PROJECT QUALITY

MANAGEMENT
Basics
• ISO 9000-Quality: “the degree to which a set of inherent
characteristics fulfill requirements”
• The project management team should determine the appropriate
levels of accuracy and precision for use in the quality management
plan.
• Precision is a measure of exactness.
• Accuracy is an assessment of correctness.
Definition
• Project Quality Management includes the processes and activities of
the performing organization that determine quality policies,
objectives, and responsibilities so that the project will satisfy the
needs for which it was undertaken.
• Project Quality Management works to ensure that the project
requirements, including product requirements, are met and validated.
• Every project should have a quality management plan. Project teams
should follow the quality management plan and should have data to
demonstrate compliance with the plan-ISO
Introduction
• In the context of achieving ISO compatibility, modern quality management
approaches seek to minimize variation and to deliver results that meet
defined requirements. These approaches recognize the importance of:
• Customer satisfaction. Understanding, evaluating, defining, and managing
requirements so that customer expectations are met.
• Prevention over inspection. Quality should be planned, designed, and built into—
not inspected into the project’s management or the project’s deliverables.
• Continuous improvement. The PDCA (plan-do-check-act) cycle is the basis for quality
improvement.
• Total Quality Management (TQM)
• Six Sigma
• Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3 )
®

• Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI ).

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Introduction
• Management Responsibility. Success requires the participation of all
members of the project team
• Cost of quality (COQ). Cost of quality refers to the total cost of the
conformance work and the nonconformance work that should be done as a
compensatory effort because, on the first attempt to perform that work, the
potential exists that some portion of the required work effort may be done or
has been done incorrectly..
Project Quality Management processes
Project Quality Management processes, which include:
• Plan Quality Management—The process of identifying quality
requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables and
documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality
requirements.
• Perform Quality Assurance—The process of auditing the quality
requirements and the results from quality control measurements to ensure
that appropriate quality standards and operational definitions are used.
• Control Quality—The process of monitoring and recording results of
executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend
necessary changes.
Quality Planning
• Expected Level of Quality can only be achieved through necessary
quality planning during project initiation
• Attributes of Quality Requirements
• Completeness Criteria
• Correctness Criteria
• Usefulness Criteria
Plan Quality Management
• provides guidance and direction on how quality will be managed and
validated throughout the project
Plan Quality Management: Inputs
• Project Management Plan:- Scope baseline (Project scope statement,
Work breakdown structure (WBS), WBS dictionary), Schedule
baseline, Cost baseline, Other management plans, etc.
• Stakeholder Register
• Risk Register
• Requirements Documentation
• Enterprise Environmental Factors
• Organizational Process Assets
Plan Quality Management: Tools and
Techniques- Cost of Quality (COQ)
• Cost of quality includes all costs incurred over the life of the product
by investment in preventing non-conformance to requirements,
appraising the product or service for conformance to requirements,
and failing to meet requirements (rework).
Seven Basic Quality Tools

• The seven basic quality tools, also known in the industry as 7QC Tools,
are used within the context of the PDCA (plan-do-check-act,
sometimes seen as plan-do-check-adjust) cycle to solve quality-
related problems.
• Cause-and-effect diagrams
• Flowcharts
• Check sheet
• Pareto diagrams
• Histograms
• Control charts
• Scatter diagrams
Cause & Effect Diagram
Flowcharts
Benchmarking
• Benchmarking involves comparing actual or planned project practices
to those of comparable projects to identify best practices, generate
ideas for improvement, and provide a basis for measuring
performance.
• Benchmarked projects may exist within the performing organization
or outside of it, or can be within the same application area.
Design of Experiments
• Design of experiments (DOE) is a statistical method for identifying
which factors may influence specific variables of a product or process
under development or in production.
• DOE also plays a role in optimizing products or processes
Statistical Sampling
• Statistical sampling involves choosing part of a population of interest
for inspection
• Sample frequency and sizes should be determined during the Plan
Quality Management process
Additional Quality Planning Tools
• Brainstorming. This technique is used to generate ideas
• Force field analysis. These are diagrams of the forces for and against
change.
• Nominal group technique. This technique is used to allow ideas to be
brainstormed in small groups and then reviewed by a larger group.
• Quality management and control tools. These tools are used to link
and sequence the activities identified
Perform Quality Assurance
• Perform Quality Assurance is the process of auditing the quality
requirements and the results from quality control measurements to ensure
that appropriate quality standards and operational definitions are used.
• The key benefit of this process is that it facilitates the improvement of
quality processes.
• The quality assurance process implements a set of planned and systematic
acts and processes defined within the project’s quality management plan.
• Quality assurance seeks to build confidence that a future output or an
unfinished output, also known as work in progress, will be completed in a
manner that meets the specified requirements and expectations.
Perform Quality Assurance
Perform Quality Assurance: Tools and Techniques-
Quality Management and Control Tools
• Affinity diagrams.
• The affinity diagram is similar to mind-
mapping techniques in that they are used to
generate ideas that can be linked to form
organized patterns of thought about a
problem.
• In project management, the creation of the
WBS may be enhanced by using the affinity
diagram to give structure to the
decomposition of scope.
Perform Quality Assurance: Tools and Techniques-
Quality Management and Control Tools
• Process decision program charts
(PDPC).
• Used to understand a goal in relation to
the steps for getting to the goal.
• The PDPC is useful as a method for
contingency planning because it aids
teams in anticipating intermediate steps
that could derail achievement of the
goal.
Perform Quality Assurance: Tools and Techniques-
Quality Management and Control Tools
• Interrelationship digraphs.
• An adaptation of relationship diagrams.
• The interrelationship digraphs provide
a process for creative problem solving
Perform Quality Assurance: Tools and Techniques-
Quality Management and Control Tools
• Tree diagrams.
• Also known as systematic
diagrams and may be used to
represent decomposition
hierarchies such as the WBS, RBS
(risk breakdown structure), and
OBS (organizational breakdown
structure).
• Are useful in visualizing the
parent-to-child relationships
Perform Quality Assurance: Tools and Techniques-
Quality Management and Control Tools
• Prioritization matrices.
• Identify the key issues and the
suitable alternatives to be prioritized
as a set of decisions for
implementation.
• Criteria are prioritized and weighted
before being applied to all available
alternatives to obtain a mathematical
score that ranks the options.
Perform Quality Assurance: Tools and Techniques-
Quality Management and Control Tools
• Activity network diagrams.
• Previously known as arrow diagrams.
• They include both the AOA (Activity on
Arrow) and, most commonly used, AON
(Activity on Node) formats of a network
diagram.
• Activity network diagrams are used with
project scheduling methodologies such as
program evaluation and review technique
(PERT), critical path method (CPM), and
precedence diagramming method (PDM).
Perform Quality Assurance: Tools and Techniques-
Quality Management and Control Tools
• Matrix diagrams.
• A quality management and control tool
used to perform data analysis within the
organizational structure created in the
matrix.
• The matrix diagram seeks to show the
strength of relationships between factors,
causes, and objectives that exist between
the rows and columns that form the
matrix.
Control Quality
• Control Quality is the process of monitoring and recording results of
executing the quality activities to assess performance and
recommend necessary changes.
• The key benefits of this process include:
• identifying the causes of poor process or product quality and recommending
and/or taking action to eliminate them;
• validating that project deliverables and work meet the requirements specified
by key stakeholders necessary for final acceptance.
• The Control Quality process uses a set of operational techniques and
tasks to verify that the delivered output will meet the requirements.
• Quality assurance should be used during the project’s planning and
executing phases to provide confidence that the stakeholder’s
requirements will be met and quality control should be used during
the project executing and closing phases to formally demonstrate,
with reliable data, that the sponsor and/or customer’s acceptance
criteria have been met.
Total Quality Management (TQM)
• Total–made up the whole
• Quality–Degree of excellence a product or service provides
• Management–Act, art or manner of handling, controlling, directing
etc.
TQM Basic approach
1. A committed management
2. Focused on customer
3. Involvement and utilization of the total work force
4. Continuous improvement
5. Treating suppliers as partners
6. Establish performance measures for each components/ persons
TQM Tools and techniques
• Benchmarking
• Information technology
• Quality management systems
• Environment management system
• Quality function deployment (Customer requirements led design)
• Quality by design
• Failure mode analysis (Reliability)
• Product liability
• Total productive maintenance
• Management tools
• Statistical process control
Kaizen
• Kaizen, Japanese for "improvement", or "change for the better" refers
to philosophy or practices that focus upon continuous improvement
of processes in manufacturing, engineering, and business
management.
• The cycle of kaizen activity can be defined as:
• Standardize an operation and activities.
• Measure the operation (find cycle time and amount of in-process inventory)
• Gauge measurements against requirements
• Innovate to meet requirements and increase productivity
• Standardize the new, improved operations
• Continue cycle ad infinitum
• Just In Time
• Zero Inventory Cost
• Beat the Cost
• Lean Production
• An integrated view of TQM, Kaizen, JIT
• Economical, Efficient and Not Wasteful, Effective and Defect Free Production
• Lean means less head count, less space, less inventory, less cost, less defects
and moderately agile management system