Data Communication &

Computer Networking Unit I

(Introduction)
Swati
Asst. Professor, School of Computational Sciences
Faculty of Science & Technology
JSPM University Pune
 Data Communication: Introduction
• Data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties
creating and using the data.
• Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
• Effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental
characteristics:
• Delivery
• Accuracy
• Timeliness
• Jitter
 Effectiveness (contd.)
• Delivery. The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be
received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.
• Accuracy. The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered
in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
• Timeliness. The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late
are useless.
• Jitter. Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in
the delivery of audio or video packets.
 Components of data communication
• Five components of data communication:
• Message
• Sender
• Receiver
• Transmission medium
• Protocol
 Data Representation
• Text
• Numbers
• Images: Images are also represented by bit patterns. In its simplest form, an image
is composed of a matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small dot.
The size of the pixel depends on the resolution.
• Audio: Audio is by nature different from text, numbers, or images. It is continuous,
not discrete.
• Video: Video can either be produced as a continuous entity (e.g., by a TV camera),
or it can be a combination of images, each a discrete entity, arranged to convey the
idea of motion.
Data Flow
 Networks
• Types of connection:
• Point-to-point
• Multipoint
Categories of topology
 Topologies contd…

Star Topology Bus Topology

 Topologies contd…

Star Topology Bus Topology

 Switching Technologies
• Circuit Switching: Establish connectivity between source and destination.
• Dedicated coomunication path between two stations.
• Three phases of ckt switching: 1) Establish 2) Transfer 3) Disconnect
• Must have switching capacity and channel capacity to establish connection
• Must have intelligence to work out routing.
• Packet Switching: Source station divides the packets into small packet and
transmits to the destination station.
 Circuit Switching Approaches
1. Space-division Switch
2. Time-division Switch
3. Time-division multiplexing (TDM) Bus
4. Combinations
 Protocol Architecture
• The layered structure of H/W and S/W that supports the exchange of data
between systems.
• Supports distributed applications (Email, File transfer)
• Each layer provides some set of rules.
• Two widely used protocol architectures are:
• Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model
• Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)Architecturee
OSI Model Layers
• An open system is a model that allows any
two different systems to communicate
regardless of their underlying architecture
(hardware or software).
• The OSI model is not a protocol; it is model
for understanding and designing a network
architecture that is flexible, robust and
interoperable.
• The OSI model is a layered framework for
the design of network systems that allows
for communication across all types of
computer systems.
 Internet Architecture
• Internet is a structured, organized system.
• It started in 1969 and by 1973 TCP came into picture.
• Shortly thereafter, authorities made a decision to split TCP into two protocols:
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
• Internetworking Protocol (lP)
• IP would handle datagram routing while TCP would be responsible for higher-
level functions such as segmentation, reassembly, and error detection.
• The internetworking protocol became known as TCPIIP.
 Internet Today
• Most end users who want Internet
connection use the services of
Internet service providers (lSPs).
• There are international service
providers, national service
providers, regional service
providers, and local service
providers.
• The Internet today is run by private
companies, not the government. Figure: Hierarchial organization of the Internet
 Internet Architecture (Contd..)
• International Internet Service Providers:
• At the top of the hierarchy are the international service providers that connect nations together.
• National Internet Service Providers:
• The national Internet service providers are backbone networks created and maintained by
specialized companies.
• Tata communications, bharti airtel, reliance jio, etc.
• To provide connectivity between the end users, these backbone networks are connected by
complex switching stations (normally run by a third party) called network access points (NAPs)
• Some national ISP networks are also connected to one another by private switching stations called
peering points. These normally operate at a high data rate (up to 600 Mbps).
Internet Architecture (Contd..)

• Regional Internet Service Providers:

• Regional internet service providers or regional ISPs are smaller ISPs that are connected to one
or more national ISPs.
• They are at the third level of the hierarchy with a smaller data rate.
• Local Internet Service Providers:
• Local Internet service providers provide direct service to the end users.
• The local ISPs can be connected to regional ISPs or directly to national ISP
 Protocols
• A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is
communicated.
• The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and timing.
• Syntax: The term syntax refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the order in which
they are presented. For example, a simple protocol might expect the first 8 bits of data to be the
address of the sender, the second 8 bits to be the addressof the receiver, and the rest of the
stream to be the message itself.
• Semantics: The word semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits. How is a particular
pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to be taken based on that interpretation? For example,
does an address identify the route to be taken or the final destination of the message?
• Timing. The term timing refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast they
can be sent. For example, if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver can process data
at only 1 Mbps, the transmission will overload the receiver and some data will be lost.
 Standards
• Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for
equipment manufacturers and in guaranteeing national and international interoperability of
data and telecommunications technology and processes.
• Standards are developed through the cooperation of standards creation committees, forums,
and government regulatory agencies.
• Standards Creation Committees:
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
• International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T).
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
• Internet Standards is a thoroughly tested specification that is useful to and adhered to by
those who work with the Internet.
• Upon recommendation from the Internet authorities, a draft may be published as a Request for
Comment (RFC).
• Each RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available to all interested parties. RFCs go through
maturity levels and are categorized according to their requirement level.
 Network Models (OSI)
• Organization of the layers: 7 layers of OSI models can be thought of as three
subgroups.
• Group 1: Physical, data link and network (Layers 1,2,3) : Network support layers,
they deal with the physical aspects of moving data from one device to another,
(such as electrical specifications, physical connections, physical addressing, and
transport timing and reliability).
• Group 2: Session, presentation and application (Layers 5,6,7): the user support
layers; they allow interoperability among unrelated software systems.
• Group 3: Transport Layer (Layer 4): Links the two subgroups and ensures that what
the lower layers have transmitted is in a form that the upper layers can use.
Interaction between layers in the OSI model
• Peer – to - Peer Process:
Between machines, layer x on
one machine communicates
with layer x on another
machine, by using a protocol
(this is Peer-to-Peer Process).
• Communication between
machines is therefore a peer-
to-peer process using
protocols appropriate to a
given layer.
 1. Physical Layer
• The physical layer coordinates the functions
required to carry a bit stream over a physical
medium. It deals with the mechanical and
electrical specifications of the interface and
transmission medium.
• The physical layer is also concerned with the
following:
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium.
• Representation of bits.
• Data rate.
• Synchronization of bits.
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode.
2. Data Link Layer

• The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link.
• responsibilities of the data link layer:
• Framing: The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into manageable
data units called frames.
• Physical addressing: the data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver
of the frame.
• Flow control: The flow rate of sender and receiver should match to avoid overwhelming the receiver.
• Error control: Error control is normally achieved through a trailer added to the end of the frame.
• Access control: Which device has control over the link at any given time is determined by the protocol
of data link layer.