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Experimental Study on the Effects of Beeswax as Absorber for

Solar Still
Danladi Yusuf Bisu 1; Kuhe Aondiyila 2; and Lukeman Adama 2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria. 2Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria. 3Department of Mechanical
Engineering, College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Lafia, Nigeria.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62154/ajesre.2024.016.010397

Abstract
An experimental study on the effects of beeswax incorporated in the construction of the
absorber for a solar still was conducted. As part of the study, two solar stills of the same geometry
were constructed with the same water depth and volume. The one without a phase change
material (PCM) was used as the control still, while the other with beeswax as a phase change
material laid at the bottom of its basin to serve as an absorber was used as the experimental still.
The experiments were conducted in the thermodynamic laboratory of JS Tarka University,
Makurdi, Nigeria, between 10.00 am and 5.00 pm for two weeks. 16 litres of water were used for
each still, corresponding to 100 mm depth. The stills were kept side by side and exposed to
sunshine from 10.00 am to 5.00 pm for three days. Temperatures of the water at inlet and in the
still were measured. HT-9815 digital thermocouple was used to determine the temperature of
water in the basin and that of the inner glass cover. SM206 solar power meter was used to
measure the amount of solar energy incident on the still’s collector. The results showed that the
still with beeswax as phase change material (experimental still) has an improved thermal
efficiency enhancement of 109.30% as compared to the still without a phase change material
with a thermal efficiency enhancement of 86.1%. This implies that beeswax is a good phase
change material for solar stills, and the use of beeswax should be encouraged as it is non-toxic
and organic.
Keywords: Beeswax, Phase Change Material, PCM, Clean Water, Sustainability, Solar Still.

Introduction
The consistent increase in paucity of clean drinking water especially in remote communities
has been a major cause of concern globally (Shahsavari and Akbari, 2018). Although water
is said to be naturally abundant in rivers, lakes and underground reservoirs, constituting
about 70 % of the earth, research has shown that only 2.5 - 3 % of this is fresh, out of which
only 0.4 % is drinkable while about 1.6 % is polar ice caps and glacier (Benson, 2018). In
recent times, water purification processes have become of important, and despite
technological advancements, about 14.7 % of the earth’s population still lack access to clean
water, a crisis which has led to ground water overdraft, diminished agricultural yields,
regional conflicts over scarce water resources, inadequate access to water for sanitation
and waste disposal amongst others (Olsson, 2015; World Health Organization, 2016).

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In developing nations such as Nigeria, lack of adequate potable water has taken the lead
among causes of death of children (Peter and Umar, 2018: Odipe et al., 2019; Manta et al.,
2021). This results from the presence of micro-organisms and dissolved substances in the
water, causing dysentery which eventually leads to diarrhea and fatal dehydration
(Surendhiran et al., 2017). It has been estimated that due to persistent demand for clean
water, its availability will be short by 56 % by 2025 - 2030, likely causing about 1.8 billion
people to experience water scarcity in several regions of the world (World Water
Organization, 2010; Udmale et al., 2016).
Solar distillation is one of the most reliable, cost-effective methods of purifying water
employing only the free power of the sun as its energy source in a still (Fang et al., 2019). It
is a functional system that harnesses solar thermal energy to produce drinkable water
through distillation, which involves evaporation and condensation, where the water
evaporates to leave contaminants behind (Obayemi et al., 2014; Gao et al., 2019; Zhang et
al., 2019). This process is however yet to achieve commercial status due to limitations on
the volume of water it can produce. As a result, researchers are constantly seeking ways to
enhance its productivity. One method being explored is to increase its thermal efficiency by
utilizing absorbers incorporating materials with large energy storage capabilities. These
store energy during peak hours of sunshine to release them during low radiation periods,
thereby sustaining production.
Several phase change materials such as salt hydrates, paraffin waxes, fatty acids, and sugar
alcohols can be used for latent heat storage applications (Liu et al., 2017). Paraffin waxes
represent the most suitable option for solar still applications, due to their consistent melting
temperatures, abundance and low price (Kabeel and Abdelgaied, 2016; Jahanpanah et al.,
2021). However, they usually suffer from relatively lower thermal conductivity and high
volumetric expansion ratios (Putra et al., 2016; Ahmed, et al., 2022). Previous studies on the
effects of paraffin wax used as PCMs for thermal storage in solar stills include Mohammad
and Farshad (2011), who studied the behavior of cascade still incorporating materials for
storing latent heat. Behaviors of the solar still incorporating PCM and without it have been
modelled mathematically with the results indicating a better distillate productivity for the
PCM incorporated still (31% higher) than the solar still without PCM. Arunkumar et al.
(2018) studied the effect of thermal storage material on the yield of a concentrating
hemispherical basin still. The results showed a 26 % improvement on the yield of the still
with PCM.
One other material that has been shown to have good PCM properties is Beeswax. Beeswax
can be classified as an organic PCM originating from organic materials. It comprises of
esters of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols. The empirical formula for beeswax is
C15H31COOC30H61, which consists of palmitate, palmit oleate, hydroxyl palmitate, and
oleate esters of long-chain aliphatic alcohols (Putra, et al., 2016).
Beeswax shares the advantages of organic PCMs which have been noted as being largely
available, with acceptable melting temperatures of 30 oC - 60 oC, having high latent heat of

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fusion, good chemical stability, non-corrosiveness and no/very low super cooling (Sharma
et al., 2021; Putra et al., 2016). The major disadvantage of organic PCMs (Low thermal
conductivity) can be overcome through the use of additives such as nano-particles of highly
conductive materials (Putra et al., 2016; Ouikhalfan et al., 2016; Ahmed, et al., 2022).
Furthermore, beeswax is a waste derived from bee farms mostly located in rural areas who
coincidentally, mostly lack good water supply. Its utilization will therefore add more value
to bee farming and enhance good water supply.
In spite of all the promising results obtained on beeswax as a PCM, no studies on its use in
solar stills have been reported. This study therefore sought to determine the usability of
beeswax as a PCM in solar stills.

Statement of the Problem

Although beeswax has been proven to have good PCM properties, its engineering
applications, especially in the area of solar still have been limited. However, it holds the
potential to make solar still construction cheaper and therefore enhance the availability of
clean water especially in rural areas where it is mostly available, and where clean water is
also mostly scarce. This study therefore investigated the effects of the use of beeswax as a
PCM on the performance of a single slope, passive solar still in Makurdi, Benue state,
Nigeria. The study sought information on the organic, non-poisonous biodegradable
material which could be used to enhance clean water supply for better livelihood in remote
areas.

Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to enhance clean water availability through the use of locally
available, cheap materials for infrastructural development, such as clean water production
apparatus for remote areas. Specific objectives of the study included:
1. To design and construct a single slope, passive solar still with beeswax as absorber.
2. To determine the clean water production capacity of the constructed solar still.

Significance of the Study

The information provided by this study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge
about solar still, which will help in developing better clean water infrastructure (solar stills)
for remote areas that will result in significant socio-economic and environmental impacts.

Materials and Methods

The material specifications for the solar still, and the equipment used for the study are
presented in Table 1.

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Table 1: Materials Specification for Components of the Solar Still and Equipment
S/N Component Material
1 Frame Mild Still (25 ×25 ×5) mm angle bar
2 Basin Stainless still (1 mm thick)
3 Body Laminated MDF board
4 Top cover Transparent glass (4 mm thick)
5 PCM Beeswax (15 mm thick)
6 Distillate Collection Tank Plastic
7 Distillate Collection Hose Plastic

Equipment Model
1 Solar Power Meter SM206
2 Digital Thermocouple HT-9815

Solar Still Design and Construction

Two stills of identical geometry were constructed; one was without a PCM (Control still),
while the other had a PCM laid at the bottom of its basin to serve as an absorber
(Experimental still). The thickness of the PCM was factored in the design and construction
of the basin to ensure that the depth of water was the same for the two stills. The depth of
the basin for the experimental still was 215 mm. The still was made up of several
components as presented in Table 1, and shown in plate 1. The orthographic and exploded
views of the stills are shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. A 15 mm thick PCM layer made
of yellow beeswax obtained from a local bee farm in Makurdi, Nigeria was spread at the
bottom of the experimental still’s basin. Provisions were made on the side of the stills to
allow access for the thermocouple probe for the measurement of inner glass surface and
water surface temperatures.

Plate 1: Complete Solar Still Assembly

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Figure 1: Orthographic View of the Solar Still

Figure 2: Exploded View of the Solar Still

Experimental Setup
The experiments were conducted in the thermodynamic laboratory of JS Tarka University,
Makurdi, Nigeria, between 10.00 am and 5.00 pm for two weeks. 16 litres of water was used
for each still, corresponding to 100 mm depth. The choice of this depth was guided by the
findings of Bhargva and Yadav (2021). Measurements were taken at 30 minutes intervals
throughout the daily period of experiment. This was repeated twice at weekly intervals to
accommodate weather fluctuations, and the average values of parameters measured were
found and used appropriately. Both stills were subjected to same conditions with
precautions taken to avoid shading of the still throughout the period of experiment.
The SM206 solar power meter was used to measure the intensity of solar radiation on the
still’s surface in W/m2. HT-9815 digital thermocouple was employed to determine the
temperatures of the inner glass and water surfaces and at inlet and outlet of tills (oC) at the

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same time using its four probes. A digital temperature sensor was used to monitor the
ambient temperature throughout the period of the experiments.
Parameters used in measuring the stills’ performance include inner glass and water surfaces
temperature difference, overall yield and thermal efficiency. The following relations were
used to determine the parameters:
∆T = Tw − Tg (1)
Tw and Tg are the water and the glass temperature respectively.
Where Tw = Twp (for experimental still); Twc (for control still), Tg = Tgp (for experimental
still); Tgc (for control still), ∆T = ∆Tp (for experimental still); ∆𝑇𝑐 (for control still).
Therefore, the enhancement in temperature difference as a result of using PCM was found
using the relation
∑ ∆T = ∑ ∆Tp − ∑ ∆Tc (2)
Where ∑ ∆Tp = Whole day temperature difference for experimental still, ∑ ∆Tc = Whole
day temperature difference for control still.
The overall yield of still was constantly measured with a graduated cylinder at 30 minutes
intervals. These values are the instantaneous yield ( Yc for control still, and Yp for
experimental still)
∴ Overall yield enhancement was determined thus:
∑ Y = ∑ Yp − ∑ Yc (3)
Where ∑ Yc = Sum of all instantaneous yield for control still throughout the day,
∑ Yp = Sum of all instantaneous yield for experimental still throughout the day.
Furthermore, thermal analysis was conducted to ascertain the effect of the PCM on the
thermal efficiency of the still. The useful thermal energy gained by the stills (Q) was
determined as the function of the quantity of water evaporated, and the following relation
was used (Prakash, et al., 2022).
Q mCp (T2 −T1 )
η= = (4)
AI(t) AI(t)
Where A = Area of still
I = Solar radiation received by still
m = mass of distillate
Cp = Specific heat capacity of water at constant pressure
t = Daily period of experiment
T2 = Temperature of water at outlet of still
T1 = Temperature of water at inlet of still

Results and Discussion

The results of this study are presented in Figures 3 - 6, with effects of the use of beeswax as
absorber in the basin of the single slope passive solar still on various performance
parameters.

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Variation of Solar Intensity

Figure 3 shows the progressive variation of solar intensity between 10.00 am and 5.00 am
for the days the experiments were conducted as measured with SM 206 solar power meter.
It shows that solar radiation expectedly rose to its peak (1175 W/m2) at 12.00 noon, then
declined gradually to (128 W/m2) by 5.00 pm. The minor fluctuations were caused by varying
cloud thickness in the sky.

1400

1200
Solar Intensity (W/m2)

1000

800 SI (w/m2)
600

400

200

0
11:30 AM
10:00 AM
10:30 AM
11:00 AM

12:30 PM

4:00 PM
1:00 PM
1:30 PM
2:00 PM
2:30 PM
3:00 PM
3:30 PM

4:30 PM
5:00 PM
12:00 Noon

Figure 3: Variation of Solar Intensity with Time of Day

Temperature Variation
Figure 4 represents the variation of ambient temperature (AT), inner temperature of glass
for control still (Tgc), inner temperature of glass for experimental still (Tgp), surface
temperature of water in basin for control still (Twc) and the temperature of water surface in
basin for experimental still (Twp) with time of day and solar radiation intensity. It further
shows that the ambient temperature only slightly rose from 30.6 oC through its peak (37.1
o
C) at 2:00 am and declined gradually to 36.8 oC at 5:00 am. It expectedly remained below
the still’s inner temperatures throughout the duration of the experiment, indicating that the
still actually collected and stored solar thermal energy to enhance its function. The inner
temperatures of glass Tgc and Tgp followed a similar trend of starting low at 10:00 am,
gradually rising to 53.00 oC and 53.60 oC, and then declined gradually to 35.00 oC and 49.3
o
C respectively. Note that between 10:00 am and 1:00 pm, Tgp remained lower than Tgc. This
is attributable to the presence of the PCM in the basin which absorbed and stored part of
the thermal energy through phase change. However, between 1.00 pm and 5:00 pm, Tgp
rose and remained higher than Tgc indicating that the PCM was able to maintain higher
temperatures in the still by releasing the stored energy as the need arose. Similarly, Twc and
Twp followed a similar trend with Twc rising faster while Twp rose slowly but steadily until 12:30
pm when they became equal and Twp overtook Twc after 1:30 pm and remained higher with

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a smoother curve till 5:00 pm, indicative of the influence of the PCM, which released energy
gradually and continuously to the water making it easier to evaporate.

70 AT (oC)
60
Tgc
50 (oC)
40 Tgp
(oC)
30
Twc
20 (oC)
10 Twp
(oC)
0

Figure 4: Temperature Variation with Time of Day

Variation of Temperature Difference and Yield of Stills

Figure 5 shows the temperature difference (∆T) and yield (Y) of the control and
experimental stills. It shows that the experimental still maintained a positive and steadier
temperature variation between the inner glass and water surface throughout the period of
experiment. For the control still, the temperature variation between glass and water surface
was negative (glass surface had higher temperature than water surface) between 10:00 am
and 11: 30 pm. This is attributable to lack of energy storage in the control still’s basin. The
figure also shows that the experimental still also had more yield than the control still
throughout the experimental period. This is testimonial to the energy storage capability of
the PCM and its ability to release the stored heat to steadily maintain higher water
temperatures that enhanced evaporation. This has resulted in an overall enhancement in
cumulative temperature difference and yield of stills as shown in Figure 6. This shows that
the beeswax has the potential to increase the yield of solar still per unit area of basin, hence
increasing productivity and reducing cost of the still.
35
30
∆Tc (oC)
25
Yield os Stills (ml)

20
∆Tp (oC)
15
10 Yc (ml)
5
0 Yp (ml)
10:00 AM
10:30 AM
11:00 AM
11:30 AM

12:30 PM

1:30 PM
1:00 PM

2:00 PM
2:30 PM
3:00 PM
3:30 PM
4:00 PM
4:30 PM
5:00 PM
12:00 Noon

-5
-10
-15

Figure 5: Variation of Temperature Difference between Inner Glass Surface and Water
Surface and Yield of Stills with Time of Day

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223.3

∑∆Tc (oC)

120
∑∆Tp (oC)

∑Yc (ml)
40.7
23.5
∑Yp (ml)

Figure 6: Cumulative Temperature Difference between Inner Glass Surface and Water
Surface and Yield of Stills

Thermal Efficiency
Figure 7 shows that the experimental still had a higher efficiency (18 %) than the control still
(8.6 %), further confirming the effect of the beeswax PCM. This gave an efficiency
enhancement of 109.30%. This result agrees with the result of Prakash et al. (2022) in the
efficiency range for single slope solar still. These results corroborate the findings of Putra et
al. (2016), Putra et al. (2020), and Ramnanan-Singh (2012), who reported that beeswax is a
good PCM with good energy storage capabilities due to its superior thermal properties such
as high latent heat of fusion, specific heat and melting point compared to other materials.
This shows that beeswax has the potential to revolutionize still construction through cost
reduction by replacing expensive absorber materials and enhanced performance.

Efficiency of solar stills

18
8.6

ηc ηp

Figure 7: Efficiency of Control (𝜂𝑐 ) and Experimental (𝜂𝑝 ) Stills

Conclusion and Recommendation

This study investigated the use of beeswax as a PCM in a single slope solar still with the goal
of evaluating its effects on the still's performance. Temperature distribution and thermal
efficiency were used as performance parameters. The study shows that using beeswax as
PCM in the solar still significantly stabilized the temperature profiles during the fluctuations
of solar radiation. The PCM incorporated still kept the temperature relatively constant,
making the distillation process more effective in comparison with the still without a PCM.

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Improved thermal efficiency was also observed in the still incorporating beeswax as PCM.
Thus, the PCM minimized heat loss at night and offered a steady heat source on overcast
days.
The results obtained are experimental and there is need for this technology to be tested at
a large scale to further ascertain its viability. Also, the experiment needs to be tested in
other climatic zones to ascertain it applicability there too. Further research is also needful
on was from different species of bees to check specie related variability.

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