FORMATION OF SOAP

Project report submitted

By

V.SWATHI
In partial fulfillment of the
CBSE GRADE XII
In
CHEMISTRY
At

MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR SR.SEC.SCOHOOL

THENMATHUR POST, TIRUVANNAMALAI-606603
2024-2025
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that V.SWATHI of grade XII in
MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR, TIRUVANNMALI with
registration no…………… has satisfactorily
completed the project in CHEMISTRY on
FORMATION OF SAOP as partial fulfillment of the
requirements as prescribed by CBSE in the year
2024-2025

Signature of the signature of the

Candidate internal examiner

Signature of the signature of the

Principal external examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I warmly acknowledge the continuous and
timely suggestion offered by our dearest
principal Mrs.R.ANITHA, M.Sc., B.Ed, M.L.I.S.,
M.Phil. I extend my hearty of the facilities
available in the campus to carry out this
investigatory project successfully
I am highly indebted to MR. A.THRISHUL.,
M.Sc., B.Ed [DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISRTY] for
constant supervision, providing necessary
information and support in completing this
investigatory project, I would like to express my
gratitude towards them for kind cooperation
and encouragement.
Finally, I extend my gratitude to one and all
who are directly or indirectly involved in the
successful completion of this work.

Signature of the candidate

TABLE OF CONTENTES:
 Introduction
 Theory
 Aim
 Materials requires
 Procedure
 Observation
 Result
 Precautions
 Bibliography

INTRODUCTOIN
What are soaps?
Soaps are mixture of sodium or
potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as
stearic acid, plamitic acid, and oleic acid. They are
usually obtained by the hydrolysis of oils and fats
with sodium or potassium hydroxide (alkali
hydrolysis).
FOR EXAMPLE:

The alkali hydrolysis of oils and fats is known

as saponification.

HARD SOAPS:
 The sodium soaps are generally hard in
consistency and are known as hard soaps.
SOFT SOAPS:
The potassium soaps are comparatively soft
and more soluble and are referred to as soft
soaps. Shaving creams, vanishing cream,
shampoos etc ate all potassium soaps.
USES OF SOAPS:
Soaps are used for cleaning purposes
Soaps acts as surfactant, emulsifying oils
to enable them to carry away by water
Soaps acts as lubricants
In industries it is used as thickeners
Soaps are also effective as mild antiseptic

WHAT ARE SOAP AND DETERGENT?

SOAPS:
 Soaps are potassium or sodium salts of a
carboxylic acid having a long aliphatic
chain attached to it
 They are not effective in hard water and
saline water.
 Soaps are completely biodegradable.

DETERGENTS:
 Detergents are the potassium or
sodium salts of a long alkyl chain ending
a sulfonate group.
 They do not lose their effectiveness in
hard water.
  Detergents are non-giodegradable.as
opaque soaps bars, but they are very
effective for oily skin and acne.
 This is because, the alcohol neutralizes
the soap alluring the process and they
are quite slippery.

GLYCERIN SOAPS:
 Glycerin soaps are one of the most
moisturizing types of soaps they are
genteel to skin.
 Glycerin is humectants, which mean it
attracts moisture. it makes our skin
moisturized, hydrates making it look fear
and feel soft.
  These soaps are 100% natural which
makes them suitable for even sensitive
skin.
 It prevents worsening skin condition
such as eczema due to absence of
absence of synthetic chemicals.

NOVELTY SOAP:
 Novelty soaps serve as more than just
cleaning agents.
 They are visually appealing and serve
as a source of amusement and joy
especially for kids.
 They come in various colours shapes
and designs like duck, birds, car,
ect.., .They have pleasant fragrance and
 mostly handmade. Due to variety of
colors, shapes and sizes. They are often
given as gifts.

BEAUTY SOAPS:
 Beauty soaps make our skin healthy,
moisturized and lighter.
 It contains skin whitening agent such
as vitamins C, alpha abutting, papaya
 It replenishing nutrients that can be
most through cleaning giving us more
radiant-looking.
DISH SOAPS:
Dish soap is a soap that is meant to
clean dishes. They are strong
chemicals i.e. they should not used for
skin.
Dish soap product a lot of foam that
leave behind a refreshing aroma after
the dishes have been washed.
They are in the efficient removal of oil
and dirt from dishes.
FLAVORED SOAPS:
 Flavored soaps are made from
extracts of herbs and plants.
 They come in a variety of flavors such
that peppermint, vanilla, seaweed,
lemon grass tea tree ect.
 They have a pleasant fragrance and
import a refreshing feel on the skin.

HANDMADE SOAPS:
 Handmade soaps are costlier as
compared to commercially produced
soaps. They contain only natural
ingredients.
 They are made from base oils like
palm oil, olive oil, coconut oil, and butter
like Shea butter. These ingredients are
rich in antioxidant, nutrients and
vitamins.
 They are also safer as they dose have
any synthetic chemicals.
THEORY:
CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPS AND DETERGENTS.
Most of the firt is oily in nature and oil does
not dissolve in water
The molecule of the soap constitutes Na+ or K+
salts of long chain carboxylic acids
In soaps the carbon chain dissolves in the
hydrophobic chain and the ionic and dissolves
in water
Thus the soap molecules form a structure
called “micelles”
Soap is a kind of molecule in which both ends
have different properties the two ends are
hydrophobic and hydrophilic end.

MICELLES:
When the clusters of molecules are
formed then hydrophobic tail comes at
the interior of the cluster and the ionic
and comes at the surface formation is
called “micelle”
When soap is in the form of micelle then
it has the ability to clean the oil dirt which
gets accumulated at the center. Therefore
the dirt from the cloth is easily washed
away.
Micelle is associated colloids which
arrange in radial manner. They behave as
normal strong electrolyte at low
concentration but behave as colloidal
particles at higher concentration.
PREPARATION OF SOAP
AIM:
A. To prepare soaps from oils
B. To compare the soaps prepared with
the market soap by determining their
foaming capacity and cleaning.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Mahua oil = 100g
Caustic soda = 25g
Starch = 25g
Water = 150g
PROCEDURE:
A .Preparation of soap
A. Dissolve caustic in 15o ml of water this
solution is called lye. Let this soda lye
cool.
B. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50g of
starch with it. Remove the flame and
allow to cool.
C. Place the test tubes in the test tube
stand and start the stopwatch.
D. Note the time when the form in each
of the test tube disappears.
E.When the oil and soda lye at about the
same temperature, add soda lye to the oil
in a thin stream, stirring the mass,
constantly well with a wooden rod till the
whole lye has been added. A creamy pasty
mass is obtained.
F.Stirred the mass more till a semi-solid
mass is obtained. Transfer it into an iron
 mold or a wooden frame. Cover the frame
with a wooden board or gunny bag and
takeout the soda slab.
G. Remove the frame and takeout the
soda slab. Cut it with the help of the wire
into cake of desired stage size, soaps from
groundnut oil as well as coconut oil and
prepared by same.

B. Comparison of the foaming capacities of

the two soap samples:
A. Take 0.1g of each soap samples in two
test tube numbered.
B. Add 5ml of distilled water in each test
tube and shake them vigorously for 2-3
min preferably in a shakers
C. Place the test tubes in a test tube
stand and start the stopwatch.
D. Note the time when the foam in each
of the test tube disappears.

C. Comparison of cleansing effect of two

soap samples:
 Weigh equal quantities 0.5g of the
different detergents.
 Make the solution of the equal weight
0.5g of these detergents in a fixed
volume (100ml) of water.
 Attach a small piece of clean rubber
tubing, provided with a pinch screw to
the upper end of the stolagmometer.
The purpose of the pinch clamp is to
control the rate of flow of liquid by
limiting the influx of air.
 Clean the stalagmometer with hot acid
solution
 Fill the stalagmometer with the
solution.
 Clamp the stalagmometer in the
stand, solution is ten allowed to fall
under its overweight and start counting
the number of drops when the meniscus
passes the upper mark “A” and stop
counting when it passes the lower mark
“B” make 3 or 4 measurements.
 Rinse the stalagmometer with alcohol
and ether successively and dry it passing
hot air.
 Such the solution no-2 and count the
drops in same way.
OBSERVATIONS:
s.no Detergent or No. of drops
soap solution from fixed
volume
1. Soap solution a.15
1 b.17
c.15
average=16
2. Soap solution a.13
2 b.13
.10
Average=12

RESULT:
The increasing order of washing
properties of soap are 1 is less than 2.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 Together with chemistry
lab manual
 www.vedantu.com
 www.soaphistory.com