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Flood and Flash Flood Geo-Hazards in Malaysia

Article in International Journal of Engineering & Technology · November 2018

DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.23103

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 International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.35) (2018) 760-764

International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET

Research paper

Flood and Flash Flood Geo-Hazards in Malaysia

F. S. Buslima1*, R. C. Omar1, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin2, Hairin Taha1
1
Forensic Engineering Group, Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional
2
Geology Programme, Faculty of Science & Technology, National University of Malaysia
*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Floods are natural phenomena of geo-hazards that usually happened when experiencing prolonged heavy rainfalls. Floods in Malaysia
can be categorized into monsoon floods and flash floods. Monsoon floods is caused of Northeast Monsoon season commences in early
November and ends in March that brings heavy rainfall, particularly to the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia and western Sarawak.
Flash floods usually occur in areas with rapid development by a rapid rise in water level, high velocity, and large amounts of debris.
Flooding that occurred in December 2014 can be classified as worst floods that affected several states in Peninsular Malaysia, and the
worst affected is Kelantan state. This disaster was recorded more than 200,000 people were affected with 21 people were killed and gives
a massive impact on people, properties, agriculture, livestock, and infrastructure facilities. Following the worst floods that hit Malaysia
in 2014, the opinions and views from various parties such as subject matter experts was needed to produce mitigations and prevents of
the flood disaster at once to minimize vulnerability to hazard.

Keywords: Flood; Flash Flood; Flood Implication; Kelantan; Mitigation Plan

1. Introduction
2. Flood and Flash Flood
Geo-hazards are natural phenomena that typically triggering the
natural disasters cause fatalities, damages, and severe impacts to Flooding is defined as the accumulation of water within a water
social and economic. Hazard is an event or physical condition that body and the overflow of excess water onto adjacent floodplain
has the potential to cause fatalities, injuries, property damage, land. The floodplain is the land adjoining the channel of a river,
agricultural loss, damage to environment, interruption of business, stream, ocean, lake or other watercourse or water body that is
or other types of harm or loss [1]. These natural disasters consist susceptible to flooding [1]. Floods in Malaysia can be categorized
of landslide, earthquake, tsunami, flood and others. Flooding is into monsoon floods and flash floods. Rainfall distribution pat-
hydrologic hazards that occur naturally triggered by heavy rain- terns in Malaysia are influenced by the seasonal wind flow pat-
fall. terns and the local topographic features. Malaysia experienced the
Hazards associated with flooding can be divided into primary Northeast Monsoon season commences in early November and
hazards, secondary hazards and tertiary hazards or long term haz- ends in March. Figure 1 shows the rainfall patterns that influenced
ards [2]. The primary hazards are effects of floods due to direct by the Northeast Monsoon brings heavy rainfall and causes floods,
contact with the flood waters. With high velocities, streams are particularly to the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia and
able to transport larger particles as suspended load. These large western Sarawak.
particles can include not only rocks and sediment, but during the Flash floods usually occur in areas with rapid development. Flash
flood, could include such large objects as automobiles, houses and floods are characterized by a rapid rise in water level, high veloc-
bridges. The secondary hazards are that occur because of the pri- ity, and large amounts of debris. Flash floods are cause by factors
mary hazards (flooding), such as disruption of services and health the intensity and duration of rainfall as well as the steepness of
impacts (famine and disease).The tertiary hazards are long term watershed and stream gradients. Flash flooding in urban areas is
changes such as changes in the position of river channels. an increasingly serious problem due to removal of vegetation,
The purpose of this paper is to briefly outline the flood scenario in paving and replacement of ground cover by impermeable surfaces
Malaysia especially the flood disaster in 2014 is said to be the that increase runoff, and construction of drainage systems that
worst event ever experienced in Kelantan and Terengganu as well increase the speed of runoff [1].
as its implications of the floods in aspect of social, economic and Based on the hydrological perspectives, a difference between
infrastructure. These issues followed by flood disaster manage- flood and flash flood is the period taken by river flow to recede
ments to overcome the impacts of flooding with five activity areas, back to the normal level [4]. Flood (or monsoon floods) takes a
namely prevention, preparedness, response, recovery and govern- long term and may last a week or more to return to the normal
ance. water flow level, whereas, flash flood takes only few hours. Na-
tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA stated
that flash floods occur within a few minutes or hours of excessive
rainfall and most of events followed by slow-moving thunder-
storms, thunderstorms repeatedly moving over the same area, or

Copyright © 2018 Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 761

heavy rains from hurricanes and tropical storms [5]. Flash floods  18 people were killed
Dec 2006
are events of short duration with a relatively high peak discharge 6 & Jan Flood in Johor
and tend to occur frequently but at a very small scale [6]. 2007 [8]  Estimated USD 489 mil-
lion in damage
 28 people were killed
2008
7 Flood in Johor  Estimated USD 21.19
[8]
million damage
 four people were killed
 Estimated 45,000 hectares
Flood in Kedah and of paddy fields were de-
8 2010 [8]
Perlis stroyed
 More than 50,000 evacu-
ees affected in Kedah
 Flash flood caused by the
water released from Sul-
2013 Flash Flood in Cam- tan Abu Bakar dam
9
[11] eron Highlands  Three people were killed
 80 houses affected and
100 vehicles damaged
 Several states in Peninsu-
lar Malaysia were af-
fected; Kelantan, Tereng-
Fig. 1: Rainfall patterns that influenced by the Northeast Monsoon [3] ganu, Pahang, Perak, Sa-
Dec 2014 bah, Negeri Sembilan,
3. History of Flood in Malaysia & Jan Flood in Peninsular Johor, Perlis, Kedah and
10
2015 Malaysia Sarawak
[12]  More than 200,000 peo-
Floods and flash floods in Malaysia often happen when experienc- ple were affected with 21
ing prolonged heavy rainfalls. Flooding during the monsoon sea- people were killed
son often experienced in the east coast states of Peninsular Malay-  Estimated more than RM
sia such as Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang and Western Sara- 1 Billion damage
wak. According to Malaysian Medical Relief Society, MERCY,  Flash flood that affected
rapid urbanization of floodplains such as those in Kuala Lumpur, four main roads in Kuala
Penang and Sarawak, and upstream development of hill land have Lumpur
rendered many areas vulnerable to hazardous flash floods [7]. May  15 cars were submerged
Flash Flood in Kuala
11 2016 and hundreds more were
Historically, there have been big flood events in 1886, 1926, 1931, [13][14]
Lumpur and Selangor
trapped in Kuala Lumpur
1947, 1954, 1957, 1965, 1967, 1970/1971, 1988, 1993, 1996,  More than 300 evacuees
2000, 2006/2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 [8]. Kuala Lumpur was affected at Dengkil, Se-
hit by major flash floods in 1971 as several riverbanks broke due langor
to heavy monsoon rains. This event affected more than 180,000
evacuees with 32 fatalities [7]. The latest of worst flood in Malay- 3.1. Review of 2014 Malaysia Flood
sia is happened on December 2014 has been the worst floods in
decades. Table 1 shows a summary of the history of floods and The history of worst flooding were recorded in 1967, where heavy
flash floods that occurred in Malaysia form 1996 until 2016. monsoon rains that have hit the state in east coast of Peninsular
Malaysia especially Kelantan and Terengganu as well as some
Table 1: Flooding History in Malaysia
states in West Malaysia such as Perak, Pahang, Kedah, Perlis,
No. Year Floods Incidence The effects of disasters
Johor and some places in Penang. This event led to more than
 241 people were killed
 Estimated more than USD
250,000 people in urban and rural areas have been affected by
Floods brought by 97.8 million damage to floods recorded as the biggest flood to destroy the West Malaysia
1 1996 [8] Tropical Strorm Greg infrastructure and prop- [15]. Flooding that occurred in December 2014 can also be classi-
in Keningau, Sabah erty fied as worst same as the floods in 1967. Several states were af-
 Destroyed thousands of fected namely Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Perak, Negeri Sem-
houses bilan, Johor, Perlis and Kedah as well as Sabah and Sarawak.
Floods caused by  15 people were killed in The flood disaster in 2014 is said to be the biggest event ever ex-
heavy rainfall in Kelantan and Terengganu perienced. Especially in Kelantan, the flood area affected includes
2 2000 [8] Kelantan, Terengganu  More than 10,000 evacu- the districts of Kota Bharu, Machang, Pasir Mas, Pasir Puteh,
and northern Peninsu- ees affected in northern Tanah Merah, Gua Musang and Tumpat. District of Kuala Krai is
lar Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia
areas badly hit by the floods especially Manik Urai and Dabong.
 Storm causes flooding
and landslide in eastern
This state suffers from two phase of flood. The first phase began
Floods brought by
Tropical Storm Malaysia on December 14 – 17, 2014, and the second phase occurred on
3 2001 [9]
Vamei in eastern  Five people were killed December 20 – 24, 2014. The incident occurred due to non-stop of
Malaysia  Estimated USD 3.6 mil- extreme rainfall for several days.
lion damage The recorded rainfall from telemetry station at Kelantan shows
April & that the highest amount of rainfall is during December 15 – 25,
 Flash flood that affected
4 Oct 2002 Flash Flood
Kuala Lumpur
2015 [16]. The highest value for duration 10 days is at Gunung
[10] Gagau Station about 1898 mm, while the lowest value of accumu-
 Flood that affected a large lated rainfall during the flood event is at Lojing station about 476
area in the northwestern mm. This causes the water level at Kelantan watershed are highest
Flood in the north-
Oct 2003 Peninsular Malaysia cov-
5 western Peninsular recorded in comparison with previous decades and most of the
[10] ering states of Kedah,
Malaysia parts of Kelantan watershed are involved with over danger values
Penang and northern
Perak for flood in 2014, which Lebir and Kelantan rivers have high in-
creasing. Figure 2 shows the residential areas and shop buildings
762 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

were flooded at Bandar Baru Tanah Merah. The water level rises Overall, a flood in 2014 was recorded of 232, 913 evacuees were
above the critical level causing the surrounding area suffered se- registered in various evacuation centers across Peninsular Malay-
vere flooding. sia [7]. However, the actual number of those affected is believed
to be higher as numerous people were unable to reach evacuation
centers and several evacuation centers were unregistered. This
event gives a massive impact on people, properties, agriculture,
livestock, and infrastructure facilities such as roads, railroads,
electricity, telephone, water and food supply. This disaster also
caused adverse effects on the mental and physical health of the
evacuees.

4. Flood Implications
Fig. 2: Flood disaster in Tanah Merah, Kelantan
Flood hazards give a negative impacts that caused fatalities, dam-
Ibrahim Komoo [17] states that the impact of floods in Sungai ages, and severe impacts to social and economic. Impacts of flood
Galas and Sungai Lebir for example had increased the content of hazards include structural damage and erosion, loss of property,
mud, silt and debris as shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 shows the food and water pollution, disturbance of socio-economic activities
debris that consists of timber and plant debris was destroying of such as transport and communications, as well as damage to agri-
various infrastructures, including bridges and settlement. cultural land [19]. The impact of disasters are divided into physi-
cal impacts and social impacts [20]. The physical impacts include
casualties (deaths and injuries) and properties damage. This sec-
tion describes the flood implications in social, economic, and in-
frastructure.

4.1. Social Impacts of Flood

The social impact involves four aspects, namely psychosocial,

socio-demographic, socio-economic and socio-political [20]. Psy-
chosocial impacts are referring to mental health of the flood disas-
Fig. 3: Increasing of mud, silt and debris at (a) Sungai Galas and (b) Sun- ter victims. It is include emotional signs such as anxiety, depres-
gai Lebir sion and grief as well as behavioural effects. Socio-demographic
impacts can be seen in the management of residential and reset-
tlement to flood victims. People typically pass through four stage
of housing recovery when experiencing a disaster [21]. These
stages are emergency shelter, temporary shelter, and followed by
temporary housing and permanent housing. For the victims, this is
a very painful impression because they had to stay in shelters and
tents provided in a long time to get temporary or permanent hous-
ing.
The most effect was felt after a disaster is the socio-economic
impacts involving the loss of properties causes a reduction in con-
Fig. 4: Impact of 2014 flood causes various infrastructures destroyed sumption and decrease in the quality of life [20]. Although there
are replacement of assets or goods by donations or buying later, it
In Terengganu, the first wave of floods occurred in November cannot be replace lost properties before where it would be per-
2014 when the high rainfall for over a week in Kuala Terengganu ceived as a loss. It is becoming more difficult for communities
and around causes the surface of the soil becomes saturated and who do not have insurances, their lives are absolutely no guaran-
the groundwater level increases. This causes the whole of low tees and the process of rebuilding what was lost will be a restraint
areas were flooded. When the ground water level continues to rise when influenced by age, mental health and dependency [22]. The
and there is no good drainage system to channel water to the sea, socio-political impacts is refers in the period of recovery from
causing the road becomes a temporary drainage system and affect disaster. This effect can be seen when there is a change in the
the development area by the flooding phenomenon [18]. Then political behaviour of politician will be more aggressive to get the
followed by a second wave of floods occur at the end of 2014. The attention of people who are involved and often lead to more in-
worst affected district in Terengganu is Kemaman, followed by tense political feud. The situation will become more disordered
Dungun, Kuala Terengganu, Hulu Terengganu, Besut and Marang. when local politicians intervene and worsen the situation.
Figure 5 shows the flood that has submerged the first floor of the Apart of the elements mentioned above, flooding also cause the
school building and the residents using speedboat to carry out their impact in education. During floods, schools serve as an evacuation
daily activities in Hulu Terengganu. centers and there are also schools that were flooded. Following
that, opening for all primary and secondary schools was delayed
by one week because carry out cleaning works to ensure that all
schools are clean and safe for the students before the opening day
[23].

4.2. Economic Impacts of Floods

Flood disaster affects the economy either in the short or long time
and its impact is difficult to measure accurately because it not only
involves the value of the currency, but it also includes perceptions
and emotions of those involved also people who see it [24]. De-
Figure 5: Flood disaster in Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu struction of crops and livestock during the floods give the big
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 763

impact to economic. Farmers and breeders would lose a source of aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and
income for several months until the crops or livestock can be re- recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. The main mis-
covered. Vegetables and fruits plants almost 100% destroyed and sion of flood disaster management is to minimize vulnerability to
rubber trees experienced wintering before it's time [25]. Palm trees floods and consequent loss of lives, livelihood systems, properties
can survive with the water reservoir, but productivity may decline and damage to infrastructure and public utilities [32].
during the harvest. Referring to Kamarulazizi Ibrahim et al. [33], flood disaster man-
Floods also have its impacts on tourism, not only direct and indi- agement consists of five activity areas namely prevention, prepar-
rect losses as well as damages to the premises and touristic attrac- edness, response, recovery and governance. These five activity
tions. The immediate impacts can be clearly seen in sub-sectors of areas are referred to the flood events that occur either before, dur-
tourism especially among tour agencies, hotel sector, shopping, ing or after the incident. Table 2 shows the suggested mitigation
heritage sites and retailers. The performance of tourism industry plans under the five activity areas to overcome the impacts of
had decline due to the obstacles and risks caused by the floods flooding.
[26].
Table 1: Mitigation Plans in Flood Disaster Management [33]
4.3. Infrastructure Impacts of Floods No Activity Area Mitigation Plan with Responsible Agency
i. Sustain and improve the drainage system
Infrastructure is a facilities or basic services such as transportation, - Department of Irrigation and Drainage
ii. Identify high risk areas as a collection point
health, electricity and water supply to develop a community. Im- during an emergency
pacts of infrastructure that often happen when the flooding, - Malaysian National Security, Local Au-
whether flash floods and monsoon floods is a closure of several thorities, Volunteers Department Malaysia
roads at lower areas. Vehicles passing through the area at risk of (RELA), Non-Governmental Organization,
flooding may be vulnerable to the problem of vehicles flooded or 1. Prevention Malaysian Armed Forces, Ministry of Ru-
caught in the flooding. This situation will lead to extraordinary ral and Regional Development
congestion and takes long hours. iii. Prepare profiling and bank data for margin-
Floods in December 2014 left a high impact on infrastructure in alized community
- Head of villages, community leader, So-
Kelantan. This event causes closure of several roads, which is 26 cial Department of Social Welfare, Jabatan
of Federal roads and 35 of State roads [27]. Federal roads were Kemajuan Orang Asli and Security Com-
also closed due to landslides, in which these events have the same munity
factor, caused by high rainfall that hit of Kelantan in December i. Make sure the availability of stand-alone
2014. Figure 6 shows the Federal road that link of East West Pen- electrical generator at appropriate location
insular Malaysia, from Jeli to Gerik, Perak collapsed at Kilometer enough to meet the needs and with ade-
(KM) 66 on December 23, 2014 and it’s closed to traffic [28]. quate power capacities
There are also bridges which were destroyed due to strong cur- - State Disaster Committee, Tenaga Na-
sional Berhad
rents and several other bridges had to be closed for safety reasons.
ii. Upgrade the telemetric system to get real
Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) has canceled all trains on the East time data and linking them to central facili-
Coast Peninsular Malaysia for the safety of passengers. This is due 2. Preparedness ties for real time flood forecasting
to the 50 meters railway bridge in Kemubu - Dabong was flooded - Department of Irrigation and Drainage,
and damage to the runway as well as there are also some stations Federal Development Department and,
collapsed and flooded. State Government, National Security
Council
iii. Conduct water sampling and early warning
system at permanent sampling sites to
monitor water quality
- Department of Environment
i. Provide a system with better information
sharing between agencies involved
- Department of Social Welfare, Depart-
ment of the Prime Minister, Secretary State
Office (SUK), Ministry of Communications
& Multimedia, Meteorology Department
and Malaysian Administrative Moderniza-
Fig. 6: Closure Federal road, from Jeli to Gerik caused by Landslide [29]
tion and Management Planning Unit
(MAMPU)
During a flood, the health of those affected has to be prioritized. ii. Establish the nearest health teams to carry
Dirty flood waters and lack of sufficient hygiene facilities pose a out investigations and control of epidemics
serious risk for the spread of infections and waterborne diseases. 3. Response in the affected areas
The most common diseases that occur during flood are fungal - Malaysian National Security Council,
infections, fever, flu, diarrhoea and cough [7]. Utilities such as District officers, Ministry Of Finance, Min-
electricity, water supply and communication lines were badly istry Of Health, Ministry of Education, De-
partment of Social Welfare, Public Works
affected during the floods of 2014. Almost all districts in Kelantan Department, Department of Irrigation and
experienced this effect for 11 days starting on December 17-28, Drainage, Tenaga Nasional Berhad and Air
2014 [30]. Kelantan Sdn. Bhd.
iii. Monitor road safety and the slope of the
hill side of the road because feared land-
5. Flood Disaster Management slides
- Public Works Department
Disaster management is a plan that should be focused in order to i. Implement reforestation on all degraded
communities in order to reduce the vulnerability to hazards and land based on international standards for
copes with disasters. According to International Federation of Red erosion control and sedimentation
Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) [31], disaster manage- 4. Recovery - All agencies involved, State Secretary,
ment can be defined as the organization and human resources Economic Planning Unit, Forestry Depart-
ment, Ministry of Natural Resources and
management that responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian Environment, Department of Irrigation and
 764 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

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