25/01/2021 C++ Overloading (Operator and Function) - Tutorialspoint

C++ Overloading (Operator and Function)

C++ allows you to specify more than one definition for a function name or an operator in the same
scope, which is called function overloading and operator overloading respectively.
An overloaded declaration is a declaration that is declared with the same name as a previously
declared declaration in the same scope, except that both declarations have different arguments
and obviously different definition (implementation).
When you call an overloaded function or operator, the compiler determines the most appropriate
definition to use, by comparing the argument types you have used to call the function or operator
with the parameter types specified in the definitions. The process of selecting the most appropriate
overloaded function or operator is called overload resolution.

Function Overloading in C++

You can have multiple definitions for the same function name in the same scope. The definition of
the function must differ from each other by the types and/or the number of arguments in the
argument list. You cannot overload function declarations that differ only by return type.
Following is the example where same function print() is being used to print different data types −

Live Demo
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class printData {
public:
void print(int i) {
cout << "Printing int: " << i << endl;
}
void print(double f) {
cout << "Printing float: " << f << endl;
}
void print(char* c) {
cout << "Printing character: " << c << endl;
}
};

int main(void) {
printData pd;

// Call print to print integer

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pd.print(5);

// Call print to print float

pd.print(500.263);

// Call print to print character

pd.print("Hello C++");

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

Printing int: 5
Printing float: 500.263
Printing character: Hello C++

Operators Overloading in C++

You can redefine or overload most of the built-in operators available in C++. Thus, a programmer
can use operators with user-defined types as well.

Overloaded operators are functions with special names: the keyword "operator" followed by the
symbol for the operator being defined. Like any other function, an overloaded operator has a return
type and a parameter list.

Box operator+(const Box&);

declares the addition operator that can be used to add two Box objects and returns final Box
object. Most overloaded operators may be defined as ordinary non-member functions or as class
member functions. In case we define above function as non-member function of a class then we
would have to pass two arguments for each operand as follows −

Box operator+(const Box&, const Box&);

Following is the example to show the concept of operator over loading using a member function.
Here an object is passed as an argument whose properties will be accessed using this object, the
object which will call this operator can be accessed using this operator as explained below −

Live Demo
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Box {

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public:
double getVolume(void) {
return length * breadth * height;
}
void setLength( double len ) {
length = len;
}
void setBreadth( double bre ) {
breadth = bre;
}
void setHeight( double hei ) {
height = hei;
}

// Overload + operator to add two Box objects.

Box operator+(const Box& b) {
Box box;
box.length = this->length + b.length;
box.breadth = this->breadth + b.breadth;
box.height = this->height + b.height;
return box;
}

private:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
};

// Main function for the program

int main() {
Box Box1; // Declare Box1 of type Box
Box Box2; // Declare Box2 of type Box
Box Box3; // Declare Box3 of type Box
double volume = 0.0; // Store the volume of a box here

// box 1 specification
Box1.setLength(6.0);
Box1.setBreadth(7.0);
Box1.setHeight(5.0);

// box 2 specification
Box2.setLength(12.0);
Box2.setBreadth(13.0);
Box2.setHeight(10.0);

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// volume of box 1
volume = Box1.getVolume();
cout << "Volume of Box1 : " << volume <<endl;

// volume of box 2
volume = Box2.getVolume();
cout << "Volume of Box2 : " << volume <<endl;

// Add two object as follows:

Box3 = Box1 + Box2;

// volume of box 3
volume = Box3.getVolume();
cout << "Volume of Box3 : " << volume <<endl;

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

Volume of Box1 : 210

Volume of Box2 : 1560
Volume of Box3 : 5400

Overloadable/Non-overloadableOperators

Following is the list of operators which can be overloaded −

+ - * / % ^

& | ~ ! , =

< > <= >= ++ --

<< >> == != && ||

+= -= /= %= ^= &=

|= *= <<= >>= [] ()

-> ->* new new [] delete delete []

Following is the list of operators, which can not be overloaded −

:: .* . ?:

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Operator Overloading Examples

Here are various operator overloading examples to help you in understanding the concept.

Sr.No Operators & Example

1 Unary Operators Overloading

2 Binary Operators Overloading

3 Relational Operators Overloading

4 Input/Output Operators Overloading

5 ++ and -- Operators Overloading

6 Assignment Operators Overloading

7 Function call () Operator Overloading

8 Subscripting [] Operator Overloading

9 Class Member Access Operator -> Overloading

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