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 NINTH EDITION

THE UNFINISHED
NATION
A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

ALAN BRINKLEY
ANDREW HUEBNER
JOHN GIGGIE
 CONTENTS • vii

3 SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN PROVINCIAL

AMERICA 55
THE COLONIAL POPULATION 56 Literacy and Technology 77
Indentured Servitude 56 Education 77
Birth and Death 57 The Spread of Science 79
Medicine in the Colonies 57 Concepts of Law and Politics 79
Women and Families in the Colonies 60 Consider the Source: Gottlieb
The Beginnings of Slavery in Mittelberger, the Passage of
English America 62
­Indentured Servants (1750) 58
Changing Sources of
European Immigration 63 Debating the Past: The Witchcraft
Trials 72
THE COLONIAL ECONOMIES 65
CONCLUSION 81
Slavery and Economic Life 65
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 81
Industry and Its Limits 65
RECALL AND REFLECT 81
The Rise of Colonial Commerce 67
The Rise of Consumerism 68

PATTERNS OF SOCIETY 69
Southern Communities 69
Northern Communities 70
Cities 74

AWAKENINGS AND
ENLIGHTENMENTS 74
The Pattern of Religions 74
The Great Awakening 76 ©Bettmann/Corbis
The Enlightenment 76

4 THE EMPIRE IN TRANSITION

LOOSENING TIES 83
82
STIRRINGS OF REVOLT 93
A Decentralized Empire 83 The Stamp Act Crisis 93
The Colonies Divided 83 Internal Rebellions 96
The Townshend Program 96
THE STRUGGLE FOR THE The Boston Massacre 97
CONTINENT 84 The Philosophy of Revolt 98
New France and the Iroquois Nation 84 Sites of Resistance 101
Anglo–French Conflicts 85 The Tea Excitement 101
The Great War for Empire 85
COOPERATION AND WAR 102
THE NEW IMPERIALISM 90 New Sources of Authority 102
Burdens of Empire 90 Lexington and Concord 103
The British and the Tribes 90
Battles over Trade and Taxes 91 America in the World: The First
Global War 86
Consider the Source: Benjamin
Franklin, Testimony Against
the Stamp Act (1766) 94
Patterns of Popular Culture: Taverns
in Revolutionary Massachusetts 100
CONCLUSION 104
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 105
Source: Library of Congress, Prints
RECALL AND REFLECT 105
and Photographs Division [LC-USZC4-5315]
viii • CONTENTS

5 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

THE STATES UNITED 107
106
THE CREATION OF STATE
Defining American War Aims 107 GOVERNMENTS 125
The Declaration of Independence 110 The Principles of Republicanism 125
Mobilizing for War 111 The First State Constitutions 126
Revising State Governments 126
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 112
New England 112 THE SEARCH FOR A NATIONAL
The Mid-Atlantic 113 GOVERNMENT 127
Securing Aid from Abroad 115 The Confederation 127
The South 116 Diplomatic Failures 128
Winning the Peace 117 The Confederation and the
Northwest 128
WAR AND SOCIETY 120 Indians and the Western Lands 130
Loyalists and Religious Groups 120 Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays 130
The War and Slavery 121
Native Americans and the Revolution 122 Debating the Past: The American
Women’s Rights and Roles 123 Revolution 108
The War Economy 125 America in the World: The Age
of Revolutions 118
Consider the Source: The
Correspondence of Abigail Adams
on ­Women’s Rights (1776) 124
CONCLUSION 132
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 132
RECALL AND REFLECT 133
©MPI/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

6 THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW

REPUBLIC 134
FRAMING A NEW The Quasi War with France 150
GOVERNMENT 135 Repression and Protest 151
Advocates of Reform 135 The “Revolution” of 1800 152
A Divided Convention 136 Debating the Past: The Meaning of
Compromise 137 the Constitution 138
The Constitution of 1787 137
Consider the Source: Washington’s
ADOPTION AND ADAPTATION 141 Farewell Address, American Daily
Federalists and Antifederalists 141 Advertiser, September 19, 1796 148
Completing the Structure 142
CONCLUSION 153
FEDERALISTS AND KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 153
REPUBLICANS 143 RECALL AND REFLECT 154
Hamilton and the Federalists 143
Enacting the Federalist Program 144
The Republican Opposition 145
ESTABLISHING NATIONAL
SOVEREIGNTY 146
Securing the West 146
Maintaining Neutrality 147
THE DOWNFALL OF THE Source: National
FEDERALISTS 150 Archives and Records
The Election of 1796 150 Administration
 CONTENTS • ix

7 THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA

THE RISE OF CULTURAL
155
NATIONALISM 156
Educational and Literary Nationalism 156
Medicine and Science 157
Cultural Aspirations of the New Nation 158
Religion and Revivalism 158
STIRRINGS OF INDUSTRIALISM 160 ©Bettmann/Corbis
Technology in America 160
Transportation Innovations 163 Tecumseh and the Prophet 179
Country and City 166 Florida and War Fever 179
JEFFERSON THE PRESIDENT 166 THE WAR OF 1812 180
The Federal City and the Battles with the Tribes 180
“People’s President” 166 Battles with the British 181
Dollars and Ships 168 The Revolt of New England 182
Conflict with the Courts 168 The Peace Settlement 183
DOUBLING THE America in the World: The Global
NATIONAL DOMAIN 169 Industrial Revolution 162
Jefferson and Napoleon 169
Patterns of Popular Culture: Horse
The Louisiana Purchase 171
Exploring the West 171
Racing 164
The Burr Conspiracy 175 Consider the Source: Thomas
EXPANSION AND WAR 175 Jefferson To Meriwether Lewis
Conflict on the Seas 176 (1803) 172
Impressment 176 CONCLUSION 183
“Peaceable Coercion” 177 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 184
The “Indian Problem” and the British 178 RECALL AND REFLECT 184

8 EXPANSION AND DIVISION IN THE EARLY

REPUBLIC 185
STABILIZING ECONOMIC The Court and the Tribes 197
GROWTH 186 The Latin American Revolution and the
The Government and Economic Growth 186 Monroe Doctrine 198
Transportation 187
THE REVIVAL OF OPPOSITION 199
EXPANDING WESTWARD 188 The “Corrupt Bargain” 199
The Great Migration 188 The Second President Adams 200
White Settlers in the Old Northwest 188 Jackson Triumphant 200
The Plantation System in the Old Consider the Source: Thomas
Southwest 189 Jefferson Reacts To The Missouri
Trade and Trapping in the Far West 189
Compromise (1820) 194
Eastern Images of the West 190
CONCLUSION 201
THE “ERA OF GOOD KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 201
FEELINGS” 191 RECALL AND REFLECT 201
The End of the First Party System 191
John Quincy Adams and Florida 191
The Panic of 1819 192

SECTIONALISM AND
NATIONALISM 193 Source: Yale
The Missouri Compromise 193 University Art
Marshall and the Court 195 Gallery
x • CONTENTS

9 JACKSONIAN AMERICA
THE RISE OF MASS POLITICS 203
202
POLITICS AFTER JACKSON 219
Expanding Democracy 203 Van Buren and the Panic of 1837 219
Tocqueville and Democracy in America 205 The Log Cabin Campaign 220
The Legitimization of Party 205 The Frustration of the Whigs 224
President of the Common People 207 Whig Diplomacy 224

“OUR FEDERAL UNION” 208 Debating the Past: Jacksonian

Calhoun and Nullification 208 Democracy 206
The Rise of Van Buren 208 Consider the Source: Letter from
The Webster–Hayne Debate 209 Chief John Ross To The Senate and
The Nullification Crisis 209
House of Representatives (1836) 212
THE REMOVAL OF THE Patterns of Popular Culture: The
INDIANS 209 Penny Press 222
White Attitudes toward the Tribes 209
The “Five Civilized Tribes” 209 CONCLUSION 225
Trail of Tears 213 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 225
The Meaning of Removal 214 RECALL AND REFLECT 226

JACKSON AND THE BANK WAR 215

Biddle’s Institution 215
The “Monster” Destroyed 216

THE CHANGING FACE OF Source: Yale

AMERICAN POLITICS 216 University Art
Democrats and Whigs 217 Gallery

10 AMERICA’S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION

THE CHANGING AMERICAN Advances in Technology 237
227
POPULATION 228 Rise of the Industrial Ruling Class 238
Population Trends 228
MEN AND WOMEN AT WORK 238
Immigration and Urban Growth,
Recruiting a Native Workforce 238
1840–1860 229
The Immigrant Workforce 239
The Rise of Nativism 230
The Factory System and the Artisan
TRANSPORTATION AND Tradition 241
COMMUNICATIONS Fighting for Control 242
REVOLUTIONS 231 PATTERNS OF SOCIETY 242
The Canal Age 231
The Rich and the Poor 242
The Early Railroads 232
Social and Geographical Mobility 243
The Triumph of the Rails 233
Middle-Class Life 244
The Telegraph 234
The Changing Family 245
New Technology and
The “Cult of Domesticity” 246
Journalism 236
Leisure Activities 246
COMMERCE AND THE AGRICULTURAL NORTH 248
INDUSTRY 236 Northeastern Agriculture 248
The Expansion of Business, 1820–1840 236
The Old Northwest 249
The Emergence of the Factory 237
Rural Life 250
Consider the Source: Handbook to
Lowell (1848) 240
CONCLUSION 251
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 251
©Universal Images Group/Getty Images RECALL AND REFLECT 252
 CONTENTS • xi

11 COTTON, SLAVERY, AND THE OLD SOUTH

THE COTTON ECONOMY 254 Consider the Source: Senator James
253
The Rise of King Cotton 254 Henry Hammond Declares,
Southern Trade and Industry 256 “Cotton Is King” (1858) 258
SOUTHERN WHITE SOCIETY 257 Debating the Past: Analyzing
The Planter Class 259 Slavery 262
The “Southern Lady” 259 CONCLUSION 272
The Lower Classes 260 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 272
SLAVERY: THE “PECULIAR RECALL AND REFLECT 272
INSTITUTION” 261
Varieties of Slavery 264
Life under Slavery 265
Slavery in the Cities 266
Free African Americans 267
The Slave Trade 267

THE CULTURE OF SLAVERY 268

Slave Religion 269
Language and Music 269
The Slave Family 270
Slave Resistance 270 ©MPI/Archive Photos/Getty Images

12 ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM

THE ROMANTIC IMPULSE 274
273
Consider the Source: Declaration
Nationalism and Romanticism in American Of Sentiments And Resolutions,
Painting 274 Seneca Falls, New York (1848) 286
An American Literature 275
Literature in the Antebellum South 275 America in the World: The Abolition
The Transcendentalists 276 of Slavery 288
The Defense of Nature 277 Patterns of Popular Culture:
Visions of Utopia 278 Sentimental Novels 294
Redefining Gender Roles 278
CONCLUSION 296
The Mormons 279
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 296
REMAKING SOCIETY 280 RECALL AND REFLECT 296
Revivalism, Morality, and Order 281
Health, Science, and Phrenology 282
Medical Science 282
Education 283
Rehabilitation 283
The Rise of Feminism 284
Struggles of Black Women 285

THE CRUSADE AGAINST

SLAVERY 287
Early Opposition to Slavery 290
Garrison and Abolitionism 290
Black Abolitionists 290
Anti-Abolitionism 292
Abolitionism Divided 292 ©Bettmann/Corbis
xii • CONTENTS

13 THE IMPENDING CRISIS

LOOKING WESTWARD 298
297
Buchanan and Depression 315
Manifest Destiny 298 The Dred Scott Decision 316
Americans in Texas 298 Deadlock over Kansas 317
Oregon 300 The Emergence of Lincoln 317
The Westward Migration 300 John Brown’s Raid 318
The Election of Lincoln 318
EXPANSION AND WAR 302
The Democrats and Expansion 302 Consider the Source: Wilmot Proviso
The Southwest and California 302 (1846) 308
The Mexican War 304 CONCLUSION 319
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 320
THE SECTIONAL DEBATE 306 RECALL AND REFLECT 320
Slavery and the Territories 306
The California Gold Rush 307
Rising Sectional Tensions 309
The Compromise of 1850 310

THE CRISES OF THE 1850s 311

The Uneasy Truce 311
“Young America” 311
Slavery, Railroads, and the West 312
The Kansas–Nebraska Controversy 312
“Bleeding Kansas” 313
The Free-Soil Ideology 314 Source: Library of Congress, Prints and
The Pro-Slavery Argument 315 Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-1138]

14 THE CIVIL WAR

THE SECESSION CRISIS 322
321
Europe and the Disunited
The Withdrawal of the South 322 States 337
The Failure of Compromise 322
CAMPAIGNS AND
The Opposing Sides 323
BATTLES 338
Billy Yank and Johnny Reb 323
The Technology of War 338
THE MOBILIZATION OF The Opening Clashes, 1861 339
THE NORTH 326 The Western Theater 340
Economic Nationalism 326 The Virginia Front, 1862 340
Raising the Union Armies 327 The Progress of the War 342
Wartime Politics 328 1863: Year of Decision 344
The Politics of Emancipation 329 The Last Stage, 1864–1865 346
African Americans and the Union Debating the Past: The
Cause 330 Causes of the Civil
Women, Nursing, and the
War 324
War 331
Patterns of Popular
THE MOBILIZATION OF Source: Library of Culture: Baseball and the
THE SOUTH 331 Congress, Prints and Civil War 334
The Confederate Government 331 Photographs Division
Money and Manpower 332 [LC-USZ61-903] Consider the Source:
Economic and Social Effects of The Gettysburg Address
the War 333 (1863) 346
STRATEGY AND DIPLOMACY 333 CONCLUSION 350
The Commanders 335 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 350
The Role of Sea Power 336 RECALL AND REFLECT 350
 CONTENTS • xiii

15 RECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW SOUTH

THE PROBLEMS OF THE GRANT ADMINISTRATION 367
352
PEACEMAKING 353 The Soldier President 367
The Aftermath of War and Emancipation 353 The Grant Scandals 368
Competing Notions of Freedom 353 The Greenback Question 368
Plans for Reconstruction 355 Republican Diplomacy 369
The Death of Lincoln 358
Johnson and “Restoration” 359 THE ABANDONMENT OF
RECONSTRUCTION 369
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION 359 The Southern States “Redeemed” 369
The Black Codes 359 Waning Northern Commitment 370
The Fourteenth Amendment 361 The Compromise of 1877 370
The Congressional Plan 361 The Legacy of Reconstruction 372
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 363
THE NEW SOUTH 372
THE SOUTH IN The “Redeemers” 372
RECONSTRUCTION 363 Industrialization and the New South 373
The Reconstruction Governments 363 Tenants and Sharecroppers 374
Education 365 African Americans and the New South 374
Landownership and Tenancy 365 The Birth of Jim Crow 375
Incomes and Credit 365 Debating the Past:
The African American Family Reconstruction 356
in Freedom 366
Consider the Source: Southern Blacks
Ask for Help (1865) 360
Patterns of Popular Culture: The
Source: Library of Minstrel Show 376
Congress, Prints
CONCLUSION 379
and Photographs
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 380
Division [LC-
RECALL AND REFLECT 380
USZC4-5759]

16 THE CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST

THE SOCIETIES OF THE THE RISE AND DECLINE
381
FAR WEST 382 OF THE WESTERN FARMER 398
The Western Tribes 382 Farming on the Plains 399
Hispanic New Mexico 383 Commercial Agriculture 402
Hispanic California and Texas 383 The Farmers’ Grievances 402
The Chinese Migration 384 The Agrarian Malaise 403
Anti-Chinese Sentiments 386
Debating the Past: The Frontier
Migration from the East 386
and the West 388
THE ROMANCE OF THE WEST 387 Consider the Source: Walter
The Western Landscape and the Cowboy 387
The Idea of the Frontier 387 Baron Von Richthofen, Cattle
Raising On The Plains In North
THE CHANGING WESTERN America (1885) 400
ECONOMY 390
Labor in the West 390 CONCLUSION 403
The Arrival of the Miners 391 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/
The Cattle Kingdom 392 EVENTS 404
RECALL AND REFLECT 404
THE DISPERSAL OF
THE TRIBES 394
White Tribal Policies 394
The Indian Wars 394 Source: NPS photo by JR
The Dawes Act 397 Douglas
xiv • CONTENTS

17 INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY
SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL
405
The Pullman Strike 424
GROWTH 406 Sources of Labor Weakness 424
Industrial Technologies 406 Consider the Source: Andrew
The Technology of Iron and Steel Carnegie Explains “The Gospel
Production 407
Of Wealth” (1889) 416
The Automobile and the Airplane 408
Research and Development 409 Patterns of Popular Culture: The
Making Production More Efficient 409 Novels of Horatio Alger 418
Railroad Expansion and the Corporation 410 CONCLUSION 425
CAPITALISM AND ITS CRITICS 413 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 425
Survival of the Fittest 413 RECALL AND REFLECT 426
The Gospel of Wealth 414
Alternative Visions 415
The Problems of Monopoly 415
THE ORDEAL OF THE WORKER 420
The Immigrant Workforce 420
Wages and Working Conditions 420
Emerging Unionization 421
The Knights of Labor 422
The American Federation of Labor 422 Source: Library of Congress, Prints and
The Homestead Strike 423 Photographs Division [LC-USZC4-435]

18 THE AGE OF THE CITY

THE NEW URBAN GROWTH 428
427
LEISURE IN THE CONSUMER
The Migrations 428 SOCIETY 442
The Ethnic City 429 Redefining Leisure 443
Assimilation and Exclusion 432 Spectator Sports 443
Music, Theater, and Movies 444
THE URBAN LANDSCAPE 433 Patterns of Public and Private Leisure 445
The Creation of Public Space 433 The Technologies of Mass
The Search for Housing 434 Communication 446
Urban Technologies: Transportation and The Telephone 446
Construction 435
HIGH CULTURE IN THE URBAN
STRAINS OF URBAN LIFE 436 AGE 447
Health and Safety in the Built Literature and Art in Urban America 447
Environment 436 The Impact of Darwinism 448
Urban Poverty, Crime, and Violence 437 Toward Universal Schooling 449
The Machine and the Boss 439 Universities and the Growth of Science and
THE RISE OF MASS Technology 449
CONSUMPTION 439 Medical Science 450
Patterns of Income and Consumption 439 Education for Women 451
Chain Stores, Mail-Order Houses, and America in the World: Global
Department Stores 441 Migrations 430
Women as Consumers 442
Consider the Source: John Wanamaker,
The Four Cardinal Points Of The
Department Store (1874) 440
CONCLUSION 451
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 452
RECALL AND REFLECT 452
©Corbis
 CONTENTS • xv

19 FROM CRISIS TO EMPIRE

THE POLITICS OF
453
THE REPUBLIC AS EMPIRE 479
EQUILIBRIUM 454 Governing the Colonies 481
The Party System 454 The Philippine War 481
The National Government 455 The Open Door 483
Presidents and Patronage 456 A Modern Military System 484
Cleveland, Harrison, and the Tariff 457 America in the World:
New Public Issues 458
Imperialism 468
THE AGRARIAN REVOLT 459 Patterns of Popular Culture: Yellow
The Grangers 459 Journalism 472
The Farmers’ Alliances 459
The Populist Constituency 461 Consider the Source: Platform of the
Populist Ideas 461 American Anti-Imperialist League
(1899) 480
THE CRISIS OF THE 1890s 462
The Panic of 1893 462 CONCLUSION 484
The Silver Question 463 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 485
“A Cross of Gold” 464 RECALL AND REFLECT 485
The Conservative Victory 465
McKinley and Recovery 466

STIRRINGS OF IMPERIALISM 467

The New Manifest Destiny 467
Hawaii and Samoa 470

WAR WITH SPAIN 471

Controversy over Cuba 471
“A Splendid Little War” 474
Seizing the Philippines 475
The Battle for Cuba 475 Source: Library of Congress, Prints
Puerto Rico and the United States 476 and Photographs Division [LC-
The Debate over the Philippines 478 DIG-ppmsca-28490]

20 THE PROGRESSIVES
THE PROGRESSIVE
486
SOURCES OF PROGRESSIVE
IMPULSE 487 REFORM 497
The Muckrakers and the Social Labor, the Machine, and
Gospel 489 Reform 497
The Settlement House Movement 490 Western Progressives 499
The Allure of Expertise 491 African Americans and Reform 500
The Professions 491
Women and the Professions 492

WOMEN AND REFORM 492

The “New Woman” 492
The Clubwomen 492
Woman Suffrage 493

THE ASSAULT ON THE PARTIES 495

Early Attacks 495
Municipal Reform 495
Statehouse Progressivism 496 Source: Library of Congress, Prints and
Parties and Interest Groups 496 Photographs Division [LCUSZ62-70382]
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xvi • CONTENTS

CRUSADES FOR SOCIAL ORDER Spreading Insurgency 510

AND REFORM 501 Roosevelt versus Taft 510
The Temperance Crusade 501
WOODROW WILSON AND THE
Immigration Restriction 502
NEW FREEDOM 511
The Dream of Socialism 502
Woodrow Wilson 511
Decentralization and Regulation 503
The Scholar as President 511
THEODORE ROOSEVELT Retreat and Advance 514
AND THE MODERN America in the World: Social
PRESIDENCY 503 Democracy 488
The Accidental President 503
The “Square Deal” 504 Debating the Past: Progressivism 498
Roosevelt and the Environment 505 Consider the Source: John Muir On
Panic and Retirement 508 The Value Of Wild Places (1901) 506
THE TROUBLED SUCCESSION 508 CONCLUSION 514
Taft and the Progressives 508 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 515
The Return of Roosevelt 509 RECALL AND REFLECT 515

21 AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR

THE “BIG STICK”: AMERICA
516
Consider the Source: Race, Gender,
AND THE WORLD, 1901–1917 517 And World War I Posters 526
Roosevelt and “Civilization” 517
Patterns of Popular Culture: George
Protecting the “Open Door” in Asia 518
The Iron-Fisted Neighbor 519 M. Cohan, “Over There” (1917) 532
The Panama Canal 519 CONCLUSION 539
Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy” 520 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 540
Diplomacy and Morality 521 RECALL AND REFLECT 540

THE ROAD TO WAR 522

The Collapse of the European Peace 522
Wilson’s Neutrality 522
Preparedness versus Pacifism 523
Intervention 523

“OVER THERE” 525

Mobilizing the Military 525
The Yanks Are Coming 527
The New Technology of Warfare 528
Organizing the Economy for War 530
The Search for Social Unity 531

THE SEARCH FOR A NEW WORLD

ORDER 533
The Fourteen Points 533
The Paris Peace Conference 534
The Ratification Battle 534

A SOCIETY IN TURMOIL 535

The Unstable Economy 535
The Demands of African Americans 536
The Red Scare 538 Source: Library of Congress, Prints
Refuting the Red Scare 538 and Photographs Division [LC-
The Retreat from Idealism 539 USZC4-9884]
 CONTENTS • xvii

22 THE NEW ERA

THE NEW ECONOMY 542
541
Women in the New Era 548
Technology, Organization, The Disenchanted 553
and Economic Growth 542
A CONFLICT OF CULTURES 554
Workers in an Age of Capital 543
Prohibition 554
Women and Minorities in the
Nativism and the Klan 554
Workforce 545
Religious Fundamentalism 555
Agricultural Technology and the Plight
The Democrats’ Ordeal 556
of the Farmer 547
REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT 556
THE NEW CULTURE 548 The Harding Administration 557
Consumerism and Communications 548
The Coolidge Administration 558
Government and Business 558
Consider the Source: American Print
Advertisements 552
America in the World: The
Cinema 550
CONCLUSION 560
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 560
RECALL AND REFLECT 560
©Bettmann/Corbis

23 THE GREAT DEPRESSION

THE COMING OF THE
561
America in the World: The Global
DEPRESSION 562 Depression 564
The Great Crash 562
Consider the Source:
Causes of the Depression 562
Progress of the Depression 565 Mr. Tarver Remembers The
Great Depression (1940) 570
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN HARD
Patterns of Popular Culture: The
TIMES 566
Unemployment and Relief 566 Golden Age of Comic Books 574
African Americans and the Depression 567 CONCLUSION 585
Hispanics and Asians in Depression KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 585
America 568 RECALL AND REFLECT 585
Women and Families in the Great
Depression 571

THE DEPRESSION AND AMERICAN

CULTURE 572
Depression Values 572
Radio 572
The Movies 573
Literature and Journalism 575
The Popular Front and the Left 577

THE ORDEAL OF HERBERT

HOOVER 579
The Hoover Program 579
Popular Protest 580
Hoover and the World Crisis 582 Source: Library of Congress,
The Election of 1932 583 Prints and Photographs Division
The “Interregnum” 584 [LC-USF34-009872-E]
xviii • CONTENTS

24 THE NEW DEAL ERA

LAUNCHING THE NEW DEAL 587
586
New Directions in Relief 600
Restoring Confidence 587 The 1936 “Referendum” 601
Agricultural Adjustment 588
THE NEW DEAL IN DISARRAY 601
Industrial Recovery 589
The Court Fight 601
Regional Planning 590
Retrenchment and Recession 602
The Growth of Federal Relief 592
ISOLATIONISM AND
THE NEW DEAL IN INTERNATIONALISM 603
TRANSITION 593 Depression Diplomacy 603
The Conservative Criticism of the
The Rise of Isolationism 604
New Deal 593
The Failure of Munich 605
The Populist Criticism of the New Deal 595
The “Second New Deal” 597 LIMITS AND LEGACIES OF THE
Labor Militancy 597 NEW DEAL 606
Organizing Battles 598 African Americans and the New Deal 606
Social Security 599 The New Deal and the “Indian Problem” 607
Women and the New Deal 607
The New Deal and the West 609
The New Deal, the Economy,
and Politics 609
Debating the Past: The New Deal 594
Consider the Source: Eleanor
Roosevelt on Civil Rights (1942) 608
CONCLUSION 610
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 611
©Fotosearch/Archive RECALL AND REFLECT 611
Photos/GettyImages

25 AMERICA IN A WORLD AT WAR

FROM NEUTRALITY
612
ANXIETY AND AFFLUENCE IN
TO INTERVENTION 613 WARTIME CULTURE 627
Neutrality Tested 613 Home-Front Life and Culture 628
The Campaign of 1940 615 Love, Family, and Sexuality in Wartime 628
Neutrality Abandoned 615 The Growth of Wartime Conservatism 630
The Road to Pearl Harbor 616
THE DEFEAT OF THE AXIS 631
WAR ON TWO FRONTS 617 The European Offensive 631
Containing the Japanese 617 The Pacific Offensive 634
Holding Off the Germans 618 The Manhattan Project and Atomic
America and the Holocaust 619 Warfare 636
The Soldier’s Experience 621
THE AMERICAN ECONOMY IN
WARTIME 621
Prosperity and the Rights of Labor 622
Stabilizing the Boom and Mobilizing
Production 622
Wartime Science and Technology 623
RACE AND ETHNICITY IN WARTIME Source: Library of
AMERICA 624 Congress, Prints
Minority Groups and the War Effort 624 and Photographs
The Internment of Japanese Americans 625 Division [LC-
Chinese Americans and the War 627 USZC4-1047]
 CONTENTS • xix

Consider the Source: The Face of CONCLUSION 640

The Enemy 626 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 640
RECALL AND REFLECT 641
Debating the Past: The Decision to
Drop the Atomic Bomb 638

26 THE COLD WAR

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
642
643 THE CRUSADE AGAINST
Sources of Soviet– SUBVERSION 662
American Tension 643 HUAC and Alger Hiss 663
Wartime Diplomacy 645 The Federal Loyalty Program and the
Yalta 646 Rosenberg Case 663
McCarthyism 664
THE COLLAPSE OF THE PEACE 647 The Republican Revival 665
The Failure of Potsdam 647
The China Problem and Japan 648 Debating the Past: The Cold War 644
The Containment Doctrine 648 Consider the Source: “Bert The Turtle
The Conservative Opposition to (Duck And Cover)” (1952) 658
Containment 650
CONCLUSION 666
The Marshall Plan 650
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 666
Mobilization at Home 651
RECALL AND REFLECT 667
The Road to NATO 651
Reevaluating Cold War Policy 653

AMERICA AFTER THE WAR 653

The Problems of Reconversion 653
The Fair Deal Rejected 654
The Election of 1948 655
The Fair Deal Revived 656
The Nuclear Age 657

THE KOREAN WAR 660

The Divided Peninsula 660 Source: U.S. Office for Emergency
From Invasion to Stalemate 660 Management. Office of Civilian Defense.
Limited Mobilization 662 5/20/1941-6/30/1945/NARA (38174)

27 THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY

THE ECONOMIC “MIRACLE” 669
668
Economic Growth 669
The Rise of the Modern West 671
Capital and Labor 671

THE EXPLOSION OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY 672
Medical Breakthroughs 672
Pesticides 673
Postwar Electronic Research 674
Postwar Computer Technology 674
Bombs, Rockets, and Missiles 675
The Space Program 675

PEOPLE OF PLENTY 677

The Consumer Culture 677
The Suburban Nation 677 Source: NASA
xx • CONTENTS

The Suburban Family 678 EISENHOWER REPUBLICANISM 689

The Birth of Television 678 “What Was Good for . . . General
Travel, Outdoor Recreation, and Motors” 689
Environmentalism 679 The Survival of the Welfare State 690
Organized Society and Its Detractors 682 The Decline of McCarthyism 690
The Beats and the Restless Culture
of Youth 682 EISENHOWER, DULLES, AND THE
Rock ‘n’ Roll 683 COLD WAR 691
Dulles and “Massive Retaliation” 691
THE OTHER AMERICA 684 France, America, and Vietnam 691
On the Margins of the Affluent Cold War Crises 692
Society 684 The U-2 Crisis 695
Rural Poverty 685
The Inner Cities 685
Patterns of Popular Culture: Lucy
and Desi 680
THE RISE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS Consider the Source: Eisenhower
MOVEMENT 686
The Brown Decision and “Massive
Warns of The Military–Industrial
Resistance” 686 Complex (1961) 694
The Expanding Movement 687 CONCLUSION 696
Causes of the Civil Rights KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 697
Movement 688 RECALL AND REFLECT 697

28 THE TURBULENT SIXTIES

EXPANDING THE LIBERAL
698
Assassinations and Politics 726
STATE 699 The Conservative Response 727
John Kennedy 699 Debating the Past: The Civil Rights
Lyndon Johnson 701 Movement 706
The Assault on Poverty 702
Cities, Schools, and Immigration 703 Consider the Source: Fannie Lou
Legacies of the Great Society 704 Hamer on the Struggle for
Voting Rights (1964) 712
THE BATTLE FOR RACIAL
EQUALITY 704 Patterns of Popular Culture: The
Expanding Protests 704 Folk-Music Revival 722
A National Commitment 705 America in the World: 1968 724
The Battle for Voting Rights 709
CONCLUSION 728
The Changing Movement 710
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 729
Urban Violence 711
RECALL AND REFLECT 729
Black Power 714

“FLEXIBLE RESPONSE” AND

THE COLD WAR 715
Diversifying Foreign Policy 715
Confrontations with the Soviet Union 716
Johnson and the World 716

THE AGONY OF VIETNAM 717

America and Diem 717
From Aid to Intervention 718
The Quagmire 719
The War at Home 721

THE TRAUMAS OF 1968 723

The Tet Offensive 725 ©John Orris/New York Times Co./
The Political Challenge 725 Getty Images
 CONTENTS • xxi

29 THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY

THE YOUTH CULTURE 731
730
The New Left 731
The Counterculture 733

THE MOBILIZATION OF
MINORITIES 735
Seeds of Native American
Militancy 735
The Indian Civil Rights Movement 735
Latino Activism 737
Gay Liberation 738 ©Michael Rougier/The LIFE Images
Collection/Getty Images
WOMEN AND SOCIAL
CHANGE 739 POLITICS AND ECONOMICS IN
Modern Feminism 739 THE NIXON YEARS 751
Expanding Achievements 740 Domestic Initiatives 751
The Abortion Issue 741 From the Warren Court to the Nixon
Court 752
ENVIRONMENTALISM IN A The 1972 Landslide 753
TURBULENT SOCIETY 741 The Troubled Economy 753
The New Science of Ecology 741 The Nixon Response 754
Environmental Advocacy 742
Earth Day and Beyond 743 THE WATERGATE CRISIS 755
The Scandals 755
NIXON, KISSINGER, AND THE The Fall of Richard Nixon 757
VIETNAM WAR 743 Consider the Source: Demands
Vietnamization 743
of the New York High School
Escalation 744
The End of the War 745 Student Union (1970) 732
Defeat in Indochina 745 America in the World: The End of
Colonialism 748
NIXON, KISSINGER, AND
THE WORLD 747 Debating the Past: Watergate 756
The China Initiative and Soviet–American CONCLUSION 759
Détente 747 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/ EVENTS 760
Dealing with the “Third World” 750 RECALL AND REFLECT 760

30 FROM “THE AGE OF LIMITS” TO THE AGE

OF REAGAN 761
POLITICS AND DIPLOMACY
AFTER WATERGATE 762
The Ford Custodianship 762
The Trials of Jimmy Carter 764
Human Rights and National Interests 765
The Year of the Hostages 765

THE RISE OF THE NEW

CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT 766
The Sunbelt and Its Politics 766
Religious Revivalism 766
The Emergence of the
New Right 769
The Tax Revolt 769 ©Dirck Halstead/The LIFE Images
The Campaign of 1980 770 Collection/Getty Images
xxii • CONTENTS

THE “REAGAN REVOLUTION” 771 The Presidency of George H. W. Bush 780

The Reagan Coalition 771 The Gulf War 780
Reagan in the White House 774 The Election of 1992 781
“Supply-Side” Economics 775 Consider the Source: Ronald Reagan
The Fiscal Crisis 776 On The Role Of Government
Reagan and the World 776
(1981) 772
THE WANING OF THE COLD CONCLUSION 782
WAR 777 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 783
The Fall of the Soviet Union 778 RECALL AND REFLECT 783
The Fading of the Reagan Revolution 779

31 THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION

A RESURGENCE OF
784
AMERICA IN THE WORLD 812
PARTISANSHIP 785 Opposing the “New World Order” 812
Launching the Clinton Presidency 785 The Rise of Terrorism 813
Republican Wins and Losses 786 The War on Terror 815
Clinton Triumphant and Embattled 787 The Iraq War 815
Impeachment, Acquittal, and New Challenges in the Middle East 817
Resurgence 788 Diplomacy and Threats in East Asia 818
The Election of 2000 789 A New Cold War? 819
The Presidency of George W. Bush 790 Patterns of Popular Culture: Rap 794
The Election of 2008 791
Obama and His Opponents 793 Consider the Source: Same-Sex
Obama and the Challenge of Marriage, 2015 808
Governing 797 America in the World: The Global
The Election of 2016 and President Environmental Movement 810
Trump 797
CONCLUSION 820
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 820
THE NEW ECONOMY 799 RECALL AND REFLECT 820
The Digital Revolution 799
The Internet 800
Breakthroughs in Genetics 801

A CHANGING SOCIETY 802

A Shifting Population 802
African Americans in the
Post–Civil Rights Era 803
The Abortion Debate 804
AIDS and Modern America 805
Gay Americans and Same-Sex
Marriage 806
The Contemporary Environmental Source: Official White House Photo by Pete
Movement 807 Souza

APPENDIX 821
GLOSSARY 842
INDEX 868
 PREFACE

The title The Unfinished Nation is meant to suggest several things. It is a reminder of America’s
exceptional diversity—of the degree to which, despite all the many efforts to build a single, uniform
definition of the meaning of American nationhood, that meaning remains contested. It is a reference
to the centrality of change in American history—to the ways in which the nation has continually
transformed itself and continues to do so in our own time. And it is also a description of the writing
of American history itself—of the ways in which historians are engaged in a continuing, ever unfin-
ished process of asking new questions.
Like any history, The Unfinished Nation is a product of its time and reflects the views of the
past that historians of recent generations have developed. The writing of our nation’s history—like
our nation itself—changes constantly. It is not, of course, the past that changes. Rather, historians
adjust their perspectives and priorities, ask different kinds of questions, and uncover and incorporate
new historical evidence. There are now, as there have always been, critics of changes in historical
understanding who argue that history is a collection of facts and should not be subject to “interpre-
tation” or “revision.” But historians insist that history is not simply a collection of facts. Names and
dates and a record of events are only the beginning of historical understanding. Writers and readers
of history interpret the evidence before them, and inevitably bring to the task their own questions,
concerns, and experiences.
This edition brings two new authors and therefore a revised and broadened set of ambitions to
The Unfinished Nation. John Giggie is a historian of race and religion, Andrew Huebner is a historian
of war and society, and both more generally study and teach American social and cultural history.
Their interests join and complement Alan Brinkley’s expansive base of knowledge in the history of
American politics, society, and culture. Alan’s scholarship inspired John and Andrew as graduate
students and they are honored to join him as authors of The Unfinished Nation. They endeavor to
bring their own scholarly interests and sensitivities to an already vibrant, clear, concise, and balanced
survey of American history. The result, we hope, is a text that explores the great range of ideas,
institutions, individuals, and events that make up the fabric of society in the United States.
It is a daunting task to attempt to convey the history of the United States in a single book, and
the ninth edition of The Unfinished Nation has, as have all previous editions, been carefully written
and edited to keep the book as concise and readable as possible. It features most notably an enlarged
focus on the history of Native Americans, the meaning of the American Revolution, the transforma-
tive effects of modern warfare on everyday life, the far-reaching effects of the civil rights movement,
and dramatic political and technological change in the twenty-first century. Across these subjects, we
recognize that to understand the full complexity of the American past it is necessary to understand
both the forces that divide Americans and the forces that draw them together. Thus we’ve sought to
explore the development of foundational ideals like democracy and equality as well as the ways that
our nation’s fulfillment of those ideals remains, like so much else, unfinished.

• xxiii
AMERICA’S HISTORY
IS STILL UNFOLDING

Is American History finished? Not yet! The Unfinished Nation shows that as more details
are uncovered, dates may not change—but perceptions and reality definitely can. America
and her history are in a constant state of change.
Just like America, this edition evolves with two new authors to further Alan Brinkley’s
established tradition. John Giggie and Andrew Huebner bring expertise and new voices,
shedding light on perspectives that will shape an examination of the past. Their aim is to
help you, the reader, ask new questions. By doing so, you will find your own answer to the
question: is American History finished?

PRIMARY SOURCES HELP STUDENTS THINK

CRITICALLY ABOUT HISTORY
Primary sources help students think critically about history and expose them to contrasting
perspectives of key events. The Ninth Edition of The Unfinished Nation provides three dif-
ferent ways to use primary source
documents in your course.
Power of Process for Primary
Sources is a critical thinking tool for
reading and writing about primary
sources. As part of Connect History,
McGraw-Hill Education’s learning
platform Power of Process contains a
database of over 400 searchable pri-
mary sources in addition to the capa-
bility for instructors to upload their
own sources. Instructors can then
select a series of strategies for stu-
dents to use to analyze and comment
on a source. The Power of Process
framework helps students develop
essential academic skills such as
understanding, analyzing, and syn-
thesizing readings and visuals such as
maps, leading students toward higher
order thinking and writing.
Features that offer contrasting perspectives or showcase historical artifacts. Within
the print or eBook, the Ninth Edition of The Unfinished Nation offers the following
features:

xxiv •
Other documents randomly have
different content
know if she walked on air or solid ground when she made her way down
again to the pier. If that were to be the end of it, of what use had been all the
agonies of those silent months? Life seemed to swim before her like a
dream and confused phantasmagoria, as she thought, but yet a subtle sense
of happiness was gathering at her heart. He was coming so soon; he was so
near; and all those ghosts would roll up their gloomy wings and disappear
out of sight, when Willy Erskine once more looked in at the Gushat-house.
She went quickly down along the half-deserted road to the pier where the
women were all crowding. The Pretty Peggy could not reach the harbour
yet for more than an hour; but still, to be so much nearer her, to be ready to
meet the men and hear that all was well, five minutes earlier, was
compensation enough for the wives. They made pleasant little speeches to
Nora as she came down among them. “Ah, Miss Nora, the day will come
when you’ll be lookin’ out for a man o’ your ain,” said one. “And I hope
with a’my heart it’ll be a good man and a pleasant day,” added another.
“But Miss Nora’s man will never be a seafarin’ man like ours, to make her
heart sair,” said a third. “Unless it was a grand captain of a frigate in a’ his
gold lace,” was the ambitious aspiration of Nancy Morrison. “Sure I am, I
didna bring up a winsome young lady for less than that.” She was a
favourite, and this was the pleasant chatter that passed, as she went among
them, from lip to lip.
“I want to see Willy come in from his first voyage, nurse,” said Nora.
What a lying, wicked little speech it was!—and what a true one!—but
before Nancy had time to answer, one of the men on the outlook threw
down his telescope with a groan—rather the glass slid out of his hands.
“Get out o’ my way, women, wi’ your cacklin’,” he said, as he stumbled
down. “Oh, Lord, and their mother that canna stir a foot from her bed!”
With this the old sailor turned his back on the advancing ship, and sat down
on the edge of the pier, and hid his face in his hands. This action alarmed
the entire community, for Peter Rodger was well known to have two sons in
the Pretty Peggy. Two or three of the women crowded round him to ask
what he meant, when another of the men gave a sudden cry. “My God, the
flag’s at the half-mast!” he exclaimed.
A sudden horror fell upon the group. It fell upon the town instinctively,
in the twinkling of an eye; the news flew by that strange electricity which is
quicker than the telegraph. It was a sunny afternoon, the Firth was like
glass, the sky was blue—nothing but the white clouds above and the soft,
gliding sails below disturbed the glistening surface of the sea. The ship,
with its white sails, came softly on before a slight but favourable breeze;
but the faces of the little crowd grew pale in the sunshine, and a shudder ran
through them. There was a pause, and every heart stood still. “She’s got the
garland on the topmast; she’s made a good voyage,” said a younger sailor,
under his breath. “Oh, lad, how dare ye speak,” cried one of the women,
“when she’s bringing death maybe to your mother or to me?”
The strain of the suspense was terrible, as they stood and watched. Some
of the poor wives fell on their knees and prayed aloud—as if that would
bring to life the dead man, probably long ago committed to the safe-keeping
of the sea; some sat down and began to rock themselves, crying silently, as
if their individual fate had been sealed. As for Nancy Morrison, she stood
rigid, with a face as pale as stone, and with big, dilated eyes watched the
ship that was bringing her life or death. Nora was shocked and disturbed, as
was natural. Her heart went forth in a certain passionate pity for the one,
whoever it was, upon whom the blow was about to fall; but she did not feel
the same overpowering anxiety as that which moved the others. She went
softly to her old nurse, and put her arm round the poor woman. “Oh, Nancy,
take courage,” she cried; “don’t think it’s him!”
“Let me be! oh, let me be!” cried Nancy.
There was no one there in a condition to take comfort or give attention to
anything but one.
And the ship came so slowly, as it seemed to everybody now. The Firth
lit up with all the glorious reflections of the sunset; the May rose dark upon
the blazing water, with the iron skeleton that held at night its fire signal; the
Bass lay like an uncouth shell against the dim outline of land on the other
side, and the long sun-rays slanted and fell tenderly across the water. Then
the horrible excitement of the watchers was roused into a sharper crisis still.
A boat darted forth from the shore with six stout oarsmen, to the slowly
gliding ship. Could it be a ship of death, like that one that the Ancient
Mariner saw against the sun? Could there have been pestilence on board? It
came on gliding, as the other vessel must have done when “the men all
light, the seraph men,” brought her near the port. These wild thoughts
passed through Nora’s mind alone. There came into it a curious vague
wonder whether it might have been Providence, and not she, that sent Willy
Erskine into such a ship. She seemed to see him on the deck with all, or
almost all, the authority in his hands—the saviour of most of the disabled
crew; healer, ruler, hero. Such was the strange vision that glided before her
eyes as she too eagerly watched the boat. The thought of his supposed
devotion made Nora unselfish too. She ceased to tremble about their
personal meeting. She kept eye and hand firm, to be ready to give help and
succour to her who might be smitten, whoever she might be.
When the boat came back, and got within hailing distance, the
excitement grew terrible. Some of the poor wives threw themselves among
the rocks to get the news a moment earlier. Peter Rodger stood on the
highest ledge, with his broad hand curved like a trumpet round his eager
ear. Nora placed herself behind her nurse instinctively, for she loved the
woman. But the awful strain of all their ears and senses made the first cry
unintelligible to them. Twice the vague shout came over the waters before it
could be comprehended. Then it was caught up and echoed by a hundred
voices—“Only the doctor!” That was what they said.
Only the doctor! There was a shout, and then a cry, sharp with joy, from
all those women. Joy! though it was still death that was coming. They
clasped each other’s hands; they wept aloud; they cried out, in the relief of
their deliverance. The whole community, every living creature about, began
to breathe, and babble, and sob forth thanksgiving. One figure alone fell
forward against the wall on which Nancy Morrison had been leaning. Nora
was stupefied. It was like a great rock falling suddenly down upon her out
of the peaceful sky. She shrank, and gave one wail and shudder, and then it
came, crushing the heart and flesh. The doctor! He had said true—she was
never to see him more.
“Miss Nora, cheer up,” said Nancy, crying, and laughing, and shivering
with joy. “Dinna take it so sair to heart. It’s her nerves, my bonnie woman.
But they’re a’ safe, noo, baith lads and men. It’s but the doctor—do ye no’
hear what they say?”
Then Nora rose up desperate, and turned her stony face upon them. “Do
you think there’s none to break their hearts for him?” she cried, with a wild
indignation. “Do you think there’s no mother, no woman watching? Be
silent, ye cruel women! How dare you tell me it’s only him?”
Then they all looked at her with pathetic faces, gathering round her
where she stood—she who did not know what she was saying. Impatiently
she turned from their looks. What could sympathy or anything do for her?
What did it matter? “Let me be!” she cried, as Nancy had cried. Let her
alone! that was all she could say.
“Eh, Miss Nora, if we had kent the doctor was onything to you!” cried
one of the pitiful women. Nora turned round with a certain wild fierceness
almost before the words were said.
“And who said he was anything to me?” she asked, with a strange scorn
of herself and them. He was nothing to her; she could not even wear black
for him, or let anybody know she mourned. She shook herself clear of the
pitying people, she could not tell how. Like a blind creature, seeing nothing,
with an instinct only to get home anyhow, she went straight forward, not
knowing where she placed her foot; and thus walked sightless, open-eyed,
and miserable—into Willy Erskine’s arms.
The cry she uttered rang in the ears of all the watching population for
years after. They forgot the ship and the men who were so near at hand to
gather round this curious group. Nora fell forward into her lover’s arms like
an inanimate thing. One shock she had borne, and it had taken all her
strength—the other she could not bear. For the first time in her life she lost
consciousness. The light had gone out of her eyes before—now the very
breath died on her lips. Mrs. Sinclair, who had come down to the pier with
him to find her child, could never be sufficiently thankful that Willy was a
doctor and knew precisely what to do. He carried his love all the way along
the pier, hampered by eager offers of help, and still more anxious comments
of sympathy, to Nancy Morrison’s cottage on the shore, his heart full of
remorse and exultation. Though he had long ago forgotten his threat about
the Pretty Peggy, still it was quite true that he had come, like a conspirator,
to surprise from Nora’s honest eyes, from her candid face, some revelation
of her true feelings. She had so revealed them now as that they never could
be denied again; and though it was not Willy’s fault, he was remorseful in
his tenderness. He had never set foot on the Pretty Peggy. He had forgotten
so entirely even the use he had made of her name, that he believed, like
Mrs. Sinclair, that it was kindness to her foster-brother which had taken
Nora to the pier. Instead of an unprofitable visit to the Greenland seas, he
had been settling himself very advantageously in an inland town, where his
“connections” in the county were sure to be of use to him; and after this
interval, with the mother’s concurrence, had come, with sober
determination not to be discouraged, to know what Nora meant, and what
his fate was to be. All this Nora learnt afterwards by degrees, with wrath
and happiness. The doctor who had died was a dissipated old man, of a
class too common in the Greenland ships. “I kent weel that doited body
could never be onything to Miss Nora,” cried Nancy Morrison, drying her
eyes. The mystery was cleared up in a fashion to all the admiring and
sympathetic population round when Willy Erskine appeared on the scene;
and yet nobody knew what it meant except Nora and he.
She was very angry and she was very happy, as we have said. But she
had taken all power of resistance, had she wished to resist, out of her own
hands. And the story came to the usual end of such stories, and there is
nothing more to say.

PRINTED BY
MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED
EDINBURGH

FOOTNOTES:
[A] The Paraphrases are a selection of hymns always printed along with the
metrical version of the Psalms in use in Scotland, and more easy, being more modern
in diction, to be learned by heart.
[B] Used in Scotland in the sense of weakness of body—invalidism.
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