388 Selected Hints and Answers
Then
n
n ≥ m > max{N1 , N2 } implies (gk + hk )(x) < for x ∈ S.
k=m
25.15 (a) Note fn (x) ≥ 0 for all x and n. Assume (fn ) does not converge
to 0 uniformly on [a, b]. Then there exists > 0 such that
for each N there exists n > N and x ∈ [a, b]
(1)
such that fn (x) ≥ .
We claim
for each n ∈ N there is xn ∈ [a, b] where fn (xn ) ≥ . (2)
If not, there is n0 ∈ N such that fn0 (x) < for all x ∈ [a, b].
Since (fn (x)) is decreasing for each x, we conclude fn (x) <
for all x ∈ [a, b] and n ≥ n0 . This clearly contradicts (1). We
have now established the hint.
Now by the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, the sequence (xn )
given by (2) has a convergent subsequence (xnk ): xnk → x0 .
Since lim fn (x0 ) = 0, there exists m such that fm (x0 ) < .
Since xnk → x0 and fm is continuous at x0 , we have
limk→∞ fm (xnk ) = fm (x0 ) < . So there exists K such that
k>K implies fm (xnk ) < .
If k > max{K, m}, then nk ≥ k > m, so
fnk (xnk ) ≤ fm (xnk ) < .
But fn (xn ) ≥ for all n, so we have a contradiction.
(b) Hint : Show part (a) applies to the sequence gn where gn =
f − fn .
∞
26.3 (a) Let f (x) = n=1 nx
n
= x/(1 − x)2 for |x| < 1. Then by
Theorem 26.5
∞
2 n−1 d x
n x = f (x) = 2
= (1 + x)(1 − x)−3 ;
n=1
dx (1 − x)
∞
therefore n=1 n2 xn = (x + x2 )(1 − x)−3 .
(b) 6 and 32 .
26.5 Hint : Apply Theorem 26.5.
26.7 No! The power series would be differentiable at each x ∈ R, but
f (x) = |x| is not differentiable at x = 0.
Selected Hints and Answers 389
27.1 Let φ be as in the hint. By Theorem 27.4, there is a sequence (qn )
of polynomials such that qn → f ◦ φ uniformly on [0, 1]. Note φ is
one-to-one and φ−1 (y) = y−a
b−a . Let pn = qn ◦ φ
−1
. Then each pn is a
polynomial and pn → f uniformly on [a, b].
27.3 (a) Assume a polynomial p satisfies |p(x) − sin x| < 1 for all x ∈ R.
Clearly p cannot be a constant function. But if p is nonconstant,
then p is unbounded on R and the same is true for p(x) − sin x,
a contradiction.
n−1
(b) Assume |ex − k=0 ak xk | < 1 for all x ∈ R. For x > 0 we have
n−1
1 n
n−1
ex − ak x k ≥ x − |ak |xk
n!
k=0 k=0
and for large x the right side will exceed 1.
27.5 (a) Bn f (x) = x for all n. Use (2) in Lemma 27.2.
(b) Bn f (x) = x2 + n1 x(1 − x). Use (4) in Lemma 27.2.
28.1 (a) {0}; (b) {0}; (c) {nπ : n ∈ Z}; (d) {0, 1}; (e) {−1, 1}; (f )
{2}.
28.3 (b) Since x − a = (x1/3 − a1/3 )(x2/3 + a1/3 x1/3 + a2/3 ),
1 −2/3
f (a) = lim (x2/3 + a1/3 x1/3 + a2/3 )−1 = (3a2/3 )−1 = a
x→a 3
for a = 0.
(c) f is not differentiable at x = 0 since the limit limx→0 x1/3 /x
does not exist as a real number. The limit does exist and equals
+∞, which reflects the geometric fact that the graph of f has
a vertical tangent at (0, 0).
28.5 (c) Let
g(f (x)) − g(f (0))
h(x) = .
f (x) − f (0)
According to Definition 20.3(a), for limx→0 h(x) to be mean-
ingful, h needs to be defined on J \ {0} for some open interval
J containing 0. But the calculation in (b) shows h is undefined
at (πn)−1 for n = ±1, ±2, . . ..
28.7 (d) f is continuous on R, but f is not differentiable at x = 0.
28.9 (b) f (x) = x4 + 13x and g(y) = y 7 . Then
h (x) = g (f (x)) · f (x) = 7(x4 + 13x)6 · (4x3 + 13).
28.11 With the stated hypotheses, h ◦ g ◦ f is differentiable at a and (h ◦
g ◦ f ) (a) = h (g ◦ f (a)) · g (f (a)) · f (a). Proof By 28.4, g ◦ f is
