Download the full version of the ebook at

https://ebookmass.com

Sheep, Goat, and Cervid Medicine 3rd Edition

D.G. Pugh

https://ebookmass.com/product/sheep-goat-and-
cervid-medicine-3rd-edition-d-g-pugh/

Explore and download more ebook at https://ebookmass.com

 Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

Goat Medicine, 2nd Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/goat-medicine-2nd-edition/

testbankdeal.com

Veterinary medicine a textbook of the diseases of cattle,

horses, sheep, pigs, and goats Volumes 1 + 2 11th Edition
Peter D. Constable
https://ebookmass.com/product/veterinary-medicine-a-textbook-of-the-
diseases-of-cattle-horses-sheep-pigs-and-goats-volumes-1-2-11th-
edition-peter-d-constable/
testbankdeal.com

Reichman’s Emergency Medicine Procedures 3rd Edition

Edition Eric F. Reichman

https://ebookmass.com/product/reichmans-emergency-medicine-
procedures-3rd-edition-edition-eric-f-reichman/

testbankdeal.com

Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Medicine, 3rd Edition

Daniel Furmedge

https://ebookmass.com/product/oxford-assess-and-progress-clinical-
medicine-3rd-edition-daniel-furmedge/

testbankdeal.com
The Invisibility Bargain: Governance Networks and Migrant
Human Security 1st Edition Jeffrey D. Pugh

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-invisibility-bargain-governance-
networks-and-migrant-human-security-1st-edition-jeffrey-d-pugh/

testbankdeal.com

Principles and Practice of Pain Medicine 3rd Edition Carol

A. Warfield

https://ebookmass.com/product/principles-and-practice-of-pain-
medicine-3rd-edition-carol-a-warfield/

testbankdeal.com

Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Medicine 3rd Edition

Manoj Sivan

https://ebookmass.com/product/oxford-handbook-of-rehabilitation-
medicine-3rd-edition-manoj-sivan/

testbankdeal.com

Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Medicine 3rd Edition

Manoj Sivan

https://ebookmass.com/product/oxford-handbook-of-rehabilitation-
medicine-3rd-edition-manoj-sivan-2/

testbankdeal.com

Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Medicine 3rd Edition

Edition Ian Baguley

https://ebookmass.com/product/oxford-handbook-of-rehabilitation-
medicine-3rd-edition-edition-ian-baguley/

testbankdeal.com
VetBooks.ir
VetBooks.ir

Any screen.
Any time.
Anywhere.
Activate the eBook version
of this title at no additional charge.

Expert Consult eBooks give you the power to browse and find content,
view enhanced images, share notes and highlights—both online and offline.

Unlock your eBook today.

1 Visit expertconsult.inkling.com/redeem Scan this QR code to redeem your
eBook through your mobile device:
2 Scratch off your code
3 Type code into “Enter Code” box

4 Click “Redeem”
5 Log in or Sign up
6 Go to “My Library”
Place Peel Off
It’s that easy! Sticker Here

For technical assistance:

email [email protected]
call 1-800-401-9962 (inside the US)
call +1-314-447-8200 (outside the US)
Use of the current edition of the electronic version of this book (eBook) is subject to the terms of the nontransferable, limited license granted on
expertconsult.inkling.com. Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book,
at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means.
2015v1.0
VetBooks.ir

Sheep, Goat, and

Cervid Medicine
VetBooks.ir
 Sheep, Goat, and
VetBooks.ir

Cervid Medicine

THIRD EDITION

Editors

David G. Pugh, BSA, DVM, MS, MAG,

DACT, DACVN, DACVM
Owner
Large Animal Medicine
Southern Traxx Veterinary Services
Waverly, Alabama, United States

A. N. Baird, DVM, MS, DACVS

Professor of Surgery, Large Animal Chief-of-Staff
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana, United States

Misty A. Edmondson, DVM, MS, DACT

Associate State Veterinarian
Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries
Montgomery, Alabama, United States

Thomas Passler, DVM, PhD, DACVIM

Associate Professor
Department of Clinical Sciences
Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine
Auburn, Alabama, United States

With 249 illustrations

Edinburgh London New York Oxford

Philadelphia St Louis Sydney 2021
 © 2021, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First edition 2002
Second edition 2012
VetBooks.ir

SHEEP, GOAT, AND CERVID MEDICINE, THIRD EDITION  ISBN: 978-0-323-62463-3

Copyright © 2021 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies, and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).

Notice

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances
in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be
made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors, or con-
tributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence
or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in
the material herein.

Cover photos of goats and sheep courtesy of Kim Benson

ISBN: 978-0-323-62463-3

Content Strategist: Jennifer Catando

Content Development Specialist: Kim Benson
Project Manager: Manchu Mohan
Design: Brian Salisbury
Marketing Manager: Bergen Farthing

Printed in China

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

 For my parents, Terry and the late Jack Pugh, who taught Helen, Joel, and me
to love the Lord, work hard, and try our best.
VetBooks.ir

For my wife, partner, and best friend, Ms. Jayne Moore Pugh, who taught our
three children the same ideas for life.
For our three wonderful children, Rebekah, Natalie, and Dylan, their spouses,
Brent, Aaron, and Chasity, and our four grandchildren, Ella, Eli, Layne, and Leah,
all of whom we are so very proud.
For the Lord, who has given me a multitude of blessings.
Keep the faith.
David G. Pugh

To the memory of my parents Aubrey and Arline, who taught me to always give
my best and that with opportunity comes responsibility. I hope they would be proud.
To Debra, my love and my life, who graciously agreed to sacrifice time while I tackled
another book.
To our children, Taylor (Purdue DVM 2021), Tanner (Casper College 2017, Fightin’
Texas Aggie 2019), and Kaycee (TBD 2024), who have given us many great memories
and the hope of many more to come.
Thank you to my great friend of over 30 years, David Pugh, for inviting me to
participate in this project and his never-ending work to make this book the best
it could be.
And thanks to God, through which all this is possible.
A. N. Baird

To my parents, Barbara Fechner and the late Hans Passler, for their love and emotional,
moral, and financial support. They instilled in me the work ethic, perseverance, and
desire to succeed in all tasks large or small.
To my wife Nicole and son William. It is their love and smiles that I look forward
to when I come home every day. I would be lost without you and appreciate your
support of the extracurricular activities in my career!
And to my host family, Roger, Peggy, Nathan, Nick, and Nora Borgmeyer
and their respective spouses and children, who have always treated me like their
own and have fostered my desire to become a veterinarian. They successfully turned
a city slicker into a country boy!
Thomas Passler

To my parents, John and Priscilla Abrams, who taught me, John,

and Kristy the importance of family, the value of hard work, and to always
do our best in everything.
To my husband, Jason, for always pushing me to follow my dreams
and for giving me mine.
To our two amazing children, Wyatt and Laken, who make everything worthwhile.
We are so proud of you both and thank God for you every day.
To my teacher, mentor and friend, David Pugh, for all of the wonderful veterinary
and life lessons and for all of the fun along the way. Thank you for all that you have
done to help me. I will be forever grateful and will always Keep the Faith.
Misty A. Edmondson
VetBooks.ir
 List of Contributors
VetBooks.ir

The editors would like to acknowledge and offer grateful thanks for the input of all previous edition contributors, without whom this
new edition would not have been possible.

A. N. Baird, DVM, MS, DACVS Professor

Professor of Surgery, Large Animal Chief-of-Staff American Institute for Goat Research
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Langston University, Langston
Purdue University, West Lafayette Oklahoma
Indiana United States
United States
Misty A. Edmondson, DVM, MS, DACT
Jenna E. Bayne, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (LA) Associate State Veterinarian
Clinical Assistant Professor Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries,
Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Montgomery
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames Alabama
Iowa United States
United States
Virginia R. Fajt, DVM, PhD
Kenneth R. Brown, JD, DVM Clinical Professor
Program Director Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology
Veterinary Services Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine
Rural Veterinary Outreach, Bell and Biomedical Sciences, College Station
Florida Texas
United States United States

Chris Cebra, VMD, MA, MS, DACVIM Eric J. Fish, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Department Chair, Clinical Sciences Clinical Pathologist
Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State IDEXX Laboratories
University, Corvallis Westbrook
Oregon Maine
United States United States

Margaret Cebra, VMD, DACVIM Nar Kaji Gurung, PhD, PAS, DACAN
Corvallis Associate Professor
Oregon Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
United States Tuskegee University, Tuskegee
Alabama
Manuel F. Chamorro, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM United States
Assistant Professor Affiliate Professor
Department of Clinical Sciences Department of Animal Sciences
Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn Auburn University, Auburn
Alabama Alabama
United States United States

Lionel J. Dawson, BVSc, MS, DACT Meredyth Jones, DVM, MS, DACVIM
Professor Associate Professor, Food Animal Medicine and Surgery
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Large Animal Clinical Sciences
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
Oklahoma Oklahoma
United States United States

vii
 Visit https://ebookmass.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks and enjoy
exciting offers!
 viii Contributors

President David G. Pugh, BSA, DVM, MS, MAG, DACT, DACVN,

Large Animal Consulting & Education, Perkins DACVM
Oklahoma Owner
VetBooks.ir

United States Large Animal Medicine

Southern Traxx Veterinary Services, Waverly
Richard J. McMullen Jr., DVM, DACVO, DECVO Alabama
Associate Professor United States
Department of Clinical Sciences
Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn Emily Reppert, DVM, MS, DACVIM
Alabama Assistant Professor
United States Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Kansas State University College of Veterinary
Matt Miesner, DVM, MS, DACVIM (LAIM) Medicine, Manhattan
Associate Clinical Professor Kansas
Veterinary Clinical Sciences United States
Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan
Kansas Jessica Rush, DVM, MS, DACT
United States Assistant Professor
Department of Clinical Sciences
Roger Merkel, BS, MS, PhD Food & Fiber Animal Services, J.T. Vaughan Large Animal
American Institute for Goat Research Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine
Langston University, Langston Auburn University, Auburn
Oklahoma Alabama
United States United States

Benjamin W. Newcomer, DVM, PhD, DACVPM Clifford F. Shipley, DVM, DACT

(Epidemiology), DACVIM, DABT Associate Clinical Professor Emeritus
Associate Professor Veterinary Clinical Medicine
Department of Clinical Sciences University of Illinois, Urbana
Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn Illinois
Alabama United States
United States
Lindsay A. Starkey, DVM, PhD, DACVM (Parasit)
Daniel K. Newhard†, DVM Assistant Professor
Cardiology Resident Pathobiology
Department of Clinical Sciences Auburn University, Auburn
Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn Alabama
Alabama United States
United States
Kelly M. Still Brooks, DVM, MPH, DACVPM,
Thomas Passler, DVM, PhD, DACVIM DABVP-Food Animal
Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Clinical Sciences Dairy and Livestock Production Medicine
Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn Colorado State University, Fort Collins
Alabama Colorado
United States United States

Paul J. Plummer, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DECSRHM Jenna Workman Stockler, BS, DVM
Executive Director Graduate Teaching Assistant
National Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Clinical Sciences
Education, Ames Auburn University, Auburn
Iowa Alabama
United States United States

Jenny Pope, DVM, DACVP Ricardo M. Stockler, DVM, MS, DABVP Dairy Practice
Veterinary Pathologist Assistant Clinical Professor of Farm Animal Ambulatory
Thompson-Bishop-Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory Clinical Sciences
Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Auburn Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn
Alabama Alabama
United States United States

†
Deceased
 Contributors ix

Sandra D. Taylor, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Paul H. Walz, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM
Associate Professor Professor
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department of Pathobiology
VetBooks.ir

Purdue University, West Lafayette Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn
Indiana Alabama
United States United States

Heather Walz, DVM, PhD, DACVP Ann B. Weil, MS, DVM, DACVAA
Veterinary Pathologist Clinical Professor of Veterinary Anesthesiology
Thompson-Bishop-Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Auburn Purdue University, West Lafayette
Alabama Indiana
United States United States
 Preface
VetBooks.ir

The first edition of Sheep and Goat Medicine was published in Chapters 7, 9, 13, 14, and 17 (Diseases of the Respiratory System,
2002, with me as the only editor and primary author. The second Diseases of the Endocrine System, Diseases of the Neurologic
edition, published in 2012, was improved over the first edition by System, Diseases of the Eye, and Diseases of the Cardiovascular
asking Dr. Baird to also be an editor. His work helped the content System, respectively); and I oversaw Chapters 1, 2, 6, 19, 20,
tremendously. In this, the third edition of the book Sheep and Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 (Physical Examination, Handling,
Goat Medicine, we have added Cervid and changed the name to and Restraint of Sheet, Goats, and Cervids, Goats, and Cervids,
Sheep, Goat, and Cervid Medicine. This new rendition, with the Feeding and Nutrition, Internal Parasites of Sheep, Goats, and
addition of cervids (deer, elk, etc.), came about by way of a phone Cervids, Herd and Flock Health, Field Necropsy and Diagnostic
conversation in 2015 with Dr. Baird, when I asked him, “If Tests, Commonly Used Drugs and Vetrinary Feed Directive in
Elsevier asks us to re-edit/write ‘The Book’ again, how would you Sheep, Goats, and Cervids, and Reference Intervals and Conver-
change it?” He said, “Add deer and other cervids, as farm raising sions). The authors were charged with re-writing where needed,
those critters is becoming a big industry here in the Midwest updating all information, and adding cervids to each chapter and
(USA).” Great recommendation! I had an interest in cervids, as the appendices. In addition to the editors, we asked Dr. Cliff
part of my MS degree dealt with mercury toxicity in WTD Shipley (2017 ACT (American College of Theriogenologists) The-
(White Tailed Deer), but I remained very limited in my cervid riogenologist of the Year, Professor of the University of Illinois, and
knowledge base. I also had a difficult time finding readily acces- noted small ruminant veterinarian) to help us add some of the deer
sible information that could help me with cervid medicine for our and other cervid information to Chapters 1, 4, 8, 10, 11, and 19,
university practice. In late 2016, Ms. Jennifer Flynn-Briggs, of and he did a great job. Dr. Kelley Steury, a diagnostic specialist at
Elsevier, contacted me about editing/writing a new edition of the the Al State Diagnostic Laboratory, found many of the figures used
book. We discussed the addition of cervids and settled on the term in multiple chapters, mainly of white-tailed deer. We have added
“Cervid Medicine,” as the book Nutrient Requirements of Small new authors and/or co-authors to all chapters except Chapters 3
Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids (2007), and 13. Chapter 20 (Necropsy) was added to the second edition,
NAS/NRC had set the precedence to use that term to encompass written by Dr. John Roberts (Auburn University), and was an ex-
many of the “cervidae” family that may be encountered by prac- cellent tool for use on necropsy in sheep and goats. In this third
ticing veterinarians. Once they agreed to that change, I told the edition, Drs. Heather Walz and Jenny Pope covered necropsy on
folks at Elsevier I would only take on the task if Dr. Baird would sheep and goats very well and aimed much of the new material and
reprise his role from the second edition, and if we could add two many of the figures toward cervid and field necropsy. In a very far-
other exceptional large-animal veterinarians as editors, Drs. Misty sighted and novel move, Drs. Walz and Pope wrote their chapter
Edmondson (Professor of Large Animal Medicine, Auburn Uni- with the potential use of all the editions. We added many very
versity) and Thomas Passler (Associate Professor and Food Animal knowledgeable and experienced clinicians. I have always had a
Medicine Section Chief ). Like Dr. Baird, both Drs. Edmondson (bad?) habit of wanting to learn from new folks, and the authors.
and Passler had superbly written chapters in the second edition of I am very blessed to have been able to work with three awesome
this book. Both these clinicians, like Dr. Baird, had a wealth of and very talented editors. The book would not have happened if it
small ruminant knowledge and experience. Dr. Passler’s PhD was were not for Drs. Baird, Edmondson, and Passler. They all are such
in virology of white-tailed deer, and Dr. Edmondson had been a a credit to the veterinary profession, and it was a joy to be able to
food animal clinician at Auburn University’s CVM (College of watch, read, and learn from them. I was able to read the entire book
Veterinary Medicine) from 2004 to 2018 and she had assumed after all authors, then editors, had finished each chapter. I learned
the role as the predominant small ruminant veterinarian much of so much, and hope all the readers/users of this book do, as well.
that time. Thankfully, the folks from Elsevier agreed. We formatted Finally, I would be remiss if I didn’t mention several clinicians
the editing process, where each editor would plan, pick new authors who, either directly or indirectly, contributed to this undertaking.
where needed, oversee the writing, and edit the final version of Dr. Christine Navarre (chapter author in the first two editions);
certain chapters. Dr. Baird oversaw Chapters 3, 4, 10, 11, and 18 the late Drs. Bob Carson, Alan Heath, and Tom Powe; and
(Fluid Therapy and Parenteral Nutrition, Oral-Esophageal Diseases, Drs. Dwight Wolfe, Darrel Rankins, Jim Wenzel, Gatz Riddel,
Diseases of the Integumentary System, Diseases of the Musculosk- Debra Taylor, Julie Gard, and Hui-Chu Lin all had a great and
eletal System, and Anesthetic and Pain Management, respec- positive influence on the all three editions of this book.
tively) and contributed to the surgery sections for each chapter;
Dr. Edmondson oversaw Chapters 5, 8, 12, 15, and 16 (Diseases Keep the Faith
of the Gastrointestinal System, Theriogenology of Sheep, Goats, and David G. Pugh, BSA, DVM, MS, MAG,
Cervids, Diseases of the Urinary System, Diseases of the Mammary DACT, DACVN, DACVM
Gland, Diseases of the Hematologic, Immunologic, and Lymphatic Southern Traxx Veterinary Services
Systems [Multisystem Diseases], respectively); Dr. Passler oversaw Waverly, AL 36879
x
 Contents
VetBooks.ir

1 Physical Examination, Handling, and Restraint 14 Diseases of the Eye, 349

of Sheep, Goats, and Cervids, 1 Richard J. McMullen Jr. and Thomas Passler
Ricardo M. Stockler, Jenna Workman Stockler, Clifford F.
15 Diseases of the Mammary Gland, 385
Shipley, and David G. Pugh
Paul J. Plummer, Kelly M. Still Brooks, and Misty A.
2 Feeding and Nutrition, 15 Edmondson
Nar Kaji Gurung, Jessica Rush, and David G. Pugh
16 Diseases of the Hematologic, Immunologic,
3 Fluid Therapy and Parenteral Nutrition, 45 and Lymphatic Systems (Multisystem
Sandra D. Taylor and A. N. Baird Diseases), 405
Benjamin W. Newcomer, Chris Cebra, Manuel F.
4 Oral-Esophageal Diseases, 51
Chamorro, Emily Reppert, Margaret Cebra, and Misty A.
A. N. Baird and Clifford F. Shipley
Edmondson
5 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System, 63
17 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System, 439
Jenna E. Bayne and Misty A. Edmondson
Daniel K. Newhard, Jenna E. Bayne, and Thomas Passler
6 Internal Parasites of Sheep, Goats,
18 Anesthetic and Pain Management, 461
and Cervids, 97
Ann B. Weil and A. N. Baird
Lindsay A. Starkey and David G. Pugh
19 Herd and Flock Health, 479
7 Diseases of the Respiratory System, 119
Lionel J. Dawson, Clifford F. Shipley, Roger Merkel,
Paul J. Plummer, Kelly M. Still Brooks, and Jenna E. Bayne
and David G. Pugh
8 Theriogenology of Sheep, Goats,
20 Field Necropsy and Diagnostic Tests, 499
and Cervids, 141
Heather Walz, Jenny Pope, and David G. Pugh
Misty A. Edmondson and Clifford F. Shipley
9 Diseases of the Endocrine System, 209
Benjamin W. Newcomer and Manuel F. Chamorro
Appendix 1 C
 ommonly Used Drugs and Veterinary Feed
10 Diseases of the Integumentary System, 221 Directive in Sheep, Goats, and Cervids, 517
A. N. Baird and Clifford F. Shipley Virginia R. Fajt, Kenneth R. Brown,
and David G. Pugh
11 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System, 251
A. N. Baird and Clifford F. Shipley Appendix 2 Reference Intervals and Conversions, 539
Eric J. Fish and David G. Pugh
12 Diseases of the Urinary System, 281
Meredyth Jones, Matt Miesner, and Misty A. Edmondson Index, 545
13 Diseases of the Neurologic System, 311
Thomas Passler and Paul H. Walz

xi
VetBooks.ir
 1
VetBooks.ir

Physical Examination,
Handling, and Restraint of
Sheep, Goats, and Cervids
RICARDO M. STOCKLER, JENNA WORKMAN STOCKLER,
CLIFFORD F. SHIPLEY, AND DAVID G. PUGH

Introduction Visual Examination

In general, there are three parts to any physical examination: Initial evaluation of the group or individual is critical; at this time
history, distance examination, and the actual “hands-on” system- the practitioner has the ability to appreciate individual animal or
atic examination. This three-part approach is true for individual group behavior and interaction in their natural environment.
patients and for a herd or flock evaluation. Small ruminants (sheep, goats, and cervidae) are prey animals by
A systematic method allows the practitioner to assess all body nature and want to remain with the group even if they are sick.
systems in an organized and comprehensive manner. The develop- The veterinarian should be suspect of those animals that segregate
ment of a problem list and their localization to a body system in themselves, do not interact as usual (pets), or are physically unable
conjunction with a thorough history and understanding of the to ambulate. It should not be assumed that all animals within the
patient`s husbandry and the farm management practices will un- herd or flock are well just because the individual patient appears
doubtedly offer enough evidence for the practitioner to create a to be keeping up with the rest of the group.
list of acceptable differential diagnoses. All of the aforementioned Visual examination allows the veterinarian to observe any of
(history, physical examination, and farm management practices) the following: abnormal respiratory pattern, the presence of ocu-
will lead to a diagnosis, the institution of a treatment plan, and lar or nasal discharge, lethargy, active diarrhea or a stained peri-
improvement of the herd or flock management practices. neal area, rumen tympany, rumination activity via cud chewing,
lameness, swollen joints, and submandibular edema (“bottle
History jaw”). Further assessments can be made related to body condition
score, conformation, and mental status. Mentation and neuro-
Questioning the owner or farmhand for basic information such as logical assessment/clinical signs not limited to depression, head
breed, age, sex, production level, and purpose (pet, wool, leather, pressing, opisthotonos, strabismus, and circling (see Chapter 13)
meat, milk, antler size, etc.) is imperative. Medical history includ- are syndromes commonly noted in small ruminants with many
ing when the perceived problem started, initial signs and symp- disease processes.
toms, duration of the current disease, core vaccination history, as Body condition scoring of both the herd or flock and the indi-
well as reproduction and production status are critical questions vidual animal is a great tool to prompt more attention to on-farm
to ascertain the answers to. On-farm treatment details regarding problems, such as inappropriate dietary management and internal
antimicrobials administered, amount and route of administration, parasitism. Both distance examination and hands-on palpation are
and response to therapy are important moving forward with the necessary for complete body condition scoring (BCS) of the herd
treatment of the disease. The authors realize owner experience and or flock (Table 1.1; see Chapter 19). Cervids are often scored
ability to provide specific details vary significantly from farm to similar to sheep and goats but, to the authors’ knowledge, no of-
farm, however, any information gathered is known to be relevant ficial BCS system has been proposed or accepted for white-tailed
and should be taken into consideration. Questions regarding deer or mule deer. A score from 1 to 5 is also used, taking into
housing and detailed dietary routine are also important aspects to consideration overall appearance, fat deposits over the ribs, hook
consider in any individual clinical case. When assessing a herd or and pin bones and over-the-chest area (Table 1.1). Using a scoring
flock problem, full understanding of overall husbandry (housing, system similar to sheep would be acceptable assuming that the
feeding, animal movement, population density, etc.), as well as parameters are clearly defined. A cervid’s hair coat will usually not
herd health information (see Chapter 19) are imperative and will hide body condition to a great extent, so a practiced eye should be
further guide the veterinarian towards a solid diagnosis. able to determine with some accuracy a BCS for the individual

1
 2 CHAPTER 1 Physical Examination, Handling, and Restraint of Sheep, Goats, and Cervids

TABLE
1.1 Body Condition Scoring of Sheep, Goats, and Cervids.
VetBooks.ir

Fat Cover Over

Body Condition Score Spinous Processes Transverse Processes Loin Eye Muscle Loin Eye Muscle
Score 1 Sharp and prominent Sharp Shallow None
Score 2 Sharp and prominent Smooth, slightly rounded Medium depth Little
Score 3 Smooth and rounded Smooth, well covered Full Medium
Score 4 Palpable as firm line with pressure Not palpable Full Thick
Score 5 Not palpable Not palpable Very full Very thick

• Fig. 1.1
Distance observation as an assessment of overall health of the flock/herd. Body condition scoring
and disposition of the individuals are evaluated during this time.

animal as well as for the herd. An attentive observer may identify Head and Neck Examination
additional sick animals that may have initially been overlooked by
the owner/producer (Figure 1.1). Objectives:
Farmed cervids may also have rough hair coats from “barber- 1. Symmetry
ing.” This is a condition that may occur when one or more 2. Skin condition
animals eat/chew/pick at others’ hair. It may manifest itself as one 3. Oral and ocular examination
or all animals in a group. Careful observation of the pattern and Evaluation of symmetry of the head, neck, ears, eyes, and
frequency of the hair loss will lead to a proper diagnosis. Hair is muzzle is important as potential abnormalities due to congenital
broken or pulled out and there is no itch involved. The cervids defects, trauma, or neurological disease may be diagnosed. Swell-
also cannot pull hair where they can’t reach (head if self-inflicted) ing under the chin is frequently consistent with submandibular
or where they resist such activity from others. edema, often associated with hypoproteinemia associated with
Once the thorough history is gathered and a focused observa- protein-losing enteropathy due to heavy parasitism. Masses that
tion performed, the clinician than proceeds to the medical lead to abscessation and are adjacent to a peripheral lymph node,
systematic “hands-on” physical examination. submandibular or pre-scapular may be linked to Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis infection. Swelling at the level of the larynx may
Systematic Physical Examination be an indication of goiter caused by an enlarged thyroid gland
(see Chapter 9). Horns and wattles should also be evaluated as
Several approaches may be taken to accomplish this step. Consis- they are normal structures in many breeds. A central whorl of hair
tency in execution of the examination makes it extremely doubt- is usually found in polled goat breeds, whereas horned breeds may
ful the practitioner will overlook any system. Having knowledge have palpable horn buds with overlying whorls of hair. Wattles
of the normal physiological parameters is imperative. Table 1.2 can be present in both males and females.
shows a comprehensive summary of values the practitioners is Overall skin and hair or wool condition must be evaluated. Alo-
expected to remember. pecia, the presence of ectoparasites (lice, mites, and ticks), dermatitis
For biosecurity purposes, the veterinarian and assistant(s) must (see Chapter 10), and location of the lesions assist the veterinarian
always wear gloves and protective clothing when handling ani- in making a diagnosis and guiding further diagnostic testing. Pres-
mals. Human protection against zoonotic pathogens and the ence of crusting or vesicular lesions at the mucocutaneous junctions
transmission of communicable diseases between cohorts of of the face are often a sign of contagious ecthyma, a zoonotic disease.
animals and between farms must be conveyed to assistants and Oral examination is conducted with the help of a flashlight and
instituted by the attending veterinarian. speculum; in some cases sedation may be warranted. Evaluating for
 CHAPTER 1 Physical Examination, Handling, and Restraint of Sheep, Goats, and Cervids 3

TABLE
1.2 Normal Physiological Parameters of Sheep and Goats.
VetBooks.ir

Parameter Sheep Lambs Goats Kids Cervidsa

Rectal temperature (°F) 102–103.5 102.5–104 100.5–103.5 102–104 99–106
Rectal temperature (°C) 39–39.7 39.5–40 38–39.7 39.5–40 37.5–41.6
Pulse (beats per minute) 70–80 80–130 70–90 90–150 85–225
Respiration (breaths per minute) 12–20 20–40 15–30 20–40 16–20
Rumen contraction rate 1–2 – 1–2 – 1–3
(per minute)
Puberty (months) 5–12 – 4–12 – 6–16
Estrus (hours) 36 – 12–24 – 24
Estrus cycle (days) 16–17 – 18–23 – 17–22
a
In cervids, the physiological parameters vary greatly depending on environmental factors and the circumstances of those parameters, e.g., during sedation or anesthesia.

structural abnormalities (e.g., presence of cleft palate), teeth condi- TABLE Estimating Age of Sheep, Goats, and Cervids
tion, presence of prognathism and brachygnathism, and mucosal 1.3 by Teeth Eruption.
lesions such as vesicles or ulcerations is easily achieved during the
Estimating Age of Estimating Age of Cervids
examination. The presence of a foul oral odor could be an indica-
Sheep and Goats Using Using the Premolar and
tion of disease associated with the oral cavity, gastrointestinal
the Incisors (I) Molar Eruptionsa
system (specifically the rumen), or respiratory tract. Teeth eruption
and wear patterns can be easily used to estimate the age of sheep Deciduous Eruption Age Fawn–6 months old
and goats (Table 1.3, Figure 1.2). Conversely, cervidae are mostly
I1 Birth–1 week Five or fewer teeth present and the
aged via eruption and wear of the premolars and molars. Typically, third premolar (tooth 3) has three
eruption of premolars starts at 1.5 years wear and full eruption and cusps
wear of molars occurs by 3.5 years. Wear is then evaluated until all
premolars and molars reach the gum line at approximately 10 years I2 1–2 weeks 1½ years of age
of age and various wear patterns of the cusp and dentine help to I3 2–3 weeks Tooth 3 (third premolar) has three
determine the age of the animal (Table 1.3). cusps. Tooth 6 has erupted and
Detailed aging information is available from most wildlife and is slightly visible just above the
hunting agencies. The most accurate way to determine age is to gum line
submit to a laboratory for examination of annular rings. I4 3–4 weeks 2½ years of age
The use of this method to age the animal becomes less accurate
once all of the permanent incisors have erupted and are in wear. Permanent Lingual crest on all molars are sharp
Abnormal wear patterns or poor dentition (loose teeth, absence of and pointed. Tooth 3 now has two
teeth, and tooth root abscess) may be contributors to a chronic cusps. Back cusp of tooth 6 is
sharp and pointed
weight loss complaint, especially in situations of competition for
food (see Chapter 4). I1 1–1.5 years 4½ years of age
The assessment of hydration status and FAMACHA scoring is I2 1.5–2 years Lingual crest on tooth 4 rounded off,
accomplished during the ocular examination. Eyeball recession and in tooth 5 blunt. The dentine
and eyelid skin tenting are the two reliable methods to subjectively in tooth 4 is twice as wide as the
determine the hydration status of the animal. FAMACHA scoring enamel. The dentine in tooth 5 is
(see Chapter 6, Box 6.2 & Figure 6.2 and Chapter 19) is recom- wider than the enamel.
mended to be part of the routine care of any herd or flock as an
I3 2.5–3 years 6½ years of age
important aspect of parasite management and control. The con-
junctival membrane color is used to estimate systemic perfusion. I4 3.5–4 years Tooth 4 is worn completely smooth;
(Figure 1.3). Oral mucous membranes should not be used for this no enamel ridge should be visible
assessment as many breeds have a pigmented oral cavity and the in the center of tooth 4. Small
rough nature of the mouth may portray an erroneous estimation. enamel ridge will be present in
As a general rule, pale membranes may indicate anemia, most center of tooth 5 and tooth 6.
Lingual crest on tooth 5 is almost
likely due to intestinal parasitism (Haemonchus contortus infection) worn away and rounded in tooth 6
or coccidiosis. Jaundice or icteric mucous membranes may indicate
a hemolytic crisis or liver disease, such as copper toxicity, and a
Cain and Wallace: A Guide to Age Determination of White-Tailed Deer Austin, TX: Texas Parks
congested (red in color) membranes may be indicative of and Wildlife, 2003.
fever, septicemia, or toxemia.
 4 CHAPTER 1 Physical Examination, Handling, and Restraint of Sheep, Goats, and Cervids
VetBooks.ir

• Fig. 1.2 The practitioner may insert the index finger inside of the sheep/goat mouth, laterally, and with
the other hand lower the bottom lip allowing exposure of the incisors. The approximate age may be
determined according to Table 1.3.

• Fig. 1.3 To FAMACHA score sheep and goats, the practitioner gently pushes the upper eyelid medially
and rolls the lower eyelid ventrally to access conjunctival membrane color.

Cardiovascular Examination intercostal space, above the elbow) should be auscultated on the
right side.
Objectives: As a general rule, normal heart rate should vary between 70
1. Auscultate both left and right side skin conditions and 90 beats per minute in adults and between 80 and 130 beats
2. Presence of jugular vein distention per minute in neonates. There is physiological variation according
3. Peripheral perfusion to environmental conditions (i.e., ambient temperature) and situ-
4. Peripheral edema ations that cause hyperexcitability (i.e., aggressive handling or
Auscultation of both the left and right side of the thorax is movement). Anemia, murmurs, pain, heart failure, and infectious
imperative. Assessment of rate, rhythm, character, and intensity and inflammatory processes are certain conditions known to
of the heart sounds should be performed. Auscultation of the effect the heart rate.
heart is accomplished by moving the stethoscope over the loca- Observing for jugular pulses and palpation of distal append-
tion of the valves and determining the point of maximal inten- ages, such as tip of the ears and limbs are indicators of appropriate
sity. The pulmonic valve (low third intercostal space, below peripheral perfusion when warm. Distention of the jugular veins
the elbow), the aortic valve (high fourth intercostal space, above and the presence of pulsations may indicate heart failure.
the elbow), and the left (mitral) atrioventricular (AV) valve (at the Peripheral edema is known to be consistent with either hypopro-
low fifth intercostal space, at the level of the elbow) are found on teinemia or congestive heart failure and warrants further investi-
the left chest. The right AV valve or tricuspid valve (high fourth gation (see Chapter 17).
 Visit https://ebookmass.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks and enjoy
exciting offers!
 CHAPTER 1 Physical Examination, Handling, and Restraint of Sheep, Goats, and Cervids 5

air movement/sounds. They are poor anesthetic as well, so evalu-

Respiratory Evaluation ation is difficult at best. Ultrasound, transtracheal wash, radio-
Objectives: graphs, and other diagnostic tools can be used as well, but
VetBooks.ir

1. Observe and record rate at a distance first risk/benefit ratio and economics must be taken into consideration
2. Auscultate both left and right side (see Chapter 7).
The clinician must be aware that the respiratory system should
be examined in conjunction with the cardiovascular system and Gastrointestinal Examination
drawing major conclusions without examining both may impair
the ability to accurately determine a diagnosis. Objectives:
On average, the normal respiratory rate should vary between 1. Examination extends from mouth to rectum
10 and 30 breaths per minute in adults and between 20 and 2. Auscultation, palpation, and observation
40 breaths per minute in neonates. The rate can be obtained by The gastrointestinal system is one of the largest and most im-
observing the movement of the coastal arch and nostrils from a portant in the body. Evaluation should be performed in a system-
distance. In cervids, similar rates to sheep and goats can be ex- atic and stepwise fashion from the mouth to rectum. The mouth
pected, however, cervids are highly sensitive to excitement and should be examined for the presence of vesicles, ulcerations, swell-
may be hard to evaluate except at a distance. Neonates may “hold” ings, and ptyalism. Inspection of the teeth for wear and soundness
their breath (mule deer fawns especially) when hiding as a reflex is important, and the upper dental pad should also be evaluated
to avoid predators. for evidence of abnormal wear. Although not easy to examine, and
As noted for the cardiovascular system, environmental condi- sedation or anesthesia may be necessary for a complete examina-
tions and systemic illness are known to influence respiratory rate tion, the molars should be sound and present as their role in
and must be taken into consideration when appropriate. Animals mastication of forages before swallowing and in proper cud chew-
in apparent respiratory distress, either dyspneic or tachypneic, ing is critical. The use of a mouth gag and a bright light source is
with open mouth breathing, flaring the nostrils, abducted elbow helpful. It is important to take into consideration that wear pat-
stance, and with excessive abdominal effort must be evaluated terns may present in different ways and are dependent on the
critically and efficiently. Air flow should be symmetric from both environmental conditions and primary diet of the herd or flock.
nostrils. Mild, clear, serous nasal discharge is a common finding, The practitioner can then make a judgment of whether the wear
especially in sheep; however, excessive clear to mucoid to purulent pattern is abnormal or normal for the living conditions of the
exudate must be explored. animal. Often, culling of lambs or kids is needed due to poor
Bilateral auscultation of the lung fields should be performed in dentition.
a systematic approach. The margins of the lung fields are as fol- The neck area is examined via thorough palpation. Masses,
lows: the cranial border is deep to the triceps, the dorsal border enlarged lymph nodes, or swelling may be causing esophageal
extends from the point of the shoulder to the last rib, and the compression and subsequent obstruction/choke. Rumen tym-
caudoventral border arches from the point of the elbow to the last pany, ptyalism, bruxism, and pain are common clinical signs that
rib. Bronchial sounds usually are loudest over the craniodorsal may be associated with esophageal disease.
lung fields at the level of the tracheal bifurcation. Generally, tra- It is wise if the clinician examines one side of the animal first,
cheal sounds should be absent. When tracheal disease is present, as this will help to avoid missing any aspect of the examination.
wheezes can be auscultated, indicating tracheal collapse; obstruc- On the left side of the animal, the rumen constitutes the major
tive lesions and crackling sounds are characteristic of tracheitis. forestomach. Due to its size, the rumen may give an asymmetrical
Elicitation of a cough can be achieved with minimal compression appearance to the abdominal contour favoring a larger “bulge” to
of the trachea and pharyngeal region. The normal animal will the left side, which is considered normal and is expected. Healthy
cough one to two times, while the diseased patient coughs repeat- rumen striation consists of a gas cap dorsally, fiber mat in the
edly and often with forced effort. middle, and fluid (digested ingesta) ventrally. Using the stetho-
Crackles are auscultated when air moves through inflamma- scope, the practitioner should auscultate and perform succussion
tory fluid in the alveoli, whereas wheezes are reverberations of air (i.e., shaking) of the abdomen. Within the left paralumbar fossa,
moving through inflamed, narrowed airways. One must remem- rumen contractions can be auscultated in the healthy animal
ber that significant lung pathology may be present and not neces- (sheep, goats, and cervids) at a rate of one to two primary contrac-
sarily appreciated on auscultation. Coughing, nasal discharge, tions (active rolling of the ingesta) and one secondary rumination
dyspnea with a fever, and severe open mouth breathing may be (eructation) per minute. A solid understanding of the individual
the only indication of lung pathology. or herd/flock dietary management and medical history, along
Upper airway diseases, such as rhinitis, tracheitis, foreign body, with a physical examination, helps the practitioner determine the
and compressive lesions, are usually characterized by a loud, primary cause of rumen fill. Ballottement of the paralumbar fossa
harsh, dry, nonproductive cough of acute onset. Lower airway while listening with the stethoscope is imperative to support ab-
diseases, such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, lung abscessa- normal findings related to the striation of the rumen, displaced
tion, and lungworm infection, are characterized by a chronic, soft, abomasum, and ascites. Auscultation of the right paralumbar
productive cough. Animals with lower airway disease typically fossa will allow the practitioner to evaluate the cecum, spiral co-
cough infrequently and will swallow after coughing, which is dif- lon, and small intestines. Illness associated with of any of these
ferent from animals with upper airway diseases who typically do structures will lead to fluid and gas accumulation and distension
not swallow after coughing. of the viscus in the upper right quadrant. Dilation lower on the
Cervids can be difficult to assess due to restraint in drop chutes right side of the animal may be related to abomasal impaction,
(poor access) or because they are highly excited. Many that have late gestation, or a severe rumen impaction.
respiratory disease may have advanced disease that has consoli- If bilateral abdominal distention is seen, one may suspect vagal
dated portions of the lung, leading to “dead” spots that show no indigestion syndrome (chronic indigestion, failure of the omasal
 6 CHAPTER 1 Physical Examination, Handling, and Restraint of Sheep, Goats, and Cervids

transport, or pyloric stenosis), ileus, or free fluid accumulation. goats should be examined closely for the presence of a urolith or
This fluid accumulation could be caused by diffuse peritonitis, sandy grit, which may be indicative of urolithiasis or urethral
ascites due to protein losing enteropathy, liver failure, or severe blockage. Cervids do not have a urethral process.
VetBooks.ir

congestive heart failure. Frequently, the presentation of a sheep or goat with suspected
Body temperature should be taken rectally observing common urogenital disease involves standing in a stretched out position,
biosecurity practices. Normal temperature typically varies from intermittent straining, vocalization, and wagging of the tail when
100.5° F to 103.5° F. In general, sheep tend to have a higher body attempting to urinate. This stance is often confused by owners
temperature than goats, and cervids typically fall in the same and their perception is that the animal is constipated when in all
range (101.5° F–102.5° F) with variations due to age, activity actuality the animal has a urinary obstruction. History of inability
level, and environmental temperature. The practitioner must dis- to urinate followed by relaxation and acute abdominal distention
tinguish between true hyperthermia and a febrile response. A may indicate rupture of the urinary bladder, whereas caudal ven-
febrile response is more likely to be associated with an inflamma- tral edema (often reported by the owner as “broken penis”) may
tory or infectious process, whereas hyperthermia is going to be indicate distal urethral rupture.
associated with the location of the patient (e.g., barn, paddock, It is important to take into consideration, contrary to what is
pasture, etc.), behavior (e.g., hyperexcitability does increase body commonly done in small animal practice, catheterization of the
temperature), and environmental conditions (e.g., high tempera- urethra is difficult in does and ewes owing to the presence of the
ture and humidity). urethral diverticulum at the floor of the pelvis and close to impos-
The authors would like to stress that obtaining body tempera- sible in bucks and rams. Multiple anatomic locations in male
ture should be the first procedure to be performed when examin- anatomy (urethral process, sigmoid flexure, urethral diverticulum)
ing sheep and goats and the results interpreted in conjunction are difficult to traverse with a catheter. Attempts to pass a urinary
with other clinical signs. catheter can actually cause more harm due to severe trauma
Fecal consistency and staining of the perineum, tail, and back caused by the procedure.
of legs is a good way to assess the history of diarrhea. A thorough The testicles are gently palpated to ensure they are not adhered
history of dietary management and fecal examination (fecal float to the scrotum, and there are no signs of epididymitis, orchitis, and
or fecal egg count) is the only way the practitioner will reliably poor testicular tone, which are often associated with suboptimal
make a diagnosis and then recommend a targeted treatment. sperm production. In breeding males, the phrase “big is beautiful,
In young stock, the authors recommend full examination of mobility meaningful, resilience respectable, softness suspicious” is
the umbilical structures both externally and internally. The use of helpful to remember when evaluating males for breeding sound-
ultrasound imaging if pain or swelling is found is highly valuable. ness. In addition, the scrotum should be free of traumatic lesions
Any signs or history of diarrhea in lambs, kids, or fawns must be with intact skin. Signs of dermatitis due to ectoparasites, frostbite,
addressed quickly as it can be life threatening. Lastly, atresia ani or asymmetry are undesirable findings (see Chapter 8).
and atresia coli have been reported in kids and lambs, so the prac- In females, the labia of the vulva is examined for their color,
titioner needs to be sure there is a patent anus and fecal passage size, and presence of discharge. Pale mucous membranes may be
present (see Chapter 5). an indication of anemia, whereas hyperemia and swelling may
indicate the onset of estrus or an impending parturition. If calculi
Urogenital Examination or sandy grit is found attached to the hairs below the urethral
orifice, urolithiasis is suspected and the practitioner must evaluate
Objectives: further. Reproductive history is important when it comes to
1. Examination from a distance evaluating a potential vaginal or uterine discharge. Color, consis-
2. History tency, and volume are a good start as they may characterize a late
3. Ultrasound imaging estrus discharge, a postpartum normal lochia, or an infection.
The examination commences at the external genitalia of both Lochia is considered a normal finding between days 0 and 21 post
males and females. In males, the prepuce should be free of adhe- parturition. The finding of large protruding vulvar labia or clito-
sions, swelling, or any signs of trauma. The preputial opening ris, or a short anogenital distance is suggestive of an intersex
should be evaluated for the presence of crystals, blood, excessive condition (see Chapter 8).
dryness, scabs, or ulcerations since any of these may be indicative In both males and females with suspected obstructive uroli-
of urethral calculi, obstructive urolithiasis, or ulcerative posthitis. thiasis, an enlarged bladder may be palpable extending from the
Urine samples in both sheep and goats can often be obtained pelvis to the abdomen; in this case, the authors recommend fur-
by briefly occluding the nostrils. Young cervids can be encouraged ther examination using ultrasound imaging. Caution should be
to urinate with gentle stimulation. Older cervids that are bottle used when applying manual pressure to the abdomen because
raised may be able approached for a “free catch” urine sample. there is a risk of rupturing the bladder and causing more pain to
The penis is difficult to examine without the use of sedation or the patient (see Chapter 12).
anesthesia (cervids). The authors strongly recommend the use of
acepromazine or a benzodiazepine (see Chapters 8, 12, and 18) Musculoskeletal Examination
for sedation and relaxation. Rams and bucks can be placed in
lateral recumbency or sitting up on their rump (preferred method) Objectives:
by an assistant, then the practitioner pushes the prepuce caudally 1. Examination from a distance
while pushing the sigmoid flexure cranially. Once exteriorized, the 2. History
practitioner can hold the penis using gauze. The surface of the 3. Knowledge of foot conditions
penis should be examined for color, scabs, and any traumatic le- 4. Imaging examination
sions. Palpation of the penis may reveal the presence of uroliths, First, posture and locomotion are evaluated at a distance for
swelling, or a focal area of pain. The urethral process in sheep and both sheep and goats, as well as cervids. The animals are then
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
exemple, et comme il n’y en aura plus jamais, parce qu’il n’y aura plus de
guerre: on n’oserait plus.
La Victoire en chantant... Ah! cette nuit terrible!

FIN
15 novembre 1909.
 TABLE

LA BICHE ÉCRASÉE 1
LE MIRACLE DE TOLLENAËRE 17
LA FORCE DU MAL 29
L’ACCIDENT 61
LE BON PÈRE 73
LA BONBONNIÈRE 85
REPOS HEBDOMADAIRE 101
LE RAT 113
LE MERLE 127
LES CHIENS 151
LE SECRET 167
LA PEUR 179
POUSSIÈRES 195
DEVANT LA MACHINE 211
LE BINOCLE 237
CASTOR ET ZULMA 251
LE NUMÉRO 13 267
LA COLLISION DE BRÉBIÈRES-SUD 279
LA RÉVÉRENDE 299
LA VICTOIRE EN CHANTANT 319

IMPRIMERIE CHAIX, RUE BERGÈRE, 20, PARIS.—9802-5-10.

 DERNIÈRES PUBLICATIONS
Format in-18 à 3 fr. 50 le volume
Vol.
ADOLPHE ADERER
Les Heures de la Guerre. 1
RENÉ BAZIN
La Closerie de Champdolent. 1
MARCEL BERGER
Jean Darboise, auxiliaire. 1
ADRIEN BERTRAND
L’Orage sur le Jardin de Candide. 1
V. BLASCO IBANEZ
Les Quatre Cavaliers de l’Apocalypse. 1
RENÉ BOYLESVE
Le Bonheur à Cinq Sous. 1
GUY CHANTEPLEURE
La Ville assiégée. 1
PAUL-LOUIS COUCHOUD
Sages et Poètes d’Asie. 1
PIERRE DE COULEVAIN
Le Roman Merveilleux. 1
MAX DEAUVILLE
Jusqu’à l’Yser. 1
J. D’OR SINCLAIR
Les Noces de Jade. 1
 MARC ELDER
Le Peuple de la Mer. 1
MARY FLORAN
L’Ennemi. 1
ANATOLE FRANCE
Le Génie latin. 1
A. GÉRARD
La Triple Entente et la Guerre. 1
PIERRE GOURDON
La Réfugiée. 1
GYP
La Dame de St-Leu. 1
LOUIS LEFEBVRE
Le Grand Jour. 1
JULES LEMAITRE
La Vieillesse d’Hélène. 1
PIERRE LOTI
La Hyène enragée. 1
CAMILLE MALLARMÉ
La Casa seca. 1
PIERRE MILLE
Sous leur dictée. 1
ÉMILE NOLLY
Le Conquérant. 1
JACQUES NORMAND
Le Laurier sanglant. 1
 RENÉ STAR
L’Éclaireuse. 1
CHARLES TARDIEU
Sous la Pluie de Fer. 1
MARCELLE TINAYRE
La Veillée des Armes. 1
LÉON DE TINSEAU
Le Secret de Lady Marie. 1
COLETTE YVER
Mirabelle de Pampelune. 1
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LA BICHE
ÉCRASÉE ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
 copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.