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 Contents in Brief

PART 1 SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING

FUNDAMENTALS

PART 2 FRONT-END-OF-LINE PROCESSES

PART 3 BACK-END-OF-LINE PROCESSES

PART 4 TECHNOLOGIES FOR FLEXIBLE HYBRID

ELECTRONICS AND LARGE-AREA ELECTRONICS

PART 5 PROCESS GASES AND CHEMICALS

PART 6 OPERATIONS, EQUIPMENT, AND FACILITIES

 Contents

Technical Advisory Board

Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments

PART 1 SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING

FUNDAMENTALS

Chapter 1. Semiconductor Manufacturing, the Internet of Things, and

Sustainability Hwaiyu Geng
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Moore’s Law
1.3 Integrated Circuits and Design
1.4 How a Microchip Is Made
1.5 The Internet of Things World
1.6 Semiconductor Market Opportunities in the IoT World
1.7 Sustainability
1.8 Conclusion
1.9 References
1.10 Further Reading

Chapter 2. Nanotechnology and Nanomanufacturing: From Silicon to

New Carbon-Based Materials and Beyond Michael A. Huff
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Is Nanotechnology?
2.3 Why Nanotechnology Is Important
2.4 History of Nanotechnology
2.5 Fundamental Methods of Fabrication at the Nanoscale
 2.6 Nanotechnology Metrology
2.7 Nanotechnology Manufacturing
2.8 Applications and Markets
2.9 Implications and Regulations
2.10 Conclusions
2.11 References

Chapter 3. Fundamentals of FinFET and Recent Advances in

Nanoscale Silicide Formation L. P. Ren, Yi-Chia Chou, and K. N. Tu
3.1 Overview
3.2 Fundamentals of FinFET
3.3 Recent Advances in Nanoscale Silicide Formation
3.4 Conclusion
3.5 References

Chapter 4. Foundations of Microsystems Manufacturing: An

Empowering Technology for the IoT Michael A. Huff
4.1 The Definition of MEMS and Microsystems Technologies
4.2 Why Microsystems Are Important
4.3 Technology Fundamentals of Microsystems
4.4 How Microsystems Are Made
4.5 Future Trends
4.6 Conclusions
4.7 References

Chapter 5. Physical Design for High-Performance, Low-Power, and

Reliable 3D Integrated Circuits Ankur Srivastava and Tiantao Lu
5.1 Introduction
5.2 3D IC Design Flow
5.3 Physical Challenges and Physical Design Tools for 3D IC
5.4 Physical Design Solutions for 3D IC
5.5 Conclusions and Future Developments
5.6 References

PART 2 FRONT-END-OF-LINE PROCESSES

Chapter 6. Epitaxy Jamal Ramdani

 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Safety and Environmental Health
6.3 Future Epitaxy Trends
6.4 Conclusion
6.5 References
6.6 Suggested Reading

Chapter 7. Thermal Processing: Anneals, RTP, and Oxidation David

L. O’Meara
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Thermal Processing
7.3 Rapid Thermal Processing Considerations
7.4 Oxidation
7.5 Manufacturing Considerations
7.6 Conclusion
7.7 Acknowledgments
7.8 References
7.9 Further Reading

Chapter 8. Microlithography Chris A. Mack

8.1 The Lithographic Process
8.2 Image Formation in Optical Lithography
8.3 Photoresist Chemistry
8.4 Linewidth Control
8.5 Overlay Control
8.6 The Limits of Optical Microlithography
8.7 Further Reading

Chapter 9. Etching Nandita DasGupta

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wet Etching
9.3 Dry Etching
9.4 Summary and Conclusion
9.5 Acknowledgments
9.6 References
9.7 Further Reading
Chapter 10. Ion Implantation Bo Vanderberg and Mike Ameen
10.1 Overview
10.2 Overview of Modern Ion Implantation Equipment
10.3 Ion Implantation Applications
10.4 Outlook
10.5 References

Chapter 11. Introduction to Physical Vapor Deposition Florian

Solzbacher
11.1 Motivation and Key Properties
11.2 Fundamentals of PVD Processes
11.3 Vacuum Evaporation
11.4 Evaporator Equipment
11.5 Layers Deposited Using Evaporation and Their Properties
11.6 Sputtering
11.7 Sputter Equipment
11.8 Layers Deposited Using Sputtering
11.9 References

Chapter 12. Chemical Vapor Deposition Bin Dong, M. Sky Driver, and
Jeffry A. Kelber
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History
12.3 Conformal CVD Films and Void-Free Feature Filling
12.4 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations
12.5 The Future: Emerging Electronic Materials
12.6 References

Chapter 13. Atomic Layer Deposition Eric T. Eisenbraun

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Primary Commercial Applications for ALD
13.3 ALD for Front End of the Line Semiconductor Manufacturing Applications
13.4 Developing the ALD Process
13.5 Considerations in Selecting an Appropriate Precursor and Reactant for ALD
13.6 Hardware and Process Innovations to Increase Growth Rate in ALD
13.7 The Use of Plasmas in ALD Processes
13.8 Hardware Considerations for ALD Processing
 13.9 Reversing the Chemistry: Atomic Layer Etching
13.10 References
13.11 Further Reading

Chapter 14. Electrochemical Deposition John Klocke

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition
14.3 Application of Electrochemical Deposition
14.4 Future Trends
14.5 Summary
14.6 References

Chapter 15. Fundamentals of Chemical Mechanical Planarization

Gautam Banerjee
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Why Is It Important to Understand the Fundamental Aspects of CMP?
15.3 Birth of CMP
15.4 Polishing versus Planarization
15.5 The CMP Application Process
15.6 Mechanism of CMP Process
15.7 CMP Consumables
15.8 CMP Interactions
15.9 Post-CMP Cleaning
15.10 Summary
15.11 Acknowledgments
15.12 References

Chapter 16. AFM Metrology Ardavan Zandiatashbar

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Metrology: Fundamentals and Principles
16.3 AFM Technique and Fundamentals
16.4 Automated AFM for In-Line Metrology
16.5 Maintenance and Calibration
16.6 Conclusion
16.7 References
16.8 Further Reading
PART 3 BACK-END-OF-LINE PROCESSES

Chapter 17. Wafer Thinning and Singulation Youngsuk Kim, Sumio

Masuchi, Noriko Ito, and Miyuki Hirose
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Thinning Technology Overview: Grinding
17.3 Thinning Process and Equipment
17.4 Thinning Technology, Stress Relief, and Other Requirements
17.5 Singulation Technology Overview and Blade Dicing
17.6 Singulation Process and Equipment
17.7 Laser Technology
17.8 DBG and SDBG
17.9 3D Integration with Through Silicon Via
17.10 References

Chapter 18. Packaging Michael Töpper and Dietrich Tönnies

18.1 Introduction
18.2 Packaging Evolution
18.3 Wafer Bumping and Redistribution Technology
18.4 Case Studies
18.5 Optoelectronics and MEMS Packaging
18.6 References
18.7 Further Reading

Chapter 19. Bonding Fundamentals Ivy Qin

19.1 Introduction
19.2 Wire Bonding Equipment
19.3 Wire Bonding Process
19.4 Conclusions and Future Developments
19.5 References

Chapter 20. Interconnects Reliability Roey Shavivs

20.1 Introduction
20.2 Electromigration
20.3 Stress Migration
20.4 Dielectric Breakdown
20.5 Conclusion
 20.6 References
20.7 Further Reading

Chapter 21. Automatic Test Equipment A. T. Sivaram

21.1 Automatic Test Equipment Introduction
21.2 ATE History
21.3 Digital Tester
21.4 Linear Tester
21.5 Mixed-Signal Tester
21.6 Memory Tester
21.7 Flash Memory Tester
21.8 RF Tester
21.9 SoC Tester
21.10 Burn-In Tester
21.11 Design Diagnostic Equipment
21.12 ATE Market Size
21.13 ATE Architecture
21.14 Architecture of a Flash Memory Tester
21.15 Architecture of an RF System
21.16 Architecture of a SOC Tester
21.17 DFT Test Techniques
21.18 Emergence of Cloud-Based DFT Tester
21.19 ATE Specifications
21.20 ATE Data Formats
21.21 Manufacturers and ATE Models
21.22 Future ATE Directions
21.23 Acknowledgments
21.24 Further Reading

PART 4 TECHNOLOGIES FOR FLEXIBLE HYBRID

ELECTRONICS AND LARGE-AREA ELECTRONICS

Chapter 22. Printed Electronics: Principles, Materials, Processes, and

Applications Kan Wang, Yung-Hang Chang, Ben Wang, and Chuck
Zhang
22.1 Introduction to Printed Electronics
22.2 Printed Electronics: Principles and Fundamentals
 22.3 Materials for Printed Electronics
22.4 Manufacturing Processes for Printed Electronics
22.5 Major Challenges and Potential Solutions
22.6 Application Cases
22.7 Conclusion
22.8 References

Chapter 23. Flexible Hybrid Electronics Rich Chaney

23.1 Introduction
23.2 What Are Flexible Hybrid Electronics?
23.3 Why Are Flexible Hybrid Electronics Needed?
23.4 How Are Flexible Hybrid Electronics Made?
23.5 Conclusions and Future Trends
23.6 References

Chapter 24. Flexible Electronics Dan Xie and Yilin Sun

24.1 Flexible Applications
24.2 Key Materials for Flexible Circuits
24.3 Manufacturing Technology for Flexible Circuits
24.4 Conclusions and Future Trends
24.5 References
24.6 Further Reading

Chapter 25. RF Printed Electronics: Communication, Sensing, and

Energy Harvesting for the Internet of Things and Smart Skin
Applications Bijan K. Tehrani and Manos (Emmanouil) M. Tentzeris
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Printing Processes and Materials
25.3 Printed RF Applications
25.4 Conclusion
25.5 References

Chapter 26. Printing of Nanoscale Electronics and Power Electronics

Cihan Yilmaz and Ahmed Busnaina
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Nanoscale Directed Assembly and Transfer
26.3 Applications in Power Electronics
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 26.4 References

Chapter 27. 3D Interconnects in Flexible Electronics Cihan Yilmaz and

Ahmed Busnaina
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles
27.3 3D Interconnect Fabrication Process
27.4 Material Characterization
27.5 Electrical Characterization
27.6 Capabilities of the Fabrication Process
27.7 Comparison with Other Approaches
27.8 References

Chapter 28. Materials for the Manufacturing of an Inkjet Printed

Touch Sensor Nesrine Kammoun, Christian Renninger, and Norbert
Fruehauf
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Material and Process Optimizations
28.3 Additive Process Parameters
28.4 Touch-Panel Demonstrator
28.5 Conclusion
28.6 Acknowledgment
28.7 References
28.8 Further Reading

Chapter 29. Flat-Panel and Flexible Display Technology Cheng-Chung

Lee, Yung-Hui Yeh, Yuh-Zheng Lee, and David N. Liu
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Definitions
29.3 What Are the Fundamentals and Principles of Display?
29.4 What Is the Manufacturing Process?
29.5 Future Trends and Conclusions
29.6 Further Reading

Chapter 30. Photovoltaics Fundamentals, Manufacturing, Installation,

and Operations Jun Zhuge
30.1 Introduction
 30.2 Fundamentals of Photovoltaics
30.3 Photovoltaic Power Plant
30.4 Maintenance and Operation
30.5 Future Prospects of Photovoltaics
30.6 References

PART 5 PROCESS GASES AND CHEMICALS

Chapter 31. Gas Distribution Systems Kenneth Grosser, James

McAndrew, and Tracey Jacksier
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Design Principles
31.3 Materials
31.4 Installation Specifications
31.5 Quality Assurance
31.6 Certification
31.7 Qualification/Commissioning
31.8 Tool Hookup
31.9 Operation and Maintenance
31.10 References
31.11 Further Reading

Chapter 32. Fundamentals of Ultrapure Water Vyacheslay (Slava)

Libman
32.1 Introduction
32.2 UPW Production
32.3 UPW Distribution System
32.4 Analytical Methods and Techniques
32.5 UPW Challenges of the Semiconductor Industry
32.6 Recommendations for Reaching High-Quality UPW
32.7 Acknowledgments
32.8 References

Chapter 33. Process Chemicals, Handling, and Abatement Daniel

Fuchs
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Important Chemical Hazard Terminology and Symbols
 33.3 Process Chemicals Used in the Semiconductor Manufacturing Process
33.4 General Handling of Process Chemicals and Slurries
33.5 Logistics
33.6 Analytical Validation
33.7 Abatement
33.8 Conclusion
33.9 Acknowledgments
33.10 References
33.11 Further Reading

Chapter 34. Filtration Barry Gotlinsky

34.1 Chemical Filtration
34.2 Ultrapure Water Filtration
34.3 Lithography Filtration
34.4 Chemical Mechanical Polishing Filtration
34.5 Gas Filtration
34.6 Use of Filtration as a Defect Analysis Tool
34.7 References

Chapter 35. Chemical and Slurry Handling Systems Kristin Cavicchi

35.1 Introduction
35.2 Important Terms
35.3 History of Chemical and Slurry Handling Systems
35.4 Chemical and Slurry Handling Equipment
35.5 System Purity
35.6 Conclusion
35.7 Acknowledgments
35.8 References

PART 6 OPERATIONS, EQUIPMENT, AND FACILITIES

Chapter 36. Yield Management Dieter Rathei

36.1 Introduction
36.2 Fundamentals of Yield Management
36.3 Methodology: Defects, Data Mining, and Enhancements
36.4 Software
36.5 Conclusions and Future Developments
 36.6 References
36.7 Further Reading

Chapter 37. CIM and Factory Automation Clint Haris

37.1 Introduction
37.2 Semiconductor Factory Software
37.3 Semiconductor AMHS
37.4 The Design of an AMHS
37.5 Operational Considerations
37.6 Future Trends
37.7 Further Reading

Chapter 38. MES Fundamentals Julie Fraser

38.1 The Role and Purpose of MES
38.2 Evolution of MES in Semiconductors
38.3 MES Scope and Functions
38.4 Modern MES Characteristics and Foundations
38.5 MES Project Considerations
38.6 Further Reading

Chapter 39. Advanced Process Control Raymond van Roijen

39.1 Introduction
39.2 Statistical Process Control
39.3 Fault Detection and Classification
39.4 Virtual Metrology
39.5 Future Trends
39.6 Resources and Vendors
39.7 References

Chapter 40. Airborne Molecular Contamination Chris Muller

40.1 Introduction to Chemical Contamination and Definition of AMC
40.2 Classification of AMC
40.3 AMC Control Considerations
40.4 Implementing AMC Control
40.5 Gas-Phase Air Filtration Principles
40.6 Dry-Scrubbing Air Filtration Media
40.7 Chemical Filtration Equipment Designs
 40.8 AMC Monitoring
40.9 AMC Control Application Areas
40.10 AMC Control Specifications and Standards
40.11 Specifying an AMC Control System
40.12 Final Considerations
40.13 Summary
40.14 References
40.15 Information Resources
40.16 Appendix: Abbreviations for Referenced Sampling Devices and Analysis
Methods

Chapter 41. ESD Controls in Cleanroom Environments Larry Levit

41.1 Electrostatic Charge in Semiconductor Cleanrooms
41.2 Problems Resulting from Charge in Cleanrooms
41.3 Static Charge Generation
41.4 Insulators versus Conductors
41.5 Cleanroom Electrostatic Management
41.6 Air Ionization for Static Charge Control
41.7 Electrostatic Measurement
41.8 Air Ionizer Applications
41.9 Conclusions
41.10 References

Chapter 42. Vacuum Systems Michael R. Czerniak

42.1 Introduction
42.2 Vacuum Pumps
42.3 Point-of-Use Abatement
42.4 Conclusion and Future Trends
42.5 Acknowledgments
42.6 References
42.7 Further Reading

Chapter 43. Control of RF Plasma Processing David J. Coumou

43.1 Introduction
43.2 Fundamentals of Plasma Generation and Process Control
43.3 Process Control and Diagnostics
43.4 Advanced Plasma Processing Control
 43.5 Properties of Dry Etch Process
43.6 Future Trends and Conclusions
43.7 References

Chapter 44. IC Manufacturing Equipment Parts Cleaning

Technology: Fundamentals and Applications Ardeshir J. Sidhwa and
Dave Zuck
44.1 A Historic Perspective on Outsourced Part Cleaning
44.2 Past, Current, and Future Technologies/Applications
44.3 Equipment Parts Cleaning Technology Fundamentals and Applications
44.4 Part Surface Treatment Technologies and Their Effects on Process
Performance
44.5 The Plasma Coating Process
44.6 Summary
44.7 Acknowledgments
44.8 References

Chapter 45. Equipment Design Challenges due to Increasing Hazards

and Regulations Mark Fessler
45.1 Introduction: “The Product Compliance Puzzle”
45.2 The Fundamentals of Product Compliance: “What Must Be Done?”
45.3 Engineering Department Suggestions: “How Can We Do This Better?”
45.4 Conclusion: “Solving the Puzzle”
45.5 References

Chapter 46. Cleanroom Design and Construction Richard V. Pavlotsky

46.1 Introduction
46.2 Cleanroom Standards and Certification
46.3 Types of Cleanrooms
46.4 Airflow Layouts and Patterns
46.5 Air Changes
46.6 Elements of a Cleanroom
46.7 Ceiling Systems
46.8 Wall Systems
46.9 Floor Systems
46.10 Environmental Requirements
46.11 Process Contamination Control
46.12 Vibration and Noise Control
46.13 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Flux
46.14 Electrostatic Charge of Air and Surfaces
46.15 Life Safety
46.16 Computational Fluid Dynamics
46.17 Cleanroom Design and Construction
46.18 Further Reading
46.19 Professional Associations

Chapter 47. Vibration and Noise Design Michael Gendreau and Hal
Amick
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Measurement Methodologies and Criteria
47.3 Vibration and Noise Sources
47.4 Foundation and Structural Design
47.5 Vibration and Noise Control in the Mechanical/Electrical/Process (MEP)
Design
47.6 Acoustical Design
47.7 Tool Hook-Up
47.8 Purposes and Timing of Facility Vibration Surveys
47.9 Maturation of the Vibration and Noise Environment
47.10 Future Trends and Special Cases
47.11 Acknowledgments
47.12 References

Index
 Technical Advisory Board

Mark Camenzind Air Liquide Electronics US, Fremont, California

Yihlin Chan OSHA, Salt Lake City, Utah
Amy Geng Institute for Education, Washington, D.C.
Hwaiyu Geng Amica Research, Palo Alto, California
Michael A. Huff MNX, Corporation for National Research Initiatives, Reston,
Virginia
Tsu-Jae King Liu University of California, Berkeley, California
Chris A. Mack University of Texas at Austin
Florian Solzbacher University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Manos (Emmanouil) M. Tentzeris Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
Michael Töpper Fraunhofer IZM, Berlin, Germany
Paul Wright University of California, Berkeley, California
Haixia Zhang Peking University, Beijing, China
 Contributors

Mike Ameen Axcelis Technologies, Inc., Beverly, Massachusetts (Chap. 10)

Hal Amick Colin Gordon Associates, Brisbane, California (Chap. 47)
Gautam Banerjee Versum Materials, Inc., Tempe, Arizona (Chap. 15)
Ahmed Busnaina NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate
Nanomanufacturing, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (Chaps. 26,
27)
Kristin Cavicchi Air Liquide Electronics US, Houston, Texas (Chap. 35)
Rich Chaney American Semiconductor, Inc., Boise, Idaho (Chap. 23)
Yung-Hang Chang School of Industrial & Systems Engineering and Georgia Tech
Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (Chap.
22)
Yi-Chia Chou Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University,
Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China (Chap. 3)
David J. Coumou MKS Instruments, Inc., Rochester, New York (Chap. 43)
Michael R. Czerniak Edwards, Clevedon, United Kingdom (Chap. 42)
Nandita DasGupta Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras, Chennai, India (Chap. 9)
Bin Dong Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Chap. 12)
M. Sky Driver University of North Texas, Denton, Texas (Chap. 12)
Eric T. Eisenbraun Colleges of Nanoscale Science & Engineering, SUNY
Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (Chap. 13)
Mark Fessler ASM America, Phoenix, Arizona (Chap. 45)
Julie Fraser Iyno Advisors, Inc., Cummaquid, Massachusetts (Chap. 38)
Norbert Fruehauf Institute for Large Area Microelectronics, University of Stuttgart,
Germany (Chap. 28)
Daniel Fuchs Air Liquide Electronics US, Houston, Texas (Chap. 33)
Other documents randomly have
different content
 “What a sensation it would
create in Jonesville!”

“And I might on occasions, on 4th of July and sech, wear the Tarten
costume. I could take that old plaid overskirt of yours, Samantha, it’s
dressy, you know—red and green—cut it off a little above my knees,
and my own red stockin’s would look all right. And the old rooster
would furnish very stylish feathers—I should look beautiful! And of
course,” sez he, “I should sing with it.”
“Yes,” sez I, “your rumatic old knees would look beautiful bare
naked, and them bags and accordeun, and your singin’ would empty
Jonesville as soon as a cyclone would, or a water-spout.” And, in the
name of duty, I said further, “Your singin’ is like thumb-screws and
gullotines, and with that bagpipe added, it would cry to Heaven!”
“There it is! there it is!” sez he! “throw cold water on it.”
“Better that,” sez I, “than the hot water you would be deluged with if
you should try it in public. Nobody would stand it, and you’d find it
out they wouldn’t without scaldin’ you.”
Wall, from Edinburgh Martin said that we would start for London,
and so we took the train goin’ south and sot off in the early mornin’
and in pretty good sperits.
We only made one stop on our way to London, and that wuz at York
—the quaint, old, walled city, in which Americans take an interest on
account of their own New York bein’ named after it.
Our New York is some younger—about seventeen hundred years
younger, and that is a good deal of difference between a Ma and a
young child. But, then, it hain’t common to have the youngster
about twenty times bigger than its Ma.
Wall, we went to a good tarvern and recooperated a little durin’ the
night from the fatigues of travel, and the next mornin’ bright and
early we sot out to see the sights of the city, knowin’ that our stay
there wuz to be but short.
Martin engaged a guide, though he didn’t often want one, sayin’, as
he did, that he felt that he wuz so familar with history and all those
places that a guide was “an unnecessary outlay and a drug.”
But bein’ in a hurry to git on to-day, we went first to see the great
wall that has stood for centuries, and seems able to stand quite a
number more of ’em. I got out of the carriage and laid my hand on
the wall, feelin’ that it would be a satisfaction to put my hand on the
stun.
Josiah said, “That looks foolish, Samantha; you have never tried
once to put your hand on to the stun wall between our paster and
Deacon Gowdy’s.”
“But,” sez I, “that wall has never been looked upon by Adrian and
Constantine the Great; it has never been trod by Britons, Picts,
Danes, and Saxons, each on ’em a-warrin’ for and defendin’ their
native land.”
“Wall,” sez he, “our wall is a crackin’ good one.” Josiah looked kinder
scorfin’ at me for my enthoosiasm, but I didn’t mind it any.
And Martin, seein’ my enthoosiasm, and though he didn’t share it,
not at all, he asked me if I didn’t want to go up and walk on the
great wall—which I did. So we had the carriage stopped at one of
the gates, and he and I and Alice and Al Faizi went up and walked
on the parapets.
And I probble had as many as 70 or 80 emotions as I felt that eight-
foot wall under my feet and looked up at the solid, round watch-
towers, with narrer slits in the stun, for arrers to be shot out of onto
the enemies, and way up above ’em the little turrets for the
sentinuls to look out.
I wonder how that sentinul felt there on cool moonlight nights
twelve or fourteen hundred years ago—I wonder what century old
grief or pain hanted his lonely heart through the night-watches—
Love, Hope, mebby they lightened his lonely watch jest as they do in
1900.
Tenny rate, the same sun and moon looked down on him, and Love
and Hope is as old as they be—as old as the world.
Al Faizi, I believe, had a sight of emotions, too. He stood still and
looked off with a dreamy look on his face.
Martin thought the stun wuz good and solid, and might be utilized
for buildin’ depots and grain elevators and sech.
Alice looked good-natered and didn’t say much.
Josiah wuz a-makin’ a cat’s cradle with Adrian when we went back to
the buggy. And I told him I didn’t see how he could be a-playin’ with
weltin’ cord at sech a time as this, when he could see this wall.
And he sez, “Dum it all! mebby you wouldn’t take so to stun walls if
you had broke your back, and got so many stun bruises as I have a-
layin’ ’em.”
“Wall,” sez I soothin’ly, “do jest as you feel, Josiah. But I wouldn’t
have missed the sight for a dollar bill.”
Yes, it rousted up sights of emotions in me.
Another thing that endeared York to me: here in this city wuz
Christmas celebrated for the first time by King Arthur, fourteen
hundred years ago.

That sentinul twelve or fourteen hundred years

ago.

I don’t spoze he ever gin a thought at that time of what a train of

turkeys, Christmas presents, trees, plum puddin’s, bells, stockin’s,
Santa Clauses, etc., etc., etc., would foller on his wake. But it wuz a
good idee, and he wuz quite a likely creeter—buildin’ up the meetin’-
housen the Saxons had destroyed.
Wall, we thought we would leave the Cathedral, or Minster, as they
call it for the last. And anon we see a almost endless procession of
anteek gate-ways, and housen, museums, churches, the ruined
cloisters of St. Leonard founded by Athelstane the Saxon, and the
ruins of St. Mary’s Abbey, with its old Norman arch and shattered
walls.
But from most every part of the city where we might be we could
see the Cathedral towerin’ up above us, some like a mountain of
sculptured turrets and towers. And anon we found ourselves within
its walls, and its magnificent and grand beauty almost struck us
dumb with or.
The guide said that it wuz the most gorgeous and beautiful in the
world. But I considered it safe to add a word to his description,
which made it one of the most gorgeous and magnificent cathedrals
in the world—and that I spoze is true.
It wuz about two hundred years a-buildin’, and I don’t believe there
is a carpenter in Jonesville that could have done it a day sooner.
Seth Widrick is a swift worker on housen, but I believe Seth would
have been a week or two over that time at the job.
The guide said that it wuz 500 and 24 feet long, and 250 feet broad
—24 feet longer than St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, and 145 feet
longer than Westminster Abbey, and the most magnificent minster in
the world. The greatest beauty of the hull interior is, I spoze, the
immense east winder. Imagine a great arched winder 75 feet high
and 30 feet broad all aglow and ablaze with the most magnificent
stained-glass. A multitude of saints, angels, priests, etc., all wrought
in glass, the colors of which are so soft and glowin’, so harmonious,
that they can’t be reproduced in this day by the most cunnin’
workmen; the secret is lost.
This winder is known as The Five Sisters; the pattern bein’ took, it is
said, from embroideries these maiden wimmen made.
Josiah said, when the guide mentioned it, “Good for the old maids!
they done well.”
But as I looked upon that marvellous poem of glowin’ color, I felt
beyend words, but I could still think. And I thought proudly of the
exquisite work my sect had wrought, and I wuz glad for the moment
that I too wuz a woman; and though seven hundred years lay
between them noble sisters and myself, yet I felt that our hearts,
our souls, touched each other in that pleasant day of 1895.
Wall, Passin’ Time and Josiah tore me away from the contemplation
of that glory, that wonder, that delight—unequalled, I believe, in the
hull world.
And at Martin’s request, for he said that he should be asked about it
probble, and would wish to be prepared with answers, we went out
on a little stun platform or bridge outside, from which we had a view
of the hull glowin’ interior—a vista of leafy gothic arches, and
sculptered columns, more’n five hundred feet in length, and at the
end the great west winder, with the figgers of the eight earliest
Archbishops of York, and to keep ’em company, eight saints and
other figgers.
All seemin’ly a-standin’ in the glowin’ light took from the most
gorgeous western sunset. They wuz put up about five hundred years
ago, and I can’t begin to describe the beauty and richness of
colorin’, and design, nor Josiah can’t.
There wuz lots of other winders, too, that would be remarkable
anywhere else. And among ’em wuz one over the entrance that they
called the Marygold winder, circles of small arches in the form of a
wheel, the color of which makes it look some like that flower.
Though, as Josiah well said—“Nobody ever hearn before of a
marygool thirty feet acrost.”
In the vestries we see some historical relicks. One of the oldest is
the great Saxon Drinkin’ Horn, by which the church holds valuable
estate near York.
The old chieftain, Ulphus, knelt at the altar and drinked out of the
horn, and by this act gave to the church all his land, housen, etc.,
etc., givin’ to the fathers this horn as a title-deed.
Josiah wuz dretful took up with it, and vowed that he would save the
horns from the next beef creeter he killed and make out his next
deed with it.
“So strong and safe,” sez he; “no ‘whereasis’ and ‘to wits’ and
‘namelys,’ and runnin’ up to a stake, and back agin, to wit.”
Sez he, “It would be a boon to git rid of all that nonsense. That
would use up one horn, and then I might make my will with the
other. I could will you all my property with it, Samantha, and then
we could both drink root-beer, or sunthin’, and you could jest keep
the horn, and there would be no way to break the will. 2d. Wives
have lots of trouble, but how could anybody break it, Samantha,
when you had the horn locked up in the tin chest?”
It wuz thoughtful in him, and showed a deep kindness to me, but I
felt dubersome about it.
Then there wuz another drinkin’ cup presented by Archbishop
Scrope. But it wuz bigger than I love to see—I am afraid that Mr.
Scrope drinked too much. But as he had his head cut off in 1405, I
couldn’t labor with him about it.
Then there wuz the chair in which the Saxon kings wuz crowned.
And a old Bible presented by King Charles II., and one gin by Charles
1st. A old communion plate 500 years old and oak chests, etc., etc.,
etc.
“With the ends of the fingers
a-hangin’ down.”

When we looked at the communion plate Josiah nudged me, and sez
he, “Don’t that make you think of she that wuz Sally Ann Plenty?”
Sez he, “You know she bought a old communion service once
because she could git it for a little or nothin’.” Sez he, “That wuz the
same day that she bought a crosscut saw, and a box of gloves 4
sizes too big for her, and wore ’em with the ends of the fingers a-
hangin’ down, jest as if they wuz onjointed.”
Sez I, “Hush! This is no place to bring up sech worldly and foolish
eppisodes.”
Wall, Martin clim up into the Lantern Tower, two hundred and
thirteen feet high, for he said that he would wish to say that he had
been there.
But Al Faizi wuz the most took up with lookin’ at the monuments in
the Cathedral. They wuz beautiful in the extreme, and some on ’em
wuz saints, some on ’em Archbishops, but the most on ’em wuz riz
up to men who had made themselves famous by killin’ lots and lots
of folks—some in England, some in Russia, and in India, and in
Burmah, etc., etc., etc.
As I stood in front of them bloody records, and meditated that a
common murderer, who had only killed one or two men, couldn’t
never git a statute, but it wuz those that killed hundreds and
thousands who had ’em built through foreign lands, and my own
native country—as I wuz a-meditatin’ on this and a-considerin’ on
how the more a man killed the higher his monument wuz riz up, and
the nigher he wuz buried to saints, I see Al Faizi take out that little
book with the cross on’t and write down quite a lot—what it wuz I
d’no, but I presoom it wuz good writin’. His idees are congenial to
mine, very.
And then another place where I see Al Faizi a-writin’ down quite a lot
in that book of hisen wuz at Clifford’s Tower, in the castle enclosure,
where two hundred Jews were masicreed in 1490. From what the
guide said, I made out as follows: When the Crusaders got back
from fightin’ the Infidels they wuz kinder mad to see that the Jews
wuz better off than they wuz—had better clothes, more money, etc.
—so they begun to kill ’em off.
There wuz so many fightin’ Christians the Jews couldn’t defend
themselves, so they come to the castle with their wives and children.
And all the soldiers in York come to help the Crusaders kill the Jews.
And when the poor Jews found that they couldn’t stand it any longer,
they did jest as the Rabbi told ’em.
They killed the wives and children that wuz left, to keep ’em from
fallin’ into the hands of their persecutors, and sot fire to the castle,
and then killed themselves, so’s they shouldn’t burn to death.
This massicre of these onoffending Jews by Christians wuz one of
the most barbarous acts that ever took place on earth. Lots of folks
now have their souls massicreed in the same way—out of envy and
jealousy.
I d’no what Al Faizi writ in his book as he looked at this place where
this dretful deed wuz done in the name of Religion. But his face wuz
a sight to see as he writ—solemn and awful; not mad, but sunthin’
of the expression of the Avengin’ Angel, or as I mistrust he would
look—dretful sorry, but sot, awful sot.
Wall, we went back to the tarvern and got a good dinner, and I laid
down for a nap—I wuz clean used up.
When I waked up it wuz sunset, and Josiah sot by the little
casement with the panes of glass about four inches big, a-readin’.
And I asked him if Martin laid out to go to London in the mornin’,
and he said that he guessed he did. “But,” sez he with a tone of
regret—
“I did want to visit Scarborough; there’s no need hurryin’ so to
London,” sez he.
“Who and what is Scarborough?” sez I in a weary axent as I got up
and wadded up my back hair.
“Why, it is the fashionable waterin’-place of England,” sez he; “it is
only a little more than forty milds away,” sez he; “we could go jest as
well as not, and it would be so genteel. I would,” sez he, a-smoothin’
out the folds of his dressin’-gown, and bringin’ the tossels forred in a
more sightly place—“I would love to mingle in fashionable circles
once more, Samantha.”
I looked down at his old bald head in silent disaprobation. He wuz
too old to hanker after fashion and display, and too bald, and I knew
it.
But I knew that I could not make him over, after he had been made
so long—no, I should have to bear up the best I could under his
shortcomin’s.
But I sez mekanically, and to git his idees off—“I would kinder love
to visit Whitby, Josiah; that hain’t much further away, and that is
where all the most beautiful jet is made. I thought like as not that
you would want to buy me a handkerchief pin, Josiah Allen.”
He looked injured, and sez he, “Where is the black pin you mourned
in for Father Smith?” His tone wuz sour and snappish in the extreme.
Sez I, “That pin wuz broke over twenty years ago.”
“Wall,” sez he, “I can glue it together with Ury’s help, or we could tie
it up, so’s it would be jest as good as a new one. It don’t come to
any strain on your collar,” sez he anxiously.
“No, Josiah; but I shouldn’t like to wear a pin that you and Ury had
contoggled up. But let it pass,” sez I; “I can do without it, if my
companion don’t think enough of me right here in the headquarters
of black breastpins and beads to buy me anything.”
My tone touched him. He sez—“I’d look round and see about it, but I
hain’t no time, for we’ve got to be a-pushin’ right on to London; if
we ever lay out to git home agin we’ve got to be on the move.”
I didn’t say nothin’ only what my liniment spoke, and anon he sez—
“If worst come to worst, Ury and I could make you a crackin’ good
one out of coal. All of this jet in Whitby is made out of coal. And how
much less it would cost—we could make you a hull set in one
evenin’—earrings and all.”
I gin him one look, and that wuz all the argument that I would dane
to waste on the subject.
Alice kinder wanted to go to Robin Hood Bay, which wuz not far from
Scarborough. She said that she would love to see the place where
the hero of Sherwood Forest had lived once—the bold outlaw who
took from the rich with one hand and gave to the poor with the
other.
But her Pa laughed at her for believin’ that there ever wuz sech a
man, or if there wuz, he wuz nothin’ but a common robber, who
deserved hangin’.
 Robin Hood.

I believe Martin would favor drivin’ Santa Claus out of the country
and killin’ his reindeers. His imagination hain’t, I really believe, not
much bigger than a pea—not a marrowfat one, but a common field
pea.
So Martin decided at first that we would go direct to London, but
finally he concluded to go a little out of our way to visit the estate of
the Duke of Devonshire—the grandest home in England. And he
wanted to stop a little while at Sheffield on business—property
matters, I spoze, or mebby he wanted to buy a jack-knife—I d’no
what his business wuz.
I knew he could git a good jack-knife here, for they’ve been makin’
knives and sech right here for five or six hundred years.
 CHAPTER XVI.
EDENSOR AND THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE.
So anon we found ourselves in the smoky, grimy, dirty city. A heavy
black cloud seemed to hang overhead, seemin’ to shade the hull
spot; but then I didn’t want to lay it up agin ’em, for I knew we had
our own cities, that had to set down under a cloud of smoke jest as
they did—Pittsburg, and others, etcetery.
I can’t say that I took sech a sight of comfort here in Sheffield, but
Josiah and Martin seemed to enjoy themselves a-goin’ round and
seein’ all they could.
Martin said it wuz a sight to see how perfectly each workman did his
work, and how faithful they wuz to their employers; he said he
wished he had sech men to work for him.
And it wuz curous to think on. As nigh as I could make out,
generations of one family would work on and on, a-workin’ at one
part of a jack-knife, for instance, a-keepin’ right on—a grandpa, and
his son, and his son’s son, and etcetery—all contented and
industrious and awful handy, as they would naterally be, a-workin’
on at one thing year after year, year after year; mebby a-makin’ a
rivet to put into a handle of a knife.
It stands to reason that they would learn to do it well after workin’
at the same thing over and over for hundreds of years. And these
workmen seemed to be sot on doin’ jest the best work that they
could, and stay right on in the same place.
“And,” sez Josiah, “I wonder if Ury’s boy and grandson and great-
grandson will be willin’ to keep right on workin’ for me?”
Sez I, “Do you expect to outlive Ury’s grandson, Josiah Allen?”
Sez he, “They did in Bible times.” Sez he, “I wouldn’t be nigh so old
then as Methusler,” and he went on—“I use my help as good agin as
they do here. If I should put Ury to work in sech a dark, dirty,
onhandy place as these workmen have, he’d kick in a minute and
leave me; but here they work, generations of ’em, all in one place.”

“It don’t pay to tussel with ’em.”

Sez I feelin’ly, “I wish I could git sech a generation of hired girls; but
no sooner duz an American housekeeper git a hired girl broke in, so
she can bile a potato decent, or make a batch of bread, than off she
trapes somewhere else to better herself. It don’t pay to tussel with
’em,” sez I.
“Wall,” sez Josiah, “you ort to go into some of these factories; it is a
sight to see how perfect everything is done. One part of a knife, for
instance, done in one house, and then another house doin’ another
part, and then another another, and every part done jest as well as
it can possibly be.”
And then Josiah went on about that wonderful knife they make here,
with a new blade added for every year.
And bein’ we wuz alone, and I hadn’t nothin’ else on my mind, I
moralized some, and sez I—
“Old Fate is makin’ her knife pretty stiddy, and seems to add a new
blade every year for us to cut our feelin’s on, and jab ourselves
with.”
And sez I, “They don’t hurt any the less because we dig the metal
ourselves and shape the sharp blades with our ignorant hands, not
knowin’ what we’re a-workin’ on, and some on ’em,” sez I, “handed
down from foolish, ignorant workmen who have gone before—
queer!” sez I, “passin’ queer!”
“Yes,” sez Josiah, “it wuz quite a sight; Martin and I enjoyed it.
“But the drinkin’ here in Sheffield,” sez Josiah, “is sunthin’ dretful to
witness.” Sez he, “I thought we had drinkin’ habits in America, but I
never see nothin’, nor I don’t believe anybody else did, to compare
with some of the places we visited to-day. Why,” sez he, “it would do
a W. C. T. U. good to jest look at ’em.”
“Good?” sez I sternly.
“Wall, yes,” sez he; “it would set ’em to kinder soarin’ and wavin’
them banners of theirn and talkin’—you know jest how they love to
talk,” sez he.
Sez I, “You better stop right where you are.” Sez I, “Do you realize
that you are talkin’ about your pardner?”
“Wall, yes,” sez he; “that’s what I wuz kinder figgerin’ on—Heaven
knows you love to talk, you can’t dispute that.”
I wouldn’t dane to argy with him.
But, indeed, it wuz a sight to walk through some of the low, dingy,
filthy streets, with saloons on every side flauntin’ their brazen signs,
and men and wimmen with bloated, sodden faces, that strong drink
had almost changed into the faces of animals.
The same sin—the same useless, needless sin, parent of all other
vices—jest as bad on this side of the Atlantic as in Jonesville and
America, and worse.
I left it there a-performin’ and cuttin’ up, and I found it here actin’
jest the same. You’d think after crossin’ the Atlantic it would git
sobered up a little—seein’ so much water and everything.
But it hadn’t. It wuz jest the same reelin’, disgraceful, foolish, leerin’,
bloated Shame—
Jest as bad in Sheffield as it wuz in Jonesville and Chicago, and
worse.
It wuz enough to melt a stun with pity, and make hard eyes weep
with sorrer and flash with a righteous indignation, at the Nations
that don’t devise some means of wipin’ out this gigantic cause of
wickedness, woe, and want.
They can connect worlds together with chains of lightnin’, they can
make roads through the earth and on top of it, and in all ways; then
why can’t they keep a man from drinkin’ a tumbler full of whiskey?
They could if they wanted to, and all put in together.
Wall, wuzn’t it a change to leave this smoky, grimy city and find
ourselves in the open, beautiful English country, and in the most
beautiful part of it, too?
We went by railroad to Matlock Bath, and from there went in a
carriage to the little village of Edensor, the loveliest little village I
ever sot eyes on. Its housen are all built in some quaint, beautiful
style of architecture, and it looks like a picter, and a great deal
handsomer than lots of picters I’ve seen—chromos and sech.
This village belongs to the Duke of Devonshire, and is on his estate,
which is the finest in England, and I guess on this hull earth.
And I d’no whether they’ve got any on any other planet that goes
ahead on’t. Mebby Jupiter has, but I don’t really believe it.
Why, jest its pleasure park—the door-yard, as you may say—has two
thousand acres in it.
This estate, known as Chatsworth, is twelve milds from Edensor, and
nobody could describe the beauty of the landscape all about us as
we passed onwards.
As we went acrost a corner of this immense door-yard, through the
most beautiful pieces of woodland, and the verdant slopes covered
with velvety sward, great, beautiful pheasants and herds of deer
would look round at us and then walk off, not a mite afraid, fearless
as they will be if they’re used well. Anon we would ketch a glimpse
of some enchantin’ vista, with herds of contented cattle, makin’
picters of themselves aginst the background of green grass and
noble trees centuries old.
From a little hill top we could see twelve milds in every direction,
and not a foot of land that this man didn’t own.
Twelve milds! the idee! It seems more’n he ort to have on his mind.
Anon we reached a beautiful stun bridge, designed by Michael
Angelo, and crossin’ the little river, went up to the great iron and gilt
entrance gates.
 Martin sent his card in.

Martin sent his card in to somebody that takes care of the premises,
I guess (and how he dast to ask any favors of this gorgeous-dressed
creeter in knee-breeches, I d’no, but he did, bold as brass), and
word come back that we could look over the place, and one of the
hired men wuz sent to go with us and show us round. It wuz well he
come; we should have got lost, sure as the world. But lost in sech a
place—sech a place! Why, I’d read the Arabian Nights quite a good
deal, and a considerable number of fairy stories about enchanted
castles, and sech. But never did I ever hear, in a book, or out on’t, of
sech magnificence as I see here.
First we went through a great courtyard into the splendid entrance
hall, seventy feet long if it wuz a inch; the wall and ceilin’s
ornamented with frescoes, all representin’ the life and death of
Cæsar. We went up a majestic staircase, with all the richly
ornamented columns and statutes it needed for its comfort, and
more, too, it seemed, though they wuz beautiful beyend tellin’; and
here we went into the State Apartments of the house.
I spoze they are called State Apartments because in every room
there’s enough of beauty and grandeur to supply a hull State, if it
wuz scattered even, and I don’t mean Rhode Island either, but New
York and Maine and sech sizable ones.
Why, every one of these lofty ceilin’s is painted with picters
handsome enough for the very handsomest handkerchief pin, if they
wuz the right size. The hired man told us what some of the picters
represented—Aurora (and, oh, how beautiful Aurora wuz!), and one
wuz the “Judgment of Paris.”
I hadn’t no idee before that Paris jedgment wuz so perfectly
beautiful; I spozed it wuz kinder triflin’. They seemed, as fur as I
could make out, to be a-samplin’ apples—lovely creeters they wuz
that wuz standin’ round.
And then there wuz “Phaeton in the Chariot of the Sun.”
It didn’t look a mite like our phaeton—fur more magnificent.
Room after room opened into each other, all different as stars differ
from each other, but every one full of glory; all full of the treasures
of every land—Persia, Egypt, and every other.
The hired man drawed our attention to the presents of kings and
princes, and all the rare objects of art and virtue.
But I sez, “As fur as virtues is concerned, I d’no as kings would be
any more apt to git hold of ’em than common men, or so apt, but,”
sez I, “call ’em perfectly beautiful, and I agree with you.”
In them magnificent and immense rooms are picters by Landseer,
Holbein, Salvator Rosa, Raphael, Rubens, Claude Lorraine,
Correggio, Hogarth, Titian, Michael Angelo, etc. A great many with
the autographs of the painters—priceless, absolutely beyend price,
are these works of art.
And if I should talk a week, I couldn’t describe all the beautiful
objects we see there, so valuable that one on ’em would make a
man rich.
In one room wuz a clock of gold and malachite—a present from the
Emperor Nicholas, worth a thousand guineas, and a broad, shinin’
table of one clear sheet of transclucent spar, and a great table of
clear malachite. I’d be glad to git enough of it for an earring for
Tirzah Ann.
In one room we see a picter by Holbein of Henry VIII., and a rosary
belongin’ to him. I wondered as I looked on’t what that poor,
misguided creeter ust to pray about as he handled them beads. He
couldn’t want any more wives than he had, it seemed to me. Mebby
he wuz a-wishin’ some of the time that he wuz back with Katharine,
that noble creeter who said—

“Weep, thou, for me in France, I for thee here;

Go count thy way with sighs, I mine with groans.”

And when they had that lawsuit of theirn (he gittin’ after another
woman, and wantin’ to git rid of her), after he’d bought off the
jedge, Katharine sez to Henry—liftin’ her right arm up towards
Heaven—
“There sits a Jedge no king can corrupt.”
Noble, misused creeter! I’ll bet if them beads could have told what
wuz said over ’em, they would have said that Henry thought of her,
his lawful wife, when his memory wuz sick of recallin’ Anne Boleyn,
Anne of Cleves, etc., etc., etc., etc., etc. But to resoom.
We see the bed that George II. died in. The chairs and footstools
used by George III. and his queen. And the two chairs used by
William IV. and Queen Adelaide at their coronation. And then we see
the most beautiful tapestry that ever wuz made, and busts and
statutes. Richly colored, priceless old china filled the splendid
cabinets inlaid with finest mosaic work—in fact, the hull length of
these rooms, openin’ into each other so that you could see their hull
length of 550 feet, wuz full of the most costly and beautiful objects
man ever made.
The oak floor wuz polished, and shone like a mirror.
The library wuz one hundred feet long of itself, with columns risin’
from floor to ceilin’ and a gallery runnin’ round it, and two more
openin’ out of it, with alcoves of Spanish mahogany, these full of
picters by Landseer and others, and medallions, etc., etc., etc., and
full of the choicest literature of every land.
And then there wuz a private chapel that went ahead of any meetin’-
house I ever see or ever expect to, all marble and spar and
wonderful wood-carvin’s, and picters from the old masters filled it
full of beauty and glory. Faith and Hope wuz there all carved out
beautiful, so’s you could see ’em right before you, as well as feel ’em
in your heart.
In the sculpter gallery is the most wonderful treasures, busts and
statutes and mosaics, relicks from every land and age, and beautiful
figgers, almost alive, by Canova, Powers, Thorwaldsen, Gibson,
Bartolini, etc., etc. Some wuz presented by emperors and kings, and
some on ’em bought by the Duke and his folks. The hull room, one
hundred feet long, is full of the rarest treasures that can be
collected; it made my brain fairly reel beneath my best bunnet to see
the wealth of glory and beauty, and Al Faizi turned away from it a
spell and looked thoughtfully out of the winder.
But I see that here, too, wuz a picter that no artist could reproduce,
and so it wuz in every winder that you could look out of. A green,
velvety lawn a hundred feet wide and over five hundred long,
bordered by most beautiful colored flowers, and out of another
winder you could see the velvety slopes, with walks and river and
bridge, and way off the noble trees and terraces, one risin’ above
another, all full of beautiful plants and shrubs. And in the centre
from the top down, hundreds of feet, wuz a great flight of stun
steps, thirty feet wide, down which flows and sparkles a sheet of
water, reflectin’ in its mirror-like surface all the white statutes on its
margin, till it reaches the edge of the broad gravel walk, when it
disapears right down into the earth and flows off in some curous,
underground way to the river.
Josiah wuz all rousted up when he see this, and, as is the way of my
dear, ardent-souled companion, he tore a page out of his account-
book, and begun to make calculations on’t.
And I sez with a sithe—“What are you a-figgerin’ on now, Josiah
Allen?”
“Oh! I’m plottin’ out a lovely addition to the beauty of our home,
Samantha—I’m a-plannin’ sunthin’ so uneek and fascinatin’ that it
will make the Jonesvillians open their eyes in astonishment and or.”
“What is it?” sez I.
“I’m a-plannin’ on how we can have a waterfall on our back
doorsteps.” Sez he, “I hain’t seen anything so perfectly beautiful and
strikin’ as this sence I come to the Old Country, and we can have
one jest as well as not. You know our back steps are quite high, and
how beautiful they would look with the sparklin’ water flowin’ down
’em—how refreshin’ it would be in hot weather to have a waterfall
right on your own doorsteps, and set in the open back door, right on
its banks, as it were, and hear the murmur of the water, and see it
a-glidin’ down towards the smoke-house. We might have it
dissapear,” sez he, “between the smoke-house and the ash-barrel.”
 Josiah’s home-made waterfall.

“Where would you git your water?” sez I coldly.

“Wall,” sez he, a-holdin’ up the paper with quite a lot of figgers and
marks on it, “I figgered it out that we might have a pipe go from the
kitchen pump, cut a little hole in the thrasholt to let it go in, and
there you would be.”
“And did you lay out,” sez I in frigid axents, “to have me stan’ there
a-pumpin’ all day to supply your waterfall?”
His mean begun to fall a little—it had been triumphant—and he sez
kinder meachin’—“You have to throw out your dish-water anyway,
and you might’s well throw it on the steps as to throw it in the
dreen.”
“Wall,” sez I, “a fountain a-runnin’ dish-water would be a beautiful
spectacle, wouldn’t it, Josiah Allen?
“I guess it would astonish the eyes of the Jonesvillians, and their
noses, too!”
“I didn’t mean that!” he hollered quite loud.
“What did you mean, then?” sez I.
He agin murmured sunthin’ about the pump, the cistern, and the old
mair.
And I sez, “That poor old mair agin!” Sez I, “If I hadn’t broke it up,
that mair wouldn’t live three days after we got home, with all you’d
put on her, a-apein’ foreign idees, Josiah.”
“I hain’t been a-apein’, and you know it!”
But I went right on—“Even if you could make it work, how could we
git into the house if the doorstep wuz turned into a waterfall?”
“Wall,” sez he, a-lookin’ up kinder cross, “I’ve hearn lots of times of
havin’ the bottom sash of a winder hung on hinges, and goin’ in and
out by ’em.”
“Wall,” sez I, “after you’d clumb up through the buttery winder onct
or twict with a pail of milk in both hands, I guess you’d git sick of
doorstep waterfalls!”
He see by the light of my calm, practical reasonin’ that his idee wuz
visionary and couldn’t be carried out, but he wouldn’t own up to it—
not he.
He jest jammed the paper down into his vest pocket, and snapped
me up real sharp the next words I said to him.
He acted awful growety; but I didn’t care, I knew I wuz in the right
on’t.
Wall, after goin’ through the brightest and most lovely garden you
can imagine, you come into a place with huge rocks and cliffs,
romantic shrubbery, massive ledges, and a waterfall fallin’ into a
deep, dark basin, caverns, etc., and as you go round a corner, you
come face to face with a huge rock that you think must have fell
there. You think you will have to go back; but no! Do you think you
will have to turn back for anything in this enchanted place? The
hired man touches the rock, and it turns right away and lets you
pass, and then you see that not only is the enchantin’ beauty of the
place made, but the rough wildness of this spot.
One of the curous things in this place wuz a tree with kinder queer-
lookin’ branches, and the hired man touched it somewhere, and
water flowed out of every leaf and twig, turnin’ it into a fountain.
The conservatory is from one end to the other two hundred and
seventy-six feet long, and broad enough to drive through it with a
carriage and four horses, so you can imagine the wealth of beauty in
it—orange-trees full of their glossy fruit, lemon-trees, feathery palm-
trees fifty feet high, bamboos, cactuses, bananas, queer, broad,
velvety leaves of every shape and color, and all of the flowers that
ever wuz hearn on, and never wuz hearn on, it seems to me.
There are thirty other greenhousen, all runnin’ over with beauty of
various kinds. Graperies seven hundred feet long, with the rich white
and purple clusters hangin’ down in every direction. Peach housen,
strawberry housen, apricot, mushroom, vegetable housen, in which
every kind of vegetable is raised. Why, the kitchen-garden and
greenhousen covers twenty acres. But there is no use of talkin’ any
more—like Niagara, and the World’s Fair, you have got to see it to
understand its vastness and its perfect beauty.
I wuz glad I’d seen it. I believe that even Martin wuz kinder took
down off from the Mount of Self Esteem he always sets on, as he
wandered through it.
He’d always prided himself quite a good deal of his home in the city,
and it is palatial and grand. But what comparison would it bear to
this? Not even—

“Like moonshine unto sunshine,

Or like water unto wine.”
No; it wuz like a small kerosene lamp unto sunshine. And he felt it,
Martin did. He didn’t patronize anybody for as much as three
quarters of an hour after he left there. He give the hired man a
good-sized piece of money, for I see him. It wuz so big that the man
turned fairly pale, and called Martin “Your Highness.” He sez—
“When will Your Highness return again?”
So we come off with flyin’ colors, after all.
Wall, seein’ that we wuz so near, Martin thought we’d ride over to
Haddon Hall, only a few milds away. This is one of the fine old
buildin’s of the Middle Ages. It stands on a rocky eminence above
the River Wye; over the great arched entrance is the arms of the
Vernon family, who occupied it for three hundred and fifty years.

Her common-sense shoe.

As we passed in through a little door, cut in one of the broad sides of

the gates, we see, on the rough stun thrasholt, the impression of a
human foot, wore there by the innumerable feet of warriors,
pilgrims, ladies, troubadors, children, kings, and queens, for all I
know. Anyhow, she who wuz once Smith put her own common-
sense shoe right into the worn footprint, and stood there, kinder on
one foot, and had more’n eighty-seven emotions as she did so, and I
d’no but eighty-nine or ninety.
I had a sight, anyway, as we went into the stun courtyard,
ornamented with stun carvin’, into the interior.
Josiah didn’t take to it at all.
But, then, as I told him, what could you expect of a house where the
folks had been away for several hundred years—any place would
look kinder dreary.
But he sez, “Dum it all! when it wuz new, who’d like to have sech
rough stun floors? And look at that fireplace in the kitchen, big
enough to roast a hull ox. How could a man cut wood enough to
keep that fire a-goin’?”
Sez I, “The man of the house didn’t have to do it at all, his vassals
did it, Josiah.”
“Wall, he had to tend to it, and I’d ruther do the work any time than
to keep a vassal a-goin’, that is, any vassal that I ever hired by the
month, or day.”
But in the great banquettin’ hall, with its oak rafters and long table,
where they feasted, at one end a little higher—for the quality, I
spoze—he ketched sight of the minstrels’ gallery at one end. And sez
he, his face lightin’ up, “The man of the house could git up there and
sing while the rest wuz eatin’, if he wanted to, and nothin’ said about
it.”
“Yes,” sez I pintedly, “if he could sing; but,” sez I, wantin’ to git his
mind offen this unpleasant theme, sez I—
“I’d love dearly to see this table set out as it ust to be, and the noble
and beautiful a-settin’ round it, with boars’ heads on the table, and
great sides of beef, and gilded peacocks.”
“And jugs of ale and wine,” sez Josiah.
But I waved off that idee, but couldn’t wave it fur, for the beer
cellars wuz a sight to behold. They must have been drunk a good
deal of the time, jedgin’ from the accommodations for drinkin’.
Up the massive stun stairway we went into another big room, used
as a dinin’-room by the later occupants of the Hall.
Here over the fireplace are the royal arms, and under them, in old
English letters, the motto—
“Drede God, and honor the king.”
Goin’ up six heavey, oak, semicircular steps, we go into the ball-
room, over a hundred feet long, with great bay-winders, out of
which you see picters more beautiful than any that could be painted
by the hand of man—perfect landscape of quiet country, silvery
stream, rustic bridges, grand old parks, and the spire of the church
from the distant village pintin’ up to the blue sky.
Then through other rooms with Gobelin tapestry on the walls, still
holdin’ skripteral stories in its ancient folds.
Then through other rooms that are modern compared with the
others, and have been used in the present century. Here, agin, in
one of ’em we see Gobelin tapestry drapin’ the State bed.
Follerin’ the guide through a anty-room we come out into the garden
on Dorothy Vernon’s Walk.
Under the tapestry is concealed doors and passages, as the guide
showed us by pushin’ the folds aside, through which many a man or
woman, drove by Fear or Love, or some other creeter, had rushed
for refuge or secret meetin’.
The garden of Haddon Hall is picturesque and beautiful in the
extreme.
Dorothy’s Walk, shaded by noble old trees, leads to the massive
flights of marble steps, down which she hurried with beatin’ heart
and flyin’ steps to meet her lover, Sir John Manners, while her
friends were merry-makin’ in another part of the Hall, and never
dreamed of her flight.
Haddon Hall by this means passed into the family of Rutland, who
lived here till the first of this century. The Duke of Rutland keeps the
place in its ancient form, much to the delight of those who love the
old ways.
 CHAPTER XVII.
JOSIAH HAS AN ADVENTURE.
Wall, Martin, who sometimes changes his mind, but don’t think he
duz, always a-sayin’ that it shows weak-mindedness and is a trait
belongin’ to wimmen (which I never feel like disputin’, knowin’ that
my sect has in time past been known to be whifflin’; but so have
men, too)—so it didn’t surprise me much when he said that instead
of proceedin’ directly to the Lake District from here he thought we
would go first to the home of Shakespeare. Sez he:
“I may be called to London any minute on business, and I feel that it
will be expected of me to visit Shakespeare’s birthplace anyway.”
Sez Martin, with a thumb in both vest pockets, and a benine,
patronizin’ look on his liniment—
“Shakespeare wrote a number of very creditable productions, and
though I never had the time to spare from more important things to
peruse his works—poems, I believe, mostly—yet I always love to
encourage talent. I think it is becoming for solid men, for
progressive, practical men, to encourage writers to a certain extent;
and Shakespeare, as I am aware, has been very much talked of. I
would be sorry to miss the chance of saying to those who inquire of
me that I had been there, so I believe we will proceed there at
once.”
“Wall,” I sez, “I shall be glad enough to go;” and Al Faizi looked
tickled, too. He had read him, he said, in his own country.
And sez he to me, with his dark eyes all lit up, “To read Shakespeare
is like looking into clear water and seeing your own face reflected in
it, and earth, and mountain top, and over all the Heavens. And it is
more than that,” sez he, “it is looking into the human mind and
reading all its secrets—all the wonder and mystery of the soul; it is
like looking at life, and death, and eternity.”
He wuz dretful riz up in his mind a-talkin’ about it, and he quoted
Shakespeare quite often on our way to Stratford, and always in the
right place, and he is generally so still, that I see, indeed, how he
felt about him. Alice talked, too, quite a good deal about
Shakespeare. And Al Faizi listened. Yes, he listened to Alice—poor
creeter! And everybody blind as a bat but jest me.
Wall, we got there anon or a little before, and put up to the Red
Horse Inn, a quaint, old-fashioned tarvern, but where we had
everything for our comfort, and wuz waited on by as pretty a red-
cheeked girl as I want to see.

A quaint, old-fashioned tarvern.

A sight of emotions wuz rousted up in me as I sot in that tarvern, or

walked through its old-fashioned, low-ceiled rooms and meditated
on who had been under its ruff.
When rare Ben Jonson, and Drayton, and Garrick, and all of
Shakespeare’s friends come down from London to visit him, of
course they stopped here, and of course Shakespeare himself often
and often come here—mebby too often for Miss Shakespeare’s
feelin’s.
Much as I honor Shakespeare, I have to admit that he did stimulate
a little too much—but, then, who hain’t got their failin’s? Why,
Solomon, the very wisest man, had more wives than he ort to had.