7 "Your Best Study Experience begins here." Best Regards to TLE Tete BNL aPhysics notes Class 11 1 Chapter 1 [Measurements] CHAPTER 1 MEASUREMENTS Q.1. Define Physics (Fundamental of science). (Important) PHYSICS "Study of matter, energy and their relationship with each other is called physics.” Or “The branch of science that deals with the study of matter, energy and the relationship between them is called Physics.” Q.2. Define Natural philosophy and list its branches. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY "The philosophical study of natural things that was dominant before the modem science is known as natural philosophy." Itis divided into two branches 1. Biological sciences: Biological sciences deal with living things. For example: Zoology, botany etc 2. Physical sciences : Physical sciences deal with non living things. For example: Physics, chemistry and math ete. Q.3. Write the Frontiers (parts / divisions) of fundamental sciences. (important) FRONTIERS OF FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE There are three main frontiers of fundamental science. 1. World of extremely large things i.e. Universe 2. World of extremely small things e.g. protons, neutrons, electPhysics notes Class 11 2 Chapter 1 [Measurements] 3. World of middle sized things e.g. from molecules to earth, Q.4. Give m: branches of Physics. BRANCHES OF PHYSICS The main branches of Physics are given below. 1. Nuclear physics: “Study of atomic nuclei and their interactions is called nuclear physics.” 2. Particle physics: “Branch of Physies that deals with the ultimate particles of which matter is composed particle physics.” 3. Relativistic physies: “In relativistic physics, we deal with the velocities approaching to that of light.” 4, Solid state physies: “Branch of phy physics.” ies of solids is called solid state that deals with the structure and propei Q.5. What do you mean by physical Quantities? Also describe its types. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES ._ (Important) “All measurable quantities are called Physical Quantities” e.g. mass, length, volume, Temperature, velocity etc. Types of physical quantities Physical quantities have been divided into two types. 1. Base Quantities 2. Derived Quantities Both are described below 1, Base quantities: “Quantities on the basis of which other quantiti There are seven base quantities 1. Length 2. Mass, 3. Time 4, Temperature 5. Amount of substance 6. Electric current are described, are called base quantities.”Physics notes Class 11 3 Chapter 1 [Measurements] 7. Intensity of light 2. Derived quantities: “Quantities which are described on the basis of base quantities are called derived quantities.” For example: The examples of derived quantities are Force, volume, area, pressure, work etc. Measurement of base quantities Measurement of base quant olves two steps as given below: 1. Choice of standard 2. Procedure of comparing the quantity to be measured with the standard. Characteristics of an ideal standard An ideal standard must have these characteristics, It must be: 1. Accessible 2. Invariable Q.6. What are base units and derived Units? Give some examples. BASE UNITS. “Units that are used to describe base quantities are called base units.” The base units are given in the table below. #| Physical Quantity | SIUnit [Symbol 1. | Length Meter m 2.[ Mass. Kilogram kg 3, | Time Second s 4. | Temperature Kelvin K 5. | Intensity of light Candela ed 6. | Electric current Ampere A 7. | Amount of substance _| Mole mol DERIVED UNITS “Units that are used to describe derived quantities are called derived Units.” The derived units are given in the table below # | Physical Quantity [Unit | Symbol_| In terms of base units 1._| Work Joule J Nm = kgm?s~? 2._| Force ‘Newton N kgms~? 3._| Power ‘Watt Ww jst = kg ms? Q.7. What are Supplementary units? Define them. SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS _ (Important) “Units that are used along with base units to form derived units are called supplementary units.”Physics notes Class 11 4 Chapter 1 [Measurements] Types of supplementary units 1. Radian ( plane angle ) 2. Steradian ( Solid angle) These are given below: 1. Radian ( plane angle): Angle subtended at the center of a circle by an are whose length is equal to the radius of the circle is called radian / plane angle. 2. Steradian (Solid angle): Angle subtended at the center of a sphere by an area equals to the square of its radian is called steradian / solid angle. Q.8. What do you understand by term Scientific notation ? SCIENTIFIC NOTATION (Important) “A number in its standard form which employees some powers of ten is called scientific notation.” For example: 134,7 is written as 1.347 x 10 Conversions for indicating units: Use of SI units requires special care, more particularly in writing prefixes. Following points should be kept in mind while using units: 1. Full name of the unit does not begin with a capital letter even if named after a scientist e.g. newton. 2. The symbol of unit named after a scientist has initial capital letters such as N for newton. Prefixes should be used before units like mA, micro meter etc. 4, combination of base units is written each with one space apart. For example, newton metre is written as Nm,Physics notes Class 11 5 Chapter 1 [Measurements] 5. 6. 7. Compound prefixes are not allowed. For example, IjitF may be written as IpF. A number such as 5.4 « 10* cm may be expressed in scientific notation as 5.0 « 10? m. When a multiple of a base unit is raised to a power, the power applies to the whole multiple and not the base unit alone, Thus, Ikm? = 1 (km)? = 1«10%m’. Record measurements immediately in convenient units, like millimeters for a micrometer serew gauge and grams for the calorimeter mass. Convert all measurements to SI base units before calculating results. Qo. Describe the phenomenon of errors and uncertainty. ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTIES ERROR “The difference between marked value and measured value is called error.” Reasons for error There are many reasons for an error to occur some of these are given below 1. 2. 3, Faulty apparatus Negligence or inexperience of a person Inappropriate method or technique ‘Types of error There are two types of errors 1, Random error 2. Systematic error 1 7 Random error: (Important) “Random error occurs when repeated measurement of a certain quantity gives different value under same conditions.” Reason: Itis due to some unknown cause, How to reduce random error? Random error can be reduced by repeating the measurement for several times and taking their average, Systematic error: (Important) “Systematic error refers to an effect that influences all the measurements ofa particular quantity equally.” Reason: 1. Fault apparatus e.g. zero error 2. Poor calibration How to reduce systematic error: Systematic error can be reduced by comparing the faulty apparatus with accurate one and by applying correction factor.Physics notes Class 11 6 Chapter 1 [Measurements] UNCERTAINTY “Anything that makes you feel uncertain about a measurement is called uncertainty.” Reasons: 2, 3. Natural variations Imperfections of human sense Limitations of an instrument Q.10. Define significant figures. Also give its rules. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES "In any measurement, the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit are called significant figures.” Rules for finding significant figures There are some rules that must be applied for finding the significant figures, these rules ate given below. 2, All non zero numbers are always significant e.g. 7.419 has four Significant figure: Zero between two significant numbers is also significant e.g. 7.0419 has five significant numbers. Left side zeros to a significant number are not significant e.g, 0.00714 has three significant numbers. Right side zeros to a significant number in.a decimal fraction are also significant e.g. 7.41900 has six significant figures. Right side zeros to a significant figures in a non d depending upon the least count of the instrument. imal fraction may or may not be significant, eg. 8000kg (L.C = Ikg) = “a = 8000 = 4 significant figures In any significant notation power of ten are non significant e.g. 2.01 x 10-* has three significant figures. Rules for Rounding off a number Following are the rules for rounding off numbers If the first digit is less than 5, the last digit to be retained should remain unchanged, e.g. 15.4 is rounded off as 15 If the first digit is greater than 5, the last digit to be retained is increased by one e.g. 15.6 is rounded off as 16, If the last digit is 5, and the number following 5 is not zero then the last digit to be retained is increased by one e.g, 12.51 is rounded off as 13. If the last digit is 5, and the number following 5 is zero then pre it odd, and no change if it is even e.g. 13.50 as 14 and 14.50 as 14. us digit is increased one ifPhysics notes Class 11 1 ‘Chapter 1 [Measurements] Q.11. Define Precision and accuracy. Precision ‘A precise measurement is the one which has less absolute uncertainty. Accuracy An accurate measurement is the one which has less fractional or percentage uncertainty or error. Q.12. How will you assess the total uncertainty in final result? ASSESSMENT OF TOTAL UNCERTAINTY IN THE FINAL RESULT The total uncertainty in the final result can be found as follows: 1. For addition and subtraction: Rule: “Absolute uncertainties are always added.” For example: The distance x determined by the difference between two separate position measurements. x, = 105+ 01cm and x = 2680.1 em The difference between them is recorded as % 2 eK x = 268+0.1-105+01 x = 163+0.2cm 2. For multiplication and division: Rule: “Percentage uncertainties are added.” For example: ance R of a conductor, calculated from measuring The greatest possible uncertainty in the r the voltage V and current I using R = x can be determined like this: We know that a T The values of V and I are V=52401V and 1 = 0.84 + 0.054Physics notes Class 11 8 Chapter 1 [Measurements] 3. . |, - oav 100 2 ‘The percentage uncertainty for V is = 22% x 2 == = 2% ‘ 005A 100 _ 6 The percentage uncertainty for lis = x at = 6% 084A ™ 100 ~ 100 Hence total uncertainty in the value of R is = Percentage uncertainty for V+ Percentage uncertainty for 1 2% + 6% = 8% Thus, n= 22) _ eiovast = 619 .84A Ohms with percentage uncertainty of 8% Now, Melb. —69x-.—05 eT Thus, R = 6.2+£0.5 ohms The result is rounded off to two significant digits because both V and I have two significant figures. Uncertainty being an estimate only, is recorded by one significant figure. For uncertainty in power experiment: Rule: ultiply the percentage uncertainty by that factor.” Total percentage uncertainty = Power factor percentage uncertainty Example: Let us calculate the volume of a sphere given by formula 4 Vv = nr 3 Now, % uncertainty in V = Power factor x % uncertainty in r % uncertainty in V = 3 x % uncertainty in r Let the radius of sphere is measured as 2.25 em by vernier calliper with least count 0.01 cm, then Radius ris recorded as r =2.2540.01cmPhysics notes Class 11 9 Chapter 1 [Measurements] 4. Now, Absolute uncertainty = least count = 0.01 em orem | 100 _ 04 250m ~ 100 ~ 100 % uncertainty int = = 0.4% Total % uncertainty inV = 3 0.4% = 1.2% Now, Volume = V = $ nr? 4 = 7.1225 cm)* = 47.689 cm* Thus, Volume = V = 47.689 cm? with 1.2 % of uncertainty As, 1.2% of 47.689 = 0.6 v 7.7 + 0.6cm For uncertainty in the average value of many measurements: Rule: “Mean deviation is the uncertainty in the experiment.” Example: Six readings of micrometer screw gauge to measure the diameter are 1.20, 1.22, 1.23, 1.19, 1.22 and 1.21 Then, 2041.22 +123+1194+122+ Average = SS = 1.21 mm The deviation of each value is the difference between each recording and average value, without regard of sign, are 0.01, 0.01, 0.02, 0.02, 0.01 and 0 To calculate the mean deviation 0.01 + 0.01 + 0.02 + 0.02 + 0.01 + 0.00 Mean deviation, = —————[ = 0.01 mm The uncertainty in mean diameter i.e. 1.21 mm is 0,01 mm recorded as Diameter = 1.21+0.01mm For uncertainty in timing experiment: Rule: “Divide the least count by the total number of vibrations.”Physics notes Class 11 10 Chapter 1 [Measurements] Least count Uncertainty in time period = TF aprations Example: The time of 30 vil tenth of a second (least count) is 54.6 s. ions of a simple pendulum recorded by a stopwatch accurate up to one 546s Now, Time period = T = = 1.82 sec Uncertainty = —Hasteount_ _ 215 _ 9.9935 Noof vibrations ~ “20 Thus time period T is T = 182+0.003s {tis advisable to count large number of swings to reduce timing uncertainty ) Q.13. What do you understand from the dimensions of Physical Quantities? DIMENSIONS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES “Each base quantity is considered a dimension denoted by a specific symbol written within square brackets ({ ] ).” For example: Length = [L] Mass = [M] Time = [T] DIMENSIONS OF SOME PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 1. Dimensions of Velo J t wu Dimensions of Velocity = 7 (vy) = (LT) 2. Dimensions of Acceleration: av ann Dimensions of acceleration [a] = (LT? ] 3. Dimensions of Force:Physics notes Class 11 U Chapter 1 [Measurements] F = ma Dimensions of Force = [ MJ[LT?] [F] = [MLT*] 4, Dimensions of Pressure: 5. Dimensions of Work: W = FS Dimensions of work = [MLT?][L] [W] = [ML°T?] 6. Dimensions of Momentum: P= my Dimensions of momentum = [M][LT'] {p] = (MLT'] 7. Dimensions of Viscosit F = 6mv wm 5 mur 1 ory a= [MULT] USE OF DIMENSIONS The use of dimensions are given below. 1. To check the correctness of an equation 2. To derive possible formula Join our Whatsapp group and elevate your study game like never before. Founder and CEO: Sir Habib Ur Rahman Zulfiqar Contact # 03280435135