Optical Design with Zemax
for PhD - Basics
Lecture 2: Fundamentals
2013-05-16
Herbert Gross
Summer term 2013 www.iap.uni-jena.de
2
Preliminary Schedule
No Date Subject Detailed content
Zemax interface, menus, file handling, system description, editors,
preferences, updates, system reports, coordinate systems, aperture, field,
1 02.05. Introduction
wavelength, glass catalogs, layouts, raytrace, system insertion, scaling,
component reversal
Diameters, stop and pupil,pick ups, solves, variables, ray fans, quick focus,
2 16.05. Fundamentals
3D geometry, ideal lenses, vignetting, footprints, afocal systems,
Aspheres, gratings and diffractive surfaces, special types of surfaces,
3 23.05. Properties of optical systems I
telecentricity
4 30.05. Properties of optical systems II Ray aiming, Delano diagram, lens catalogs
Representations, geometrical aberrations, spot, Seidel, transverse aberration
5 06.06. Aberrations I
curves, Zernike wave aberrations
6 13.06. Aberrations II PSF, MTF, ESF
7 20.06. Imaging Fourier imaging, geometrical images
8 27.06. Advanced handling I Slider, universal plot, I/O of data, multi configurations
9 04.07. Optimization Algorithms, merit function, methodology, correction process, examples
10 11.07. Correction I Principles, simple systems
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Contents
1. Diameters
2. stop and pupil
3. Vignetting
4. Solves
5. Ray fans
6. 3D geometry
7. Afocal constellations
8. Miscellaneous
Definition of aperture and field
Imaging on axis: circular / rotational symmetry
Only spherical aberration and chromatical aberrations
Finite field size, object point off-axis:
- chief ray as reference y yp y'p y'
- skew ray bundels:
coma and distortion O'
marginal/rim
ray
- Vignetting, cone of ray bundle R'AP
not circular symmetric u chief ray w' u'
w
chief ray
- to distinguish:
tangential and sagittal
O
plane entrance
object exit image
plane pupil
pupil plane
Aperture definition
Quantitative measures of relative opening / size of accepted light cone
Numerical aperture
NA n sin u'
exit image
F-number pupil plane
f'
F#
DEX chief ray
Approximation for small DEX
apertures: W' U'
1
F#
2 NA
marginal ray
f'
Optical system stop
The physical stop defines black box
the aperture cone angle u details complicated
The real system may be complex ? ?
image
object
real
system
The entrance pupil fixes the
acceptance cone in the
object space
The exit pupil fixes the object
image
u
acceptance cone in the
image space
stop ExP
EnP
Ref: Julie Bentley
Properties of the pupil
Relevance of the system pupil :
Brightness of the image
Transfer of energy
Resolution of details
Information transfer
Image quality
Aberrations due to aperture
Image perspective
Perception of depth
Compound systems:
matching of pupils is necessary, location and size
Entrance and exit pupil
field point
of image
upper
object marginal ray
point
U
on axis U'
W
on axis
lower marginal chief point of
ray ray image
upper coma
ray
lower coma
ray
stop
outer field
point of
object exit entrance
pupil pupil
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Nested Ray Path
Optical Image formation:
Sequence of pupil and image planes
Matching of location and size of image planes necessary (trivial)
Matching of location and size of pupils necessary for invariance of energy density
In microscopy known as Köhler illumination
entrance 2nd intermediate
pupil image
exit
object pupil
1st stop
intermediate
image
marginal
ray chief ray
10
Pupil Mismatch
Telescopic observation with different f-numbers
Bad match of pupil location: key hole effect
F# = 2.8 F# = 8 F# = 22
a) pupil
adapted
b) pupil
location
mismatch
Ref: H. Schlemmer
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Vignetting
field
Artificial vignetting: stop truncation
Truncation of the free area
of the aperture light cone
axis
0.8 D
truncation
AExp
Natural Vignetting:
Decrease of brightness
according to cos w 4 due
to oblique projection of areas
and changed photometric
distances field
angle
w
imaging with imaging without vignetting imaging with
vignetting vignetting
complete field of view
12
Vignetting
Illumination fall off in the image due to vignetting at the field boundary
13
Vignetting
projection of the
Truncation of the light cone free area of the rim of the 1st lens
with asymmetric ray path aperture
for off-axis field points
meridional
Intensity decrease towards chief coma rays
ray
the edge of the image
Definition of the chief ray: sagittal
ray through energetic centroid coma rays
Vignetting can be used to avoid projection of
aperture stop
uncorrectable coma aberrations
in the outer field
Effective free area with extrem
aspect ratio: projection of the
anamorphic resolution rim of the 2nd lens
Aperture data in Zemax
Different possible options for specification of the aperture in Zemax:
1. Entrance pupil diameter
2. Image space F#
3. Object space NA
4. Paraxial working F#
5. Object cone angle
6. Floating by stop size
Stop location:
1. Fixes the chief ray intersection point
2. input not necessary for telecentric object space
3. is used for aperture determination in case of aiming
Special cases:
1. Object in infinity (NA, cone angle input impossible)
2. Image in infinity (afocal)
3. Object space telecentric
15
Diameters in Zemax
There are several different types of
diameters in Zemax:
1. Surface stop
- defines the axis intersection of the chief
ray
- usually no influence on aperture size
- only one stop in the system
- is indicated in the Lens Data Editor
by STO
- if the initial aperture is defined, the size
of the stop semi-diameter is determined
by marginal raytrace
16
Diameters in Zemax
2. Userdefined diameter at a surface in
the Lens Data Editor (U)
- serves also as drawing size in the
layout (for nice layouts)
- if at least one diameter is fixed, the
initial aperture can be computed
automatically by
General / Aperture Type /
Float by Stop Size
This corresponds to a ray aiming
3. Individual diameter of perhaps
complicated shape at every surface
(‚apertures‘)
- no impact on the drawing
- is indicated in the Lens Data Editor
by a star
- the drawing of vignetted rays can
by switched on/off
Diameters and stop sizes
4. Individual aperture sizes for every field point can be set by the vignetting factors of the
Field menu
- real diameters at surfaces must be set
- reduces light cones are drawn in the layout
VDX, VDY: relative decenter of light cone in x, y
VCX, VCY: compressian factors in x, y
VAN: azimuthal rotation angle of light cone
- If limiting diameters are set in the system, the corresponding factors can be calculated by
the Set Vig command
17
18
Diameters in Zemax
In the Tools-menue, the diameters
and apertures can be converted
automatically
Solves
Value of the parameter dependents on other requirement
Pickup of radius/thickness: linear dependence on other system parameter
Determined to have fixed: - marginal ray height
- chief ray angle
- marginal ray normal
- chief ray normal
- aplanatic surface
- element power
- concentric surface
- concentric radius
- F number
- marginal ray height
- chief ray height
- edge thickness
- optical path difference
- position
- compensator
- center of curvature
- pupil position
Solves
Examples for solves:
1. last radius forces given image aperture
2. get symmetry of system parts
3. multiple used system parts
4. moving lenses with constant system length
5. bending of a lens with constant focal length
6. non-negative edge thickness of a lens
7. bending angle of a mirror (i'=i)
8. decenter/tilt of a component with return
Solves
Open different menus with a right-mouse-click in the corresponding editor cell
Solves can be chosen individually
Individual data for every surface in this menu
22
3D geometry
General input of tilt and decenter:
Coordinate break surface
Change of coordinate system with lateral translation and 3 rotations angles
Direct listing in lens editor
Not shown in layout drawing
23
3D geometry
Auxiliary menus:
1. Tilt/Decenter element
2. Folding mirror
24
3D geometry
Local tilt and decenter of a surface
1. no direct visibility in lens editor
only + near surface index
2. input in surface properties
3. with effect on following system surfaces
Special rays in 3D
Meridional rays:
in main cross section plane
yp
Sagittal rays: upper
perpendicular to main cross meridional
coma ray axis
section plane
sagittal coma
ray
Coma rays:
Going through field point
chief ray skew ray
and edge of pupil
xp
meridional
Oblique rays: marginal ray
without symmetry pupil plane
y
field
point
lower
meridional
coma ray
sagittal ray
axis point axis
x
object plane
Ray fans and ray cones
Ray fan:
2-dimensional plane set of rays
object
Ray cone: point
3-dimensional filled ray cone pupil
grid
Tangential and sagittal plane
Off-axis object point:
1. Meridional plane / tangential plane / main cross section plane
contains object point and optical axis
2. Sagittal plane:
perpendicular to meridional plane through object point
y
y'
object
image
plane
plane
x x'
z
sagittal
plane
lens
meridional
plane
Ray fan selection for transverse aberrations plots
Transverse aberrations:
Ray deviation form ideal image point in meridional and sagittal plane respectively
The sampling of the pupil is only filled in two perpendicular directions along the axes
No information on the performance of rays in the quadrants of the pupil
x tangential
ray fan
pupil
object sagittal
point ray fan
Pupil sampling
Pupil sampling for calculation of transverse aberrations:
all rays from one object point to all pupil points on x- and y-axis
Two planes with 1-dimensional ray fans
No complete information: no skew rays
object entrance exit image
plane pupil pupil plane
yo yp y'p y'
tangential
xp x'p x'
xo
z
sagittal
Sampling of pupil area
Pupil sampling in 3D for spot diagram:
all rays from one object point through all pupil points in 2D
Light cone completly filled with rays
object entrance exit image
plane pupil pupil plane
yo yp y'p y'
xo xp x'p x'
z
Pupil sampling
Different types of sampling with pro and con‘s:
1. Polar grid: not isoenergetic
2. Cartesian: good for FFT, boundary discretization bad
3. Isoenergetic circular: good
4. Hexagonal: good
5. Statistical: good non-regularity, polar grid cartesian isoenergetic circular
holes ?
hexagonal statistical
Artefacts of pupil sampling
Artefacts due to regular gridding of the pupil of the spot in the image plane
In reality a smooth density of the spot is true
The line structures are discretization effects of the sampling
cartesian hexagonal statistical
Single Ray Selection
Definition of a single ray by two points
First point in object plane:
yp
relative normalized coordinates: Hx, Hy
Second point in entrance pupil plane: axis
relative normalized coordinates Px, Py Px
second
point
Py
xp
pupil plane
y
Hx
Hy
first
point
x
object plane
34
Cardinal Elements in Zemax
Cardinal elements of a selected index range
(lens or group)
Footprints
Looking for the
ray bundle cross
ections
35
Object or field at infinity
Image in infinity: image
- collimated exit ray bundle image at
infinity
- realized in binoculars
eye lens
Object in infinity field lens stop
- input ray bundle collimated
- realized in telescopes
- aperture defined by diameter lens acts as
aperture stop
not by angle
collimated
entrance bundle
object at
infinity
image in
focal
plane
Basic Refractive Telescopes
Kepler typ:
- internal focus Telescope
pupil a) Kepler/Fraunhofer
- longer total track
intermediate Eyepiece
-G>0 focus
Eye pupil
telescope focal length f T
Galilei typ: eyepiece focal
length f E
Telescope
- no internal focus pupil
b) Galilei
- shorter total track
-G<0
Eye pupil
telescope focal length f T
eyepiece focal
length f E
38
Telecentricity
Special stop positions:
1. stop in back focal plane: object sided telecentricity
2. stop in front focal plane: image sided telecentricity
3. stop in intermediate focal plane: both-sided telecentricity
Telecentricity:
1. pupil in infinity
2. chief ray parallel to the optical axis
object object sides chief rays telecentric image
parallel to the optical axis stop
39
Telecentricity
Double telecentric system: stop in intermediate focus
Realization in lithographic projection systems
object lens f1 telecentric lens f2 image
stop
f1 f2
f1 f2
Ideal lens
Ideal lens
- one principal plane
P = P'
Aplanatic lens
- principal surfaces are spheres
- the marginal ray heights in the vortex plane are different for larger angles
- inconsistencies in the layout drawings
P P'
