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48 views104 pages

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1 A solar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 4.

1 shows a section through part of the

solar panel.

sunlight

trapped
air copper pipe,
painted black
water
glass sheet

insulating metal backing sheet,

material painted black

Fig. 4.1

A pump makes water flow through the copper pipes. The water is heated by passing through the
solar panel.

(a) Select and explain three features of the solar panel that maximise the final temperature of
the water.

[4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) During one day, 250 kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The temperature of this
water rises from 16 °C to 38 °C.

The water absorbs 25 % of the energy incident on the solar panel. The specific heat capacity
of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the energy incident on the solar panel during that day.

energy = [4]

(c) The solar panel in Fig. 4.1 is designed to heat water.

A person is deciding whether to install solar panels on her house.

List and explain three pieces of information she needs to consider in order to make her
decision.

[4]

(d) The Sun releases energy as a result of nuclear fusion.

State the meaning of nuclear fusion.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 14]

2 Fig. 4.1 shows a cross-section of a double-walled glass vacuum flask, containing a hot liquid.
The surfaces of the two glass walls of the flask have shiny silvered coatings.

silvered
surfaces

vacuum

hot liquid

Fig. 4.1

(a) Explain

(i) why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by conduction
is very low,

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by radiation is
very low.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Suggest, with reasons, what must be added to the flask shown in Fig. 4.1 in order to
keep the liquid hot.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 One side of a copper sheet is highly polished and the other side is painted matt black.

The copper sheet is very hot and placed in a vertical position, as shown as in Fig. 5.1.

copper sheet
matt black side polished side

left hand right hand

Fig. 5.1

A student places her hands at equal distances from the sheet, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

(a) Explain

(i) why her hands are not heated by convection,

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) why her hands are not heated by conduction.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State and explain which hand gets hotter.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) It is suggested that one side of the copper sheet cools to a lower temperature than the
other side.

Explain why this does not happen.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Fig. 5.1 shows two identical metal cans, open at the top, used in an experiment on thermal
energy. The outside of can A is polished and the outside of can B is painted black.

polished black
surface surface

can A can B

Fig. 5.1

(a) The cans are heated to the same temperature. Predict and explain the relative rates of
loss of thermal energy by infra-red radiation from the two cans.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) A student is provided with the two cans, a supply of hot water and two thermometers.

Describe the experiment he should carry out to test your answer to (a).

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) Another student is given the same equipment but finds two polystyrene tiles.
Fig. 5.2 shows the tiles alongside the cans.

polished black
surface surface

polystyrene can A can B

tiles

Fig. 5.2

State how she could use the tiles to improve the experiment, and explain why this
is effective.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

State and explain which can of water heats up more quickly.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 .
.

(a) .
. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

(i) k .

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. 1

(ii) .

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b)
.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 (a)

(i) ............................................................................................

(ii) . ..........................................................................................
1

(b) . 10.1 1.2 kΩ .

1.2 k1

9.0 V

Fig. 10.1

. kΩ.

.................................................

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) . 10.2 .
.

9.0 V

Fig. 10.2

..........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a three valid features listed without explanation [1]

any three features explained from:

copper/metal is a good conductor (of heat)

NOT of electricity

black is good absorber/bad reflector

ignore emitter

insulating material will reduce heat lost/conducted away (from pipes/sheet)

NOT prevents heat loss owtte

glass/trapping of air reduces/prevents convection/warm air being blown away

glass produces greenhouse effect/reference to far and near I.R. [max 3]

(b) 38 – 16 OR 22 [1]
mcθ OR 250 × 4200 × candidate’s temperature difference [1]
2.31 × 107 (J) e.c.f. from previous line [1]
9.24 × 107 J OR e.c.f. from previous line × 4 correctly evaluated [1]
no unit penalty if J seen anywhere in (b) clearly applied to an energy

(c) valid explanation relating to at least one of the reasons below: [1]
note: if no explanation, this mark is not awarded even if more than three reasons are
given

any three reasons from:

which direction roof faces
estimate output of panels
household needs / whether household will use all hot water
cost of panel / installation
time to recoup cost
whether roof is shaded
relevant environmental consideration (e.g. not using wood or other fuel to heat water) [max 3]

(d) nuclei join together, accept hydrogen for nuclei

to produce a different element / helium (and energy) [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a (i) mention of vacuum OR glass is a poor conductor
OR vacuum/gap between walls has no molecules/atoms/particles B1

(ii) surface/silver (of walls) is good reflector/poor absorber (of radiation) B1

surface/silver (of walls) is poor emitter (of radiation) B1

(b) add a stopper/lid/bung/cover/top to reduce/prevent (loss of heat by) convection/ M1

conduction/radiation/evaporation OR to prevent steam/hot vapour leaving B1

made of insulator OR example of insulator to reduce/prevent (loss of heat by)

convection/radiation/evaporation OR to prevent steam/hot air leaving B1

[Total 6]

3 (a (i) heated air / warm air rises / moves up (not sideways) B1

(ii) air (between plate and hands) is a poor conductor / does not conduct B1

(b) left hand / palm (facing matt black side gets hotter)
OR hand facing matt black side (gets hotter) B1
matt black side is a better emitter / radiator (of heat than shiny side) B1

(c) conduction takes place B1

copper a good conductor / conduction is rapid / heat flows to equalise temperature B1

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 (a black can / B loses heat energy quicker / cools faster
OR polished can loses heat energy slower / cools slower M1

black radiates / emits more OR polished radiates / emits less

ignore anything about absorption A1 [2]

(b)
b) any four from: B4

viable experiment e.g. pour in water and measure temperature

ignore methods with external thermometers (for this point only)

pour (hot) water into both cans to same level / same amount

place thermometers in same position relative to each can / detail relating to

stirring

thermometers not touching the metal of can

observe change of temperature

correct detail of timing

repeat readings [4]

(ii) use tiles as lids M1

reduce convection/evaporation (to room) A1

OR alternative method
put tiles under cans (M1)
reduce, ignore prevent, conduction (to bench) (A1)

for both methods, ignore other modes of heat transfer, ignore place tiles
around can [2]

(c) black can / B M

black absorbs (radiation) better, ignore anything about emission A1 [2]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a (i) (metals/they are) (good) conductors (of heat) B1 [1]

(ii) (at hot end) molecules vibrate (more)

or electrons identified as mechanism of conduction B1

molecules collide with their neighbours

or electrons move faster/have more energy B1

energy/vibration passed on
or electrons pass on energy/reach far end/free to move B1 [3]

(b) determine mass of spoon (condone weigh provided word mass is used in answer) B1
immerse spoon in water/liquid B1
determine increase in volume/overflow B1
ρ = m/V or density = mass/volume B1 [4]

[Total: 8]

6 (a) (i) current

(ii) p.d. OR potential difference OR voltage B1

Both required

(b) R = R1 + R2 OR 1.2 + 3.6 OR 4.8 (k Ω) C

I = 9.0 / 4.8 = 1.875 (mA) OR 9.0/4800 = 1.875 × 10 3 (A)
A)
Voltmeter reading = 6.75 V *Unit penalty applies A1
OR
Voltmeter reading = [R1 / (R1 + R2)] V (C1)
= [3.6 / (1.2 + 3.6)] × 9.0 (C1)
= 6.75 V *Unit penalty applies (A1)

(c) (In fire) temperature of thermistor rises and its resistance falls B1
Current (through thermistor and relay coil) rises / flows B1
OR voltage / p.d. across / of relay coil rises
Magnetic field of relay closes switch (and bell rings) B1 [7]

*Apply unit penalty once onl

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 The water in a copper hot-water tank is heated during the night. During the day, the water
cools as thermal energy (heat) passes from the water to the air surrounding the tank.

(a) (i) Describe the process by which the thermal energy is transferred from the hot water
to the air.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) State why the rate at which thermal energy passes into the air decreases as the
water temperature falls.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The manufacturer of the hot-water tank says that when the outside surface is polished
regularly and kept bright and shiny, the hot water will cool more slowly.

Describe, with the aid of a diagram, an experiment that shows whether a container with
a bright and shiny surface is better at keeping its contents warm than one with a dull
and dark surface.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a) Four identical metal plates, at the same temperature, are laid side by side on the ground.
The rays from the Sun fall on the plates.

One plate has a matt black surface.

One plate has a shiny black surface.

One plate has a matt silver surface.

One plate has a shiny silver surface.

State which plate has the fastest-rising temperature when the sunlight first falls on the
plates.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1 is known as Leslie’s Differential Air Thermometer.

glass bulb
radiant heater
painted shiny
matt black glass bulb

air
T

liquid

Fig. 4.1

The heater is switched off. Tap T is opened so that the air on the two sides of T has the
same pressure. Tap T is then closed.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(i) The heater is switched on. On Fig. 4.1, mark clearly where the two liquid levels
might be a short time later. [1]

(ii) Explain your answer to (b)(i).

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 A solar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 4.1 shows a section through part of the solar
panel.

sunlight

trapped
air copper pipe,
painted black
water
glass sheet

insulating metal backing sheet,

material painted black

Fig. 4.1

A pump makes water circulate through the copper pipes. The water is heated by passing through
the solar panel.

(a) Suggest why

(i) the pipes are made of copper,

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the pipes and the metal backing sheet are painted black,

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) an insulating material is attached to the metal backing sheet,

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) the presence of the glass sheet increases the energy collected by the water.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) During one day, 250 kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The temperature of this
water rises from 16 °C to 38 °C.

The water absorbs 25% of the energy falling on the solar panel, and the specific heat capacity
of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the energy falling on the solar panel during that day.

energy = ......................................................... [4]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Fig. 5.1 shows some apparatus designed to compare the ability of two surfaces to absorb
infra-red radiation.

surface
painted surface
dull painted
black shiny white

Bunsen burner
Fig. 5.1

The containers, which are identical, are painted on the outside. One is dull black, the other is
shiny white. Both are filled with water, initially at the same temperature.

(a) (i) Describe how you would use the apparatus to compare the abilities of the two
surfaces to absorb infra-red radiation.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) State the result that you would expect.

............................................................................................................................ [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The thermometers used have high sensitivity and linear scales.

(i) State what is meant by high sensitivity.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain why a high sensitivity is important for this experiment.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) State what is meant by a linear scale.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Fig. 5.1 shows some apparatus which is to be used to compare the emission of infra-red
radiation from four differently painted surfaces.

this side
this side painted dull
painted shiny white
white
metal box water inlet

this side
this side painted shiny
painted dull black
black

Fig. 5.1

Near the centre of each side is an infra-red detector. The four detectors are identical.

A supply of very hot water is available.

(a) Describe how you would use this apparatus to compare the infra-red radiation from the
four surfaces.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Suggest which surface will be the best emitter and which will be the worst emitter.

best emitter ...........................................

worst emitter ......................................... [1]

(c) The infra-red detectors are made from thermocouples soldered to blackened metal
plates. These are connected to galvanometers.

In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple. [2]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a copper rod AB being heated at one end.

copper rod

B A

Bunsen
burner

Fig. 5.1

(i) Name the process by which heat moves from A to B.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) By reference to the behaviour of the particles of copper along AB, state how this
process happens.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Give an account of an experiment that is designed to show which of four surfaces will
absorb most heat radiation.
The four surfaces are all the same metal, but one is a polished black surface, one is a
polished silver surface, one is a dull black surface and the fourth one is painted white.
Give your answer under the headings below.

labelled diagram of the apparatus

readings to be taken

one precaution to try to achieve a fair comparison between the various surfaces

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

[ Total : 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows two identical metal plates. The front surface of one is dull black and the
front surface of the other is shiny silver.
The plates are fitted with heaters that keep the surfaces of the plates at the same
temperature.

dull black shiny silver

Fig. 5.1

(i) State the additional apparatus needed to test which surface is the best emitter of
heat radiation.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) State one precaution that is needed to ensure a fair comparison.

...................................................................................................................................

(iii) State the result that you expect.

...................................................................................................................................

(iv) Write down another name for heat radiation.

...................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of an everyday situation in which a
convection current occurs.

Mark the path of the current with a line and show its direction with arrows. [3]

[ Total : 7 ]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a (i) water molecules hit copper/tank/atoms or copper atoms hit air molecules or
radiation from water/tank/copper or describe/mention evaporation B1
vibrating (copper) atoms/molecules/particles hit neighbours pass on
energy/vibration or vibrating (copper) atoms/molecules/particles hit electrons
(through copper) B1
electrons strike copper atoms B1

(ii) smaller temperature difference/thermal gradient (between tank and air) or

reduced vibrations of copper atoms or water molecules slower/less kinetic
energy or reduced radiation (emitted) or less evaporation B1

(b) diagram of suitable vessel(s) (one shiny; one dark) B1

action – e.g. fill with hot water and same mass/volume B1
starting temperatures are the same B1
measure final temperature and compare drop or equivalent B1
allow detailed description of Lesley’s cube method and measure emission rate
(for a maximum of 4 marks) [8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 (a (i) good conductor (of heat) B1
(ignore electricity)

(ii) black is good absorber/bad reflector B1

(ignore emitter)

(iii) reduce heat lost/conducted away (from pipes/sheet) B1

NOT prevents heat loss o.w.t.t.e.

(iv) air heated OR glass reduces/prevents convection

OR greenhouse effect OR reference to far and near I.R.
OR glass prevents warm air being blown away OR traps air B1
Ignore traps heat

(b) 38 – 16 OR 22 C1
mcθ OR 250 × 4200 × his 22 C1
2.31 × 107 (J) e.c.f from previous line C1
9.24 × 107 J OR e.c.f from previous line × 4 correctly evaluated A1
No unit penalty if J seen anywhere in (b) clearly applied to an energy
[Total: 8]

4 (a (i) heat for the same time B1

take temps on both thermometers B1 [2]

(ii) dull black box temp > white box temp OR black is hotter etc. B1 [1]

(b) (i) large expansion/change in reading for small change in temp B1 [1]
NOT detect/respond to small temp changes

(ii) temperature rise small and/or small difference between them B1 [1]

(iii) distance between each degree on scale is the same B1 [1]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a take readings of the detectors B1
fill box with water B1
take readings (again) B1

(b) dull black best AND shiny white worst B1

(c) two different metals B1

two junctions (could be at meter) hot and cold need not be indicated B1
any cell, max B1,B0
[Total: 6]

6 (a (i) conduction B1

(ii) particles/atoms/ions vibrate or electrons move and carry energy B1

pass on energy from one particle to the next B1
[3]
(b) four surfaces facing one heat source B1
suitable detector e.g. thermometer behind surface-read all 4 B1
precaution e.g. equal distance/time B1
(Can not score last two marks if experiment is totally wrong) [3]

[Total: 6]

7 (a (i) Thermopile / thermocouple / (blackened) thermometer /

infra red detector or use ammeter / voltmeter in supply
circuit B1
(ii) One of: same distance of plate to detector or use two
identical detectors or same time (after switching on) B1
(iii) Dull black better radiator / radiates more than silver / or
emits more heat / radiation B1
(iv) Infra red (i.r.) A1 4

(b) any correct example e.g. heating water or chimney M1

current clear and complete A1
direction shown correctly by arrows A1 3
[7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why it is possible to compress a gas, but not a liquid.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Two containers made of insulating material contain the same volume of water at room
temperature. The containers do not have lids. The volume of liquid in each container gradually
decreases.

(i) After a certain time, the temperature of the water has decreased to below room
temperature.

Explain, in terms of molecules, why the temperature has decreased.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) One of the containers is wide and shallow. The other container is narrow and deep.

Predict which container has the greater rate of cooling. Explain your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a) State what happens to the molecules of a gas in a sealed container when the temperature of
the gas is increased.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A quantity of gas is contained in a sealed container of fixed volume. The temperature of the
gas is increased.

State, in terms of molecules, two reasons why the pressure of the gas increases.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................

[2]

3
(c) A helium-filled weather balloon is held at ground level. The volume of the balloon is 4800 m .
The pressure of the helium is 98 kPa.
3
The balloon is released and rises to a height where the volume of the balloon is 7200 m .

(i) Calculate the new pressure of the helium. Assume that the temperature stays constant.

pressure = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest why it may be necessary to release helium from the balloon as it rises even
higher.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 (a) A student carries out an experiment to find the relationship between the pressure p and the
volume V of a fixed mass of gas. The table contains four of her sets of measurements.

p / kPa 250 500 750 1000

V / cm3 30.0 15.2 9.8 7.6

(i) Use the data in the table to suggest the relationship between the pressure and the
volume in this experiment. Explain how you reach your conclusion.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) State the property of the gas, apart from the mass, that remains constant during the
experiment.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A lake is 5.0 m deep. The density of the water is 1000 kg / m3.

(i) Calculate the pressure at the bottom of the lake due to this depth of water.

pressure = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) A bubble of gas escapes from the mud at the bottom of the lake and rises to the surface.

Place one tick in each row of the table to indicate what happens to the volume, the mass
and the density of the gas in the bubble. Assume that no gas or water vapour enters or
leaves the bubble.

increases stays the same decreases

volume of bubble

mass of gas in bubble

density of gas in bubble

[2]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Fig. 5.1 shows a gas contained in a cylinder enclosed by a piston.

piston pressure gauge

gas cylinder

100 cm

Fig. 5.1

At first, the length of cylinder containing the gas is 100 cm. The pressure of the gas, shown by the
pressure gauge, is 300 kPa. The area of cross-section of the cylinder is 0.12 m2.

(a)
a) Describe the motion of the molecules of the gas.

[1]

(ii) Use the idea of momentum to explain how the molecules exert a force on the walls of the
cylinder.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The piston is moved so that the new length of cylinder occupied by the gas is 40 cm. The
temperature of the gas is unchanged.

(i) Calculate the new pressure of the gas.

pressure = [2]

(ii) Explain, in terms of the behaviour of the molecules, why the pressure has changed.

[2]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a) (i) State two ways in which the molecular structure of a liquid is different from the molecular
structure of a solid.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain, in terms of energy, the process which takes place as a solid at its melting point
changes into a liquid at the same temperature.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) During a severe snowstorm, a layer of snow (ice crystals) forms on the body of an animal in a
field. The snow and the surrounding air are at 0 °C. The snow begins to melt.

(i) The mass of snow that falls on the animal is 1.65 kg. The specific latent heat of fusion of
snow is 330 000 J / kg.

Calculate the thermal energy needed to melt this snow.

thermal energy = ............................................... [2]

(ii) The animal derives energy from its food to maintain its body temperature.

State the energy change that takes place.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 Fig. 2.1 shows a cylinder containing gas compressed by the movement of a piston.
compressed gas

final position of piston

cylinder

initial position of piston

Fig. 2.1

Initially the volume of the gas was 470 cm3. The piston moves up and compresses the gas to a
volume of 60 cm3. The whole arrangement is left for some time until the gas cools to its original
temperature. The pressure of the gas is now 800 kPa.

(a) Calculate the initial pressure of the gas.

pressure = .........................................................[3]

(b) Explain, in terms of molecules, the effect on the pressure of the gas if it was not given time to
cool to its original temperature.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) The area of the piston is 5.5 × 10–3 m2 (0.0055 m2).

Calculate the force exerted by the gas on the piston when the pressure is 800 kPa.

force = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 (a) Smoke particles are introduced into a glass box containing air. Light shines into the box so
that, when observed through a microscope, the smoke particles can be seen as bright points
of light.

Describe the motion of the smoke particles and account for this motion in terms of the air
molecules.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a quantity of gas in a cylinder sealed by a piston that is free to move.

gas

cylinder piston

Fig. 5.1

(i) The temperature of the gas is increased.

State what happens, if anything,

1. to the piston,

...........................................................................................................................................

2. to the pressure of the gas.

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) The piston is now fixed in place and the temperature of the gas is increased further.

Explain, in terms of the behaviour of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Question Answer Mark

1(a) Gas molecules (very) far apart OR empty space between gas molecules B1
Molecules of liquid (very) close together / compact OR are touching (each other) B1
(b)(i) Faster / more energetic water molecules evaporate / escape / leave B1
Slower / less energetic molecules remain (so temperature is lower) B1
(b)(ii) Water in wide container AND has water with larger surface (area) B1
Rate of evaporation higher / faster / quicker
OR higher chance of evaporation B1
Total: 6

Question Answer Mark

2(a) One of 1, 2 or 3:
1 Molecules move faster OR have more k.e. / momentum
2 Molecules hit walls more often / more frequently B1
3 Molecules hit walls with greater force / impulse / harder
(b) 1 mark for each of 1, 2 and 3 in (a) not given as answer to (a) B2
(c)(i) PV = constant OR P1V1 = P2V2 OR 98 × 4800 = P × 7200 C1
65 kPa A1
(c)(ii) To prevent the balloon bursting (as its volume increases)
OR to reduce the pressure inside the balloon
OR pressure difference between inside and outside balloon rises B1

Total: 6

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 (a (i) P × V values are 7500 or about 7500
OR If P / pressure doubles, V / volume halves OR vice versa B1
(so) PV = constant OR P α 1 / V OR either in words B1

(ii) temperature B1

(b) (i) P = hdg OR 5.0 × 10 × 1000 C1

50 000 Pa or 50 kPa A1

(ii) Volume of bubble increases

Mass of gas stays the same B2
Density of gas decreases

[Total: 7]

4 (a (i) any one from:

(molecules) move randomly / in random directions
(molecules) have high speeds
(molecules) collide with each other / with walls [max 1]

(ii) collisions with walls/rebounding causes change in momentum (of molecules) [1]
force is rate of change of momentum / force needed to change momentum [1]

(b) (i) p1V1 = p2V2 OR 300 × 100 (× 0.12) = p2 × 0.40 (× 0.12) [1]

750 kPa [1]

(ii) (molecules) collide with walls more often owtte

OR more collisions with walls per second or per unit time owtte [1]
greater force per unit area [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a (i) any 2 from: max. B2
• liquid molecules not in fixed positions / can move about / move past
each other OR solid molecules have a fixed position
• liquid molecules have random arrangement OR solid molecules
arranged regularly / in patterns / layers / lattice
• liquid molecules are (slightly) further apart (than solid molecules) OR
reverse argument

(ii) energy / work / thermal energy / (latent) heat required

AND
to break bonds (between molecules) / to overcome attractive forces
(between the molecules) / to increase the potential energy of the molecules B1

(b) (i) E = ml in any form OR ml OR 1.65 × 330 000 C1

= 540 000 J OR 544 500 J A1

(ii) chemical (energy in body) converted to thermal / internal (energy) B1

[Total: 6]

6 (a p1V1 = p2V2 in any form OR (p1 =) p2V2 ÷ V1 C1

p1 × 470 = 800 × 60 OR (p1 =) 800 × 60 ÷ 470

102 OR 100 kPa A1

(b) molecules would move faster/have more KE B1

more (frequent)/harder collisions with walls/cylinder/piston B1

pressure increases B1

(c) use of p = F ÷ A in any form OR (F =) p A C1

(F =) 4400 N A1

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 (a any two of motion of smoke particles:
random / haphazard / unpredictable movement;
sudden changes of direction / zig-zag motion;
appear / disappear from view OR go out of / come into focus; B2

any two of conclusions about air molecules:

collide with smoke particles OR smoke particles collide with / moved by air molecules;
air molecules fast(er);
air molecules small(er) / light(er);
move randomly; B2

(b) (i) 1 (the piston) moves to the right / out(wards) / is pushed away B1
2 (the pressure of the gas) remains constant B1

(ii) (pressure of the gas) increases B1

more frequent collisions (of gas molecules) with piston / walls / container
OR (gas molecules) collide with piston / walls / container with great(er) force B1

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a) On a hot day, sweat forms on the surface of a person’s body and the sweat evaporates.

Explain, in terms of the behaviour of molecules,

(i) the process of evaporation,

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) how this process helps the body to cool down.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) The temperature of a person of mass 60 kg falls from 37.2 °C to 36.7 °C.

(i) Calculate the thermal energy lost from the body. The average specific heat capacity
of the body is 4000 J / (kg °C).

thermal energy lost = .................................................. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) The cooling of the body was entirely due to the evaporation of sweat.
Calculate the mass of sweat which evaporated. The specific latent heat of
vaporisation of sweat is 2.4 × 106 J / kg.

mass = .................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Water molecules evaporate from a puddle and escape to the atmosphere. Water molecules
also escape to the atmosphere from water boiling in a kettle.

(a) State two ways in which evaporation differs from boiling.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

2. ......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) This part of the question is about an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of
vaporisation of water.

(i) Suggest apparatus that will provide thermal energy (heat) and state the readings
needed to determine the amount of thermal energy provided.

apparatus .................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

readings ...................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Suggest apparatus required for determining the mass of liquid vaporised and state
the readings needed to determine that mass.

apparatus .................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

readings ...................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Fig. 5.1 shows a saucepan of boiling water on an electric hotplate.

Fig. 5.1

As time passes, thermal energy (heat) is constantly supplied to the water but its temperature
remains at 100 °C.

(a) State two ways in which boiling differs from evaporation.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Explain, in terms of the water molecules, what happens to the thermal energy supplied
to the water as it boils.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Describe an experiment to measure the specific latent heat of steam. You may include a
diagram.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 (a) (i) State two ways in which the molecular structure of a gas differs from the molecular
structure of a liquid.

1. ..............................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Compressibility is the ease with which a substance can be compressed.

State and explain, in terms of the forces between the molecules, how the
compressibility of a gas differs from that of a liquid.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a weather balloon being inflated by helium from a cylinder.

HELIUM

Fig. 6.1

(i) The helium that inflates the balloon had a volume of 0.035 m3 at a pressure of
2.6 × 106 Pa, inside the cylinder.

The pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 × 105 Pa and its temperature is the
same as it was when in the cylinder.

Calculate the volume occupied by the helium in the balloon.

volume = .................................................. [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) As the balloon rises up through the atmosphere, the temperature of the helium
decreases.

State the effect of this temperature change on the helium molecules.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Fig. 4.1 shows a small, closed, transparent chamber containing smoke.

microscope
smoke in chamber

closed
transparent bright light
chamber

Fig. 4.1

The chamber is brightly lit and observed through a microscope. The smoke particles are
seen as very small, bright dots.

(a) Describe the movement of the dots.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain, in terms of molecules, how this movement is caused.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 (a) Two students hang out identical T-shirts to dry at the same time in the same
neighbourhood. The only difference between the drying conditions is that one T-shirt is
sheltered from any wind and the other is in a strong breeze, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

fence
clothes line

strong breeze no breeze

Fig. 6.1

State and explain, in terms of water molecules, the difference between the drying times
of the T-shirts.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows another occasion when a student hangs out two identical T-shirts to dry
next to each other on a line. One T-shirt is folded double as shown in Fig. 6.2.

clothes line

Fig. 6.2

State and explain, in terms of water molecules, the difference between the drying times
of the T-shirts.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) A runner in a hot country feels cooler if she pours water over her hair to keep it wet,
even when the water is at the same temperature as the air around her.

Explain, in terms of a change of state of water, why she feels cooler.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a (i) and (ii) marked together to maximum of 3 marks
(i) molecules escape/leave the liquid/form gas or vapour B1

(ii) evaporation OR heat/(thermal) energy needed for evaporation leaves sweat cooler B1
fast(er) molecules/high(er) energy molecules escape
OR slow(er) molecules left behind B1
heat flows from body to warm the sweat (so body cools) B1

(b)
b) (Q =) mc∆θ OR mcT OR 60 × 4000 × 0.50 C1
1.2 × 105 J / 120 kJ A1

(ii) Q = mL in any form OR (m =) Q/L OR either with numbers C1

(m = 1.2 × 105 / 2.4 × 106 =) 0.05 kg e.c.f from (b)(i) A1

[Total 7]

2 (a any two from:

at surface / not within liquid (if other way round must be explicit) B1
at any temperature / not at boiling point (if other way round must be explicit) B1 [2]
(evaporation) causes cooling
boiling requires a heat source
bubbles rising

(b) (i) viable heat source clearly described e.g. electrical/immersion heater B1
appropriate readings e.g. V, I, t or P & t or joulemeter readings B1 [2]
OR
combustion heater but only with some mention of amount of fuel used B1
correct measurement of amount of fuel used B1

(ii) viable mass measuring device clearly described B1

e.g. (top pan) balance/scal
e.
appropriate readings B1 [2]
e.
e.g. mass of water before and after / change of mass of wat
OR
measuring cylinder B1
volume of water before and after / change of volume of water B1

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3

(b) (thermal energy) does work against intermolecular forces / breaks bonds B1
molecules separated/moved apart OR becomes PE B1

(c) apparatus: e.g. kettle AND balance / scales OR steam condensing in water with
measuring cylinder / scales AND thermometer B1
two masses determined OR volume/mass condensed B1
determine energy input: e.g. VIt or Pt or mc∆T B1
(le = )Q/m B1 [8]

4 (a (i) any two of:

(gas) molecules further apart
greater PE
move singly / in straight lines
OR vice versa for. liquid molecules
as
(allow faster)

(ii) gases compressible OR liquids incompressible B1

forces between gas molecules weaker OR vice versa for liquid molecules B1

(b)
b) pV = constant OR p1V1 = p2V2 OR 2.6 × 106 × 0.035 OR 91 000
00
6 5 5
2.6 × 10 × 0.035/1.0 × 10 OR 91 000/1.0 ×10 C1
0.91 m3 A1

(ii) slower / less KE B1 [8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a irregular / random / haphazard movement B1

any mention of different directions or clearly described B1 [2]

(b) smoke particles condone atoms, molecules etc. AND (invisible) air molecules B1

air and smoke / dots collide

ignore other collisions B1 [2]

(c) dots move in or out of focus/disappear OR appear brighter / dimmer

imm [1]

[Total: 5]

6 (a) T-shirt in wind/on L dries quicker OR T-shirt out of wind/on R dries slower M1
wind removes more evaporated molecules accept quicker
NOT wind gives water molecules more KE A1 [2]

(b) T-shirt folded double/on R dries slower OR T-shirt unfolded/on L dries quicker M1
correct reference to smaller/larger surface area for molecules to evaporate
OR water trapped (in fold) OR more humid in fold A1 [2]

(c) water evaporates from her hair B1

heat required for evaporation OR heat flows (from body/hair) to warm up cold
water
OR faster molecules escape leaving water cooler/lowering KE
ignore: there is a cooling effect B1 [2]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Fig. 4.1 is a design for remotely operating an electrical switch using air pressure.

electrical switch flexible rubber

operated by box cover
air pressure connecting pipe

metal
box

Fig. 4.1

The metal box and the pipe contain air at normal atmospheric pressure and the switch is off.
When the pressure in the metal box and pipe is raised to 1.5 times atmospheric pressure by
pressing down on the flexible rubber box cover, the switch comes on.

(a) Explain in terms of pressure and volume how the switch is made to come on.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Normal atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa. At this pressure, the volume of the box
and pipe is 60 cm3.

Calculate the reduction in volume that must occur for the switch to be on.

reduction in volume = ................................................ [3]

(c) Explain, in terms of air particles, why the switch may operate, without the rubber cover
being squashed, when there is a large rise in temperature.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a) One of the laws about the behaviour of gases states that

“For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, the pressure is inversely proportional
to the volume”.

In the space below, write an equation that represents this law.

[1]

(b) Table 4.1 gives a series of pressures and their corresponding volumes, obtained in an
experiment with a fixed amount of gas. The gas obeys the law referred to in (a).

pressure / kPa 100 200 400 500 1000

volume / cm3 50.0 25.0 12.5 10.0 5.0

Table 4.1

How do these figures indicate that the temperature was constant throughout the
experiment?

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Air is trapped by a piston in a cylinder. The pressure of the air is 1.2 × 105 Pa. The
distance from the closed end of the cylinder to the piston is 75 mm.

The piston is pushed in until the pressure of the air has risen to 3.0 × 105 Pa.

Calculate how far the piston has moved.

distance moved = . ................................................. [4]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 The whole of a sealed, empty, dusty room is kept at a constant temperature of 15 °C. Light
shines into the room through a small outside window.

An observer points a TV camera with a magnifying lens into the room through a second
small window, set in an inside wall at right angles to the outside wall.

Dust particles in the room show up on the TV monitor screen as tiny specks of light.

(a) In the space below draw a diagram to show the motion of one of the specks of light over
a short period of time.

[1]

(b) After a period of one hour the specks are still observed, showing that the dust particles
have not fallen to the floor.

Explain why the dust particles have not fallen to the floor. You may draw a labelled
diagram to help your explanation.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) On another day, the temperature of the room is only 5 °C. All other conditions are the
same and the specks of light are again observed.

Suggest any differences that you would expect in the movement of the specks when the
temperature is 5 °C, compared to before.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a sealed steel cylinder filled with high pressure steam.

steam

Fig. 4.1

Fig. 4.2 shows the same cylinder much later when all the steam has condensed.

water

Fig. 4.2

(a) (i) Describe the movement of the molecules in the high pressure steam.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Explain how the molecules in the steam exert a high pressure on the inside walls of
the cylinder.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Describe, in terms of particles, the process by which heat is transferred through the
cylinder wall.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

Under these high pressure conditions, the specific latent heat of vaporisation of steam
is 3200 J / g.

Calculate the heat lost by the steam as it condenses.

heat = ................................................ [2]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the paths of a few air molecules and a single dust particle. The actual air
molecules are too small to show on the diagram.

paths of
air molecules

dust particle

Fig. 5.1

Explain why the dust particle undergoes small random movements.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the paths of a few molecules leaving the surface of a liquid. The liquid is
below its boiling point.

air and vapour

liquid

Fig. 5.2

(i) State which liquid molecules are most likely to leave the surface.

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Explain your answer to (i).

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[ Total : 7 ]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 Fig. 5.1 shows a way of indicating the positions and direction of movement of some
molecules in a gas at one instant.

piston
cylinder

Fig. 5.1

(a) (i) Describe the movement of the molecules.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Explain how the molecules exert a pressure on the container walls.

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) When the gas in the cylinder is heated, it pushes the piston further out of the cylinder.

State what happens to

(i) the average spacing of the molecules,

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) the average speed of the molecules.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The gas shown in Fig. 5.1 is changed into a liquid and then into a solid by cooling.

Compare the gaseous and solid states in terms of

(i) the movement of the molecules,

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) the average separation of the molecules.

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[ Total : 6 ]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a) Two identical open boxes originally contain the same volume of water.
One is kept at 15 °C and the other at 85 °C for the same length of time.

Fig. 4.1 shows the final water levels.

15 °C
85 °C

Fig. 4.1

With reference to the energies of the water molecules, explain why the levels are
different.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) In an experiment to find the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water, it took 34 500 J
of energy to evaporate 15 g of water that was originally at 100 °C.

A second experiment showed that 600 J of energy was lost to the atmosphere from the
apparatus during the time it took to evaporate 15 g of water.

Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water that would be obtained from
this experiment.

specific latent heat = …………………[3]

[Total : 6 ]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a sealed box.

Fig. 5.1

(i) The box contains a large number of air molecules. On Fig. 5.1, draw a possible
path of one of the air molecules, as it moves inside the box.

(ii) Explain

1 how air molecules in the box create a pressure on the inside walls,

...........................................................................................................................

2 why this pressure rises as the temperature of the air in the box increases.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
[5]

(b) Air in a cylinder is compressed slowly, so that the temperature does not rise. The
pressure changes from 2.0 x 105 Pa to 5.0 x 105 Pa. The original volume was 0.35 m3.
Calculate the new volume.

volume = …………………...[3]

[Total :8 ]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Fig. 4.1 shows a sealed glass syringe that contains air and many very tiny suspended dust
particles.

syringe
seal

piston
dust particles

Fig. 4.1

(a) Explain why the dust particles are suspended in the air and do not settle to the bottom.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) The air in the syringe is at a pressure of 2.0 × 105 Pa. The piston is slowly moved into the
syringe, keeping the temperature constant, until the volume of the air is reduced from
80 cm3 to 25 cm3. Calculate the final pressure of the air.

pressure = ..................................[3]

[Total :6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Fig. 4.1 shows water being heated by an electrical heater. The water in the can is not
boiling, but some is evaporating.

can

heater

water

Fig. 4.1

(a) Describe, in terms of the movement and energies of the water molecules, how
evaporation takes place.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State two differences between evaporation and boiling.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) After the water has reached its boiling point, the mass of water in the can is reduced
by 3.2 g in 120 s. The heater supplies energy to the water at a rate of 60 W. Use this
information to calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.

specific latent heat = ............................. [3]

[Total : 7 ]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a) (pushing rubber cover) volume reduced M1
(when volume reduce), pressure goes up A1

(b) 1 × (105 ) × 60 = 1.5 × (105 ) × V C1

40 (cm3) C1
reduction in volume = 20 cm3 or 1/3 A1

(c) (ave) speed of mols/particles/atoms greater at high temp NOT energy/KE B1

stronger/more collisions with walls OR greater pressure B1
[7]

2 (a) pV = const in any form, words or recognisable symbols B1

NOT p proportional to 1/V, NOT p =1/V, any mention of T gets B0

(b) p × V is the same each time OR when p is doubled, V is (always) halved M1

so if gas obeys the law, the temperature must have been constant A1

(c) p1V1 = p2V2 C1

1.2 (× 105) × 75 (× A) = 3.0 (× 105) × l (× A) C1
l = 30 mm C1
distance moved = 45 mm e.c.f. A1
[7]

3 (a) typical random path drawn, at least 3 abrupt changes of direction B1

(b) air molecules hit dust particles in all directions/move it in all directions B1
just as likely to be up as down B1
(allow marks scored on diagram)

(c) random movements smaller OR slower movement

OR less energy OR movement decreases B1 [4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 (a (i) random B1
high speed (between collisions) B1

(ii) hit walls B1

many hits/unit area OR hit hard OR large force OR high energy
OR many hits/s OR hit very often B1

(b) particles vibrate (more) OR electrons gain energy B1

particle to particle transfer OR flow of free electrons B1

[Total: 8]

5 (a) air molecules hit particles or vice versa B1

air molecules have speed/moment/energy B1
hits uneven or from all directions B1
hits (by small molecules) can move a large particle or moves
particles small distances B1 4

(b)
b) most energetic/fastest molecules B1
(ii) need energy to overcome forces/break bonds/separate mols. B1
so work must be done/energy used as work B1 3
[7]

6 (a) (i) random B1

(ii) hit and rebound B1 [2]

(b) (i) increase or further apart B1

(ii) increase or move faster B1 [2]

(ii) long way apart in gas to very close or touching B1 [2]

Total [6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 (a Water molecules at higher temps. have higher (av) k.e. B1
/ energy
Higher energy molecules (have greater chance to)
escape the surface B1
Higher energy molecules have energy to break liquid
“bonds” or separate liquid molecules or more
evaporation at 85°C (lowers level) B1 3

(b) Heat for evaporation = 34 500 – 600 = (33 900) C1

Sp. latent heat of evaporation = heat/mass evap. or
33 900 / 15 C1
2260 J/g (method and working correct, but no heat loss
used, 2/3) A1

(600 added or 34 500 used can score 2 max) 3

8 (a) (i) any suitable random motion 1

molecules hit walls 1

(ii) 1.
rebound/bounce back or many hits per unit area or per unit
time or collisions create force 1
2.
(av) k.e./speed of molecules increases 1
more hits(/sec) or harder hits 1 5

(b) p 1 v 1 = p 2 v 2 quoted or any recognisable substitution 1

5 5
2 x 10 x 0 . 3 5 = 5 x 1 0 x v 1
1
volume = 0.14 (m3) (8)

9 (a) air molecules hit dust particles M1

hits continuously/unevenly/hits cause movement in all
directions A1
air molecules fast moving/high energy B1 3

(b) any attempt to use p x v = constant or correct C1

proportion C1
fraction 2 x 80/25 seen A1 3
p = 6.4 x 10 (Pa)
[6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
10 (a) Some have extra/more energy than others B1
most energetic leave surface/ break liquid bonds etc B2 M2
(b) evaporation occurs strictly at the surface/at all temperature B1
boiling occurs throughout liquid/ at one temperature (at normal at. pr.)/100°C B1 2
(c) energy supplied = Wt /60 x 120 C1
sp.latent heat = energy/mass evaporated or 60 x 120/3.2 C1
value is 2250 J/g A1 3
[7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Fig. 4.1 shows some of the apparatus that a student uses to determine the specific heat 1
of aluminium.

connections to electric circuit

electric heater

insulating lid

thermometer

aluminium block

insulating container

Fig. 4.1

(a) State the measurements the student needs to make, including those from the electric circuit.
For each quantity measured, state a symbol.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Use your symbols from (a) to complete the formula used to determine the specific heat
capacity c.

specific heat capacity c =

...................................................................................[2]

Explain why this student’s measurements lead to this higher value.

...................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 A technician is designing a liquid-in-glass thermometer. The following is a list of properties of the
thermometer that she is considering.

sensitivity range speed of response linearity

(a) (i) 1. Which one of these properties is affected by the length of the stem of the
thermometer?

....................................................................................................................................

2. Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) 1. Which property is affected by the diameter of the capillary?

....................................................................................................................................

2. Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) The thermometer is to be used to measure temperatures between −10 °C and 50 °C. The
technician considers using water or red-coloured alcohol as the liquid in the thermometer.

(i) Write down which liquid would be suitable.

...........................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give two reasons for your answer.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 A student uses a 2400 W electric kettle to obtain a value for the specific heat capacity of
sunflower oil.

Fig. 6.1 shows the apparatus.

thermometer

measuring
kettle jug

plug
watch

Fig. 6.1

The student uses a measuring jug and pours 1.5 kg of sunflower oil into the empty kettle. He
uses a thermometer to measure the temperature of the oil.

The kettle is switched on and left on for 50 s. The temperature of the oil increases by 32 °C.

The student assumes that all the electrical energy is transferred as thermal energy to the oil.

(a) Calculate the value for the specific heat capacity of sunflower oil obtained by the student.

specific heat capacity = ................................................. [4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) State and explain whether the value for the specific heat capacity obtained by the
student is too large or too small.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

4 (a) Suggest

(i) an example of a change of state resulting from the removal of thermal energy from
a quantity of material,

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) the effect of this change of state on the temperature of the material.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Define the thermal capacity of a body.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) A polystyrene cup holds 250 g of water at 20 °C. In order to cool the water to make a
cold drink, small pieces of ice at 0 °C are added until the water reaches 0 °C and no
unmelted ice is present.

[specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J / (g °C), specific latent heat of fusion of
ice = 330 J / g]

Assume no thermal energy is lost or gained by the cup.

(i) Calculate the thermal energy lost by the water in cooling to 0 °C.

thermal energy lost = ................................................. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) State the thermal energy gained by the ice in melting.

thermal energy gained = ................................................. [1]

(iii) Calculate the mass of ice added.

mass of ice = ................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Fig. 6.1 shows a glass flask full of water at 10 °C and sealed with a bung. A long glass tube
passes through the bung into the water. The water level in the tube is at X.

bung X

glass flask

water

Fig. 6.1

When the flask is placed in hot water, the water level initially falls a little below X, and then
rises some way above X.

(a) Suggest why

(i) the water level initially falls,

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) the water level then rises,

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) the rise is greater than the fall.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Suggest a change to the apparatus that would make the fall and rise of the water level
greater.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 (a) Define specific latent heat of fusion.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) A tray of area 0.25 m2, filled with ice to a depth of 12 mm, is removed from a
refrigerator.

Calculate the mass of ice on the tray. The density of ice is 920 kg / m3.

mass = ................................................. [2]

(ii) Thermal energy from the Sun is falling on the ice at a rate of 250 W / m2. The ice
absorbs 60 % of this energy.

Calculate the energy absorbed in 1.0 s by the 0.25 m2 area of ice on the tray.

energy = ................................................. [2]

(iii) The ice is at its melting temperature.

Calculate the time taken for all the ice to melt. The specific latent heat of fusion of
ice is 3.3 × 105 J / kg.

time = ................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 (a) Explain why a liquid cools when evaporation takes place from its surface.
..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 7.1 shows five vessels each made of the same metal and containing water.

Vessels A, B, C and D are identical in size and shape. Vessel E is shallower and wider.
The temperature of the air surrounding each vessel is 20 °C.

A B C D E

Fig. 7.1

The table shows details about each vessel and their contents.

volume of initial temperature

vessel outer surface
water / cm3 of water / °C
A dull
ull 80
B shiny 200 80
C dull
ull 95
D dull
ull 80
E dull
ull 80

The following questions are about the time taken for the temperature of the water in the
vessels to fall by 10 °C from the initial temperature.

(i) Explain why the water in B takes longer to cool than the water in A.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) Explain why the water in C cools more quickly than the water in A.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain why the water in D cools more quickly than the water in A.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Suggest two reasons why the water in E cools more quickly than the water in A.

1. ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a mass of block m B1
initial temperature θ1 and final temperature θ2 B1
time of heating t B1
voltage / p.d. V AND current I B1

(b) (c = ) VIt ÷[m (θ2 – θ1)]

OR Pt ÷ [m (θ2 – θ1)] OR E ÷ [m (θ2 – θ1)] as appropriate to symbols defined in (a)
numerator correct B1
denominator correct B1

(c) (more) thermal energy / heat lost (to surroundings) so temperature rise is less
OR more thermal energy / heat input required for same temperature rise B1

[Total: 7]

2 (a (i) 1. range M1

2. correct link between stem length and range/top temperature/expansion A1

(ii) 1. sensitivity M1

2. correct link between capilliary diameter and sensitivity/movement of

thread A1

(b) (i) (coloured) alcohol (note: no mark for this point, but must be present for subsequent
marks to be awarded) M0

(ii) any two from:

• water will freeze / alcohol doesn’t freeze
• coloured alcohol (clearly) visible
• alcohol has even expansion / water has uneven expansion
• alcohol expands more / water expands less
• alcohol has lower SHC/thermal capacity
• alcohol does not stick to glass B2

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 (a (Q/E =) Pt or 2400 × 50 C1
1.2 × 105 (J) C1
(c =) Q/m∆T or 1.2 × 105/(1.5 × 32) (condone 2400/(1.5 × 32))
(allow e.c.f. from candidate’s Q = 1.2 × 105) C
2.5 × 103 J/(kg °C) or 2.5 J/(g °C) (condone missing brackets)
(allow e.c.f. from candidate’s Q = 1.2 × 105) A [4]

(b) (student’s value) too large and heat lost to surroundings/kettle/evaporation B1 [1]

[Total: 5]

4 (a (i) e.g. freezing, solidification, condensation

OR example e.g. water to ice, steam to water, gas to solid B1

(ii) No change B1

(b) Heat/energy required to change temperature of the body B1

by 1 °C / 1 K / 1 unit / 1 deg B1
OR
mass (of body) × specific heat capacity (B2)

(c) (i) Q = mcθ OR in words OR 250 × 4.2 × 20 C1

= 21000 J A1

(ii) 21000 J OR same as (c)(i) B1

(iii) Q = mL OR m = Q/L OR either in words

OR 21000 = m × 330 OR m = 21000/330 C1
= 63.6 g at least 2 s.f. A1

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a (i) Glass / flask receives heat / rises in temperature B1
Glass / flask expands B1

(ii) Heat flows through glass to water OR Water receives heat / thermal energy
from / conducted by glass OR Water temperature rises OR Water molecules
move faster / gain K.E. B1
Water expands / Water molecules move further apart B1

(iii) Glass / solid expands less OR water / liquid expands more B1

(b) Use a bigger flask OR a narrower tube

OR Use a solid and a liquid that expand more B1

[Total: 6]

6 (a Heat required to change state of / melt 1 kg / 1 g / unit mass of solid (with no

change of temperature) B1

Allow specific example e.g. ice to water

NOT liquid to gas

(b)
b) d = m/V in any form OR (m =) V × d C1
OR (m =) 0.25 × 0.012 × 920
= 2.76 kg at least 2 significant figures. *Unit penalty applies A1

(ii) 60% of 250 = 150 (W/m2) OR 250 × 0.25 = 62.5 (J) C1

Heat absorbed in 1 s = 150 × 0.25 = 37.5 (J)
OR 60 % of 62.5 = 37.5 J OR J/s OR W *Unit penalty applies A1

Allow J/s or W because in one second.

(iii) Q = mL OR m = Q/L OR m = 37.5 / 3.3 × 105 ecf from (b)(ii) C1

m = 0.0001136 (kg) (in 1 s) C1
Time taken = 2.76/0.000114 = 24300 s at least 2 significant figures. *Unit
penalty applies A1
OR
P = Q/t OR t = Q/P OR t = mL/P (C1)
t = 2.76 × 3.3 × 105 / 37.5 (C1)
= 24300 s *Unit penalty applies (A1) [8]

*Apply unit penalty once onl

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 (a Faster / more energetic molecules escape / evaporate (from surface) B1
Molecules left (in liquid) have lower average speed / energy so temperature is
lower B1
OR
(Latent) heat needed to evaporate / leave the surface (B1)
comes from remaining liquid (B1)

(b) (i) Dull surface is better radiator / radiates faster

OR Shiny surface is poorer radiator / radiates slower B1

(ii) C hotter (than A) OR A cooler (than C) (so evaporates at a faster rate in C) B1

(iii) Less liquid in D OR more liquid in A B1

(iv) E has greater (surface) area / more open to air / is shallower B1

greater rate of loss of heat by evaporation / convection /
conduction / radiation B1 [7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Fig. 5.1 shows an X-ray tube.

target glass tube

fins

high speed
black electron beam
surface

vacuum
copper rod

X-rays

Fig. 5.1

In the production of X-rays, the target gets very hot. Thermal energy must be removed from the
target. The tube has several design features to enable this to happen.

For each of the following types of energy transfer, describe how the design of the tube increases
the rate of energy transfer. State where the thermal energy transfer mostly happens, the particular
design feature that increases the rate of this transfer, and a brief explanation.

(a) conduction

where ........................................................................................................................................

design feature ...........................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) convection

where ........................................................................................................................................

design feature ...........................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

where ........................................................................................................................................

design feature ...........................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a) (i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to measure
the specific heat capacity of a liquid. If you choose an electrical method, you must include
the circuit.

[3]

(ii) List the quantities you would need to measure, or previously know, in order to calculate
the specific heat capacity of the liquid.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Some sea water has a specific heat capacity of 3900 J / (kg °C) and a boiling point of
100.6 °C.

(i) Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of 0.800 kg of this sea water from
12.0 °C up to its boiling point. State the equation that you use.

(ii) The energy to raise the temperature in (b)(i) is supplied at the rate of 620 W.

Calculate the time taken to raise the sea water to its boiling point.

time = ...........................................................[2]

[Total: 12]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 A certain substance is in the solid state at a temperature of –36 °C. It is heated at a constant
rate for 32 minutes. The record of its temperature is given in Fig. 5.1.

time / min 0 1 10 14 18 22 24 26 28 30 32

temperature / °C –36 –16 –9 –9 –9 –9 32 75 101 121 121 121 121

Fig. 5.1

(a) State what is meant by the term latent heat.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State a time at which the energy is being supplied as latent heat of fusion.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain the energy changes undergone by the molecules of a substance during the
period when latent heat of vaporisation is being supplied.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) (i) The rate of heating is 2.0 kW.

Calculate how much energy is supplied to the substance during the period
18 – 22 minutes.

energy supplied = ................................................ [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) The specific heat capacity of the substance is 1760 J / (kg °C).

Use the information in the table for the period 18 – 22 minutes to calculate the
mass of the substance being heated.

mass heated = ................................................ [3]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 A technician has been asked to design a liquid-in-glass thermometer, using alcohol as the
liquid.

(a) (i) State what is meant by the sensitivity of the thermometer.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State one design feature the technician could use in order to ensure a very sensitive
thermometer.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) (i) State what is meant by the range of the thermometer.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State one design feature that would ensure that the thermometer measured the
desired range of temperatures.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) (i) State what is meant by linearity, as it applies to the thermometer.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State one design feature that would ensure linearity in the technician’s thermometer.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 A student in a laboratory uses the apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1 to determine the specific heat
capacity of aluminium.

to low voltage supply

and measuring instruments

thermometer

electrical heater

aluminium block

Fig. 4.1

The readings obtained in the experiment are given below.

mass of aluminium block = 0.930 kg

initial temperature of block = 13.1 °C
final temperature of block = 41.3 °C
electrical energy supplied = 23 800 J

(a) Define specific heat capacity.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Use the readings above to calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminium.

State the equation you use.

specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Because the student knows it is good scientific practice to repeat readings, after a short time
he carries out the experiment again, supplying the same quantity of electrical energy.

This time the temperature readings are:

initial temperature of block = 41.0 °C

final temperature of block = 62.1 °C

(i) Use these figures to calculate a second value for the specific heat capacity of
aluminium.

specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) The student did not make any mistakes when taking the readings.

Suggest why the second value for the specific heat capacity of the aluminium is greater
than the first.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Suggest two ways of improving the experiment in order to give as accurate a result as
possible.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a) conduction rod / target / anode B1
copper / thickness of rod B1
good conductor / increases amount of conduction (of thermal energy) B1 [3]

(b) convection fins B1

large surface area / number of fins / spaces between fins B1
large contact with air / allows air to rise between fins B1 [3]

(c) radiation fins / black surface / end of rod B1

black surface / large surface area B1
good emitter / large radiating surface ignore absorber B1 [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a)
a) electrical method
lagged container + lid
liquid (allow) water 5 points 3
heater in liquid 4 points 2
heater connected to electrical supply (seen or stated) 3 points 1
voltmeter and ammeter appropriately connected (seen)
thermometer B3

mixtures method
lagged container
liquid 5 points 3
hot solid/hot liquid 4 points 2
means of heating hot solid / liquid (seen or stated) 3 points 1
means of weighing hot solid / liquid / use of known mass (seen or stated)
thermometer B3

(ii) electrical method

initial & final temps of liquid OR temp rise
voltmeter reading (however expressed)
ammeter reading (however expressed) –1 e.e.o.o.
heating time
mass of liquid B3

mixtures method
initial and final temps of liquid OR temp rise
initial and final temps of added solid / liquid OR temp drop
mass of added solid / liquid –1 e.e.o.o
mass of liquid
SHC of added solid / liquid B3

(b)
b) Q = mcθ in any form B1
100.6 – 12 OR 88.6 C1
0.8 × 3900 × 88.6 C1
276 432 J A

(ii) Q = Wt OR (t =) candidate’s (i)/620

62
445.858 s ecf (i) A1 [12]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3

4 (a (i) change in length / distance moved (accept “how much it expands”)

per unit / given temp rise OR equivalent B1

(ii) large bulb OR thin / narrow bore / tube / capillary

NOT thin / narrow thermometer B1

(b) (i) difference between the highest and lowest temperatures

ignore reference to fixed points B1

(ii) tube (sufficiently) long / not too short

OR bore wide/not too thin
OR little/not too much liquid/bulb
NOT change liquid B1

(c) (i) idea of equal size divisions/expansion for equal temperature rises
OR ∆l / ∆θ constant OR reference to l against θ graph straight line
ignore 1 division = 1 °C
C

(ii) uniform bore OR alcohol/liquid expands uniformly (with temp) B1 [6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a heat/energy to raise/change temperature M1
of 1 kg/1g/unit mass through 1°C/1K A1
(mention of change of state scores zero)

(b) Q = mcθ (for θ accept t, T, ∆θ, ∆t, or ∆T) B1

23800 = 0.93 × c × (41.3 – 13.1) C1
907.5 or 907 or 908 or 910 J/(kg °C) or J/(kg K) at least 2 sig. figs A1
(for unit in (b) and (c)(i) condone no brackets and extra solidus)

(ii) more energy lost (to surroundings) B1

(average) temperature is higher/initial temperature higher/no cooling
time allowed/temperature rise is lower/time of heating may be longer/
rate of heating may be lower B1

(d) insulate block/provide lid/cover with shiny foil )

start & finish same amount below & above room temperature ) any 2 B1 + B1
get heater up to temperature before inserting )
put oil in gap between heater & block )

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

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