d{kk 10 osQ fy,

fozQ;kdyki
C D
/kxk
P
13 13
1 1
12 12
2 2
11 11
10 3 3
10
9 4 E F 4 9
isap osQ lkFk f?kjuh 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 LosQy
8 5 5 8
7 6 6 7
6 7 7 6
5 5
8 8
4 4
9 9
3 3
10 10
2 Q R 2
1 1
isap osQ lkFk f?kjuh A B

2 cm 34 cm

40 cm
 Geometry was always considered more as a discipline of
the mind than any other part of mathematics, for it could
boast closen relations to logic. Genuine deductivity was the
privilege of geometry, whereas the business of algebra was
substitution into and transforming formulae. On the other
hand the pragmatic point of view would require only a few
theorems and not the geometry prescribed by Euclidean
tradition. Some people are prepared to teach more useless
things in mathematics, but object to geometry being a weak
system
– H. Freudenthal.

94 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk
fozQ;kdyki 1
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
;wfDyM dh foHkktu izesf;dk osQ vkèkkj ij dkMZ cksMZ 'khV] fofHkUu jaxksa osQ fpdus
izk;ksfxd :i ls nks la[;kvksa dk HCF Kkr (XysTM) dkX+k”k] oSaQph] iVjh (:yj)]
djukA LoSQp isu] xksan] bR;kfnA
jpuk dh fofèk
1. yackbZ a bdkbZ dh ,d iêðh] yackbZ b bdkbZ (b < a) dh ,d iêðh] yackbZ c bdkbZ
(c < b) dh nks ifêð;k¡] yackbZ d bdkbZ (d < c) dh ,d iêðh rFkk yackbZ e bdkbZ
(e < d) dh nks ifêð;k¡ ,d dkMZ cksMZ 'khV esa ls dkV yhft,A
2. bu ifêð;ksa dks fofHkUu jaxksa osQ fpdus dkX+k”kksa ls <d yhft,] tSlk fd vko`Qfr 1 ls
vko`Qfr 5 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

vko`Qfr 1

vko`Qfr 2

vko`Qfr 3 vko`Qfr 4

vko`Qfr 5
xf.kr 95
 3. bu ifêð;ksa dks nwljh dkMZ cksMZ 'khV ij vko`Qfr 6 ls vko`Qfr 9 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj lVkdj jf[k,A

vko`Qfr 6

vko`Qfr 7

vko`Qfr 8 vko`Qfr 9
izn'kZu
;wfDyM dh foHkktu izesf;dk osQ vuqlkj]
vko`Qfr 6 n'kkZrh gS % a = b × 1 + c (q = 1, r = c) (1)
vko`Qfr 7 n'kkZrh gS % b = c × 2 + d (q = 2, r = d) (2)
vko`Qfr 8 n'kkZrh gS % c = d × 1 + e (q = 1, r = e) (3)
vkSj vko`Qfr 9 n'kkZrh gS % d = e × 2 + 0 (q = 2, r = 0) (4)

96 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk
;wfDyM dh foHkktu ,YxksfjFke esa dh xbZ dYiuk osQ vuqlkj]
a vkSj b dk HCF = b vkSj c dk HCF
= c vkSj d dk HCF = d vkSj e dk HCF
mijksDr (4) ls] d vkSj e dk HCF, e gSA
vr%] a vkSj b dk HCF = e gSA

iz{s k.k
okLrfod ekiu (mm esa) }kjk&
a =......... , b = ......... , c = ......... , d = ......... , e = .........
vr%, __________ vkSj __________ dk HCF = ......................

vuqiz;ksx
mQij n'kkZbZ xbZ izfozQ;k nks ;k vfèkd la[;kvksa dk HCF Kkr djus esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA ;g
izfozQ;k la[;kvksa dk HCF Kkr djus dh foHkktu fofèk dgykrh gSA

xf.kr 97
fozQ;kdyki 2
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
fdlh f}?kkr cgqin dk vkys[k [khapuk dkMZ cksMZ] vkys[k dkxt] iVjh] isafly]
rFkk fuEufyf[kr dks izsf{kr djuk& jcM+] isu] xksanA
(i) oozQ dk vkdkj] tc x2 dk xq.kkad
èkukRed gksA
(ii) oozQ dk vkdkj] tc x2 dk xq.kkad
½.kkRed gksA
(iii) mlosQ 'kwU;dksa dh la[;kA

jpuk dh fofèk
1. lqfoèkktud eki dk ,d dkMZ cksMZ yhft, vkSj ml ij ,d vkys[k dkxt fpidkb,A
2. ,d f}?kkr cgqin f (x) = ax2 + bx + c yhft,A
3. nks fLFkfr;k¡ laHko gSa& (i) a > 0 (ii) a < 0
4. x osQ fofHkUu ekuksa osQ fy,] ozQfer ;qXe (x, f (x)) Kkr dhft,A

vko`Qfr 1
98 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk
 5. bu ozQfer ;qXeksa dks dkrhZ; ry esa vkysf[kr dhft,A
6. bu vkysf[kr fcanv
q ksa dks eqDr gLr oozQ }kjk feykb,A (vko`Qfr 1] vko`Qfr 2 vkSj vko`Qfr 3)A

vko`Qfr 2

vko`Qfr 3
izn'kZu
1. izR;sd fLFkfr esa izkIr vkdkj ,d ijoy; gSA

xf.kr 99
 2. tc x2 dk xq.kkad èkukRed gS] rc ijoy; mQij dh vksj [kqyrk gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 2
vkSj vko`Qfr 3)A
3. tc x2 dk xq.kkad ½.kkRed gS] rc ijoy; uhps dh vksj [kqyrk gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 1)A
4. 'kwU;dksa dh vfèkdre la[;k] tks ,d f}?kkr cgqin esa gks ldrh gS] 2 gSA

iz{s k.k
1. vko`Qfr 1 esa] ijoy; ______ [kqyrk gSA
2. vko`Qfr 2 esa] ijoy; ______ [kqyrk gSA
3. vko`Qfr 1 esa] ijoy; x&v{k dks ______ fcanq(vkas) ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA
4. fn, x, cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k ______ gSA
5. vko`Qfr 2 esa] ijoy; x&v{k dks ______ fcanq(vksa) ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA
6. fn, gq, cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k ______ gSA
7. vko`Qfr 3 esa] ijoy; x&v{k dks ______ fcanq(vksa) ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA
8. fn, gq, cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k ______ gSA
9. 'kwU;dksa dh vfèkdre la[;k] tks ,d f}?kkr cgqin esa gks ldrh gS] ______ gSA

vuqiz;ksx
;g fozQ;kdyki fuEufyf[kr esa lgk;rk djrk gS&
1. ,d f}?kkr cgqin osQ T;kferh; fu:i.k fVIi.kh
dks le>ukA vkys[k dkX+k”k ij fcanv
q ksa dks osQoy eqDr
gLr oozQ }kjk gh feykuk pkfg,A
2. ,d f}?kkr cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k
Kkr djukA

100 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

fozQ;kdyki 3
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
vkys[kh; fofèk }kjk nks pjksa okyh jSf[kd vkys[k dkX+k”k] isafly] jcM+] dkMZ
lehdj.kksa osQ ,d ;qXe osQ fy, laxr@vlaxr cksMZ] xksan iVjh (:yj)A
osQ izfrcaèkksa dks lR;kfir djukA
jpuk dh fofèk
1. nks pjksa okyh lehdj.kksa osQ
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, (2)
,d ;qXe dks yhft,] tgk¡ a1, b1, a2, b2, c1 vkSj c2 esa ls izR;sd ,d okLrfod la[;k
gks_ rFkk a1, b1, a2 vkSj b2 esa lHkh ,d lkFk 'kwU; u gksaA
rhu fLFkfr;k¡ laHko gSa&
a1 b1
fLFkfr I & ≠
a2 b2

a1 b1 c
fLFkfr II& = = 1
a2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c
fLFkfr III& = ≠ 1
a2 b2 c2

2. mijksDr fLFkfr;ksa esa ls izR;sd osQ fy,] jSf[kd lehdj.k (1) vkSj (2) dks larq"V djus
okys ozQfer ;qXe izkIr dhft,A
3. lqfoèkktud eki dk ,d dkMZ cksMZ yhft, vkSj ml ij ,d vkys[k dkX+k”k fpidkb,A bl
vkys[k dkX+k”k ij ijLij nks yac js[kk,¡ X′OX vkSj YOY′ [khafp, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 1)A
pj.k 2 esa izkIr ozQfer ;qXeksa dks] fofHkUu vkys[k izkIr djus osQ fy,] fofHkUu dkrhZ; ryksa
esa vkysf[kr dhft, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 1] vko`Qfr 2 vkSj vko`Qfr 3)A
xf.kr 101
 vko`Qfr 1

vko`Qfr 2

102 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

 vko`Qfr 3

izn'kZu
fLFkfr I: gesa vko`Qfr 1 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj vkys[k izkIr gksrk gSA nksuksa js[kk,¡ ,d fcanq P ij
izfrPNsn djrh gSaA fcanq P(x,y) osQ funsZ'kkad jSf[kd lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) osQ ;qXe dk
,d vf}rh; gy iznku djrs gSaA
a1 b1
vr%, ≠ okys jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk ;qXe laxr gksrk gS rFkk bldk ,d vf}rh; gy
a2 b2
gksrk gSA
fLFkfr II: gesa vko`Qfr 2 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj vkys[k izkIr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ nksuksa js[kk,¡ laikrh gSaA
bl izdkj bl lehdj.k&;qXe osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSaA
a1 b1 c
vr%, = = 1 okys lehdj.kksa dk ;qXe Hkh laxr gksrk gS rFkk lkFk gh vkfJr gksrk gSA
a2 b2 c2

xf.kr 103
fLFkfr III: gesa vko`Qfr 3 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj vkys[k izkIr gksrk gSA nksuksa js[kk,¡ ijLij lekarj gSAa
a1 b1 c
lehdj.kksa osQ bl ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha gksrk vFkkZr~ = ≠ 1 okyh lehdj.kksa dk
a2 b2 c2
;qXe vlaxr gksrk gSA

iz{s k.k

1. a1 = __________, a2 = __________,

b1 = __________, b2 = __________,

c1 = __________, c2 = __________,
a1 b1 c1
vr%, a2 = ..................., b2 = ..................., c2 = ...................

fu"d"kZ
a1 b1 c1 gyksa dh
fLFkfr I, II ;k III js[kkvksa dk izdkj laxr@vlaxr@
b2 c2 la[;k
a2 vkfJr

vuqiz;ksx
laxrrk osQ izfrcaèk bldh tk¡p djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSa fd jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dk
dksbZ gy gS ;k ughaA
;fn gy ;k gyksa dk vfLrRo gS] rks buls ;g Kkr djus esa Hkh lgk;rk feyrh gS fd gy
vf}rh; gS ;k vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSaA
104 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk
fozQ;kdyki 4
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
,d f}?kkr lehdj.k (x2 + 4x = 60) dk iw.kZ gkMZ cksMZ] fpduk dkX+k”k] xksan] oSaQph]
oxZ cukdj T;kferh; :i ls gy Kkr djukA ekoZQj] lI+ksQn pkVZ isij] iVjh (:yj)A
jpuk dh fofèk
1. lqfoèkktud eki dk ,d gkMZ cksMZ yhft, vkSj ml ij ,d lI+ksQn pkVZ isij fpidkb,A
2. xqykch fpdus dkX+k”k ij x bdkbZ dh yackbZ okyh Hkqtk dk ,d oxZ [khafp, vkSj mls gkMZ
cksMZ ij fpidkb, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 1)A ,d ekoZQj dh lgk;rk ls bls 36 bdkbZ
(ek=kd) oxks± esa foHkkftr dhft,A
3. oxZ dh izR;sd Hkqtk osQ vuqfn'k ckgj dh vksj mlosQ lkFk] foekvksa x×1] vFkkZr~ 6×1
okys gjs fpdus dkX+k”k ij cuk vk;r fpidkb, rFkk izR;sd dks ekoZQj dh lgk;rk ls
bdkbZ oxks± esa foHkkftr dhft, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 1)A
4. ihys fpdus dkX+k”k ij] Hkqtk 1 bdkbZ okys pkj oxZ cukb, vkSj mUgsa dkVdj fudky
yhft, rFkk izR;sd bdkbZ oxZ dks vko`Qfr 1 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj izR;sd dksus ij fpidkb,A

vko`Qfr 1 vko`Qfr 2

xf.kr 105
 5. foekvksa 8×8 okyk ,d oxZ cukb, rFkk mijksDr 64 bdkbZ oxks± dks vko`Qfr 2 esa n'kkZ,
vuqlkj O;ofLFkr dhft,A

izn'kZu
1. izFke oxZ oqQy {ks=kiQy x2 + 4x + 4 fu:fir djrk gSA
2. nwljk oxZ oqQy 64 (vFkok 60 + 4) bdkbZ oxks± dks fu:fir djrk gSA
bl izdkj, x2 + 4x + 4 = 64
;k (x + 2)2 = (8)2 ;k (x + 2) = + 8
vFkkZr~ x = 6 ;k x = –10
D;ksafd x ,d oxZ dh yackbZ fu:fir djrk gS] blfy, bl fLFkfr esa] ge] x = –10 ugha
ys ldrs] ;|fi ;g Hkh ,d gy gSA

iz{s k.k
vusd f}?kkr lehdj.k yhft, rFkk tSlk mQij crk;k x;k gS oxZ cukb,] bUgsa gy dhft, rFkk
gy izkIr dhft,A

vuqiz;ksx
Lisl (varfj{k) esa fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa iz{ksfir fd, x, izs{ksiksa osQ ijoy; osQ vkdkj osQ iFkksa
dks le>us esa f}?kkr lehdj.k lgk;d jgrh gSaA

106 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

fozQ;kdyki 5
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
la[;kvksa dh oqQN nh gqbZ lwfp;ksa (iSVuks±) dkMZ cksMZ] lI+ksQn dkX+k”k] isu] isafly]
esa ls lekarj Jsf<+;ksa dks igpkuukA oSQa ph] oxk±fdr dkxt] xksna ] iVjh (:yj)A

jpuk dh fofèk
1. lqfoèkktud eki dk ,d dkMZ cksMZ yhft, vkSj ml ij ,d lI+ksQn dkX+k”k fpidkb,A
2. mi;qDr eki osQ nks oxk±fdr dkX+k”k yhft, rFkk mUgsa dkMZ cksMZ ij fpidkb,A
3. eku yhft, fd la[;kvksa dh lwfp;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa&
(i) 1, 2, 5, 9, ....... (ii) 1, 4, 7, 10, ......

vko`Qfr 1 vko`Qfr 2
xf.kr 107
 4. yackb;ksa 1, 2, 5, 9,.... bdkb;ksa okyh ifêð;k¡ cukb, vkSj yackb;ksa 1, 4, 7, 10,.... bdkb;ksa
okyh ifêð;k¡ cukb, rFkk izR;sd iêðh dh pkSM+kbZ ,d bdkbZ jf[k,A
5. yackb;ksa 1, 2, 5, 9,.... okyh ifêð;ksa dks vko`Qfr 1 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj fpidkb, rFkk
yackb;ksa 1, 4, 7, 10,.... okyh ifêð;ksa dks vko`Qfr 2 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj fpidkb,A

izn'kZu
1. vko`Qfr 1 esa] nks ozQekxr ifêð;ksa dh mQ¡pkb;ksa (yackb;ksa) dk varj ,d (,d:i) ugha
gSA vr%] ;g ,d AP ugha gSA
2. vko`Qfr 2 esa] nks ozQekxr ifêð;ksa dh mQ¡pkb;ksa (yackb;ksa) dk varj lnSo ,d gh
(,d:i) gSA vr%] ;g ,d AP gSA

iz{s k.k
vko`Qfr 1 esa] izFke nks ifêð;ksa dh mQ¡pkb;ksa dk varj = ________ gSA
nwljh vkSj rhljh ifêð;ksa dh mQ¡pkb;ksa dk varj = ________ gSA
rhljh vkSj pkSFkh ifêð;ksa dh mQ¡pkb;ksa dk varj = ________ gSA
varj _________________ gSA (,d:i @ ,d:i ugha)
vr%] la[;kvksa 1, 2, 5, 9 dh lwph ls ,d AP ___________ gSA (curh @ ugha curh)
blh izdkj osQ izs{k.k vko`Qfr 2 dh ifêð;ksa osQ fy, fyf[k,A
varj _________________ gSA (,d:i @ ,d:i ugha)
vr%] la[;kvksa 1, 4, 7, 10 dh lwph ls ,d AP____________ gSA (curh @ ugha curh)

vuqiz;ksx
bl fozQ;kdyki ls lekarj Js<+h dh voèkkj.kk dks
le>us esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA fVIi.kh
è;ku nhft, fd ;fn ifêð;ksa osQ mQijh fljksa
osQ ck,¡ dksuksa dks feyk,¡] rks AP dh
fLFkfr esa os ,d ljy js[kk esa gksxa As

108 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

fozQ;kdyki 6
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
izFke n izko`Qr la[;kvksa dk ;ksx Kkr djukA dkMZ cksMZ] jaxhu dkX+k”k] lI+ksQn dkX+k”k]
dVj] xksan] iVjh (:yj)A
jpuk dh fofèk
1. lqfoèkktud eki dk ,d vk;rkdkj dkMZ cksMZ yhft, rFkk ml ij ,d jaxhu dkX+k”k
fpidkb,A bl ij] yackbZ 11 bdkbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ 10 bdkbZ dk ,d vk;r ABCD
[khafp,A
2. bl vk;r dks vko`Qfr 1 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj bdkbZ oxks± esa foHkkftr dhft,A
3. mQij lcls ckb± vksj osQ dksus ls izkjaHk djrs gq,] 1 oxZ] 2 oxZ] bR;kfn esa jax Hkfj,]
tSlk fd vko`Qfr esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
izn'kZu
1. xqykch jax dk {ks=k lhf<+;ksa tSlk yxrk gSA
2. igyh lh<+h dh yackbZ 1 bdkbZ gS] nwljh lh<+h dh yackbZ 2 bdkbZ gS] rhljh lh<+h dh
yackbZ 3 bdkbZ gS] vkSj ,slk gh vkxs gksrk jgrk gSA 10oha lh<+h dh yackbZ 10 bdkbZ gSA

vko`Qfr 1
xf.kr 109
 3. bu yackb;ksa ls ,d iSVuZ (izfr:i) 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 10 izkIr gksrk gS tks ,d AP gSA
bldk izFke in 1 gS rFkk lkoZ varj 1 gSA
4. izFke nl inksa dk ;ksx
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... +10 = 55 (1)

1
Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy = (vk;r ABCD dk {ks=kiQy)
2

1
= × 10 × 11 , tks ogh gS tks mQij (1) esa izkIr gqvk gSA blls ;g iznf'kZr gksrk gS fd
2
1 1
izFke 10 izko`Qr la[;kvksa dk ;ksx ×10 ×11 = ×10 (10 + 1) gSA
2 2
bls izFke n izko`Qr la[;kvksa osQ ;ksx dks Kkr djus osQ fy,
1
Sn = n ( n + 1) osQ :i esa O;kiho`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA (2)
2

iz{s k.k
n = 4 osQ fy,] Sn = .............................. gSA
n = 12 osQ fy,] Sn = .............................. gSA
n = 50 osQ fy,] Sn = .............................. gSA
n = 100 osQ fy,] Sn = .............................. gSA

vuqiz;ksx
ifj.kke (2) dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr la[;k&lwfp;ksa osQ izFke n inksa osQ ;ksx dks Kkr djus esa
fd;k tk ldrk gS&
(i) 12, 22, 32, ...
(ii) 13, 23, 33, ...,
ftudk vki d{kk XI esa vè;;u djsaxsA
110 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk
fozQ;kdyki 7
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
izFke n fo"ke izko`Qr la[;kvksa dk ;ksx dkMZ cksMZ] FkeksZdksy dh xksfy;k¡] fiu]
Kkr djukA isafly] iVjh] xksan] lI+ksQn dkX+k”kA
jpuk dh fofèk
1. lqfoèkktud eki dk ,d dkMZ cksMZ yhft, vkSj ml ij ,d lI+ksQn dkX+k”k fpidkb,A
2. bl ij mi;qDr eki (10cm × 10cm) dk ,d oxZ [khafp,A
3. bl oxZ dks bdkbZ oxks± esa foHkkftr dhft,A
4. izR;sd oxZ esa ,d fiu dh lgk;rk ls FkeksZdksy dh ,d xksyh yxkb,] tSlk vko`Qfr 1
esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
5. bu xksfy;ksa ij vko`Qfr esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj ?ksjs yxkb,A

vko`Qfr 1
izn'kZu
mQij ls lcls nkb± vksj osQ dksus ls izkjaHk djrs gq,] igys ?ksjs esa xksfy;ksa dh la[;k (uhyk
jax) = 1 (=12) gS]
xf.kr 111
izFke nks ?ksjksa esa] xksfy;ksa dh la[;k = 1 + 3 = 4 (=22) gS]
izFke 3 ?ksjksa esa] xksfy;ksa dh la[;k = 1 + 3 + 5 = 9 (=32) gS]
................................................. ..................................
izFke 10 ?ksjksa esa xksfy;ksa dh la[;k = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 19 = 100 (=102) gSA blls izFke
10 fo"ke izko`Qr la[;kvksa dk ;ksx izkIr gksrk gSA bl ifj.kke dks izFke n fo"ke izko`Qr
la[;kvksa osQ ;ksx osQ fy,]
Sn = 1 + 3 +5 ......... + (2n – 1) = n2 (1)
osQ :i esa O;kiho`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iz{s k.k
(1) esa] n = 4 osQ fy,] Sn = ........................ gSA
(1) esa] n = 5 osQ fy,] Sn = ........................ gSA
(1) esa] n = 50 osQ fy,] Sn = ........................ gSA
(1) esa] n = 100 osQ fy,] Sn = ........................ gSA

vuqiz;ksx
;g fozQ;kdyki izFke n fo"ke izko`Qr la[;kvksa osQ ;ksx osQ fy, lw=k fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d gSA

112 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

fozQ;kdyki 8
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
izFke n le izko`Qr la[;kvksa dk ;ksx Kkr dkMZ cksMZ] FkeksZdksy dh xksfy;k¡] fiu]
djukA isafly] iVjh] lI+ksQn dkX+k”k] pkVZ isij]
xksanA
jpuk dh fofèk
1. lqfoèkktud eki dk ,d dkMZ cksMZ yhft, vkSj ml ij ,d lI+ksQn dkX+k”k fpidkb,A
2. bl ij mi;qDr eki (10 cm × 11 cm) dk ,d vk;r [khafp,A
3. bl vk;r dks bdkbZ oxks± esa foHkkftr dhft,A
4. izR;sd oxZ esa fiu dh lgk;rk ls FkeksZdksy dh ,d xksyh yxkb,] tSlk fd vko`Qfr 1
esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
5. xksfy;ksa ij vko`Qfr esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj ?ksjs yxkb,A

vko`Qfr 1

izn'kZu
mQij ls lcls ck,¡ dksus ls izkjaHk djrs gq,]
xf.kr 113
igys ?ksjs esa xksfy;ksa dh la[;k = 2 ( = 1 ×2) gS]
izFke nks ?ksjksa esa xksfy;ksa dh la[;k = 2 + 4 = 6 ( = 2 ×3) gS]
izFke rhu ?ksjksa esa] xksfy;ksa dh la[;k = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 ( = 3 ×4) gS]
................................................. .................................................
izFke 6 ?ksjksa esa] xksfy;ksa dh la[;k = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 = 42 (= 6 × 7) gS]
................................................. .................................................
izFke 10 ?ksjksa esa] xksfy;ksa dh la[;k = 2 +4 + 6 + 8 + ... + 20 = 110 (=10 × 11) gSA
blls izFke 10 le izko`Qr la[;kvksa dk ;ksx izkIr gksrk gSA
bldks izFke n le izko`Qr la[;kvksa osQ ;ksx osQ fy,]
Sn = 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2n = n × (n + 1) (1)
osQ :i esa O;kiho`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iz{s k.k
(1) esa] n = 4 osQ fy,] Sn = ........................ gSA
(1) esa] n = 7 osQ fy,] Sn = ........................ gSA
(1) esa] n = 40 osQ fy,] Sn = ........................ gSA
(1) esa] n = 70 osQ fy,] Sn = ........................ gSA
(1) esa] n = 100 osQ fy,] Sn = ........................ gSA

vuqiz;ksx
;g fØ;kdyki izFke n le izko`Qr la[;kvksa osQ ;ksx osQ fy, lw=k fu/kZj.k esa lgk;d gSA

114 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

fozQ;kdyki 9
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
fdlh lekarj Js<+h osQ izFke n inksa osQ dkMZ cksMZ] jaxhu Mªkabx'khV] lI+ksQn
;ksx osQ fy, ,d lw=k LFkkfir djukA dkX+k”k] dVj] xksan] iVjh (:yj)A
jpuk dh fofèk
1. lqfoèkktud eki dk ,d vk;rkdkj dkMZ cksMZ yhft, vkSj ml ij ,d lI+ksQn dkX+k”k
fpidkb,A bl ij yackbZ (2a+9d ) bdkbZ vkSj pkSMk+ bZ 10 bdkbZ dk ,d vk;r ABCD
[khafp,A
2. jaxhu Mªkbax 'khVksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] oqQN vk;rkdkj ifêð;k¡ yackbZ a bdkbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ
,d bdkbZ dh cukb, rFkk oqQN vk;rkdkj ifêð;k¡ yackbZ d bdkbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ ,d bdkbZ
dh cukb,A
3. bu ifêð;ksa dks vko`Qfr 1 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj vk;r ABCD ij O;ofLFkr dhft, @ fpidkb,A

vko`Qfr 1
izn'kZu
1. bl izdkj O;ofLFkr dh xbZ ifêð;k¡ lhf<+;ksa dh rjg fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA

xf.kr 115
 2. igyh lh<+h dh yackbZ a bdkbZ] nwljh lh<+h dh yackbZ a+d bdkbZ] rhljh dh yackbZ
a+2d bdkbZ] bR;kfn gS rFkk buesa ls izR;sd dh pkSM+kbZ 1 bdkbZ gSA vr%] bu lhf<+;ksa
osQ {ks=kiQy (oxZ bdkb;ksa esa) ozQe'k% a, a + d, a + 2d, ....., a+9d, gSaA
3. ifêð;ksa dh bl O;oLFkk ls ,d iSVuZ a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ... izkIr gksrk gS] tks
izFke in a vkSj lkoZ varj d okyh ,d AP gSA
4. bu ifêð;ksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk ;ksx (oxZ bdkb;ksa esa)
= a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ... + (a + 9d) = 10a + 45d (1)
1
5. lhf<+;ksa ls cus fM”kkbu dk {ks=kiQy = vk;r osQ 'ks"k Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy = (vk;r ABCD
2
1
dk {ks=kiQy) = (10)( 2a + 9d ) = 10a + 45d,
2
;g ogh gS] tks gesa mQij (1) esa izkIr gqvk gSA
blls ;g iznf'kZr gksrk gS fd AP osQ izFke 10 inksa dk ;ksx

=
1
2
1
[
(10)( 2a + 9d ) = (10) 2a + (10 – 1) d gSA
2
]
bls vkSj vkxs fdlh AP osQ izFke n inksa osQ ;ksx dks Sn =
n
2
[
2a + ( n – 1) d ] osQ :i
esa Kkr djus osQ fy, O;kiho`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iz{s k.k
okLrfod ekiu }kjk&
a = ---------, d = -----------, n = --------- Sn = ------------
n
vr%, Sn =  −−−−−− + (n – 1) −−−−−− 
2

vuqiz;ksx
bl ifj.kke dk iz;ksx] d{kk XI esa vè;;u dh tkus okyh fuEufyf[kr la[;k lwfp;ksa osQ izFke
n inksa osQ ;ksx dks Kkr djus esa fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1. 12, 22, 32, ... 2. 13, 23, 33, ...

116 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

fozQ;kdyki 10
mís'; vko';d lkexzh
vkys[kh; fofèk ls nwjh lw=k dk lR;kiu dkMZ cksMZ] pkVZ isij] vkys[k dkX+k”k]
djukA xksan] isu @ isafly vkSj iVjh (:yj)A
jpuk dh fofèk
1. lqfoèkktud eki osQ ,d dkMZ cksMZ ij ,d pkVZ isij fpidkb,A
2. bl pkVZ isij ij ,d vkys[k dkX+k”k fpidkb,A
3. vkys[k dkX+k”k ij v{k X′OX vkSj YOY′ [khafp, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 1)A
4. bl vkys[k dkX+k”k ij nks fcanq A(a, b) vkSj B(c, d) yhft, rFkk js[kk[kaM AB izkIr
djus osQ fy, bUgsa feykb, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 2)A

vko`Qfr 1

xf.kr 117
 vko`Qfr 2
izn'kZu
1. nwjh lw=k d = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2 dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] nwjh AB ifjdfyr dhft,A
2. ,d iVjh dh lgk;rk ls nksuksa fcanqvksa A vkSj B dh nwjh ekfi,A
3. nwjh lw=k ls ifjdfyr dh xbZ nwjh vkSj iVjh ls ekih xbZ nwjh ,d gh gSaA

iz{s k.k
1. fcanq A osQ funsZ'kkad ___________ gSaA
fcanq B osQ funsZ'kkad ___________ gSaA
2. nwjh lw=k osQ iz;ksx ls] nwjh AB ___________ gSA
3. iVjh ls ekih xbZ okLrfod nwjh AB ___________ gSA
4. pj.k 2 esa ifjdfyr nwjh rFkk pj.k 3 esa ekih xbZ okLrfod nwjh ________ gaSA

vuqiz;ksx
nwjh lw=k dk iz;ksx T;kfefr osQ vusd ifj.kkeksa dks fl¼ djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
118 iz;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk