Long answer type questions

Ques 1 Discuss the role of hybridization in crop improvement.

Ans :- Hybridization refers to crossing between genetically
dissimilar plants to produce progeny with desirable combination
of characters. It may be inter varietal, inter specific and inter
generic. Two crops of desired characters are selected and
crossed to obtain a new crop having desired characters of
parental crops. This method of hybridization improves crops
with respect to yield, disease resistance, ability to withstand
environmental fluctuations etc.

Ques 2 Define (i) Vermi-compost

(ii) Green manure
(iii) Bio fertilizer
Ans :- (a) Vermicompost- Compost is a kind of manure rich in
organic matter and nutrients. The compost prepared by using
earthworms to hasten the process of decomposition of plant and
animal refuse is called as vermin-compost.
(b) Green manure— The manure which is prepared by
decomposing green plants in field itself is called green manure.
For example — Sun Hemp is grown in fields, mulched by
ploughing and allowed to decompose in field for the preparation
of green manure.
(c) Bio fertilizer— Living organisms which are used as fertilizer
to supply nutrients to the plants, are called as bio fertilizers. For
example, blue green algae, which fix nitrogen in soil, rice fields
etc. is a bio-fertilizer.

Ques 3 Discuss various methods for weed control.

Ans :- Various modes of weed control are
(a) Mechanical removal
(b) Proper seed bed preparation to avoid weed growth
(c) Timely sowing of crops to avoid growth of weed.
(d) Intercropping and crop rotation also helps in weed control.

Ques 4 Differentiate between the following

I. Capture fishery and Culture fishery
II. Mixed cropping and Inter cropping
III. Bee keeping and Poultry farming
Ans :- (a) Capture fishery is the method of obtaining fish from
natural resources while culture fishery is the method of
obtaining fish by fish farming.
(b) Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously
on the same piece of land; while intercropping is growing two or
more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite
pattern. i.e. in different rows.
(c) Bee keeping is the practice of rearing honey bees for
obtaining honey while poultry farming is the practice of raising
the domestic fowl for egg and meat production.

Ques 5 Give the merits and demerits of fish culture?

Ans :- Demerits(i) threat to bio-diversity
(ii) Only economically important and valued fishes will be
cultured.
Merits (i) Large amount of desired fishes can be obtained in small
areas (ii) improvement as far as yield is concerned can be done.

Ques 6 What do you understand by composite fish culture?

Ans :-Composite fish culture is the method of culturing five or six
species, both indigenous and exotic, together in a single fish
pond. These species are selected so that they do not compete
for food requirements among themselves due to different food
habits. As a result food available in all the parts of the pond is
used. For example— Catlas are surface feeders, Rohu is middle
zone feeder and Mrigals and common carps are bottom feeders.

Ques 7 Why bee keeping should be done in good pasturage?

Ans :-Bees need nectar to make honey. A good pasturage can
provide plenty of flowers with good quality nectar. This will help
the bees in making good quality honey in larger amounts.
Thus, a good pasturage will help in improving honey yield.
Moreover, if bees are confined in order to utilize nectar only from
a particular variety of flower, the taste, colour and consistency
of honey will be entirely unique. Many beekeepers make honey
from nectar obtained from a single species of flower only.

Ques 8 Write the modes by which insects affect the crop yield.
Ans :- Following are the different modes by which insect pests
affect the crop yield.
(i) Cutting: Some insect pests cut different plant parts like
leaves, fruits and flowers thus damaging the plant. Damaged
leaves would result in lower rate of photosynthesis. Damaged
flowers will result in less production of seeds.
(ii) Borers: Some pests make a burrow in a specific plant part
and live inside. There can be stem borers or fruit borers. These
pests utilize resources from plants.
(iii) Suckers: Some pests use their proboscis to suck cell sap
from plant parts.
Ques 9 Discuss why pesticides are used in very accurate
concentration and in very appropriate manner?
Ans :- Pesticides are used in very accurate concentration and in
a very appropriate manner, because if used in excess it
(a) Harms the soil and causes loss of fertility
(b) Checks the replenishment of organic matter
(c) Kills the micro-organisms of soil
(d) Causes air, water and soil pollution.

Ques 10 Name two types of animal feed and write their functions.
Ans Two types of animal feed are as follows:
(a)Roughage: Roughage makes the bulk of animal feed.
Roughage helps the animal in getting satiated. Roughage also
helps in proper digestion of food. Roughage is provided by husk
and hay and also by grass and chopped leaves.
(b)Concentrates: Concentrates are rich in proteins and minerals.
Concentrates are specially prepared according to the
requirement of particular cattle. Concentrates are also available
in market.

Ques 11 What would happen if poultry birds are larger in size

and have no summer adaptation capacity? In order to get small
sized poultry birds, having summer adaptability, what method
will be employed?
Ans:- Maintenance of temperature is needed for better egg
production by poultry birds.
Therefore, larger size (increase in surface area of body) and no
adaptability to summer may cause decline in egg production. To
obtain the smaller size and higher summer adaptability, cross
breeding of poultry birds are done. Small size is also needed for
better housing and low feed.

Ques 12 Suggest some preventive measures for the diseases of

poultry birds.
Ans:-.Some preventive measures of poultry bird diseases are
(a) Cleaning of poultry farms
(b) Proper sanitation of poultry farms
(c) Spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals
(d) Appropriate vaccination of birds.

Ques 13 Figure given below shows the two crop fields [Plots A
and B] have been treated by manures and chemical fertilizers
respectively, keeping other environmental factors same.
Observe the graph and answer the following questions.
(i) Why does plot B show sudden increase and then gradual
decrease in yield?
(ii) Why is the highest peak in plot A graph slightly delayed?
(iii) What is the reason for the different pattern of the two
graphs?

Ans :-
(i) Why does plot B show sudden increase and then gradual
decrease in yield?
Ans With addition of chemical fertilizers there is sudden increase
in yield due to release of nutrients N, P, K etc. in high quantity.
The gradual decline in the graph may be due to continuous use
and high quantity of chemicals which kill microbes useful for
replenishment of organic matter in the soil. This decreases soil
fertility.

(ii) Why is the highest peak in plot A graph slightly delayed?

Ans. Manures supply small quantities of nutrients to the soil
slowly as it contains large amounts of organic matter. It enriches
the soil with nutrients thereby increasing soil fertility.
(iii)What is the reason for the different pattern of the two graphs?
Ans. The difference in the two graphs indicates that use of
manure is beneficial for long duration in cropping as the yield
tends to remain high when the quantity of manure increases.
In case of Plot B the chemical fertilizers may cause various
problems when used continuously for a long time. Loss of
microbial activity reduces decomposition of organic matter and
as result soil fertility is lost that affects the yield.

Ques 14 Differentiate between capture fishing, aquaculture and

mariculture.

Ans. a) Capture fishing – Obtaining fish from water bodies like

river, sea, oceans, etc is known as capture dishing.
b) Aquaculture – It is the culture of aquatic organisms in fresh
water or marine water.
c) Mariculture – The culture of marine fish is called mariculture.

Ques 15 Define the following (i) White revolution (ii) silver

revolution (iii) blue revolution.

Ans. White Revolution – Increased production of milk is known as

white revolution. It involved use of new improved high milk –
yielding cross breeds of mulch animals.

Silver revolution – Tremendous increase in egg production is

known as silver revolution.

Blue revolution – It refers to the increased production of fish.

Ques 16 What are the symptoms of diseased animals?

Ans. Symptoms of diseased animals are –
a) The animal stops eating and becomes lethargic, looks tired and
remains isolated.
b) The animal shiver with high body temperature
c) The animal shows excessive formation of saliva which
sometimes hangs from the mouth.
d) The animal passes loose dung and colored urine.
e) The lips and ears of the animal droop
f) Milk –yield, egg laying capacity or working capacity of the
animals is reduced.