2023. 4. 13.

Quantitative Research
Design
PROF. Ts. DR. ZAIDATUN TASIR
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Our Topics!
Research Philosophy
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Research Approach
02
Quantitative Research
Design 03
How to select the design?
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Research Philosophy::
Insert the title of your subtitle Here
a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon
should be gathered, analysed and used…

Research
Onion

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Research Philosophies
• Positivist research philosophy. It claims that the social world can be understood
in an objective way. In this research philosophy, the scientist is an objective
analyst and, on the basis of it, dissociates himself from personal values and works
independently. - Quantitative
• Interpretivist research philosophy says that the social world can be interpreted
in a subjective manner. The greatest attention here is given to understanding of
the ways through which people experience the social world. – Qualitative
• Critical Realism is based on the principles of positivist and interpretivist research
philosophies. - Mixed
• Pragmatist research philosophy deals with the facts. It claims that the choice of
research philosophy is mostly determined by the research problem. - Mixed

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Research Approach::
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Quanti vs Quali vs Mixed Methods vs Multi-Methods

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

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Quanti Research Design::
Insert the title of your subtitle Here
How many design we have???

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Research Design
Research design, refer to as the plan or proposal to conduct research,
involves the intersection of philosophy, strategies of inquiry, and specific
methods.

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What is Research Design?

• A Master Plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and
analysing the needed information in a research study

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Survey Research
Advantages Disadvantages
• Relatively easy to administer • Respondents may not feel encouraged to
• Cost-effective provide accurate, honest answers
• Capable of collecting data from a large • Respondents may not feel comfortable
number of respondents providing answers that present themselves
• A broad range of data can be collected in a unfavourable manner.
(e.g., attitudes, opinions, beliefs, values, • Surveys with closed-ended questions may
behavior, factual) have a lower validity rate than other
• Standardized surveys are relatively free question types.
from several types of errors • Data errors due to question non-responses
• Numerous questions can be asked about a may exist.
subject, giving extensive flexibility in data • Survey question answer options could lead
analysis to unclear data because certain answer
• Advanced statistical techniques can be options may be interpreted differently by
utilized to analyse survey data respondents.

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Correlational Research
Correlational research is a type of non-experimental
research method in which a researcher measures two
variables and understands and assesses the
statistical relationship between them with no influence
from any extraneous variable.

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Correlational Research
Advantages Disadvantages
• Allows researchers to determine the • It is limited, as it can only glean the
statistical relationship between two statistical information from no more than two
variables. variables.
• An inexpensive and effective (not time- • Does not take cause and effect
consuming) research method. relationships into account, as it doesn’t find
• Grants the research to understand a which of the 2 variables creates the
variable unaltered, existing in its natural statistical pattern.
state to fully understand it. • Does not show which variable wields the
• Variables in their natural state are more most influence.
applicable to everyday situations. • Cannot be fully depended on for further
• Enables researchers to understand the research, as it employs past statistical
duration and strength of the relationship. patterns to determine the relationship.
• Can occur through quick research such as
via surveys or observations.

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Examples
• a correlational study in teaching and learning research might
investigate the relationship between the amount of time
students spend studying and their grades.
• a study that examines the relationship between student
motivation and academic achievement.
• a study that examines the relationship between teacher
experience and student achievement.

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Causal Comparative Research

Causal comparative research, also known as ex post facto
research, is a type of research that seeks to identify the
cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables
after the fact. In teaching and learning research, causal
comparative research can be used to examine the potential
impact of an independent variable on a dependent variable.

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Examples
• Suppose a researcher wants to investigate whether gender
has an impact on student achievement in science.
• To do this, the researcher would compare the science
achievement scores of male and female students in the same
class who have had the same teacher and have been
exposed to the same instructional methods.
• The researcher would then look for differences in the scores
between the male and female students to determine if gender
is a causal factor in student achievement in science.

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What is Experimental Research?

• Experimental research is a scientific study that involves manipulating
and controlling variables to observe cause-and-effect relationships.
• Involve manipulating one variable (the independent variable) to
observe a change in another variable (the dependent variable) – in
other words, to assess the relationship (cause-and-effect) between
variables.
• The purpose of experimental research is to support, refute or validate a
research hypothesis.

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What is Experimental Research?

• Aims to test existing theories rather than create new ones
• Deductive in nature.
• Aligns with the positivist research philosophy, as it assumes
that knowledge can only be studied objectively and in
isolation from external factors such as context or culture.
• Experimental research aligns with the positivist research
philosophy, as it assumes that knowledge can only be
studied objectively and in isolation from external factors
such as context or culture.

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Pre- Quasi- True

Experimental Experimental
Experimental Design
Design Design - Manipulation on IV
- Manipulation on IV - Manipulation on IV - Presence of Control Group
- Limited control over - Absence of either - Randomization – selection
of samples & random
the extraneous Randomization/ assignment of samples to the
variables Control Group groups.
- No Randomization
and Control Group

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Experimental Design
The way you classify research subjects, based on condition
s or groups, determines the type of you should use.

One-Shot One Group Pre- Static

Case Study Test– Post-Test Group

Pre-Test– Post-Test Post-Test Control Solomon

Control Group Group Four
Group

Time Multiple Time Non-equivalent/

Series Series randomized Control
Group

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The Differences

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SECTION BREAK
How to Select?::
Insert the title of your subtitle Here
Selecting the best research design…

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https://in.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/55588_C
hapter_1_Sample_Creswell_Research_Design_4e.pdf

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Research Philosophies vs Research Design

Philosophy Reasoning Approach Design
Experiments,
Positivism Deductive Quantitative
Survey
Ethnography,
Interpretivism Inductive Qualitative Grounded Theory,
Phenomenology
Qualitative
Historical
Critical Realism Abductive & or
Research
Quantitative
Quantitative
Pragmatism Abductive & or Any of the above
Qualitative

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Research Philosophies vs Data Collection

Methods

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(Positivism)
Technology Integration Model – SAMR, Online learning theory, self-determination
What are the effects of online learning towards student’s performance and

To research the effect of technology in student’s learning and motivation

motivation?

theory.

Quantitative research approach –

One group pre-test post-test design

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Is there a control or comp

arison group, or multiple
measures?

Are participants randomly Are participants randomly

assigned? assigned?

True experimental Quasi-experimental Pre-experimental

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One-Shot Case
Study

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