Aim
Performing and observing the actions of-
1. Water on quicklime
2. Heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
3. Iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution
4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solution
On the following reactions-
1. Combination reaction
2. Decomposition reaction
3. Displacement reaction
4. Double displacement reaction
Experiment 1(A) – Combination
Materials Required
Quick lime (Calcium oxide), Borosil beaker, Glass rod, Distilled water, Dropper, Test
tube, Litmus paper strips
Theory
When calcium oxide is mixed in water it dissolves and forms calcium
hydroxide (basic in nature). During this reaction, a lot of heat is liberated
and therefore, it is called an exothermic reaction. The equation is as
follows:
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat ………(1)
Due to the basic nature of calcium hydroxide, it turns red litmus paper
blue in colour. When carbon dioxide gas is passed through the calcium
hydroxide the solution turns milky white.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Observation:
Experiment Observation
Mixture in beaker A hissing sound is heard during the reaction when water is added to
the beaker containing quick lime.
Solution on litmus Drops on the red litmus paper strip change the colour of the paper to
paper blue .
Result and Conclusion
From the above experiment we can conclude that the reaction occurred
between calcium oxide (Quick lime) and water combine to produce one
single product slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) is called combination reaction as well
as an exothermic reaction.
Precautions :
Calcium oxide causes severe burns and therefore it should be handled with a
spatula.
Use good quality glass beaker during the experiment because if the beaker is
of poor quality then there are chances of crack on the beaker due to the
exothermic reaction.
Experiment 1(B) – Decomposition
Materials Required
1. Ferrous sulphate crystals
2. Test tube holder
3. Boiling tube
4. Bunsen burner
5. Safety glass
6. Litmus paper strips
Theory
Ferrous sulphate crystals are FeSO4.7H2O and are green in colour.
On heating : FeSO4.7H2O → FeSO4(s) + 7H2O ………….(1)
(Green colour) (white colour)
Ferrous sulphate when heated is decomposed to ferric oxide, sulphur
trioxide, and sulphur dioxide. The reaction is as follows:
FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) ………….(2)
(White colour) (brown colour) (colourless) (colourless)
this reaction is also known as a thermal decomposition reaction.
Observation
Experiment Observation
Boiling tube test Colour of Ferrous sulphate crystals changes from green to white
and later brown.
The gas evolved smells like burning sulphur.
Litmus paper Blue litmus paper strip turns red when comes in contact with gas.
test
Result and Conclusion
From the above experiment , we can conclude that the reaction occurred
on heating ferrous sulphate crystals is decomposition reaction which
decomposes to produce Fe2O3, SO2, and SO3. Since this decomposition
reaction is carried out by heating it is also known as a
thermal decomposition reaction.
Precautions to be taken during the
Experiment
Do not keep the mouth of the boiling tube towards yourself.
Do not smell the gas by directly getting it under your nose but gently turn it
towards your nose and blow it with your hand.
Wearing safety glasses is important while you are performing this experiment.
Experiment 1(C) – Displacement
Materials Required
Test tube stand, Two test tubes, Two iron nails, Measuring cylinder ,Beaker,
Sandpaper
Copper sulphate solution, Laboratory stand with clamp, Distilled water, Thread
Theory
As per the reactivity series, the more reactive metals displace the less
reactive metals. When iron is compared with copper, it is placed above
copper in activity series.
When iron nails are placed in CuSO4 iron displaces copper from copper
sulphate to form ferrous sulphate. The iron nails get deposited with a
brownish red substance of the copper metal. The reaction is as follows:
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Experimental Setup:
Observation
Experiment Before Experiment After Experiment
Colour of CuSo4 Blue Green
Colour of iron nail Silvery grey Brownish red coating
Result and Conclusion
From the above experiment ,we can conclude that the reaction occurred
when iron nails were dipped in the copper sulphate solution for 15
minutes the colour of the solution changes to green and brownish red
copper metal is deposited on the nail. Therefore this is a displacement
reaction.
Precautions to be taken during the
Experiment
Clean the iron nails by sandpaper before dipping them in a copper sulphate
solution.
Make dilute CuSO4 for the experiment otherwise, the colour change will not be
seen in its concentrated form.
Experiment 1(D) – Double Displacement
Materials Required
Test tube stand, Measuring cylinder. Two test tubes, Glass rod, Conical flask, Barium
chloride solution, Sodium sulphate solution
Theory
Reactions occurring in the solution by exchanging ionic compounds to
form new compounds are called double displacement reactions.
When two solutions viz sodium sulphate and barium chloride are mixed,
double displacement reaction as below occurs.
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(s)
Observation
Experiment Observation
Colour of test tube P and test tube Q Colourless
Mixture of solution in conical flask Precipitation is formed
Result and Conclusion
From the above experiment , we can conclude that the reaction occurred
on mixing the solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate produce a
white precipitate compound by exchanging their ions. This reaction is
known as a double displacement reaction.
Precautions to be taken during the
Experiment
Do not try to taste or touch the chemicals.
While combining the solutions in the mixture pour sodium sulphate first and
then slowly add barium chloride to it.
