3D Translation in Computer Graphics-
In Computer graphics,
3D Translation is a process of moving an object from one position to another in a three dimensional
plane.
Consider a point object O has to be moved from one position to another in a 3D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold, Zold)
New coordinates of the object O after translation = (Xnew, Ynew, Zold)
Translation vector or Shift vector = (Tx, Ty, Tz)
Given a Translation vector (Tx, Ty, Tz)-
Tx defines the distance the Xold coordinate has to be moved.
Ty defines the distance the Yold coordinate has to be moved.
Tz defines the distance the Zold coordinate has to be moved.
This translation is achieved by adding the translation coordinates to the old coordinates
of the object as-
Xnew = Xold + Tx (This denotes translation towards X axis)
Ynew = Yold + Ty (This denotes translation towards Y axis)
Znew = Zold + Tz (This denotes translation towards Z axis)
In Matrix form, the above translation equations may be represented as-
Also Read- 2D Translation in Computer Graphics
PRACTICE PROBLEM BASED ON 3D TRANSLATION
IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
Problem-
Given a 3D object with coordinate points A(0, 3, 1), B(3, 3, 2), C(3, 0, 0), D(0, 0, 0).
Apply the translation with the distance 1 towards X axis, 1 towards Y axis and 2 towards
Z axis and obtain the new coordinates of the object.
Solution-
Given-
Old coordinates of the object = A (0, 3, 1), B(3, 3, 2), C(3, 0, 0), D(0, 0, 0)
Translation vector = (Tx, Ty, Tz) = (1, 1, 2)
For Coordinates A(0, 3, 1)
Let the new coordinates of A = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the translation equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Tx = 0 + 1 = 1
Ynew = Yold + Ty = 3 + 1 = 4
Znew = Zold + Tz = 1 + 2 = 3
Thus, New coordinates of A = (1, 4, 3).
For Coordinates B(3, 3, 2)
Let the new coordinates of B = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the translation equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Tx = 3 + 1 = 4
Ynew = Yold + Ty = 3 + 1 = 4
Znew = Zold + Tz = 2 + 2 = 4
Thus, New coordinates of B = (4, 4, 4).
For Coordinates C(3, 0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of C = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the translation equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Tx = 3 + 1 = 4
Ynew = Yold + Ty = 0 + 1 = 1
Znew = Zold + Tz = 0 + 2 = 2
Thus, New coordinates of C = (4, 1, 2).
For Coordinates D(0, 0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of D = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the translation equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Tx = 0 + 1 = 1
Ynew = Yold + Ty = 0 + 1 = 1
Znew = Zold + Tz = 0 + 2 = 2
Thus, New coordinates of D = (1, 1, 2).
Thus, New coordinates of the object = A (1, 4, 3), B(4, 4, 4), C(4, 1, 2), D(1, 1, 2).
3D Rotation in Computer Graphics-
In Computer graphics,
3D Rotation is a process of rotating an object with respect to an angle in a three dimensional plane.
Consider a point object O has to be rotated from one angle to another in a 3D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold, Zold)
Initial angle of the object O with respect to origin = Φ
Rotation angle = θ
New coordinates of the object O after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew)
In 3 dimensions, there are 3 possible types of rotation-
X-axis Rotation
Y-axis Rotation
Z-axis Rotation
For X-Axis Rotation-
This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-
Xnew = Xold
Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ
Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ
In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-
For Y-Axis Rotation-
This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-
Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ
Ynew = Yold
Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ
In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-
For Z-Axis Rotation-
This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-
Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ
Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ
Znew = Zold
In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-
PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D ROTATION IN
COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
Problem-01:
Given a homogeneous point (1, 2, 3). Apply rotation 90 degree towards X, Y and Z axis
and find out the new coordinate points.
Solution-
Given-
Old coordinates = (Xold, Yold, Zold) = (1, 2, 3)
Rotation angle = θ = 90º
For X-Axis Rotation-
Let the new coordinates after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 1
Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ = 2 x cos90° – 3 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 3 x 1 = -3
Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ = 2 x sin90° + 3 x cos90° = 2 x 1 + 3 x 0 = 2
Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (1, -3, 2).
For Y-Axis Rotation-
Let the new coordinates after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ = 3 x sin90° + 1 x cos90° = 3 x 1 + 1 x 0 = 3
Ynew = Yold = 2
Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ = 2 x cos90° – 1 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 1 x 1 = -1
Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (3, 2, -1).
For Z-Axis Rotation-
Let the new coordinates after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ = 1 x cos90° – 2 x sin90° = 1 x 0 – 2 x 1 = -2
Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ = 1 x sin90° + 2 x cos90° = 1 x 1 + 2 x 0 = 1
Znew = Zold = 3
Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (-2, 1, 3).
3D Scaling in Computer Graphics-
In computer graphics, scaling is a process of modifying or altering the size of objects.
Scaling may be used to increase or reduce the size of object.
Scaling subjects the coordinate points of the original object to change.
Scaling factor determines whether the object size is to be increased or reduced.
If scaling factor > 1, then the object size is increased.
If scaling factor < 1, then the object size is reduced.
Consider a point object O has to be scaled in a 3D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold,Zold)
Scaling factor for X-axis = Sx
Scaling factor for Y-axis = Sy
Scaling factor for Z-axis = Sz
New coordinates of the object O after scaling = (X new, Ynew, Znew)
This scaling is achieved by using the following scaling equations-
Xnew = Xold x Sx
Ynew = Yold x Sy
Znew = Zold x Sz
In Matrix form, the above scaling equations may be represented as-
PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D SCALING IN
COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
Problem-01:
Given a 3D object with coordinate points A(0, 3, 3), B(3, 3, 6), C(3, 0, 1), D(0, 0, 0).
Apply the scaling parameter 2 towards X axis, 3 towards Y axis and 3 towards Z axis
and obtain the new coordinates of the object.
Solution-
Given-
Old coordinates of the object = A (0, 3, 3), B(3, 3, 6), C(3, 0, 1), D(0, 0, 0)
Scaling factor along X axis = 2
Scaling factor along Y axis = 3
Scaling factor along Z axis = 3
For Coordinates A(0, 3, 3)
Let the new coordinates of A after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9
Znew = Zold x Sz = 3 x 3 = 9
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after scaling = (0, 9, 9).
For Coordinates B(3, 3, 6)
Let the new coordinates of B after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9
Znew = Zold x Sz = 6 x 3 = 18
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after scaling = (6, 9, 18).
For Coordinates C(3, 0, 1)
Let the new coordinates of C after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0
Znew = Zold x Sz = 1 x 3 = 3
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after scaling = (6, 0, 3).
For Coordinates D(0, 0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of D after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0
Znew = Zold x Sz = 0 x 3 = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner D after scaling = (0, 0, 0).
3D Reflection in Computer Graphics-
Reflection is a kind of rotation where the angle of rotation is 180 degree.
The reflected object is always formed on the other side of mirror.
The size of reflected object is same as the size of original object.
Consider a point object O has to be reflected in a 3D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold, Zold)
New coordinates of the reflected object O after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew,Znew)
In 3 dimensions, there are 3 possible types of reflection-
Reflection relative to XY plane
Reflection relative to YZ plane
Reflection relative to XZ plane
Reflection Relative to XY Plane:
This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-
Xnew = Xold
Ynew = Yold
Znew = -Zold
In Matrix form, the above reflection equations may be represented as-
Reflection Relative to YZ Plane:
This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-
Xnew = -Xold
Ynew = Yold
Znew = Zold
In Matrix form, the above reflection equations may be represented as-
Reflection Relative to XZ Plane:
This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-
Xnew = Xold
Ynew = -Yold
Znew = Zold
In Matrix form, the above reflection equations may be represented as-
PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D REFLECTION
IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
Problem-01:
Given a 3D triangle with coordinate points A(3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3). Apply the
reflection on the XY plane and find out the new coordinates of the object.
Solution-
Given-
Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A (3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3)
Reflection has to be taken on the XY plane
For Coordinates A(3, 4, 1)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 3
Ynew = Yold = 4
Znew = -Zold = -1
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after reflection = (3, 4, -1).
For Coordinates B(6, 4, 2)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 6
Ynew = Yold = 4
Znew = -Zold = -2
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after reflection = (6, 4, -2).
For Coordinates C(5, 6, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after reflection = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 5
Ynew = Yold = 6
Znew = -Zold = -3
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after reflection = (5, 6, -3).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after reflection = A (3, 4, -1), B(6, 4, -2), C(5, 6, -
3).
Problem-02:
Given a 3D triangle with coordinate points A(3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3). Apply the
reflection on the XZ plane and find out the new coordinates of the object.
Solution-
Given-
Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A (3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3)
Reflection has to be taken on the XZ plane
For Coordinates A(3, 4, 1)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 3
Ynew = -Yold = -4
Znew = Zold = 1
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after reflection = (3, -4, 1).
For Coordinates B(6, 4, 2)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 6
Ynew = -Yold = -4
Znew = Zold = 2
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after reflection = (6, -4, 2).
For Coordinates C(5, 6, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after reflection = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 5
Ynew = -Yold = -6
Znew = Zold = 3
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after reflection = (5, -6, 3).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after reflection = A (3, -4, 1), B(6, -4, 2), C(5, -6,
3).
3D Shearing in Computer Graphics-
In Computer graphics,
3D Shearing is an ideal technique to change the shape of an existing object in a three dimensional
plane.
In a three dimensional plane, the object size can be changed along X direction, Y
direction as well as Z direction.
So, there are three versions of shearing-
1. Shearing in X direction
2. Shearing in Y direction
3. Shearing in Z direction
Consider a point object O has to be sheared in a 3D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold, Zold)
Shearing parameter towards X direction = Shx
Shearing parameter towards Y direction = Shy
Shearing parameter towards Z direction = Shz
New coordinates of the object O after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew)
Shearing in X Axis-
Shearing in X axis is achieved by using the following shearing equations-
Xnew = Xold
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold
Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold
In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-
Shearing in Y Axis-
Shearing in Y axis is achieved by using the following shearing equations-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold
Ynew = Yold
Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold
In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-
Shearing in Z Axis-
Shearing in Z axis is achieved by using the following shearing equations-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold
Znew = Zold
In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-
PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D SHEARING IN
COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
Problem-01:
Given a 3D triangle with points (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 2) and (1, 1, 3). Apply shear parameter 2
on X axis, 2 on Y axis and 3 on Z axis and find out the new coordinates of the object.
Solution-
Given-
Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A (0, 0, 0), B(1, 1, 2), C(1, 1, 3)
Shearing parameter towards X direction (Shx) = 2
Shearing parameter towards Y direction (Shy) = 2
Shearing parameter towards Y direction (Shz) = 3
Shearing in X Axis-
For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 0
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 0 + 3 x 0 = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after shearing = (0, 0, 0).
For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 1
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 2 + 3 x 1 = 5
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after shearing = (1, 3, 5).
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 1
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 3 + 3 x 1 = 6
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (1, 3, 6).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in X axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(1, 3, 5),
C(1, 3, 6).
Shearing in Y Axis-
For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
Ynew = Yold = 0
Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 0 + 3 x 0 = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after shearing = (0, 0, 0).
For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
Ynew = Yold = 1
Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 2 + 3 x 1 = 5
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after shearing = (3, 1, 5).
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
Ynew = Yold = 1
Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 3 + 3 x 1 = 6
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (3, 1, 6).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in Y axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(3, 1, 5),
C(3, 1, 6).
Shearing in Z Axis-
For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
Znew = Zold = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after shearing = (0, 0, 0).
For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 1 + 2 x 2 = 5
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 1 + 2 x 2 = 5
Znew = Zold = 2
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after shearing = (5, 5, 2).
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 1 + 2 x 3 = 7
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 1 + 2 x 3 = 7
Znew = Zold = 3
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (7, 7, 3).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in Z axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(5, 5, 2),
C(7, 7, 3).
