange,

A = 250x50 = 12500mm 2
50
y = 152 − = 127mm
2
B = 250mm
CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 55
Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
  Shear stress at the junction of the flange and web,
Ay 12500x127
 =F x =100x103 x
IB ( 502x106 ) x250
 = 1.26N / mm 2 = 1.26 MPa

Step 5 : Shear stress at the junction:

Step 6 : Shear stress at the junction of the lower flange and web :
Now let us find out the shear stress at the junction of the lower flange and web by
considering the area of the lower flange. We know that the area of the lower flange,

A = 150x50 = 7500mm 2
50
y = 198 − = 173mm
2
B = 150mm
 Shear stress at the junction of the lower flange and web
Ay 7500x173
 =F = 100x103 x = 1.72N / mm 2
Ib ( 502x10 ) x150
6

 = 1.72Mpa.

Step 7 : Shear stress at the junction:

The shear stress at the junction suddenly increases from 1.72Mpa to
150
1.72x = 5.16MPa
50

Step 8 : Maximum Shear stress:

Now let us find out the shear stress at the neutral axis, where the shear stress is
maximum. Considering the area of the I- section above the neutral axis of the section, we know
that

 102 
Ay = ( 250x50 ) x127  + (102x50 ) x
 2 
Ay = 1.848x106 mm3
b = 50mm

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 56

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 Maximumshear stress,
Ay 1.848x106
 max = F = 100x103 x
Ib 502x106 x50
 max = 7.36N / mm 2 = 7.36MPa

Step 5 : Shear stress distribution diagram

Fig.2.55(b) Shear stress Distribution

diagram

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 57

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
PART-A
1.What are the types of Beams?
2.What are the types of Transverse load?
3.What is uniformly distributed load?
4.What is uniformly varying load?
5.Define shear force and Bending moment at a section. (N/D 2023, A/M 2018, N/D 18)
6.What are shear force and bending moment diagrams?
7.What is meant by positive or sagging bending moment?
8.What is meant by negative or hogging bending moment?
9.Derive the relation between bending moment and shear force. (or) What is the relationship
between SF and BM (A/M 2023, 2012, N/D-2016)
10.How bending moment, shear force and intensity of loading are related?(N/D 15) (M/J-16)
11.What is the maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam subjected to uniformly
distributed load and where it occurs? (A/ M 2010)
12.A simply supported beam of span 5m carries a UDL of 4 kN/m over the entire span.
Determine the maximum bending moment (A/M-2018)
13.Define point of contra flexure. (N/D 2010)
14.A simply supported beam of 10m span is subjected to a UDL of 2kN/mthroughout its
entire span. Draw the shear force diagram. (A/M 2011, N/D 2020)
15.A cantilever beam of length 5m carries a concentrated load of 15kN at 3m from the free
end. Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram. (N/D 2010)
16.Draw the BMD for a cantilever of 1m span carrying couple of 1 kN/m at itsfree end.
(N/D17)
17.Define the term ‘simple bending’. (N/D 2011)
18.What are the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending? (N/ D2013,2016).
19.Write the theorem of bending equation. (A/M 2023)
20.What is moment of resistance of the section?
21.A steel wire of 10mm diameter is bent into a circular arc of 20m radius. Determine the
maximum stress induced in it. Take E= 2 x 105 N/mm2. (N/ D 2013)
22.What is meant by section modulus? (M/J 2012, N/D-2018)
23.Compute the elastic sectional modulus of a square section of side 200mm.(A/M11)

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 58

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 24.Define shear stress. & shear stress distribution. (A/M 2010)
25.Sketch the shear stress distribution across a rectangular beam section. (N/D-2017)
26.Sketch the shear stress distribution of a hollow circular section. (N/D 2011)
27.Sketch the shear stress distribution for a symmetrical I section and circular section. (A/M
2011, M/J-2016)
28.State the condition for no tension in section of a beam. (A/M 2023)

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
PART-B
1. A cantilever of span 5m carries concentrated loads of 1kN, 3 kN and 2kN at 2m,3m and
5m from the fixed end respectively. Draw SFD and BMD. (A/M 2023, 2018)

2. A cantilever of length 3m carries an udl of 3kN/m over a whole length and a point load of
2kN at the free end. Draw SFD and BMD diagram.

3.A beam freely supported over an effective span of 5m carries point loads 3kN, 4.5kN and
7kN at 1,2.5 and 3.5m respectively from the left-hand support. Construct SF and BM
diagrams. (N/D 2023)

4. A simply supported beam of span 10m carries a concentrated load of 10 kN at 2 m from

the left support and a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m over the entire length. Sketch the
shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam. (A/M 2023, N/D- 2016)
5. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam of span
9m. The beam carried a UDL of 10kN/m for a distance of 6m from the left support. Find the
maximum value and their position. Give the values at important points in the diagram.(N/D
2008)

6. Draw the SF and BM diagrams for the beam shown below. Find the maximum values and
their positions. Give the values at important points in the diagram. (N/D 2011)

M f E
7. Derive an expression for = = or bending formula. (N/D 2018, A/M 12,10)
I y R

8. The cross section of the beam is shown in Fig.2.42. This beam is of

cantilever type and carries a udl of 16kN/m. If the span of the beam is
2.5m, determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the
beam.

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 59

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College
 9.Find the dimensions of a timber joist span 5m to carry a brick wall 200mm thick and 3.2m
high, if the weight of brickwork is 19kN/m3 and the maximum stress is limited to 8N/mm2.
The depth is to be twice the width. (N/D 2016)

10.Find the dimensions of a timber beam of span 4.38 m to carry a uniformly distributed
load of 20kN/m, if the width of the joist is half the depth and the permissible stress is
limited to 9Mpa. (A/M 2011)

11.A simply supported timber beam of span 6m carries a UDL of 2kN/m over the entire
span and a point load of 9kN at 2.5m from the left support. If the bending stress in timber is
not to exceed 8N/mm2, design a suitable section or the beam. The depth of beam equals
twice the breadth. (A/M 2011)

12.A simply supported beam of span 6m is subjected to UDL of 15kN/m over its entire
length. The cross-section of beam is 20cm wide and 30cm deep. Sketch the variation of
bending stress and shear stress in the beam cross section. (N/D 2023)

13.An I-section beam 350mmx200mm has a web thickness of 12.5mm and a flange
thickness of 25mm. It carries a shearing force of 200kN at a section. Sketch the shear stress
distribution across the section.

14.A T-shaped cross-section of a beam shown in Fig is subjected to a vertical shear force of
100kN. Calculate the shear stress at important points and draw shear stress distribution
diagram. Moment of inertia about the horizontal axis is 113.4x106mm4.(N/D 2018,A/M
2016,2012)

15.A cast iron bracket subjected to bending, has a cross section of I-shape with unequal
flanges as shown in Fig.2.55. If the compressive stress in top flange is not to exceed 17.5
Mpa. What is the bending moment, the section can take? If the section is subjected to a
shear force of 100kN, draw the shear stress distribution over the depth of the section.(N/D
2015)

CE 3402- Strength of Materials Prepared by Mrs.P.Easwary ASP/Civil 60

Department of Civil Engineering Mailam Engineering College