A

PROJECT FILE
ON
“IT SKILLS LAB-2”

For the partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

to
DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

Under the Guidance of: SUBMITTED By:

Mr. Piyush Siddhartha Singh
Assistant Professor, MIMT MBA- II Sem
2301520700328

Academic Session:
(2023-2025)
 Certificate

I __Siddhartha Singh _ Enrolment No. _ 2301520700328____from MBA-II Sem, of

Mangalmay Institute of Management & Technology, U.P. hereby declare that the IT SKILLS-
2 is an original work and the same has not been submitted to any other Institute for the award
of any other degree.

Date: Signature of the Student

Certified that the IT SKILLS-2 submitted in partial fulfilment of Master of Business

Administration (MBA) to be awarded by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
Lucknow by _____Siddhartha Singh____ Enrolment No. ____2301520700328_______has
been completed under my guidance and is Satisfactory.

Mr. Piyush
Date: Signature of the Faculty Guide
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page No.

Assignment 1:
 Pivot Table 1-7
 Analyzing Data using goal seek and solver.

Assignment 2:
 Scenarios
 Create named Scenarios. 8-10
 Show, Edit, Delete Scenarios.
 Creating Scenario summary report.
Assignment 3:
 Validation and Auditing.
 Set, edit validation criteria for data entry in a cell range like: 11-15
whole number, decimal, list, date, time.
 Trace precedent and dependents.
Assignment 4:
 Macros.
 Creating Macros.
16-20
 Defining Macro Buttons
Assignment 5:
 Creating and formatting charts.
 Understanding chart types.
 Differentiate between different charts.
21-29
 Create combination charts like: column and line, column and
area.
Assignment 6:
 Column Chart.
 Bar Chart.
 Line Chart.
 Pie Chart. 30-37
 XY Scatter Chart.
 Area Chart.
 Surface Chart.
 Bubble Chart.
 List of Figure

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Figure 2..................................................................................................................................................3
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Figure 6..................................................................................................................................................5
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Figure 8..................................................................................................................................................8
Figure 9................................................................................................................................................10
Figure 10..............................................................................................................................................14
Figure 11..............................................................................................................................................19
Figure 12..............................................................................................................................................20
Figure 13..............................................................................................................................................20
Figure 14..............................................................................................................................................25
Figure 15..............................................................................................................................................28
Figure 16..............................................................................................................................................30
Figure 17..............................................................................................................................................31
Figure 18..............................................................................................................................................32
Figure 19..............................................................................................................................................33
Figure 20..............................................................................................................................................34
Figure 21..............................................................................................................................................35
Figure 22..............................................................................................................................................36
Figure 23..............................................................................................................................................37
 ASSIGNMENT-1

PIVOT TABLE

Meaning:

A pivot table is a powerful tool in data analysis, especially useful for summarizing, sorting,
reorganizing, grouping, counting, totalling, or averaging data stored in a table. It allows you
to transform large datasets into meaningful summaries and insights.

Here's a basic guide to creating and using pivot tables:

Creating a Pivot Table in Excel:

1. Prepare Your Data:

 Ensure your data is in tabular form.

 Each column should have a heading.
 There should be no blank rows or columns.

2. Insert a Pivot Table:

 Select any cell within your dataset.

 Go to the `Insert` tab on the Ribbon.
 Click on `PivotTable`.
 Choose whether to place the pivot table in a new worksheet or an existing one.

3. Configure the Pivot Table:

 Rows Area: Drag the fields you want to group by into the Rows area.
 Columns Area: Drag fields to categorize your data horizontally.
 Values Area: Drag fields that contain numerical data you want to summarize.
 Filters Area: Drag fields here to be able to filter your data interactively.

5
Example:

Let's consider a dataset of sales transactions:

Figure 1
Steps to Create a Pivot Table:

1. Insert Pivot Table:

 Select the range of the data (A1:D6).

 Insert > PivotTable > Select where you want the PivotTable report to be placed (New
Worksheet or Existing Worksheet).

2. Configure the Pivot Table:

 Drag `Product` to the Rows area.

 Drag `Region` to the Columns area.
 Drag `Sales Amount` to the Values area.
 Drag `Date` to the Filters area (if you want to filter by date).

6
Resulting Pivot Table:

Figure 2

Region (All)

Row Labels Sum of Sales Amount

A 600

B 750

Grand Total 1350

Figure 3

Total
800

700

600

500
Total
400

300

200

100

0
A B

Figure 4

7
Pivot tables are versatile and can be used for a variety of data analysis tasks, making them an
essential tool for anyone working with large datasets in Excel. If you need more specific help
with creating a pivot table, feel free to ask!

Goal Seek and Solver are two powerful tools in Excel for performing what if analysis,
helping you make data driven decisions by setting specific objectives and finding the required
inputs to achieve them. Here's a detailed guide on how to use each tool:

Goal Seek:

Goal Seek is used to find the input value needed to achieve a specific goal for a formula. It is
particularly useful for simple scenarios where you need to adjust one variable to reach a
target value.

Steps to Use Goal Seek:

1. Set Up Your Data:

 Ensure your data is organized in a way that includes the formula you want to adjust.

2. Example Scenario:

 Suppose you have the following data and you want to find the sales price that will
result in a total revenue of $10,000

The formula for Total Revenue is: = Units Sold * Price per Unit

Figure 5

8
3. Use Goal Seek:

 Click on the cell containing the Total Revenue formula.

 Go to the `Data` tab on the Ribbon.
 Click on `What If Analysis` and select `Goal Seek`.

In the Goal Seek dialog box, set:

 Set cell`: The cell containing the Total Revenue formula (e.g., C2).
 To value`: The target value you want (e.g., 10000).
 By changing cell`: The cell you want to adjust (e.g., B2).
 Click `OK`. Excel will adjust the Price per Unit to meet your target Total
Revenue.

Figure 6

9
Solver:

Solver is a more advanced tool that allows for the optimization of multiple variables to meet a
set of constraints. It can be used for complex scenarios such as linear programming, nonlinear
optimization, and more.

Steps to Use Solver:

1. Set Up Your Data:

 Organize your data, including all relevant variables, constraints, and objective
functions.

2. Example Scenario:

 Suppose you want to maximize profit, given constraints on production capacity and
budget.

Figure 7

The formula for Total Profit is: =SUM (B2*D2, B3*D3)

3. Set Up Constraints:

 Constraints might include total production capacity (e.g., Units Produced ≤ 1000)
and budget limitations.

4. Use Solver:

 Go to the `Data` tab on the Ribbon.

 Click on `Solver`.

10
In the Solver Parameters dialog box:

 Set Objective`: The cell containing the Total Profit formula (e.g., D5).
 To`: Select `Max` to maximize the objective.
 By Changing Variable Cells`: Select the cells you want to adjust (e.g., B2:B3).
 Subject to the Constraints`: Add constraints by clicking `Add`. For example:
 B2 + B3 <= 1000` (production capacity)
 Budget constraint (if applicable

Click `Solve. Solver will adjust the Units Produced for each product to maximize the Total
Profit while satisfying the constraints.

11
 ASSIGNMENT-2

Scenarios in Excel are part of the What-If Analysis tools that allow you to create and save
different sets of values (scenarios) for your data and then switch between these scenarios to
see how they affect the results. This is particularly useful for comparing different strategies or
plans without altering the actual data.

Using Scenarios in Excel:

Here's a step-by-step guide to creating and analysing scenarios:

Step 1: Set Up Your Data

Prepare a spreadsheet with the data you want to analyse. For example, let's say you are
analysing a company's budget with variables for sales, costs, and profits.

Figure 8

In this example:

 A2 is Sales.
 A3 is Costs.
 A4 is Profit calculated as Sales minus Cos

Step 2: Create Scenarios

1. Open the Scenario Manager:

 Go to the `Data` tab on the Ribbon.

 Click on `What-If Analysis`.
 Select `Scenario Manager`.

12
2. Add a Scenario:

 Click `Add` to create a new scenario.

 Name the scenario (e.g., "Best Case").
 Select the cells you want to change (e.g., A2 and A3 for Sales and Costs).
 Click `OK` to input the values for this scenario.
 Enter the values for Sales and Costs in the Scenario Values dialog box (e.g., Sales:
70000, Costs: 25000).
 Click `OK`.

3. Add More Scenarios:

 Repeat the steps to add more scenarios (e.g., "Worst Case" and
"Expected Case").
 Input different values for each scenario.

Step 3: View Scenarios

1. Show Scenarios:

 In the Scenario Manager, select a scenario and click `Show` to see how
it changes the results in your worksheet.
 Switch between different scenarios to compare results.

Step 4: Create a Scenario Summary

1. Generate a Summary:

 In the Scenario Manager, click `Summary`.

 Choose whether to create a Scenario Summary or a Scenario PivotTable report.
 Select the result cells you want to include in the summary (e.g., the Profit cell A4).
 Click `OK`.

Excel will create a new worksheet with a summary of all scenarios, showing the different
values and their impact on the results.

13
Example Scenarios:

Let's consider three scenarios for the company's budget:

1. Best Case:

 Sales: 70000
 Costs: 25000

2. Worst Case:

 Sales: 40000
 Costs: 35000

3. Expected Case:

 Sales: 50000
 Costs: 30000

Scenario Manager Summary Example:

Figure 9

Benefits of Using Scenarios:

 Comparative Analysis: Easily compare different sets of assumptions or strategies.
 Decision Making: Aid in making informed decisions based on different potential
outcomes.
 Planning: Useful for budgeting, forecasting, and strategic planning.

Using scenarios helps you understand the range of possible outcomes and prepares you for
various future conditions, making it a valuable tool in any analytical toolkit.

14
 ASSIGNMENT-3

Data Validation

Data validation is a powerful feature in Excel that ensures users enter valid data into cells. It
can prevent data entry errors by restricting the type of data that can be entered.

Setting and Editing Validation Criteria

Here's how you can set and edit validation criteria for various data types:

1. Whole Number Validation:

 Set: Select the cell or range where you want to apply the validation.
 Go to the `Data` tab.
 Click on `Data Validation` in the `Data Tools` group.
 In the `Settings` tab, choose `Whole number` from the `Allow` drop-down.
 Set the criteria (e.g., between 1 and 100).
 Edit: To change the criteria, repeat the steps above and adjust the values.

2. Decimal Validation:

 Set: Select the cell or range.

 Go to the `Data` tab.
 Click on `Data Validation`.
 In the `Settings` tab, choose `Decimal` from the `Allow` drop-down.
 Set the criteria (e.g., between 0.1 and 1.0).
 Edit: Adjust the values as needed.

3. List Validation:

 Set: Select the cell or range.

 Go to the `Data` tab.
 Click on `Data Validation`.
 In the `Settings` tab, choose `List` from the `Allow` drop-down.
 Enter the values in the `Source` box, separated by commas (e.g., Yes, No, Maybe)
or reference a range of cells containing the list values.
 Edit: Change the list values in the `Source` box or update the referenced cell range.

15
4. Date Validation:

 Set: Select the cell or range.

 Go to the `Data` tab.
 Click on `Data Validation`.
 In the `Settings` tab, choose `Date` from the `Allow` drop-down.
 Set the criteria (e.g., between 1/1/2024 and 12/31/2024).
 Edit: Adjust the date range as needed.

5. Time Validation:

 Set: Select the cell or range.

 Go to the `Data` tab.
 Click on `Data Validation`.
 In the `Settings` tab, choose `Time` from the `Allow` drop-down.
 Set the criteria (e.g., between 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM).
 Edit: Adjust the time range as needed.

16
Trace Precedents and Dependents

Tracing precedents and dependents is crucial for understanding the flow of data and formulas
in your worksheet.

Trace Precedents

Trace Precedents shows you which cells affect the value of the currently selected cell.

1. Trace Precedents:

 Select the cell you want to trace.

 Go to the `Formulas` tab.
 Click on `Trace Precedents` in the `Formula Auditing` group.
 Arrows will appear, pointing from the cells that feed into the selected cell.

Trace Dependents
Trace Dependents shows you which cells are affected by the value of the currently selected
cell.

1. Trace Dependents:

 Select the cell you want to trace.

 Go to the `Formulas` tab.
 Click on `Trace Dependents` in the `Formula Auditing` group.
 Arrows will appear, pointing from the selected cell to the cells that are dependent on
it.

17
Example Scenario:

Let's consider a scenario where we have a sales data entry form with the
following fields:

Figure 10

1. Set Data Validation:

 Quantity Sold: Select the relevant cells, apply Whole number validation (between 1
and 100).
 Unit Price: Select the relevant cells, apply Decimal validation (between 0.1 and
1000).
 Sale Date: Select the relevant cells, apply Date validation (between 1/1/2024 and
12/31/2024).
 Discount Code: Select the relevant cells, apply List validation with values None,
Summer, Winter.

2. Trace Precedents and Dependents:

 Trace Precedents: Select a cell with a formula (e.g., Total Sales), click `Trace
Precedents` to see all cells that contribute to this formula.
 Trace Dependents: Select a key input cell (e.g., Quantity Sold), click `Trace
Dependents` to see all cells that are affected by changes in this input.

Summary

18
  Data Validation
Helps maintain data integrity by restricting data entry to specific criteria.
 Trace Precedents
Shows which cells affect a particular cell's value.
 Trace Dependents
Shows which cells are affected by a particular cell's value.

These tools are essential for ensuring accurate data entry and understanding the relationships
within your data, making your analysis more reliable and easier to manage.

19
 ASSIGNMENT-4

Macros

Macros in Excel are a powerful way to automate repetitive tasks, increase efficiency, and
reduce the risk of errors. They are created using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a
programming language for Excel and other Office applications.

Creating Macros:

Step 1: Enable the Developer Tab

1. Show the Developer Tab:

 Go to `File` > `Options`.

 In the Excel Options dialog box, click `Customize Ribbon`.
 Check the `Developer` option in the right pane.
 Click `OK`.

Step 2: Record a Macro

1. Start Recording:

 Go to the `Developer` tab.

 Click on `Record Macro`.

2. Record Macro Dialog Box:

 Macro Name: Give your macro a meaningful name (no spaces).

 Shortcut Key: Optionally, assign a keyboard shortcut (e.g., Ctrl + Shift + M).
 Store Macro In: Choose where to store the macro (This Workbook, New Workbook,
or Personal Macro Workbook).
 Description: Add a brief description of what the macro does.
 Click `OK` to start recording.

20
3. Perform the Actions:

 Perform the actions you want to automate. Excel will record these steps.

4. Stop Recording:

 Go to the `Developer` tab and click `Stop Recording`.

Step 3: Edit the Macro (Optional)

1. Open the VBA Editor:

 Go to the `Developer` tab.

 Click on `Visual Basic`.

2. Edit the Macro Code:

 In the VBA editor, find your macro in the `Modules` folder under your workbook.
 Edit the VBA code to fine-tune your macro or add additional functionality.

Example: Simple Macro to Format a Range

1. Start Recording:

 Go to `Developer` > `Record Macro`.

 Name the macro `Format Cells`.
 Click `OK`.

2. Format the Cells:

 Select a range of cells.

 Change the font to bold.
 Change the fill colour to yellow.
 Apply borders to the cells.

3. Stop Recording:

 Go to `Developer` > `Stop Recording`.

21
Defining Macro Buttons

Creating a button to run a macro makes it easy to execute the macro without needing to
remember a shortcut key or navigate through the menu.

Step 1: Insert a Button

1. Go to the Developer Tab:

 Make sure the `Developer` tab is visible.

2. Insert a Button:

 Click `Insert` in the `Controls` group.

 Select `Button (Form Control).

3. Draw the Button:

 Click and drag on the worksheet to draw the button.

4. Assign the Macro:

 After drawing the button, the `Assign Macro` dialog box will appear.
 Select the macro you recorded (e.g., `Format Cells`).
 Click `OK`.

Step 2: Customize the Button

1. Change Button Text:

 Right-click the button and choose `Edit Text`.

 Enter a descriptive name (e.g., "Format Cells").

2. Format the Button:

 Right-click the button and choose `Format Control` to adjust the appearance.

22
Example: Creating and Assigning a Macro Button

1. Record a Macro:

 Follow the steps above to record a macro named `Format Cells`.

2. Insert a Button:

 Go to `Developer` > `Insert` > `Button (Form Control)`.

 Draw the button on the worksheet.
 In the `Assign Macro` dialog box, select `Format Cells`.
 Click `OK`.

3. Customize the Button:

 Right-click the button, choose `Edit Text`, and change the text to "Format Cells".
 Optionally, right-click and choose `Format Control` to customize the appearance.

Summary

 Macros automate repetitive tasks and can be recorded or written in VBA.

 Creating Macros involves recording actions or writing VBA code.
 Macro Buttons provide a convenient way to execute macros with a single click.

Using macros and macro buttons can significantly enhance your productivity in Excel by
automating common tasks and making them easily accessible.

Figure 11

23
Figure 12

Figure 13

24
 ASSIGNMENT-5

Creating and formatting charts in Excel is essential for visually representing data. Excel
offers a variety of chart types, each suitable for different kinds of data analysis.
Understanding the differences between these charts helps in selecting the most appropriate
one for your data.

Creating and Formatting Charts:

Step-by-Step Guide to Create a Chart

1. Select Your Data:

 Highlight the data range you want to chart. Ensure you include headers for labels.

2. Insert Chart:

 Go to the `Insert` tab.

 Choose a chart type from the Charts group (e.g., Column, Line, Pie, etc.).
 Click on the specific chart type to insert it into your worksheet.

Formatting Charts

1. Select the Chart:

 Click on the chart to select it. Chart Tools will appear in the Ribbon.

2. Format Chart Elements:

 Chart Title: Click the chart title to edit. You can format it using the `Home` tab.
 Axes Titles: Add and format axes titles from the `Chart Elements` button (plus icon)
next to the chart.
 Legend: Add, remove, or position the legend using the `Chart Elements` button or
the `Design` tab.
 Data Labels: Add and format data labels to show values directly on the chart.
 Gridlines: Add or remove gridlines for better readability.

3. Use Chart Tools:

 Design Tab: Change chart type, save as a template, switch rows/columns, and select
different chart layouts and styles.

25
  Format Tab: Customize the appearance, including shape styles, word art, and
arranging elements.

Understanding Chart Types:

Different chart types are suited for different kinds of data and analysis.

1. Column Chart:

 Use: Compare values across categories.

 Example: Sales data for different regions.

2. Line Chart:

 Use: Display trends over time.

 Example: Monthly sales data.

3. Pie Chart:

 Use: Show proportions of a whole.

 Example: Market share distribution.

4. Bar Chart:

 Use: Compare values across categories (horizontal orientation).

 Example: Survey results.

5. Area Chart:

 Use: Show trends over time with an emphasis on volume.

 Example: Revenue growth over multiple years.

6. Scatter Plot:

 Use: Show relationships between two variables.

 Example: Relationship between advertising spend and sales.

26
Differentiating Between Different Charts

1. Column vs. Bar:

 Column: Vertical bars, good for categorical comparisons.

 Bar: Horizontal bars, useful when category names are long or for horizontal
comparisons.

2. Line vs. Area:

 Line: Emphasizes trends over time.

 Area: Emphasizes the magnitude of change over time.

3. Pie vs. Donut:

 Pie: Simple and effective for a few categories.

 Donut: Similar to pie charts but with a hole in the centre, useful for adding
additional information.

4. Scatter vs. Line:

 Scatter: Displays individual data points to show correlation.

 Line: Connects data points to show trends over time.

27
Creating Combination Charts

Combination charts combine two different chart types to highlight different types of
information within the same chart.

 Creating a Column and Line Combination Chart

1. Select Your Data:

 Highlight the data range.

2. Insert a Column Chart:

 Go to `Insert` > `Insert Column or Bar Chart` and select a column chart.

3. Change Chart Type for Series:

 Right-click on the data series you want to change to a line chart.

 Select `Change Series Chart Type`.
 In the dialog box, choose `Line` for the selected series and keep `Column` for the
others.
 Click `OK`.

4. Adjust Secondary Axis (if needed):

 If the data series have different value ranges, use a secondary axis.
 Right-click the line series and select `Format Data Series`.
 Check the box for `Secondary Axis`.

28
Example: Column and Line Combination Chart

In this example, we'll create a combination chart that displays monthly sales data using both
columns and a line to show a trend.

Step-by-Step Guide:

1. Prepare Your Data:

 Assume we have the following data for monthly sales:

Figure 14

2. Select Your Data:

 Highlight the data range including headers (`Month` and `Sales`).

3. Insert a Column Chart:

 Go to the `Insert` tab on the Ribbon.

 Click on `Column Chart` in the Charts group and choose a 2-D Clustered Column
chart.

4. Change Chart Type for Series:

 Right-click on any of the columns in the chart (make sure the chart is selected).
 Select `Change Series Chart Type`.

5. Add a Line Series:

29
  In the `Change Chart Type` dialog box, select `Line` for the Sales series.
 Keep `Column` for the Month series.
 Click `OK`.

6. Adjust Line Series (Optional):

 If necessary, adjust the formatting of the line series:

 Double-click on the line series to open the `Format Data Series` pane.
 You can adjust the line color, style, and thickness to differentiate it from the
columns.

7. Format Your Chart:

 Format your chart as needed: add titles, adjust axis labels, and legend position to
enhance readability.

30
Creating a Column and Area Combination Chart
1. Select Your Data:

 Highlight the data range.

2. Insert a Column Chart:

 Go to `Insert` > `Insert Column or Bar Chart` and select a column chart.

3. Change Chart Type for Series:

 Right-click on the data series you want to change to an area chart.

 Select `Change Series Chart Type`.
 In the dialog box, choose `Area` for the selected series and keep `Column` for the
others.
 Click `OK`.

4. Adjust Secondary Axis (if needed):

 If the data series have different value ranges, use a secondary axis.
 Right-click the area series and select `Format Data Series`.
 Check the box for `Secondary Axis`.

31
Example: Column and Area Combination Chart

In this example, we'll create a combination chart that uses columns to represent monthly
expenses and an area chart to show cumulative expenses over time.

Step-by-Step Guide:

1. Prepare Your Data:

 Assume we have the following data for monthly expenses and cumulative expenses:

Figure 15

2. Select Your Data:

 Highlight the data range including headers (`Month`, `Expenses`, and `Cumulative
Expenses`).

3. Insert a Column Chart:

 Go to the `Insert` tab on the Ribbon.

 Click on `Column Chart` in the Charts group and choose a 2-D Clustered Column
chart.

32
4. Change Chart Type for Series:

 Right-click on any of the columns in the chart (make sure the chart is selected).
 Select `Change Series Chart Type`.

5. Add an Area Series:

 In the `Change Chart Type` dialog box, select `Area` for the Cumulative Expenses
series.
 Keep `Column` for the Expenses series.
 Click `OK`.

6. Adjust Area Series (Optional):

 If needed, adjust the formatting of the area series:

 Double-click on the area series to open the `Format Data Series` pane.
 You can adjust the fill color, transparency, and border to differentiate it from the
columns.

7. Format Your Chart:

 Format your chart as desired: add titles, adjust axis labels, and legend position to
improve clarity.

Summary

 Creating and Formatting Charts: Select data, insert chart, and use Chart Tools for
customization.
 Understanding Chart Types: Choose the right chart based on the data and the type
of analysis needed.
 Differentiating Between Charts: Understand the specific use cases and differences
between chart types.
 Creating Combination Charts: Combine different chart types (e.g., column and line)
for a more comprehensive view of the data.

33
 ASSIGNMENT-6

CHARTS:
1. Column Chart

 Use: Compare data across different categories.

 Example: Sales data comparison for different products.

Steps to Create a Column Chart:

1. Select Data: Highlight the data range including headers.

2. Insert Chart: Go to `Insert` > `Column Chart` and choose a subtype (e.g., Clustered
Column).

3. Format: Adjust chart elements like titles, axes, and colors as needed.

Figure 16

34
2. Bar Chart
 Use: Similar to column charts but with horizontal bars, useful for comparing data
across categories where category names are long.
 Example: Comparison of sales performance across different regions.

Steps to Create a Bar Chart:

1. Select Data: Highlight the data range including headers.

2. Insert Chart: Go to `Insert` > `Bar Chart` and choose a subtype (e.g., Clustered Bar).

3. Format: Customize chart elements to improve readability.

Figure 17

35
3. Line Chart
 Use: Display trends over time or show continuous data.
 Example: Stock price over a period of months.

Steps to Create a Line Chart:

1. Select Data: Highlight the data range including headers.

2. Insert Chart: Go to `Insert` > `Line Chart` and choose a subtype (e.g., Line with
Markers).

3. Format: Adjust markers, lines, and axes for clarity.

Figure 18

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4. Pie Chart
 Use: Show proportions of a whole, where each slice represents a category's share.
 Example: Market share distribution of different products.

Steps to Create a Pie Chart:

1. Select Data: Highlight the data range including headers (one column for categories, one
column for values).

2. Insert Chart: Go to `Insert` > `Pie Chart` and choose a subtype (e.g., 3D Pie).

3. Format: Explode slices, add data labels, and adjust chart layout as needed.

Figure 19

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5. XY Scatter Chart
 Use: Display relationships between numerical values, where each point represents a
set of values.

 Example: Correlation between height and weight.

Steps to Create an XY Scatter Chart:

1. Select Data: Highlight the data range including headers (two columns for X and Y
values).

2. Insert Chart: Go to `Insert` > `Scatter` and choose a subtype (e.g., Scatter with Straight
Lines).

3. Format: Add trendlines, customize markers, and adjust axes for better visualization.

Figure 20

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6. Area Chart
 Use: Show trends over time while emphasizing the magnitude of change.
 Example: Quarterly revenue growth.

Steps to Create an Area Chart:

1. Select Data: Highlight the data range including headers.

2. Insert Chart: Go to `Insert` > `Area Chart` and choose a subtype (e.g., Stacked Area).

3. Format: Adjust fill colors, add data labels, and format axes.

Figure 21

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7. Surface Chart
 Use: Visualize a three-dimensional surface over a set of data points.
 Example: Temperature variations across geographical locations.

Steps to Create a Surface Chart:

1. Select Data: Highlight the data range including headers (X, Y, Z values).

2. Insert Chart: Go to `Insert` > `3D Surface` and choose a subtype (e.g., Surface).

3. Format: Adjust the rotation, perspective, and shading options to enhance visibility.

Figure 22

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8. Bubble Chart
 Use: Show relationships between sets of data with three dimensions: X-axis, Y-axis,
and bubble size.
 Example: Compare countries based on GDP (X-axis), Population (Y-axis), and
Economic Growth (Bubble Size).

Steps to Create a Bubble Chart:

1. Select Data: Highlight the data range including headers (X-axis values, Y-axis values,
Bubble size values).

2. Insert Chart: Go to `Insert` > `Bubble Chart` and choose a subtype (e.g., Bubble with 3D
effect).

3. Format: Adjust bubble sizes, add data labels, and format axes to enhance clarity.

Figure 23

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