Program Book Long Term Internship

AP STATE COUNCIL OF
HIGHEREDUCATION
(A STATUTORY BODY OF GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH)
 Program Book
for Long Term Internship

Name of the Student: SREERAM MEENA

Name of the College: JNTUA College of Engineering,Pulivendula

Registration Number: 20191A0248

Name and Address of Intern Organization: Skill Dzire,Hyderabad,Telangana

:
 An Internship Report
On
SUBSTATION DESIGN

Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of B.Tech

Name of the college : JNTUA College Of Engineering ,Pulivendula

Department : Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Name of the guide : T.Obulesu,AssistantProfessor(A)

Name of the Student : Sreeram Meena

Program of study : B.Tech

Year of study : 4th Year
Register No : 20191A0248
Date Of Submission :20-02- 2024
 Student’s Declaration

I Sreeram Meena a student of B. tech Program ,Reg.no.20191A0248 Of the Department

of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUA College Of Engineering,Pulivendula,
do here by declare that I have completed the internship program from 1

january,2024 to 16th April ,2024 in Skill Dzire under the Faculty Guidance of T.Obulesu,
Assistant Professor(Adhoc), Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,JNTUA
College Of Engineering ,Pulivendula.

( Signature and date)

Endorsements

Faculty Guide:

Head of the Department:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We had taken a lot effort to complete the internship. But without them it is not possible execute this
as a successful one. We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to all of them
who had helped in completion of the internship report titled as “SUBSTATION DESIGN”.

We wish to express our special gratitude to our guide T.Obulesu, Assistant Professor(Adhoc) of JNTUA
College of Engineering, Pulivendula for his valuable help on getting started with thesis, for habituating
the attitude of skills required to problem solving and his constant encouragement, motivation, guidance
in the completion of the Internship.

We wish to express our gratitude to Dr.G.V.Nagesh Kumar,Assistant Professor & Head of the
department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering ,JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula for his
unbounded support to all the students in the department for the completion of Internship.

We wish to express our gratitude Dr.G V.Nagesh Kumar ,Professor in the department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula for his unbounded support to all the
students in the department for the completion of Internship.

We wish to express our gratitude Prof. Dr.R.Ramana Reddy , JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula
for providing a wonderful exposure to do our internship in a simplified manner in the college.

We wish to express our gratitude Prof.M.Surya Narayana reddy, Vice Principal, JNTUA College of
Engineering, Pulivendula for providing a wonderful exposure to do our internship in a simplified manner
in the college.

S.Meena

20191A0248
 CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Course Objectives

Substations are a critical component of the electricity supply network whether it be

to connect generators to transmission systems or deliver electricity to end users.
This course provides an overview of the substation design process and includes
description of the key components of substation design. The course is suitable for
all individuals working in the electrical power engineering industry.

• The role and importance of substations in electricity supply systems

• An understanding of the key components of substations and Knowledge related to

substation layout and switching arrangements

• Appreciation of substation secondary systems and an understanding on maintenance

requirements for substation equipment

The course is designed to cover a wide range of substation design principles and
techniques, with a particular emphasis on the substation as a total system. Further, the
changing role of substations in the broader electricity supply grid is discussed,
including environmental considerations, grid configuration, reliability scenarios
and failure modes
It functions as a hub for transforming electrical energy to different voltage
levels, ensuring efficient power transmission and distribution. By facilitating voltage
regulation, power factor correction, and system protection, substations maintain the
stability and reliability of the electrical grid.
 CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF THE ORGANIZATION

INTRODUCTION OF THE ORGANIZATION:

SkillDzire’s highly competent experts, well-planned courses, and high student

success rates have garnered immense recognition from the industry. Its exceptional
record has earned it a place in our list of “30 most trusted brands to watch for in
2021”.

SkillDzire was launched by Sreedhar Thokala and Srikanth Muppalla. Their idea
was to help graduates hone their industry skills and offer placement opportunities
thereafter. By launching a real time knowledge platform, they intended on
connecting students with genuine industry experts at affordable charges.

VISION, MISSION AND VALUES OF ORGANISATION:

SkillDzire is a sought-after real time learning platform that bridges the gap
between industry experts and students. It offers a plethora of advanced courses,
specifically designed to meet various industry’s standards. With the help of industry
experts, the brand has curated a host of Technical and Non- technical courses

SkillDzire focuses on imbibing interactive features in its courses to help students

grasp knowledge at a cellular level. By offering Online Live Sessions, Grooming
sessions, Technical Quizzes, Virtual Industry Visits, Doubt Checking, etc., the
brand aims at holistically priming students for success.

Policy of the Organization, in relation with the intern role:

1. Code of Conduct: - Expectations for professional behavior. - Compliance with

company policies and procedures.

2. Confidentiality: - Agreement to maintain the confidentiality of sensitive

information.

3. Working Hours and Attendance: - Definition of work hours and any flexibility
or expectations for punctuality. - Guidelines for requesting time off or reporting
absences.
4. Supervision and Reporting Structure: - Details on reporting relationships and
supervision. - Clear communication channels for reporting tasks and seeking
guidance.

5. Performance Expectations: -Specific goals or tasks to be accomplished during

the internship. - Evaluation criteria and performance reviews.

6. Use of Company Resources: - Guidelines on the use of company equipment,

software, and resources. - Security and responsible usage policies.

Roles and responsibilities of the employees in which the intern is Placed:

1. Learning and Observation: -Understand Company Culture: Learn about the

company's values, culture, and structure. -Observe Work Processes: Gain insights
into how tasks are performed and projects are managed within the organization.

2. Project Support: -Assist in Projects: Contribute to ongoing projects by

providing support to team members. -Research and Analysis: Conduct research and
analysis related to the projects assigned.

3. Skill Development: - Skill Enhancement: Develop and enhance skills relevant

to the intern's field of study or career goals.

4. Team Collaboration: - Collaborate with Team Members: Work closely with

team members to achieve project goals. - Communication Skills: Improve
communication skills by actively participating in team discussions and meetings.

5. Research and Analysis: - Conduct Research: Engage in market research, data

analysis, or any other research activities as assigned. - Report Preparation: Prepare
reports based on the research findings.

6. Administrative Tasks: - Administrative Support: Provide assistance in routine

administrative tasks as needed.
 CHAPTER 3: INTERNSHIP PART
Description of the activities/responsibilities in the intern organization
during internship which shall include details of working conditions, weekly work
shedule and task performed this part could end by reflecting on what kind of skills
the intern acquired.

During my internship at skilldzire (real time platform) in the field of Substation

Design, I had learnt various concepts and gained knowledge through the technical
sessions conducted by the organization with all the knowledge that I have gained.

The online working environment was completely virtual but very good and
created an atmosphere of continuous learning. there was a continuous mentor
support which lead to positive learning environment. My internship was a week
structured plan followed by another week completely for project completion
where a technical session was included once in a week.

Proficiency in Substation Design understanding the, overview of the substation

design process and includes description of the key components of substation
design and effective team work, communication skill are the most important skills
that I had acquired from internship.

1. Learning and Development: Use the internship as an opportunity for learning

and professional development. Attend training sessions, workshops, and company
events in online to gain valuable skills and insights.

2. Reporting and Documentation: Maintain records, prepare reports, and

document your work to provide updates to your supervisor or team.

3. Professionalism: Maintain a high level of professionalism, including

punctuality, Communication skills, and a positive attitude. Respect company
confidentiality.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIRST WEEK

DAY DESCRIPTION OF
THE DAILY LEARNING OUTCOME
&
DATE ACTIVITY

Day –1 Introduction to Substation design planning and engineering of facilities

Substation Design that transform voltage levels, distribute electricity, and
ensure reliable power delivery.
Day –2 History of the The history of substation design traces back to the late
Substation 19th century when electricity distribution systems
began to expand.

Day –3 Need of Substation Substation essential components of electrical

power systems, serving as crucial nodes for the
transmission and distribution of electricity.
They play several key roles in:
i. Voltage Transformation
ii. Load Management
iii. Protection and Control

Day –4 Types of Substation

Substations types and there role in the overall
operation and management of electrical power
systems, contributing to efficient, reliable, and
safe electricity transmission and distribution.

Day –5 Brief description about

i. Distribution Substations
each type
ii. Transmission Substations
iii. Step-Up Substations

Day –6 Overview of a Overview of a standard substation is a complex facility

designed to efficiently manage the flow of electricity,
standard
ensure grid stability, and maintain the reliability of
substation electrical power distribution to end-users.
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 1 (From Date: 01-01-2024 To Date: 07-01-2024)

Objective of the Activity Done: Understanding the concepts of the Introductionto

Substation Design and types.

Detailed Report:
In this week we studied the Introduction to Substation Design . A substation is a
component of an electricity transmission or distribution system where voltage is transformed
from high to low, or the reverse, using transformers.
A transmission substation transforms the voltage to a level suitable for transporting
electric power over long distances. This is to minimize capital and operating costs of the
system. Once it is transported close to where it Is needed, a distribution substation transforms
the voltage to a level suitable for the distribution system. So the assembly of apparatus
used to change some characteristic of electric supply is called a substationIn a substation
using step up and step down transformer change AC voltages from one level toAnother,
change AC to DC or DC to AC.
A substation may have one or more relates transformers, many protective equipment
and switches. Substation is important part of power transmission and distribution system.
Substations are the most critical part of any electrical supply grid.
A failure of a single piece of substation equipment

can cause a total grid collapse which may take days or even longer to rectify.
The continuity of power supply depends on successful operation of substations. It is
therefore essential to exercise.Extreme care while designing and building a substation.A
substation may be called upon to change voltage level or improve power factor or convert
ac power into dc power etc. According to service requirement 11kV substation
isTransformer substation. In this substations using power transformer changes voltage
level of electric supply.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SECOND WEEK
DAY DESCRIPTION OF LEARNING OUTCOME
& DATE THE DAILY ACTIVITY
Day –1 Substation Layout Restate the key concepts of design, construction,
operation and maintenance of electrical
substations. Select LV and HV equipment's in
substation for power distribution,
protection and switchgear.

Day –2 Current transformer & A CT lowers the current signals for measurement
Potential transformer purposes, while a PT lowers high voltage values
into lower ones.

Day –3 isolators An isolator is a device used for isolating a

circuit or equipment from a source of power.

Day –4 Relays The function of relay is to quickly remove from

service any equipment that might suffer damage
or otherwise affect the operation of the system.

Day –5 Circuit Breaker & Circuit breakers are used to open and close
circuits. The purpose of a power transformer is to
Power transformer
convert voltage from a high voltage to a low
voltage.

Day –6 Substation earthing , Earthing System in a Sub Station comprises of

Earth Mat or Grid, Earth Electrode, Earthing
Control & Protection
Conductor and Earth Connectors.
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 2 (From Dt 08-01-2024 to Dt 15-01-2024)

Objective of Objective of the Activity Done:: Understanding the concepts of

main equipments of the substation design.

Detailed Report: In this Week we studied the main equipments and components of the
substation.Substation is important part of power transmission and distribution system.
Substations are the most critical part of any electrical supply grid. A failure of a single
piece of substation equipmentcan cause a total grid collapse which may take days
or even longer to rectify. The continuity of power supply depends on successful
operation of substations.
The transformers are designed to measure whether power systems are both
accurate and safe. In addition, the CT and PT transformer reduces the current and voltage
from high to low value. An isolator is a mechanical switching device that, in the open
position, allows for isolation of the input and output of a device.
Circuit breakers are used to open and close circuits. They can be operated
manually to perform maintenance or will automatically trip if a short circuit occurs. This
function in the power system is similar to that of the fuses or breakers in a household
distribution panel. The transformer is an electrical device that transfers electric energy
by electromagnetic induction.
Earthing System in a Sub Station comprises of Earth Mat or Grid, Earth
Electrode, Earthing Conductor and Earth Connectors. Primary requirement of Earthing
is to have a low earth resistance. Substation involves many Earthings thro' individual
Electrodes, which will have fairly high resistance.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE THIRD WEEK
DAY DESCRIPTION OF LEARNING OUTCOME
& DATE THE DAILY
ACTIVITY
Day –1 Substation Automation • The stated objectives of substation
automation (EEP) are to optimize the
management of capital assets and boost
operation and maintenance efficiency.

Day –2 Wave Trap A wave trap, also known as a high-

frequency stopper, is an electronic device
installed in power substations.

Day –3 Bus bars and its types

The main purpose of a busbar is to
carry electricity and distribute it.

Day –4 Disconnectors Disconnector switches are used in air

insulated substations to provide isolation
&Earthing
of powered equipment from the net- work.
Switches
Earthing switches are mechanical
switching devices for earthing parts of a
circuit, capable of withstanding for a
specified time currents under abnormal
conditions such as those of short circuit

Day –5 the various options, possibilities, of CAIS

Compact Air Insulated
& GIS, benefits arrived from CAIS & GIS
Substation(CAIS)

Day –6 Transformers Transformer is responsible for reducing

the voltage value, allowing the output
current value to increase and obtaining a
large amount of current.
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 3 (From Date:15-01- 2024 To Date: 22-01-2024 )

Objective of the Activity Done: Understanding the concepts of Substation Automation

Detailed Report:
We have Explored about the Substation Automation , Bus bar and it’s
types.Substation Automation (SA) is a system to enable an electric utility to remotely
monitor, control and coordinate the distribution components installed in the substation.
SAS is based on a decentralized architecture and on a concept of bay oriented and
distributed intelligence, for safety and availability reasons.Wave trap main function is to
block high-frequency communication signals, approximately ranging from 30 to 500 kHz,
sent on the line from entering the substation equipment.
A busbar is an electrical junction used for collecting electric power from the
incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders There are two busbars in this
scheme and the load can be connected to any of the busbars through isolators. A bus coupler
is also provided for the transfer of load from one busbar to another.
Disconnectors are suitable for switching small currents or where no significant
change in voltage occurs across the terminals. High-voltage disconnectors are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers, transformers,
and transmission lines, for maintenance.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FOURTH WEEK

DAY DESCRIPTION OF THE

DAILY ACTIVITY LEARNING OUTCOME
& DATE

The main objective of flexible AC

Day –1 Flexible AC Transmission transmission systems (FACTS)
System controllers is to improve system
stability:

A static VAR compensator (SVC) is a

set of electrical devices for providing
Day –2 Static Var System in substation fast-acting reactive power on high-
voltage electricity transmission networks

Oil handling system is required for

Day –3 Oil Handling System treatment of insulating oil in transformers,
reactors etc.,

It is required for the operation of

Day –4 Compressed Air Systems air blast circuit breaker &
pneumatically operated circuit
breakers
Substation layout essentially consists in
Day –5 Substation Layout and plan arranging a number of switchyard
layout components.

High-voltage circuit breakers are

Day –6 High Voltage Circuit Breakers mechanical switching devices which
connect and break current circuits and
carry the nominal current in
closed position.
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 4 (From Date: 22-01- 2024 To Date:29-01-2024)

Objective of the Activity Done: Understanding the concepts of layout

and high voltage circuit breakers of Substation .

Detailed Report:

We have learned the concept of Substations layout and High voltage circuit
breakers generally substation have switching, protection and control equipment,
and transformers. The main objective of flexible AC transmission systems
(FACTS) controllers is to improve system stability: transient, voltage, and small-
signal, such that the AC transmission system becomes more reliable or additional
power flow can be transferred on critical paths. Substation layout essentially
consists in arranging a number of switchyard components in an orderly pattern
governed by their function and rules of spatial separation as described in an
electrical single-line diagram.
High-voltage circuit breakers are mechanical switching devices which
connect and break current circuits (operating currents and fault currents) and carry
the nominal current in closed position. The SF6 circuit breaker in the substation
is widely used in the voltage range between 33 kV and 800 kV. It can go beyond
the voltage range of 800 kV. The SF6 works similar to an air blast circuit system,
the gas is compressed in a high-pressure reservoir.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIFTH WEEK

DAY
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
& LEARNING OUTCOME
OF THE DAILY
DATE
ACTIVITY

Introduction to Analysing the classification about instrument

Day –1
instrument transformers
transformer and its
classifications

Day -2 Design and function of CT Understanding the CT principles and design

considerations

construction accuracy limit

Day –3
equivalent circuit Safety CT design and its safety precautions
precaution and usage of ckt
of CT

Design and function of PT, Understanding the PT principles and design

Day –4 construction and error of PT
considerations
and its causes

Current transformer sizing

Process of calculating the
Day-5 calculation
Current transformer sizing

Day-6 Current transformer burden

Process of calculating the
calculation
Current transformer burden
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK – 5 (From Dt 29-01-2024 to Dt 04-02-2024)

Objective of Objective of the Activity Done:: Understanding the concepts of main

equipments of the substation design.

1. Understanding Instrumentation Transformers: Explain the purpose and importance

of instrumentation transformers in electrical systems, including their role in isolating,
stepping up, or stepping down voltages and currents for measurement and protection
purposes.

2. Types of Instrumentation Transformers: Describe the main types of instrumentation

transformers, including current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs), and
their respective functions in electrical systems.

3. Construction and Components: Identify the key components and construction features
of instrumentation transformers, such as primary and secondary windings, core materials,
insulation, and physical enclosures.

4. Classification by Functionality: Classify instrumentation transformers based on their

primary function, such as step-up transformers, step-down transformers, isolation
transformers, and combination transformers.

5. Classification by Application: Classify instrumentation transformers based on their

application, including metering transformers, protection transformers, control
transformers, and instrumentation transformers for specialized applications.

6. Classification by Accuracy Class: Explain the concept of accuracy class in

instrumentation transformers and classify transformers based on their accuracy ratings,
such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, etc.

7. Classification by Voltage and Current Ratings: Classify instrumentation

transformers based on their voltage and current ratings, including low-voltage, medium-
voltage, and high-voltage transformers, as well as various current ratings.

8. Selection Criteria: Discuss factors to consider when selecting instrumentation

transformers, including accuracy requirements, voltage and current ratings, frequency,
environmental conditions, and compatibility with connected equipment.

9. Installation and Commissioning: Describe best practices for the installation,

commissioning, and integration of instrumentation transformers into electrical systems,
including proper mounting, grounding, and connection techniques.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SIXTH WEEK

BRIEF DESCRIPTION
LEARNING OUTCOME
DAY& OF THE
DATE DAILYACTIVITY

Day-1 Real time project dicussion

Construction,components and its accuracy

Day -2 Real time project analysis Operation and maintaince Planning,project

management,cost estimation

Microprocessor based Enabling them to design, implement, and

Day-3 power system protection maintain advanced protection schemes for
numerical relays modern electrical grids.

Transmission lines Understanding the principles of transmission

Day-4 Protection and line protection, including fault detection,
transformer isolation, and restoration

Understanding the role of bus bars in power

Day – 5 Busbar and Distribution systems, including their function as electrical
Feeders conductors for distributing power to various
loads
Exploring the different typesof generators,
Generator and Motor including synchronous generators, induction
Day – 6 generators, and DC generators, and their
applications in power generation and industrial
processes
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 6 (From Dt :05-02-2024 to Dt 11-02-2024)

Objective of the activity done:

Detailed Report: In this week we studied about the followings Microprocessor based power
system protection

Microprocessor-based power system protection with numerical relays involves using

digital technology to monitor, control, and protect electrical power systems. Numerical
relays, which rely on microprocessors, offer numerous advantages over traditional
electromechanical relays, including faster response times, greater accuracy, and advanced
features like communication capabilities and self-testing.

Key components of a microprocessor-based protection system with numerical relays

include:
1. Sensors: These devices measure electrical parameters such as voltage, current, power,
and frequency.

2. Data Acquisition Unit (DAU): The DAU collects data from sensors and converts it into
digital signals for processing by the microprocessor.

3. Microprocessor: The heart of the system, the microprocessor analyzes the incoming data
and determines if any protective action is necessary based on predefined algorithms.

4. Numerical Relays: These relays are controlled by the microprocessor and can trip circuit
breakers or take other protective actions when faults or abnormal conditions are detected.

5. Communication Interface: Many modern numerical relays are equipped with

communication ports, allowing them to exchange data with supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems or other monitoring devices.

6. Human-Machine Interface (HMI): Users interact with the system through an HMI,
which can include displays, touchscreens, or software interfaces for configuring settings,
viewing alarms, and accessing diagnostic information.

Benefits of microprocessor-based protection with numerical relays include enhanced

reliability, flexibility, and the ability to adapt to changing system conditions. Additionally,
these systems often provide valuable data for system monitoring, maintenance, and
troubleshooting, contributing to improved overall system performance
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SEVENTH WEEK

DAY
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
& LEARNING OUTCOME
THE DAILYACTIVITY
DATE

Day –1 About batteries Understanding the role of batteries in

substations for providing backup power

Communicating effectively about battery

Battery standards standards-related issues, including
Day -2
compliance strategies, certification
processes, and regulatory updates, to diverse
audiences.

Defining the concept of minimum rating

Day –3 in the context of batteries and its
Minimum rating of the significance in determining battery
batteries performance and suitability for specific
applications.

Explaining how the characteristics of the

Day –4 Load imposed on chargers load, including impedance, power factor,
and transient behavior, influence charger
design and efficiency.

Defining the concept of minimum

Day –5 Minimum demand load on demand load (MDL) and its significance
the chargers in determining the lowest level of power
consumption required to maintain charger
operation.

Defining the concept of charger rating and

Day –6 its significance in determining the capacity
Rating of the chargers and performance of charging systems.
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 7 (From Dt :12-02-2024 to Dt 18-02-2024)

Objective of the activity done:

Detailed Report: In this week we studied about the followings:

Battery management in substations involves the monitoring, maintenance, and control

of batteries used for backup power. Here are some key aspects:

1. Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of battery parameters such as voltage, current,

temperature, and state of charge (SOC) is essential to ensure optimal performance and
early detection of potential issues.
2. Maintenance: Regular maintenance activities include cleaning battery terminals,
checking electrolyte levels (for lead-acid batteries), and inspecting for signs of corrosion
or physical damage.
3. Testing: Periodic testing, such as capacity testing and impedance testing, helps assess
the health and performance of batteries, allowing for predictive maintenance and
replacement as needed.
4. Charging and Discharging Control: Proper control of charging and discharging
processes is crucial to prevent overcharging, over-discharging, and thermal runaway,
which can lead to premature battery failure or safety hazards.
5. Temperature Control: Maintaining appropriate operating temperatures is important
for battery longevity and performance. Substation environments should be regulated to
prevent extreme temperature fluctuations that can affect battery health.
6. Failure Analysis: In the event of a battery failure, conducting root cause analysis
helps identify underlying issues and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence.
7. Remote Monitoring and Control: Utilizing remote monitoring systems allows for
real-time monitoring of battery status and performance, as well as remote control of
charging and discharging processes, enhancing overall reliability and efficiency.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SEVENTH WEEK

BRIEF
DAY
DESCRIPTION LEARNINGOUTCOME
& DATE
OF THE DAILY
ACTIVITY

Substation earthing Understanding of Electrical Grounding Principles

Day –1 system design

purpose and function of earth electrodes within asubstation,

including their role in providing a lowresistance path to
Earth electrodes ground for fault currents andlightning strikes.
Day -2

viding a connection between the main earthing system and

electrical equipment, ensuring effective grounding and
Day –3 Earthing risers protection against electrical faults.
and connections

Familiarity with architectural design principles and their

Substation archi application to substation layouts, including
Day –4 layout considerations for spatial organization, circulation
paths, aesthetics, and integration with the
surrounding environment.

Substation
Day–5 components and its Study ofair-insulated substations (AIS), gas-insulated
configuration, substations (GIS), and hybrid substations, including
site selection and their advantages, limitations, and applications in
planning various operational environments.

Safety and Ability to identify potential safety hazards in

Day– 6 accessibility,groundi substations, including electrical shock, arc flash, fire,
confined spaces, chemical exposure, and mechanical
ng and lighting hazards, and implement appropriate mitigation measures
protection to minimize risks to personnel and equipment.
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 8 (From Dt :12-02-2024 to Dt 18-02-2024)

Detailed Report: In this week we studied about the followings:

Substation earthing system design:
1. Site Survey: Assess the soil resistivity, geological conditions, and other site-specific
factors that can influence the grounding design.

2. Grounding Grid Layout: Design the layout of the grounding grid based on the
substation layout, equipment configuration, and expected fault currents.

3. Grid Sizing: Determine the size of conductors, spacing between conductors, and depth
of burial based on the fault current, soil resistivity, and desired touch and step voltage
criteria.

4. Electrode Selection: Choose the type of grounding electrodes, such as rods, plates, or a
combination, based on soil conditions and local regulations.

5. Connection Design: Ensure proper connections between the grounding grid,

equipment, and other metallic structures to achieve low impedance paths for faultcurrents.

6. Surge Protection: Include surge protection devices to safeguard the substation

equipment against transient overvoltages.

7. Monitoring and Maintenance: Install monitoring systems to regularly measure the

effectiveness of the grounding system and establish a maintenance schedule to ensure its
ongoing reliability.